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Long Term Evolution (LTE)Overview
Introduction
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the preferred development path of
GSM/W-CDMA/HSPA networks currently deployed, and an
option for evolution of CDMA networks. This essential evolution
will enable networks to offer the higher data throughput to mobile
terminals needed in order to deliver new and advanced mobile
broadband services.
The primary objectives of this network evolution are to provide
these services with a quality at least equivalent to what an end-user
can enjoy today using their fixed broadband access at home, and to
reduce operational expenses by means of introducing flat IP
architecture.
This brochure presents the drivers for, and the main technical
characteristics of, LTE. It explains Alcatel-Lucent’s LTE solution,
and highlights our strong commitment to, and leadership in, LTE.
Why LTE ?
Improved Quality of Experience & New Services
Although 3G/3.5G technologies such as HSPA/EV-DO deliver
significantly higher bit rates than 2G technologies, they do not
fully satisfy the “wireless broadband” requirements of instant-on,
always-on and multi-megabit throughput. With LTE delivering
even higher peak throughput and much lower latency, mobile
operators (either 3GPP or 3GPP2 based) have a uniqueopportunity to evolve their existing infrastructure to next-
generation wireless networks. As depicted in Figure 1, these
networks will deliver their subscriber’s Quality of Experience
(QoE) expectations in terms of real-time services such as Voice
Over IP, Multi-User Gaming Over IP, High Definition Video On
Demand and Live TV. This will also continue to improve the
quality of delivery for all legacy applications (e-mail, internet
browsing, MMS, etc.).
Figure 1: Mobile Services and Throughput Trends
10Kbps
100kbps
1Mbps
10
Mbps
100Mbps
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
‘Peak rates are the maximum under a perfect RF condition. Actual rates may be much lower depending on RF conditions’
MusicDownload
FileTransfer
High
Resolution
Multimedia
High
Definition
Video
Multi-user
InteractiveGaming
SMS
Voice
G S M G
P R S E D G E U M T S
H S P A
L T E
MMS
Web/Email
MobileTV
VideoStreaming
MBMS
CollaborativeOffice
Applications
10Kbps
100kbps
1Mbps
10
Mbps
100Mbps
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
‘Peak rates are the maximum under a perfect RF condition. Actual rates may be much lower depending on RF conditions’
MusicDownload
MusicDownload
FileTransfer
FileTransfer
High
Resolution
Multimedia
High
Definition
Video
Multi-user
InteractiveGaming
SMSSMS
Voice
G S M G
P R S E D G E U M T S
H S P A
L T E
MMSMMS
Web/EmailWeb/Email
MobileTV
VideoStreaming
MBMS
CollaborativeOffice
Applications
The improved speed and low latency provided by LTE will offer a
much improved end-user experience for all corporate services:
• For applications where data throughput is important - faster e-
mail and file uploads, enhanced VPN connection, high-speed
internet, etc. and;
• For interactive applications where latency is crucial - IMS
based VoIP, mail and file synchronization with an on-line
server, peer-to-peer applications such as “NetMeeting”, SIP
multimedia services including video and voice conference
over IP, application sharing, etc.
In addition to typical corporate applications, we expect anincreased interest from the vertical markets where information
accuracy, reliability and immediacy are key: medical applications
where latency and high resolution imaging are highly important;
machine-to-machine communication where security and
immediacy are crucial; live network based navigation; etc.
The mass market will benefit from improvements delivered by LTE
for all person-to-person and internet community applications:
Push-to-See, improved quality for VoIP, photo and video
downloading / uploading for personal blogs, online gaming,
mobile social networks (such as YouTube, myspace), and “Second
life” type applications etc.
On top of those improvements, LTE will enable the introduction
of new services, such as High Definition Video (or HD TV) andmulti-user interactive gaming:
• HD TV requires between 10 to 20 Mbits/s bandwidth (18
Mbits/s for example with Blue Ray standard), which is higher
than current HSPA capabilities.
