Date post: | 13-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | noah-kulwin |
View: | 220 times |
Download: | 0 times |
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 1/61
No on Proposition F:A People-to-PeopleMovement
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 2/61
Airbnb is a people-to-people platform anda lifeline for people who needsupplemental income.
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 3/61
Airbnb democratizes travel and is
comprised of people from more than 191countries, many of whom never thoughtthey could afford to explore the world.
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 4/61
And it is a community made up ofpeople who are good neighbors incities worldwide.
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 5/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
1. THE AIRBNB COMMUNITY IN SF: THEPEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE VOTING BLOC
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 6/61
ANNUAL EARNINGS FROM
HOME SHARING
90%+ 75%+ $11k
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
DEPEND ON AIRBNB TO
STAY IN THEIR HOMEOF HOSTS SHARE THEIR
PRIMARY RESIDENCE
21
YEARS LIVED IN SANFRANCISCO
The Airbnb Community in San Francisco
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 7/61
AIRBNB HOSTS
AIRBNB GUESTS
AIRBNB COMMUNITY
6,000
132,400
138,400
+
(Or, 17% of San Franciscans)
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Today, the Airbnb Community is 17 Percent of San Francisco
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 8/61
Let’s put that in perspective.
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 9/61
364,0002012 SAN FRANCISCO VOTER
TURNOUT — REELECT OBAMA
42,000REGISTERED
REPUBLICANS
45,000TECH EMPLOYEES
138,000AIRBNB HOSTS AND
USERS IN SANFRANCISCO
133,0002015 SAN FRANCISCO
VOTER TURNOUT
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 10/61
Airbnb hosts in
everySupervisorial
District
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 11/61
4
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
JULY 2015 POLLING ON PROP. F AMONG
AIRBNB USERS
56% OPPOSE
35% SUPPORT
+21%
From Day One, We Knew Our Community Was Active, Engaged andSupported Home Sharing
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 12/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
2. THE POLITICAL POWER OF THE PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE NETWORK
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 13/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
SF-11: HOSTS REPRESENTING EVERYSUPERVISORIAL DISTRICT
AIRBNB-LED EFFORTS FOCUSED ON HIGHLIGHTING,ORGANIZING AND MOBILIZING OUR COMMUNITY
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 14/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 15/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
SF-11: HOSTS REPRESENTING EVERYSUPERVISORIAL DISTRICT
SMALL BIZ: MORE THAN 2000 SMALLBUSINESS SUPPORTERS
AIRBNB-LED EFFORTS FOCUSED ON HIGHLIGHTING,ORGANIZING AND MOBILIZING OUR COMMUNITY
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 16/61
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 17/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
SMALL BIZ: MORE THAN 2000 SMALLBUSINESS SUPPORTERS
IN-PRODUCT: MESSAGING ACROSS HOSTAND GUEST PORTALS ON PLATFORM
SF-11: HOSTS REPRESENTING EVERYSUPERVISORIAL DISTRICT
AIRBNB-LED EFFORTS FOCUSED ON HIGHLIGHTING,ORGANIZING AND MOBILIZING OUR COMMUNITY
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 18/61
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 19/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Dialed more than
285,000 San Franciscovoters
Knocked 63,000 doors during GOTV alone
Almost 2,000
volunteer shiftscompleted
Knocked on 285,000doors
Strength in the Field — On the Doors and on the PhonesWith a Focus on Members of the Airbnb Community
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 20/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
In total, the No on F Campaign held
105,000+ conversations with San Francisco voters
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 21/61
v
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
CLUBS: HOME SHARERS OF SF +DEMOCRATIC CLUB
COMMUNITY-LED ORGANIZING EFFORTSHOST-LED EFFORTS INCLUDED SELF-ORGANIZING, DIRECTADVOCACY, AND MEDIA OUTREACH
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 22/61
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 23/61
v
CLUBS: HOME SHARERS OF SF +DEMOCRATIC CLUB
DIGITAL MEDIA: NO ON F WEBSITE,TWITTER AND FACEBOOK PRESENCE
HOST-LED EFFORTS INCLUDED SELF-ORGANIZING, DIRECTADVOCACY, AND MEDIA OUTREACH
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 24/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 25/61
v
CLUBS: HOME SHARERS OF SF +DEMOCRATIC CLUB
DIGITAL MEDIA: NO ON F WEBSITE,TWITTER AND FACEBOOK PRESENCE
TRADITIONAL MEDIA: LETTERS TO THEEDITOR, MEDIUM POST, ETC
