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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Alcoholism is one of the major culprits for many undesirable issues seen in

our society. The main reason for this adverse outcome is the direct impact on the

physical and emotional health of the person who is addicted to alcohol as well as the

entire family unit. This can be tagged as a disease which runs through all the members

of the family and affects each of them differently. When the results are carefully

analyzed, it becomes clear that even when the person who is addicted to alcohol is

rehabilitated, yet, the long term impact of his alcoholism may persist in other

members of the family, especially young dependants.

Needless to say, we are not living in a pre-historic era. We are living in

perhaps the most prosperous period of human history, even in a developing country

like Sri Lanka. The life cycle of people has changed enormously in recent times. The

standard of living has improved in many parts of the world including our own

country. The miracles of scientific invention influence all our lives. As a result life of

the community has become very artificial and mechanical. This is the outcome of the

change in the physical and social environment under the influence of technology and

modern methods of mass communication. More and more under the impact of

globalization the life of people has become ‘standardized’. This trend has both good

effects as well as bad effects. Mass methods of communication through the electronic

media and the use of the mobile telephone have changed the day to day life of human

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beings very much. It is well known that in ancient times, the simplest form of

permanent communication was by means of inscriptions. With the rapid development

of the civilization there has been vast improvement in the methods of communication.

Today methods of communication take many different forms. Among these print

media such as newspapers and magazines are very prominent. Books are printed and

available to all sections of the population in vast numbers. Even more important have

become the electronic media especially television. The impact of television on the

behavior of people has become very pervasive. In fact many people believe that the

‘electric brain’ of the community in the form of the television is the most important

influence on social behaviour of people all over the world. Today from our homes we

can watch the news of the world as it is taking place in anywhere in the world. Sri

Lanka is only a speck on the map of the world. But the whole world and beyond is

accessible to people in Sri Lanka through satellite communication. These methods of

communication have joined the whole world together. Today through mechanisms

like the face-book people all over the world can communicate with one another. It is

therefore true to say that today through technology humankind has acquired the power

to control nature to a great extent. But as already noted this technology also has had

an unwholesome influence on some aspects of human life.

When we compare our society which is a part of the developing world with

life in a fully developed industrial society, many people begin to feel that our society

is inferior to society in developed countries. This makes them to react in ways which

are not healthy to the community as a whole. They begin to feel discontented. They

come to believe that what is required to make their lives happier is more money. So

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they begin to chase money. But money is not everything. However, many people

come to realize this truth only very late in their lives.

These days when we watch television or read a newspaper, we can clearly see

the state of our society reflected in them. To say that what we see is pathetic is not an

exaggeration. The media are full of stories about murders, thefts, sexual abuses and

other illegal activities. It appears that there has been a deterioration of human values

in our society. How sad it is to read stories about parents killing their own young

children and even grown up children killing their own parents. It is true that such

stories are rare, but we should not hear such stories at all if we are living in a good

society. Such stories indicate that people are living in a state of great mental stress.

One of our main needs in society is to do all that is possible to reduce the level of

mental stress under which people are compelled to live their lives in our society.

In ancient times, especially after Lord Buddha’s visits to Sri Lanka, there is

reason to believe that our society became rich in morals, ethics, good qualities,

manners and discipline. But sad to say after the arrival of Europeans, such as the

Portuguese, Dutch and English our society took a turn for the worse. Gradually the

traditional values of our society began to disappear. There is no doubt that the

introduction of hard liquor or strong alcohol was the single most important factor that

started the moral deterioration of our society. It is true that alcohol was a part of

European way of life and they did not introduce a “poison” to our society which they

themselves avoided. They themselves partook of alcohol and used it as a method of

collecting revenue. But in the process the introduction of alcohol led to great harm to

the way of life and culture of our people. The main religion of the country, namely,

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Buddhism strongly discourages the use of intoxicating substances such as alcohol.

One of the five precepts tells Buddhists to refrain from taking alcohol. In such a

situation, when the government of a country encourages people to take alcohol there

is a serious conflict which cannot do anything but harm to society. It is a reasonable

conclusion that what we are seeing as the problem of alcoholism in our country even

today is the direct outcome of the policy of Europeans to encourage the use of alcohol

by our people.

Fortunately the vast majority of the people of this country did not take up the

habit of using alcohol. The Buddhist monks of our country played an important role in

preaching to the people about the evil effects of alcohol. There were also social

workers and public leaders who worked against the use of alcohol in the country.

History recalls that the first Excise Ordinance in Sri Lanka was introduced in 1912,

that is to say, exactly a century ago. In that very year the Sri Lanka Temperance

Association was formed to combat the evil. This is the Sri Lanka ‘Amadyapa Maha

Sabhawa’. This Association will celebrate its centenary this year.

The new government which came to power in 1977 embarked on a new

economic approach. It opened up the economy to a much greater degree than in the

past. Goods of all kinds were freely allowed to be imported into the country. Among

such goods were alcoholic products. It should be pointed out that the major religion of

the people of this country, namely, Buddhism specifically prohibits the use of all

intoxicating substances including alcoholic products. With the opening up of the

economy these products became freely available. In addition, illegal production of

alcohol also increased in some parts of the country. The result was that alcoholism

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became a major problem in society. It is well known that alcohol has many ill-effects

on the body. First of all, the habitual intake of alcohol has physical effects on the

body. All the organs of the body are affected, especially the liver. The effects of

alcohol on the brain produce mental symptoms. The unsocial behaviour which people

indulge in after consuming alcohol has a very bad influence on family life. The wives

suffer physical mental and even sexual abuse as a result of the excessive intake of

alcohol by their husbands. The education of the children is greatly disrupted by the

alcohol intake of their fathers. The economic wellbeing of the family suffers very

much. When people in the laboring classes whose income is low spend a large part of

their earnings on alcohol the nutrition of the family suffers. Alcoholism also leads to

inefficient work. So production in the country falls and the economy suffers. Thus the

physical, mental, social and economic harm that alcoholism does to the people of the

country is very large. Alcoholism interferes with the economic development of the

country.