• Interactive multi-user gaming is extremely sensitive to latency:
the very low latency offered by LTE (less than 10ms versus
60ms with HSPA) is key for fighting games, car races, or any
action games involving a large number of simultaneous users.
In addition, the higher throughput offered will enable high-
resolution video games.
Lastly LTE will play a key role in the development of N-uple
services at home (IP TV, Internet, telephone, mobile…servicesbundle). We are observing an increasing need for broadband
access at home and the same will apply to mobile services for two
main reasons. Firstly, as subscribers become used to higher speeds
at home, they will require the same quality of service when they are
mobile so as to benefit from a seamless experience. The second
reason is the possibility of offering higher bandwidth in remote
areas where ADSL throughput is no longer sufficient and fibre
may not be economically viable compared with LTE. In those areas
the same LTE infrastructure will deliver mobile services as well as
broadband access at home, bringing economies of scale.
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About Alcatel-Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) provides solutions that enable service providers, enterprises and governments worldwide, to deliver voice, data and video
communication services to end-users. As a leader in fixed, mobile and converged broadband networking, IP technologies, applications, and services, Alcatel-Lucent offers theend-to-end solutions that enable compelling communications services for people at home, at work and on the move. For more information, visit Alcatel-Lucent on the Internet:
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com. Copyright © 2008 by Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved. October, 2008
Capacity Requirements
With the recent introduction of HSDPA and EV-DO Rev A, we
have observed a significant increase in mobile data traffic, with
some operators quadrupling their Packet Switched traffic in one
year. At this growth rate, and with the proliferation of new
applications on the network, cells in hot spots will be quickly
saturated and the network will require densification in these
overloaded areas. This can be delivered by using a higher capacity
solution such as LTE.
To illustrate this mobile traffic growth, Figure 2 provides the yearly
forecast for a typical Mobile Operator in a Western country of 60
million inhabitants.
Figure 2: Mobile Data Traffic Growth
0
1 000 000
2 000 000
3 000 000
4 000 000
5 000 000
6 000 000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Mobile Data Traffic in Gigabits per year (Source : CSFB)
Typical Operator in W-E country of 60 M population
LTE and Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
The Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) enables
multiple users to receive data over the same radio resource. This
creates a more efficient approach for delivering content, such as
video programming, to which multiple users have subscriptions.
However, with HSPA, MBMS does not match the capabilities of
broadcasting and/or broadband wireless technologies (such as
DVB-H or WiMAX). With an OFDM/SC-FDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplex /Single-Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access) system, LTE provides the possibility of operating
MBMS in a single frequency network mode where significant
performance gains (up to five times existing capacity) can be
achieved without additional receiver complexity. LTE will
consequently dramatically enhance MBMS, and match DVB-H
and WiMAX, capabilities.
Reducing the Total Cost of Ownership
Another key driver behind LTE is the reduction of the cost per
byte, which is expected to decrease by a factor of six compared with
HSPA today (see Figure 3). This cost reduction is derived from
network simplification, with flat IP architecture and the enhanced
capacity delivered by the new radio technologies implemented by
LTE.
Figure 3: Reduced TCO with LTE
*Source:
Analysis Research, 2006
What Is LTE Technology?
In order to prepare for wireless operator’s future needs and to
ensure the competitiveness of their mobile systems over the next
ten years, a progression of network architecture, as well as an
evolution of the radio interface is required. This is being evaluated
in the 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE), Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and HSPA Evolution (HSPA+) Study Items. From
a network deployment perspective it is likely that HSPA
enhancements will be introduced first followed by the progressionto a radio interface (LTE).
LTE will allow operators to achieve even greater peak throughputs
in higher spectrum bandwidth, and to benefit from greater
capacity at a reduced cost. Initial deployments are targeted for
2009.