HOST-LED EFFORTS INCLUDED SELF-ORGANIZING, DIRECTADVOCACY, AND MEDIA OUTREACH
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 26/61
To Date, This Post Has Been Viewed 175,000+ Times
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 27/61
v
CLUBS: HOME SHARERS OF SF +DEMOCRATIC CLUB
COMMUNITY-LED ORGANIZING EFFORTS
DIGITAL MEDIA: NO ON F WEBSITE,TWITTER AND FACEBOOK PRESENCE
TRADITIONAL MEDIA: LETTERS TO THEEDITOR, MEDIUM POST, ETC
DIRECT PRESS OUTREACH: PITCHINGSTORIES DIRECTLY TO REPORTERS
HOST-LED EFFORTS INCLUDED SELF-ORGANIZING, DIRECTADVOCACY, AND MEDIA OUTREACH
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 28/61
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 29/61
Airbnb Hosts Wrote Dozens of Letters to the Editors
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 30/61
Airbnb HostsBruce Bennett and Cathryn Blum
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 31/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
4. THE SF LESSON: A GLOBAL PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE VOTING BLOC
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 32/61
34,000
CITIES
191 COUNTRIES
1.75 MILLION
LISTINGS
60+MILLION
GUESTS
ONE GOAL:
BELONGANYWHERE
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 33/61
Places around the world are embracing
home sharing:
And Airbnb is working with governmentsto help our community pay hotel taxes
FranceLondonAmsterdamPortugalHamburg
MilanFlanders (Belgium)FrankfurtDenmarkPhiladelphiaRhode IslandMalibu
NashvilleSan JoseAuburn, CaliforniaGrand Rapids
ParisAmsterdam
San FranciscoPortlandChicago
MalibuNorth Carolina
OaklandOregon
Palo AltoPhiladelphia
PhoenixRhode Island
San DiegoSan Jose
Washington D.C.Washington State
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 34/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Similar to San Francisco, this
community is primarilymiddle class families who care deeply
about home sharing.
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 35/61
19 58% 14%
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
50%
OF HOSTS EARN LESS
THAN MEDIAN INCOME
DEPEND ON AIRBNB TO
STAY IN HOME
YEARS LIVED IN
CURRENT HOMETOWN
RAISE FOR TYPICAL
FAMILY
The Airbnb Community Nationally
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 36/61
62% 16%
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
77%
OF HOSTS SHARE THEHOME THEY LIVE IN
OF HOSTS ARE UNIONHOUSEHOLDS/FAMILIES
OF HOST HOUSEHOLDSARE FAMILIES
The Airbnb Community Nationally
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 37/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
2013:Hosts + Guests
2015:Hosts + Guests
Population(2015)
Strength ofCommunity
San Francisco 56,773 138,238 837,442 17.0%
Seattle 23,012 77,203 652,405 11.8%
Washington, D.C. 17,917 71,044 658,893 10.7%
Miami 6,577 22,897 417,650 5.5%
Denver 7,362 32,866 649,495 5.1%
Strength in Numbers: Airbnb Community a Formidable Force in CitiesAcross the United States
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 38/61
The Airbnb Community is a Formidable Constituency — and Growing
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
AIRBNB USERS IN THE UNITED STATES
978,000 (2013) +312%
4,031,000 (2015)
NRA MEMBERS IN THE UNITEDSTATES
5.1m
TEACHERS IN THE NATIONALEDUCATION ASSOCIATION
2.9m
HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGNMEMBERS
1.5m
SIERRA CLUB MEMBERS IN THEUNITED STATES
2.4m
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 39/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Voters in communities
across the country support Airbnb
according to a recent poll**
**CONDUCTED BY DAVID BINDER RESEARCH FROM 10/17-30
IN 8 CITIES GLOBALLY. N=3200.
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 40/61
Q. Some cities have proposedlegislation that would restrict
middle class families’ right to use Airbnb to rent out their ownhome on a short-term basis.
Would you support this type oflegislation in (city)?
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Support Oppose Net Difference
Seattle 32% 58% +26
Los Angeles 37% 49% +12
San Francisco* 45% 55% +10
New York 33% 52% +19
Washington, DC 24% 57% +33
Denver 25% 61% +36
Millenials 31% 59% +28
Overall 33% 53% +20
Voters Oppose Legislation that Would Restrict Home Sharing in Their City
*Based on November 3, 2015 election results
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 41/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Oct. 18-21
Oct. 25-28
36%
36%
49%
55%
15%
9%
-13
-19
POLLING DATE YES NO NET YES
When Undecided Voters in San Francisco Heard Our Message,They Broke in Our Favor
UNDECIDED
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 42/61
Q. If an elected official supported restricting middle
class families’ right to use Airbnb to rent out their ownhome on a short-term basis,would you be more likely to
support them or more likely to
oppose them?