At the level of the individual, the effects of alcoholism are very pathetic. Apart

from the damage to the health of the person, the loss of control over their behavior

leads to all kinds of terrible complications. We often say that after taking alcohol,

people behave like animals. But the truth is that animals rarely behave in that manner.

The behavior of people who have taken too much alcohol is much worse than that of

animals in the wild. Some of them become violent. They often end up in the police

station.

It is true to say that the alcohol habit was introduced into our country only

after the European colonization of the country. The Portuguese came in the 16 th

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century and it is well known that they drank a lot of wine. After the Portuguese came

the Dutch who were well known for their fondness of gin and tobacco. The English

who took over the whole country in 1815 encouraged the use of alcohol in the

country. In fact they introduced the Excise Ordinance in 1912. They wanted to collect

revenue for the government by taxing people for the use of alcohol. As already noted

the Sri Lanka Temperance Movement began in that very year1.

Modern life has become very competitive and young people are greatly

stressed. In the struggle for existence, to find relief from stress many people use

alcohol as a kind of drug. In fact in medical science they talk about the non-medical

use of drugs. That is to say the use of drugs for relieving conditions which are not

recognized as diseases. People in the community are in the habit of using some

substances such as alcohol and tobacco and even ganja (cannabis) to obtain some

relief from stress. Such substances are called “soft drugs” by doctors. This is to

distinguish them from “hard drugs” such as heroin and cocaine. Alcohol and tobacco

are among the most widely used soft drugs. And many young people who are under

stress use alcohol to obtain relief from stress.

Severe competition has become a major aspect of modern life. The fact that

both parents have to go to work to earn enough money for the family also contributes

to making the situation very difficult for the whole family and very unfavorable for

children. When father and mother leave the home in the morning at least five days a

week and return after work only late in the evening the children are left to manage

themselves most of the time. In some cases one or the other parent returns home very

1 Interview with Prof. Carlo Fonseka, Chairman, National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol.

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late in the night after doing overtime. In actual fact either the father or the mother may

have to do night duty as for example in the case of doctors and nurses. In such

situations the children are entrusted to servants. No servant can be expected to look

after other people’s children with the loving tender care that parents devote to their

own children. So children suffer from parental deprivation. This is a very unhealthy

life style for children. And many children go stray as a result of this parental neglect.

When people realize what is happening it is often too late. It is high time that parents

realize that they have to take responsibility for the welfare of their greatest treasure on

earth, namely, their children. This is a necessary first step to save our children from

acquiring bad ways of living including the use of intoxicating substances such as

tobacco and alcohol. Parents and teachers have the duty to tell their children,

especially their teenage sons, the harm that the use and abuse of alcohol can do to

their future lives.

The government of our country has realized that for the development of the

country and the improvement of the health of the people steps must be taken to

control the use of substances such as tobacco and alcohol and heroin. In view of this

the present President of Sri Lanka, during his election campaign for president in 2005

published a manifesto in which he introduced the concept of “mathata thitha”. By this

is meant a “full-stop” to the use of all intoxicating substances by the people of the

country. In 2006, his government introduced The National Authority on Tobacco and

Alcohol Act No.27. By this Act many things have been done to legally control the use

and abuse of alcohol and tobacco2. One provision in the Act (Sec 31) makes it a

punishable offence for anyone to sell any tobacco or alcohol product to persons under

2 Interview with Prof. Carlo Fonseka, Chairman, National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol.

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21 years of age. Similarly publishing of tobacco or alcohol advertisements is a

punishable offence under section 33. Sponsoring of any tobacco and alcohol product

is also a punishable offence under section 36. Similarly, promotion of any tobacco

and alcohol product is a punishable offence under section 37. In addition smoking in

any enclosed public place is a punishable offence under section 39. By means of this

Act the advertisement of tobacco and alcohol products in the electronic and print

media has been prohibited. Perhaps it is too early to say whether these legal

provisions have been really effective in reducing alcohol and tobacco use. The general

impression is that smoking in public places has become greatly reduced. But there is

no obvious evidence that there has been a reduction in use of alcohol. However the

government has taken a step in the right direction by introducing The National

Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act No.27 of 2006.

The alcohol habit is acquired very slowly without the users becoming aware

that they are becoming addicted to the substance. People usually start to use alcohol

by drinking a glass of beer or wine at a party. This often happens when schoolboys in

the upper classes in schools go for “big matches”. Little by little a few of them will

become regular users after they leave school and get employed. The worst outcome of

this habit is seen among the poorer sections of society. Some of them spend almost all

money they earn on tobacco and alcohol. Such people have become addicted to

alcohol. Addiction must be regarded as a disease which requires medical treatment.

As already noted above, it is necessary to treat them because of the physical, mental,

social and economic harm that alcoholism does to society. It is obvious that a country

cannot be developed if many of its citizens are addicted to alcohol. Also, as an

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outcome of alcoholism, motor accidents and acts of violence in society increase. The

question arises as to what society can do to solve this problem. In other words, what is

the solution to the problem of alcoholism in our country?