LTE characteristics include:
• Peak LTE throughputs (high spectral efficiency)
− DL: 100 Mb/s SISO (Single Input Single Output);
− 173 Mb/s 2x2 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output);
− 326 Mb/s 4x4 MIMO; for 20 MHz
− UL: 58 Mb/s 16 QAM
− 86 Mb/s 64 QAM (based on 1 Tx UE)
• Increased Spectrum efficiency over Release 6 HSPA
− DL: 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO (2,2)
− UL: 2-3 times E-DCH for MIMO(1,2)
• Ultra low Latency
− less than 10 msec for round-trip delay (RTD) from UE to
server
− Reduced call setup times (50-100ms)
− =>wired user experience
• Capacity per cell
− 200 users for 5 MHz, 400 users in larger spectrumallocations
• Flexible spectrum use maximizes flexibility
− 1.4, 3/3.2, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
− All frequencies of IMT-2000: 450 MHz to 2.6 GHz
LTE is being developed by the 3GPP (3rd generation Partnership
Project) standards body that is also responsible for GSM and W-
CDMA. LTE standards are currently being developed and are
expected to be finalized in early 2008.
In order to reach this performance, LTE will make the best use of
the latest technologies on the market. For radio, a new modulation
scheme is being used based on OFDM, and the latest antenna
technologies, such as MIMO will be deployed. For the corenetwork, an IP based network topology will also be introduced to
considerably reduce network complexity.
LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) on the downlink, which is better suited than W-CDMA
for achieving high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth.
On the uplink LTE uses SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access), a technology that provides advantages
in power efficiency and resulting terminal battery life versus a pure
OFDM approach.
UMTS HSPA LTE
Cost per bit Evolution (*)
UMTS HSPA LTE
Cost per bit Evolution (*)
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About Alcatel-Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) provides solutions that enable service providers, enterprises and governments worldwide, to deliver voice, data and video
communication services to end-users. As a leader in fixed, mobile and converged broadband networking, IP technologies, applications, and services, Alcatel-Lucent offers theend-to-end solutions that enable compelling communications services for people at home, at work and on the move. For more information, visit Alcatel-Lucent on the Internet:
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com. Copyright © 2008 by Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved. October, 2008
MIMO refers to a technique that employs multiple transmit and
receive antennas, often in combination with multiple radios and
parallel data streams. This results in numerous data paths
effectively operating in parallel and, through appropriate decoding,
a multiplicative gain in throughput. For example, with a 2X2
MIMO system, a gain of a factor of 2 is expected on the peak
throughput.
LTE also requires new network architecture, with the main
functional entities being: the e-node B on the access side, and the
Serving (S) and Packet Data Network (PDN) gateways and the
Mobile Management Entity (MME) in the core network, as
depicted in
Figure 4.
Figure 4: LTE Architecture
eNode B
3GLTE S/P GW
IP transportbackbone
Multi-standardUser Database
Applicationservers
Service IPbackbone
MD
S
MD
S
S1
X2
eNode B MME
Call Server
LTE is a pure packet system, with no support for legacy circuit-
switched voice/data. This shift allows a significant simplification of
the network, reducing the number of nodes and improving
operational efficiencies. This network simplification also removes
any bottlenecks from the system, ensuring the network
permanently runs at peak efficiency.
Figure 5 shows the impacts of this simplification comparing
traditional UMTS elements and LTE nodes, and provides a
macroscopic mapping of User Plane and Control Plane between
nodes.
Figure 5: UMTS-LTE Node Mapping
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
NodeB
C-plane U-plane
eNode B
EPC - Network Simplification
C-plane U-plane
S-GW
P-GW
MME
In contrast to UMTS architecture, no Radio Network Controller
(RNC) is required: the RNC’s functions are collapsed into the
eNodeB. On the Core network side, the Mobility ManagementEntity (MME) assumes the role of the SGSN for the control plane,
and the serving and PDN gateways ensure the role of user plane,
routing user data traffic to the network edge, replacing the GGSN.