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Support Oppose Net Difference
Seattle 28% 44% +16
Los Angeles 27% 42% +15
San Francisco 36% 32% -4
New York 29% 34% +5
Washington, DC 20% 42% +22
Denver 17% 48% +31
Millenials 26% 47% +21
Overall 26% 40% +14
Voters are More Likely to Oppose Politicians Who Don’t Support Home Sharing
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 43/61
Q. And if there were legislation
that would restrict middle classfamilies’ right to use Airbnb torent out their own home on a
short-term basis, how likely would you be to take action on the issue by doing something like signing a petition or contacting an elected
official?
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Overall Airbnb Users
Seattle 56% 70%
Los Angeles 47% 74%
San Francisco 48% 60%
New York 44% 74%
Washington, DC 34% 68%
Denver 43% 73%
Millenials 50% —
Overall 45% —
Voters — Especially Airbnb Users — Likely to Take Action to Fight LegislationRestricting Home Sharing
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 44/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
THE PEOPLE -TO-PEOPLE VOTING BLOC IS GROWING
2.
3.
1. Millennials overwhelming support Airbnb — and this demographic continues to grow
Airbnb has a strong base of support in cities — and that base will only continue to grow
Voters begin favorably inclined to the platform; when undecideds learn more, they support us
4. People who care about this issue vote and support candidates who support Airbnb
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 45/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
5. NEXT: 100 CLUBS
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 46/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
HISTORIC CHANGES IN CITIES
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 47/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
CITIES 1.0
Cities as villages, or groups
of villages, clusteredtogether as centers of trade,security and military sites
Historic Changes in Cities
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 48/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
CITIES 1.0
Cities as villages, or groups of
villages, clustered together ascenters of trade, security andmilitary sites
CITIES 2.0
Cities as industrial centers
where large populations ofworking people lived andworked, and wherecommunities were divided byvarious socio-economicfactors
Historic Changes in Cities
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 49/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
CITIES 1.0
Cities as villages, or groups of
villages, clustered together ascenters of trade, security andmilitary sites
CITIES 2.0
Cities as industrial centers
where large populations ofworking people lived andworked, and wherecommunities were divided byvarious socio-economicfactors
CITIES 3.0
Cities as centers of creativity,
artists, etc. with youngpeople and families returningand leading the greatinversion, where cities arereturning to a village orcollection of villages
Historic Changes in Cities
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 50/61
WITH ECONOMIC & RELATED SOCIETALCHANGES, MOVEMENTS APPEARED
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 51/61
Economic and Social Change Driving Economic Movements
Guilds
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Guilds formed as organizations to represent the shared economic interests ofArtists and Tradesmen as society formed in Villages
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 52/61
Guilds
Political Parties
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Guilds formed as organizations to represent the shared economic interests ofArtists and Tradesmen as society formed in Villages
Political parties grew out of broader fights for political power around differingeconomic models
Economic and Social Change Driving Economic Movements
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 53/61
Guilds
Political Parties
Labor Unions
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Guilds formed as organizations to represent the shared economic interests ofArtists and Tradesmen as society formed in Villages
Political parties grew out of broader fights for political power around differingeconomic models
Labor unions developed to represent the shared interest of workers in
response to industrialization
Economic and Social Change Driving Economic Movements
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 54/61
100 CLUBS IN 2016
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 55/61
Home Sharing Clubs: Bringing Together the Voices of Middle Class Families Sharingthe Home in Which they Live
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 56/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
And This is Already Happening in Cities Around the World
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 57/61
2.
3.
1. Give our community access to the finest grassroots organizing training,
tools and support.
Provide dedicated Airbnb staff to provide information, support and a
hotline to our Headquarters.
Give our community the freedom to advocate for what works for them. We will
help them establish these organizations, but clubs will be independent.
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
We Will Build on Momentum by Continuing to Work With Our Community
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 58/61
Creating Organizing Centers to Lead the Fight
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
Advocacy Mobilization Social Clubs Best Practices Education
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 59/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
DigitalPlatform
OrganizingStaff
CreateExternal Org.
Host Advisors
And We Will Develop the Tools Necessary for our Community
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 60/61
P R O P O S I T I O N F D E B R I E F - N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 5
100 CLUBSIN
2016
7/24/2019 Airbnb Proposition F Debrief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/airbnb-proposition-f-debrief 61/61
No on Proposition F:
A People-to-PeopleMovement