It is clear that there is no immediate short-term solution to the problem of

alcoholism. The solution has to be a long term one. Many experts with experience in

dealing with the problem of alcoholism are of the opinion that adults who are addicted

to alcohol are not easy to rehabilitate. They feel that society must concentrate on the

younger generation as a first step. This means that the problem of drug abuse in

general and use of alcohol in particular must receive attention in the school

curriculum. Unfortunately our school children are loaded with so much work in their

regular school curriculum that there seems to be little time left for teaching them the

ill-effects of alcohol and tobacco in a systematic way. In this matter much can be done

by the religions of the country to discourage our children from taking to tobacco and

alcohol. The Sunday Schools already play a role in this matter but a more organized

approach to the use and abuse of intoxicating substances must be instituted in schools.

It is well known that governments collect a lot of revenue from alcohol tobacco by

way of taxes. But those who have studied this subject in depth say that the

government spends much more than they collect to treat the illnesses caused by

tobacco and alcohol and the injuries caused by the violence and accidents that occur

due to alcohol use. Another thing the country can do in regard to this matter is to

remind the people of their traditional culture which strongly discourages the use of

alcohol. The government should set an example by not serving liquor at state

functions. I think a strong case can be made for prohibiting the manufacture and

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import of alcohol products over a period of time in gradual stages. The Buddhist

clergy has proposed that the manufacture of alcohol in the country should be reduced

by 5% every year and the import of foreign liquor should also be reduced by 5%

every year. If this policy is implemented the availability of alcohol in the country will

be reduced almost to nothing at the end of about 20 years3. In the meantime the

younger generations must be educated about the need to change their life styles for the

good of their health. Doctors say that the biggest killers in the modern world are the

so-called Non-Communicable Diseases or NCDs. They say that two of the four main

causes of NCDs are tobacco and alcohol. If the younger generation learns this lesson

they are likely to conduct their lives in a more healthy way. Education of children

should concentrate not only on technical subjects but also on teaching children life

skills and healthy living. They must also be taught that for the upliftment of the

society there must be a healthy nation. For building up a healthy nation in a country

which will help to develop the country one of the most important things that can be

done is to take all steps necessary to reduce the use and abuse of alcohol. The law of

the country should be pressed to the service of this objective. If a programme like the

one that has been suggested is implemented there is no doubt that we will have a

happy and peaceful society in our country.

Such a society would be one in which the citizens would be protected from

unhealthy habits. As a result the society will become a highly disciplined one. The

level of morality in the country will be improved. And the same time the country will

become more stable economically, politically and socially. Such a peaceful society is

what all of us dream about. I hope it will become a reality in my life time. For that to

3 Interview with Prof. Carlo Fonseka, Chairman, National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol.

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happen all of us will have to work very honestly and sincerely to achieve our

objective. In the long run it is our children who will reap the rewards of our efforts.

They will bless us for building for them such a society where they can live in peace

without fear.

1.2 WHAT IS ALCOHOLISM?

There are number of definitions of alcoholism and alcoholic. According to one

definition, “an alcoholic is a person who suffers from alcoholism – the body is

dependent on alcohol. An alcoholic is addicted to alcohol. Alcoholism is a chronic

disease. People who suffer from alcoholism are obsessed with alcohol and cannot

control how much they consume, even if it is causing serious problems at home,

work, and financially”4. According to another definition, “alcoholism is a progressive

disease that impairs the psychological, emotional, and physical health of both

alcoholic and his family. Alcoholism has been labeled as a “family disease” because

its effects lead to dysfunctional roles and behaviors of the alcoholic and their family

members”5. It is clear from these definitions that alcoholism is a disease which occurs

due to the abuse of alcohol. In Sri Lanka alcoholism has become a major problem.

Most of the people seem to think that taking alcohol is a fashionable thing to do. But

when they begin to suffer from the terrible effects of alcoholism, it is often too late to

escape from its consequences. People say that they take alcohol for various reasons.

Some take it to overcome tiredness. Some take it for pleasure. Others seem to need

some alcohol in order to have a good argument. If freely available many people take

alcohol to forget their life’s problems. Many people take alcohol only because their

4 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com5 http://health.uml.edu/thc/HealthIssues/AlcoholismFamilyEffects/default.html

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friends do so. Thus they take alcohol to maintain the company of their friends. It is

difficult to avoid the impression that taking alcohol has become a new trend in

society. Nowadays it is very difficult to attend a function which is alcohol free. No

party seems to be complete or enjoyable if alcoholic drinks are not served. It is true to

say that many people who are non-drinkers, are compelled to take a drink when they

attend a party. This conclusion has been established by many research studies. To

give one example, according to Prof. Diyanath Samarasinghe, “the degree to which

alcohol is ‘integrated’ into social activities influences the amount of alcohol

consumed. In some societies, most social occasions are alcohol-using occasions”6.

Needless to say, such practices tend to spread the alcohol habit in society. Some

people seem to think that taking alcohol is a symbol of strength. What such people

don’t realize is that they have been fooled by promoters of alcohol. When they

become addicted to alcohol they cannot do without it, like a patient taking medicine

for a serious disease. They cannot live without alcohol. They need alcohol when they

wake up in the morning. They need alcohol when having their meals. They need

alcohol before going to sleep. In this way an alcohol addict’s life will go from bad to

worse by the day.