Conclusion
Involved in the early stages of defining 3GPP/LTE specifications,
and benefiting from a broad experience acquired over many years
on wireless and mobile broadband system deployments in similar
technologies, Alcatel-Lucent is in a unique position to propose an
efficient and easy-to-deploy LTE solution from day one:
• Alcatel-Lucent is committed to LTE with early involvement in
3GPP / LTE specifications, leadership in the LTE/SAE Trial
Initiative and has LTE trials planned as early as Q4 2007
(Lab), Field trials in 2008 and Commercial trials in 2009
• Alcatel-Lucent’s technological leadership in LTE is based on
our OFDM know-how with WiMAX, MIMO expertise, and
leadership in the flat IP architecture with Base Station Router
concept.
• Alcatel-Lucent’s smooth LTE evolution from today’s W-CDMA/HSPA networks is based upon our UTRAN
equipment ready to evolve to support LTE and on our strong
relationships with chipset and terminals suppliers.
• Alcatel-Lucent is strongly committed to CDMA operators
willing to implement LTE, by providing a smooth evolution
of their networks to LTE, and by delivering LTE / EV-DO
roaming/interworking from day one.
• The smooth evolution from both CDMA and UMTS is
enabled by a focus on:
− Integrated OAM solutions
− Inter-technology roaming leadership
− Reuse of existing investments i.e. BTS assets
− Multi-standard Base stations
− Integrated transport capabilities
− And more
• Alcatel-Lucent and LGE have engaged a strategic cooperation
on LTE, focused on ensuring networks, devices, and
associated services are in lock-step and up-to-speed for
commercial operation with quality of performance and user
experience assured. Alcatel-Lucent understands a strong
ecosystem is critical to secure & accelerate the launch of LTE.
Jointly with device manufacturers such as LGE, Alcatel-
Lucent has developed ecosystem workgroups and participates
in various multimedia forums to identify the best-in-class
applications aimed at supporting the successful launch of
LTE
• Alcatel-Lucent’s end to end solution for LTE includes, but is
not limited to:
− Access Gateways
− Next Generation Core solutions (IMS)
− Market leading network services
− Application and subscriber data solutions
− IP transport solutions
• Alcatel-Lucent’s value proposition for LTE is comprised of 5
key components as shown in Figure 6 below.
Figure 6: Alcatel-Lucent LTE Value Proposition
4G Leadership (LTE, Wi MAX) Technical leadership
High availability
IP Backbone
AGW
e No de B
MediaGateways
Call
Servers
High availability
IP Backbone
AGW
e No de B
MediaGateways
Call
Servers
Strategic partnership with Appli & Terminal
players to secure LTE Ecosystem (e.g. LGE)
Ecosystem growing beyond traditional devices
Enhanced broadcast solution (#1 in IP TV)
Strong Ecosystem
OFDM know-how with WiMAX
MIMO (We invented it! First proposal 2000)
Flat IP architecture with BSR + # 1 in IP access
Leader in wireless transmission
Common technology
Common R&D
Common platforms
Evolution path from 3GGP/3GPP2 to LTE
Multiple frequency band availability
SDR technology
Seamless H/O with CDMA and Multiple RAT
Smart Evolution
Trials planned as soon as Q4 2007
Leading LTE/SAE TI for early validation
Collaborating with NGMN since 2005
Many approved items in 3GPP
Commitment to LTE
4G Leadership (LTE, Wi MAX) Technical leadership
High availability
IP Backbone
AGW
e No de B
MediaGateways
Call
Servers
High availability
IP Backbone
AGW
e No de B
MediaGateways
Call
Servers
Strategic partnership with Appli & Terminal
players to secure LTE Ecosystem (e.g. LGE)
Ecosystem growing beyond traditional devices
Enhanced broadcast solution (#1 in IP TV)
Strong Ecosystem
OFDM know-how with WiMAX
MIMO (We invented it! First proposal 2000)
Flat IP architecture with BSR + # 1 in IP access
Leader in wireless transmission
Common technology
Common R&D
Common platforms
Evolution path from 3GGP/3GPP2 to LTE
Multiple frequency band availability
SDR technology
Seamless H/O with CDMA and Multiple RAT
Smart Evolution
Trials planned as soon as Q4 2007
Leading LTE/SAE TI for early validation
Collaborating with NGMN since 2005
Many approved items in 3GPP
Commitment to LTE