Persons who become addicted to alcohol could come from any social group of

society. They may be respectable married people with children and relations. Sadly as

a person becomes addicted to alcohol his family and social relationships begin to

suffer. In the case of married couples, the partner of the addict is the one who suffers

most. The partner, almost always the wife of the alcoholic, may feel disgusted of

married life. She indulges in self-pity. She begins to avoid friends of the family. She

6 Diyanath Samarasinghe, Strategies to Address Alcohol Problems, Pg 41

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often feels tired, physically exhausted and emotionally stressed. On top of all this the

responsibility for running the family falls on this non-alcoholic partner. She has to

look after the children. But this becomes increasingly difficult. In addition financial

difficulties begin to surface. This is because the addict’s alcoholic habit consumes a

large part of the family’s income. Needless to say alcoholism has the potential to

impact on various aspects of social lives in a very serious and pathetic way.

The aim of this research is to focus on “Alcoholism and Its Impact on Family

Issues in Urban Society”. The study has been undertaken partly because alcoholism

has become a serious threat to society. It will focus in particular on the way

alcoholism brings about the issues of family life in urban society.

1.3 AIM

The aim of this research is to study some aspects of the harm caused by

alcoholism and its effect on family issues in urban society.

1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The problem this research seeks to solve is the question whether alcoholism

has an adverse or negative impact on family issues.

1.5 OBJECTIVES

1.5.1 General objective

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To determine the extent to which alcoholism and its adverse

and negative effects has on family issues.

1.5.2 Significant objectives

1.5.2.1 To clarify the understanding regarding what alcoholism and

alcohol addiction actually are.

1.5.2.2 To determine the ultimate effect of alcoholism on the

individual.

1.5.2.3 To seek knowledge on how to overcome alcoholism.

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The hypotheses this study sets out to establish are the following.

1.6.1 Alcoholism has an adverse impact on family life and

contributes to family issues.

1.6.2 Alcoholism has a negative impact on family life and

contributes to family issues.

1.7 DEFINITION OF UNFAMILIAR TERMS

1.7.1 ADIC - Alcohol and Drug Information Centre

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1.7.2 NATA - National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol

1.7.3 NCDs - Non-Communicable Diseases

1.7.4 WHO - World Health Organization

1.7.5 DCSL - Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research attempts to identify alcoholism and its impact on family issues

in urban society. Alcoholism is an accelerating process that damages the physical,

emotional and physical health of the drinker and his or her family. Moreover this

research will scrupulously examine what has happened during last decade to the

individual and the urban community on account of alcoholism.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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In this research study, alcoholism and its impact on family issues in urban

society is discussed. Alcoholism is seen to have a major impact on the world.

Alcoholism is found to be an accelerating process that damages the physical,

emotional and physical health of the drinker and his or her family.

It is well to begin the literature review by noting a remark made by R Wilmot:

“It is popularly believed that consumption of intoxicants can induce a variety of

beneficial feelings and behaviors, such as a good mood, a feeling of well-being,

increased self-confidence and sociability. There are also descriptions of heavenly

experiences where colours appear to be more vivid”7. Although this may be a popular

belief, the evidence is that it is a grossly mistaken one. In general as we all know

alcoholism has negative effects on the Sri Lankan economy, society and culture. Not

only Sri Lanka but also the whole international community is badly affected by the

abuse of alcohol resulting in alcoholism. Some problems associated with alcoholism,

such as domestic violence, lack of attention to children, malnutrition among infants

and dependants, rowdy behavior on the roads, low birth weight, injuries, lack of

savings and indebtedness, poor living conditions, loss of lives, litigation and criminal

costs, loss of time and money, lost productivity and divorce come to mind at random.

This situation can be described as a disease which runs through all the members of the

family and affects each of them differently.

2.1 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN SRI LANKA

When it comes to alcohol consumption, the World Health Organization reports

that alcohol is a greater contribution than tobacco to lost years of able or productive

7 Wilmot. R. Euphoria. Journal of drug issues. 15: 155-191 (1985)

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life (WHO 1999). The World Health Assembly in 2004 referred to alcohol related

harm in its ‘Resolution on Health Promotion and Healthy Lifestyles’ (WHO 2004).

This is true about the consumption of alcohol in the whole world. The diagram below

shows alcohol consumption in Sri Lanka in year 2000 and 2009.

Figure 2.1 – Alcohol Consumption in Sri Lanka

“The (legal alcohol) industry contributed around Rs. 23 billion in 2007 and Rs.

27 billion in 2008 as excise tax. It has been estimated that there are over 200,000

illicit brew retailers, compared to the 3,200 licensed retail shops (wine stores) in Sri

Lanka”8. From statements below, we can conclude that alcoholism has a major

impact on Sri Lanka.

“According to official statistics, the highest number of drug dependants is in

the age group between 20 and 45, and last year alone, they made up nearly 80% of the

total of 2,411 seeking treatment at the rehabilitation centers”9.

8 http://indi.ca/2011/07/alcohol-consumption-in-sri-lanka/9 Society’s living dead, The Sunday Times, 30.10.2011 page 14.

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“There are 350 deaths happening per day in Sri Lanka due to alcohol related

diseases”10. These statements show the great consumption of alcohol in Sri Lanka.

2.2 HOW ALCOHOLISM AFFECTS THE INDIVIDUAL

When discussing alcoholism and its impact on family breakdown it is

important to discuss how this alcoholism affects the individual. “Alcoholism can

affect the individual in many ways, ranging from relatively minor consequences to

incapacitation and even death at the other end of the extreme. The disease potentially

affects everything in a person’s life, as the consequences of drinking snowball into

bigger and bigger problems. There is a definite sense of progression with the effects

that alcoholism has on an individual. Over the long run, things always get

worse….never better”11. This statement shows that there are many ways an individual

is affected by alcoholism. There are minor consequences as well as major ones

including even death. Alcohol can ruin the drinkers’ lives in dreadful ways. Health

problems, broken marriages, nights in jail, financial problems, drunk driving are some

of ways that alcohol affects individual. Alcohol can destroy an individual

emotionally, socially, spiritually, physically and mentally.

Alcoholism affects an individual life in many ways as well as society as a

whole. “Any and all of the negative consequences attributed to drinking: drunk

driving accidents, accidental deaths, overdoses, missed days of work, lost jobs, broken

homes, broken marriages, the cost of the booze itself, the potential years of life lost

for each alcoholic, and on and on and on”12. In a broad way alcoholism affects society

10 Health Minister Maithreepala Sirisena – Lakbima 05.10.2010 page 1211 http://www.spiritualriver.com/effects-of-alcoholism/12 http://www.spiritualriver.com/effects-of-alcoholism/

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in ways such as litigation and criminal cost, lost time and money, lost lives, lost

productivity, broken homes and families.

2.3 HOW ALCOHOLISM AFFECTS TO THE FAMILY

Alcohol addiction is a sort of “family cancer” because it impairs the roles and

ways of life of the whole family. Alcohol affects every member of the family from

unborn children to the drinker’s life’s partner. “There is documented evidence

globally that children suffer in a variety of ways in the hands of alcohol abusing

parents. These affect their roles, rituals, routines, social life, finances, communication,

and lead to conflict”13. Its pervasive effects result not only in physical problems to the

drinker; but also may result in natural and physical issues for other members of the

family. Dealing with the problem of alcoholism is a complex matter and is often is not

successful. Even if the drinker himself finally overcomes his problem, and makes

amends, the family members who were affected may not themselves ever recover

fully from the damage they suffered from the drinker’s addiction to alcohol. Most of

the researchers found an adverse impact of alcoholism on families. The statements

quoted below shows the gravity of the problem. “The prevalence of alcohol

consumption is highest in Sri Lanka. According to a survey conducted in 11 districts

in Sri Lanka in 2002-2003, 20% of the sample consumed alcohol more than twice a

week – with 8% using it daily. The research found that highest proportions of regular

drinkers were those least educated. The fact that some men indicating that their

expense on alcohol being above their income is also significant, considering its

13 Velleman, R and Orford, J. (1993a) The importance of family discord in explaining childhood problems in the children of problem drinkers, Addiction Research, no. 1, pp 39-57.

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impact on families and children”14. It is clear that least educated people tend to drink

alcohol daily. The education level has become the main factor driving people to get

addicted to alcohol. These are some direct effects of alcoholism on families.

“1. Alienates children – kids take it the hardest, because they don’t

know if the “switch has been flipped or not” with their alcoholic

parent. Living this way has a negative effect on grades, social skills,

and just about every other aspect of a child’s life.

2. Perpetuates abuse – well known and well documented. What

might be understated is the amount of verbal abuse that is simply “put

up with.”

3. Divorce.

4. Worse than divorce in some cases – the family holds together

despite the dysfunction and potentially passes the disease on to others.

Consider that children of an alcoholic parent are 4 times more likely to

become alcoholics themselves.

5. For young addicts and alcoholics, they have proven that group

therapy is worse than no therapy at all, but family therapy has shown

some degree of promise. This points to the fact that addiction is a

family disease and needs to be treated as such in most cases”15.

14 Baklien B, Samarasinghe D. Alcohol and Poverty in Sri Lanka. Oslo, FORUT, 2003.15http://www.spiritualriver.com/effects-of-alcoholism/

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From the above mentioned facts we can see how alcoholism affects families.

Children become alienated from others. Divorce occurs commonly. As mentioned

above there is a higher chance of children of alcoholic parents becoming an alcoholic.

Parents’ drunkenness has a dreadful impact on children. Children of alcoholic

parents may face various types of harassments. “Most of children who are affected by

various types of harassments by these types of parents have common syndromes like

low self-esteem, feelings of helplessness, guilt, loneliness, chronic depression, and

fears of abandonment. In the worst cases, they might start to imagine themselves as

the main reason for the addiction for alcohol by their parents”16. This statement shows

how alcoholism affects children. In this kind of situation children lose their childhood.

They always feel that they are different from other children. They always see their

father and mother fighting, shouting at each other. They cannot share problems with

parents. They cannot spend even a single second with their parents. In this situation

there is no one to look after their educational activities, their needs and wants. They

behave in school in a different manner. Sometimes they tend to lie, fight, steal and

play truant. They don’t know how to behave in proper manner.

2.4 HOW ALCOHOLISM AFFECTS THE ECONOMY

Let us see how alcoholism affects the economy. There are a number of

patients suffering from alcohol related diseases. Usually the government has to treat

16 http://allpsych.com/journal/alcoholism.html

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these patients. According to the health ministry, “Government earns 12% of its

income from the tobacco and alcohol taxes. But government spends 22% of its

expenditure to treat patients with illnesses due to use of tobacco and alcohol”17. We

can imagine the number of people suffering with diseases caused by addiction to

alcohol. There is much evidence that government incurs a lot of expense in treating

alcoholic patients. The Health Ministry says that, “Rupees 7500 million have been

reserved yearly for medicine, out of which 350 million rupees are spent on kidney

patients. Tobacco and alcohol use has been a causal factor in these patients”18.

2.5 PROMOTING OF ALCOHOL

The other major problem regarding alcoholism is the active promotion of

alcohol use among the people. There are number of alcohol producing companies in

Sri Lanka. They include Carlsberg Brewers, Lion Brewers, Three Coin Beer Co.,

Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka (DCSL), Percyle International (Investment of

Seagram’s of India) and many other importers. These companies apply powerful

marketing strategies to promote alcohol use in society. When it comes to direct

marketing we can see the use of print media and websites for promoting alcohol

consumption. Indirect promotion is carried out through the electronic media and

giving sponsorships to youth activities. “The Impact of promotions on youth is

alarming. The production of beer has increased dramatically between the year 1996

and 2000 (Exercise Department Statistics). This is largely due to the reduction in price

and the amount of advertising done regarding beer within that period. The total

alcohol production, which was 22,500,000 liters in the year 2000, is consumed

17 Divaina 28.11.2006 page 0318 Health ministry, Divaina 28.11.2006 page 3

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locally. The production of ‘Lion’ beer doubled in the year 1998/1999.Alcohol use in

Sri Lanka has shown steady increase from December 1998 to July 2001”. (ADIC Spot

Survey) In this era the following has been documented in Sri Lanka.

Currently, 1/3rd of the family income is used on alcohol.

The number of cases of those hospitalized on Alcohol Psychosis,

Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol withdrawal has increased by 4436

cases from 1998 to 1999. (Ministry of Health)

The number of those hospitalized due to chronic liver disease was

1816 in 1999 as opposed to 1069 in 1989. (Ministry of Health)

Detections of driving under the influence of alcohol were 8.86 per cent

in 1990 but had increased to 20.75 in 1993. ( Department of Traffic

Police)

This shows how promoting of alcohol is affecting Sri Lankan society as well

as the economy.

“A research has found (done in 2002 January to March) that three television

channels have telecast alcohol and tobacco advertisements during 27 programs within

47 minutes and 11 seconds”19. Today we can see that most of the television programs

such as local films, English films, Indian Films, Tamil films advertise alcohol. Not

only television programs. If there is a youth activity most of the alcohol brewers tend

to give sponsorships. These things tend directly to increase alcohol consumption in

Sri Lanka.

19 Media Research - ADIC

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The following are some examples for the promoting of alcohol related

products.

Youth events

Local soap operas on television

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Local films on television

English films on television

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Indian films on television

2.6 HOW TO PREVENT ALCOHOL USE

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According to the Alcohol and Drug Information Center, there are a number

of reasons for the influence of drinking alcohol. Some of them are as follows.

I. Beliefs and opinions of peer groups, when they start consuming

alcohol.

Ex :- Pleasure For cold

Forget Problems Given on credit

Reduce tiredness Freely available

Others are drinking

II. Let drinkers to do anything as they wish. Giving special privileges

to people who are drunk. When a drinker did some unnecessary

activity, people excuse them because he is drunk. “Privileges given

to those who have consumed alcohol are many. We will notice

more of these, as we become more sensitive to them. Removing

unfair privileges removes one factor that promotes alcohol

consumption and heavier consumption”20.

III. Making the environment for drinkers to drink comfortably.

Ex: - Keeping ash trays.

Complimenting drinkers when they dance.

Arranging chairs to drinkers.

Arranging special bites for drinkers.

IV. “Boys should drink”, “Alcohol is a must for a party”, “To have fun

alcohol is a must”….etc. In this way alcohol has become a symbol

of a party, fun, day to day activities.

20 Diyanath Samarasinghe, Strategies to Address Alcohol Problems, Page 34.

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V. Sponsorships of products marketing companies.

VI. Introducing alcohol in dramas, movies and paper articles.

The above mentioned reasons for drinking habits can be reduced by the

following activities.

I. Educating the people about the real bad feelings that occur when

alcohol is consumed. (side effects such as headaches, restlessness)

II. Should not provide any assistance to people who are drunk. They

should be ignored as much as possible.

III. Always try to condemn alcoholics and make them feel that they are

set of people who don’t get any respect from society.

IV. Not to believe unnecessary myths.

Ex: - To overcome tiredness, one should consume alcohol.

Those who cannot consume arrack should be introduce to

beer.

V. Not to provide special arrangements, in the venues where people

get together to consume alcohol.

VI. Special attention to be given and trying to avoid them and making

others aware of them.

VII. Reject and be aware of the tele-dramas/films/paper advertisements,

which promote alcohol.

VIII. Try to give more publicity to the general public about the real

behavior of alcoholics such as always quarreling with weak people.

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Ex: - Always trying to keep away from strong rough people

such as police and threatening weak people.

Always damaging others valuable belongings at home.

CHAPTER THREE

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 FIELD OF STUDY

When collecting information related to alcoholism I selected drug information

centers and rehabilitation centers which are located in the Colombo district. I selected

130 samples consisting of ten people from each of the 13 divisional secretariats of the

Colombo district. As part of the study I interviewed senior project officers of ADIC

(Alcohol and drug information centre) and Mel Madura of Sri Lanka Sumithrayo and

the Chairman of the NATA.

The Alcohol and Drug Information Centre (ADIC) was established in 1984 as

an independent organization. Today ADIC has become a well-recognized national

resource centre. It is concerned with promoting drug demand reduction and

development of innovative strategies to reduce the use of especially dangerous drugs

such as heroin.

Mel Medura of Sri Lanka Sumithrayo is a rehabilitation centre. The main goal

of this organization is to help drug addicts to overcome it. They are carry out

programs to integrate rehabilitated addicts in society and to improve the quality of

their lives.

The National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol was established by Act

No.27 of 2006. It focuses on reducing tobacco and alcohol use in the country.

3.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

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3.2.1 The first chapter provides a detailed introduction, aim, the research

problem, hypothesis, objectives, and scope of the study.

3.2.2 The second chapter discuss the literature review of the study.

3.2.3 The third chapter sets out the research methodology, the way of data

collection, the data collection methods, population and limitations of the

study.

3.2.4 The fourth chapter presence an analysis of the data collected in the

study.

3.2.5 Chapter five summarizes the findings, conclusion and

recommendations of the study. Chapter six presence the bibliography.

3.3 LIMITATIONS

2.6.1 In this research I am not going to discuss the divorces due to

alcoholism.

2.6.2 Main attention is given to region of Colombo.

2.6.3 Because of difficulties in finding the past data regarding incidence I

discuss only effects of alcoholism and its impact on family issues during the

past decades.

3.4 TYPES OF DATA

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Both primary and secondary data sources were used to achieve the objectives

of this research.

3.5 PRIMARY DATA

To collect primary data from the samples, I used the interview method with a

questionnaire. This questionnaire was specifically design by me under the guidance of

my directing staff.

3.6 SECONDARY DATA

Statistical data from ADIC (Alcohol and Drug Information Centre) and Mel

Madura Sri Lanka Sumithrayo, news papers, books and recommended websites

related to alcoholism were referred in order to collect the secondary data.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS

3.7.1 QUESTIONNAIRE

To collect primary data from the samples, I used questionnaires in both

Sinhala and English language on a confidential basis. The questionnaire consisted of

twelve questions which focused on demographic and statistical factors consecutively.

Questions number one to six and the last question were designed to be applicable to

both alcohol users and non users.

3.7.2 INDIRECT INTERVIEW

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Indirect interviews were conducted with senior project officers of ADIC

(Alcohol and Drug Information Centre), Mel Madura Sri Lanka Sumithrayo and the

Chairman of NATA.

3.8 POPULATION

The population of this study was 2,251,274 people (according to 2001 census)

among Colombo district which consisted of:

Sinhalese 1,724,459 (76.6%)

Sri Lankan Tamil 247,739 (11%)

Sri Lankan Moor 202,731 (9.01%)

Indian Tamil 24,821 (1.1%)

Burgher 15,703 (0.7%)

Sri Lankan Malay 21,778 (0.97%)

Other 14,043 (0.62%)

The Population Distribution of Colombo District is shown below in Figure

3.1.

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Sinhalese

Sri Lankan Tamil

Sri Lankan Moor

Indian Tamil

Burgher

Sri Lankan Malay

Other

Figure 3.1 – Population Distribution of Colombo District

3.9 SAMPLE

The technique of random sample was used. In this research 130 people from

13 Divisional Secretariats were selected. The entire samples are males and their age

was above 15 years. The sample distribution is shown below in Figure 3.2.

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Figure 3.2 – Sample Distribution

Colombo Divisional Secretariat 10

Dehiwala Divisional Secretariat 10

Homagama Divisional Secretariat 10

Kaduwela Divisional Secretariat 10

Kesbewa Divisional Secretariat 10

Kolonnawa Divisional Secretariat 10

Kotte Divisional Secretariat 10

Maharagama Divisional Secretariat 10

Moratuwa Divisional Secretariat 10

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Padukka Divisional Secretariat 10

Ratmalana Divisional Secretariat 10

Seethawaka Divisional Secretariat 10

Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat 10

3.10 DATA PRESENTATION TOOLS

Figures, tables and descriptive methods were used to present the findings of

this research study.

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CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS

Questionnaires were used to collect the information. The questions asked were

straight forward and easy to comprehend. A total number of 130 people were

interviewed. All were male. The age of the respondents was 15 years and above. The

sample distribution is shown in Table 4.1.

Divisional

Secretarial

Age Percentage

%15 - 24 25 – 40 41 – 55 55 above

Colombo4

(40%)

4

(40%)

1

(10%)

1

(10%)

10

(100%)

Dehiwala1

(10%)

4

(40%)

3

(30%)

2

(20%)

10

(100%)

Homagama -7

(70%)

3

(30%)-

10

(100%)

Kaduwela1

(10%)

7

(70%)

1

(10%)

1

(10%)

10

(100%)

Kesbewa1

(10%)

6

(60%)

2

(20%)

1

(10%)

10

(100%)

Kolonnawa3

(30%)

4

(40%)

2

(20%)

1

(10%)

10

(100%)

Kotte1

(10%)

5

(50%)

3

(30%)

1

(10%)

10

(100%)

Maharagama5

(50%)

5

(50%)- -

10

(100%)

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Moratuwa1

(10%)

5

(50%)

4

(40%)-

10

(100%)

Padukka1

(10%)

9

(90%)- -

10

(100%)

Ratmalana2

(20%)

7

(70%)

1

(10%)-

10

(100%)

Seethawaka1

(10%)

7

(70%)

2

(20%)-

10

(100%)

Thimbirigasyay

a

1

(10%)

8

(80%)

1

(10%)-

10

(100%)

Total22

(17%)

78

(60%)

23

(17.6%)

7

(5.4%)

130

(100%)

Table 4.1 – Sample distribution

4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The demographic information included the age distribution, level of education

and employment status.

4.1.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION

The age distribution of the sample population is shown in Figure 4.1. 17%

(22) of the sample population belonged to the age range 15-24 years. 60% (78) of the

sample population belonged to the age range 25-40 years. 18% (23) of the sample

population belonged to the age range 41-55 years and 5% (7) to the age range of 55

years and above.

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Figure 4.1 – Age Distribution

4.1.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Level of education is shown in Table 4.2. The highest percentage on the level

of education was on the ordinary level and above (93.8 %).

Level of Education Percentage

Grade 1 - 4 0

Grade 5 - 9 6.2%

Ordinary Level and Above 93.8%

Table 4.2 – Level of Education

4.1.3 INCOME LEVEL

The highest percentage (40.8%) of respondents stated that their income is

above Rs. 20,000. Income level is shown in Table 4.3.

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17%

60%

18%5%

15-24 25-40 41-55 55 above

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Table 4.3 – Level of Income

4.1.4 EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Employment status was analyzed on the basis of Government Sector, Private

Sector, Self Employed, Armed Forces and Others. The highest percentage is from the

Private Sector (42%) while the lowest percentage is from Armed Forces (1.5%). 7

(5.4%) respondents have declared that they don’t have an employment. This is shown

in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 – Employment Status

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Income level Percentage

Below 5,000 6.2%

5,000 – 10,000 13%

10,000 – 20,000 40%

20,000 above 40.8%

Employment Status Frequency Percentage

Government Sector 12 9.2%

Private Sector 55 42.3%

Self Employed 26 20%

Armed Forces 2 1.5%

Others 28 21.6%

Non employed 7 5.4%

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4.2 CURRENT USERS

Current users were assessed on the basis of their alcohol use within the

previous month. According to the responses, it was found that 112 (86%) used

alcohol, while 18 (14%) did not use alcohol. This is shown in Figure 4.2.

86%

14%

Yes No

Figure 4.2 - Current users of Alcohol

4.2.1 CURRENT ALCOHOL USE – AGE DISTRIBUTION

The current alcohol users were further analyzed. According to the responses,

the highest response on current alcohol use was from the age category of 25-40

(60%); the lowest response was from the age category of 55 years and above (8%).

This is shown in Figure 4.3.

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15-24 25-40 41-55 55 above0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

20%

60%

13%7%

Figure 4.3 – Current users of alcohol (Age distribution)

4.2.2 CURRENT ALCOHOL USE – EDUCATION LVEL

The frequency of alcohol use was further analyzed according to the level of

education. The highest responses (75) on current alcohol use were from the education

level of grade 5 - 9. The lowest responses (37) were from the education level of

ordinary level and above. This is shown in Figure 4.4.

Grade 1 - 4 Grade 5 - 9 O/L and Above0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

75

37

Figure 4.4 – Current alcohol use (Level of Education)

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4.2.3 CURRENT ALCOHOL USE – INCOME LEVEL

The frequency of alcohol use was further analyzed according to the income

level. The highest alcohol users (47) are in the income range of above 20,000. The

lowest users (9) are in the range of below 5000. This is shown in figure 4.5.

Below 5,000 5,000 - 10,000 10,000 - 20,000 Above 20,000

913

43

47

Figure 4.5 – Current alcohol use (Income Level)

4.3 FREQUENCY OF ALCOHOL USE

The frequency of alcohol use was analyzed on the basis of whether it was

Daily, Once or Twice a week, Weekends, Once a month and Only Special Occasions

basis. The highest percentage of alcohol use was visible at weekends 37 (33%) while

the lowest percentage was in the once a month group 13 (12%). This is shown in

Figure 4.6.

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13%

18%

33%

12%

24%

Daily

Once or Twice a week

Week ends

Once a month

Only Special Oc-casions

Figure 4.6 – Frequency of alcohol use

The frequency of alcohol use was further analyzed according to the age range.

Alcohol use was high in the range of 25-40 at the weekends 22 with compared to

alcohol use at weekends in the age range of 15-24, 41-55 and 55 above. Alcohol use

was high 14 in the range of 25-40 on only special occasion basis than in the other

three groups. This is shown in Figure 4.7.

15-24 25-40 41-55 55 above0

5

10

15

20

25

1

12

1 12

11

4 46

22

53

68

20

7

14

2 1

Daily Once or Twice a Week Weekends

Once a month Only Special Occasions

Figure 4.7 – Frequency of alcohol use (Age Distribution)

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4.4 FEELINGS AFTER USE OF ALCOHOL

Feelings after use of alcohol was analyzed on the basis of whether they were

Calm, Aggressive, Happy, Sad, Feel uncomfortable and Feeling comfortable. The

highest percentage of alcohol use was visible as being happy 61% (68 responses)

while the lowest percentage was in Aggressive group 4% (5 responses). No one

reported that they felt sad. This is shown in Figure 4.8.

Calm

Aggressive

Happy

Sad

Feel uncomfortable

Feel comfortable

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

20%

4%

61%

0%

7%

8%

Figure 4.8 – Feelings after alcohol use

4.5 REASONS FOR CONSUMING ALCOHOL

This research focused on the reasons for consuming alcohol. Among the

reasons given for using of alcohol, the majority (43%) stated that they use alcohol for

pleasure, while a very low percentage (1%) stated that they use alcohol because it is

given on credit. No one reported that they consume alcohol because they felt cold.

This is shown in Figure 4.9.

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For Pleasure

For Cold

To Overcome Tiredness

Freely Available

Forget Problems

Given On Credit

Others are Drinking

0% 5% 10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

0.43

0.3571

0.0178

0.0803

0.00890000000000002

0.0982000000000001

Figure 4.9 – Reasons for Consuming Alcohol

4.6 RELATIONSHIP WITH WIFE, CHILDREN AND FAMILY

RELATIONS

This research also focused on the relationship with the wife, children and

family relations after consuming alcohol.

78%

22%

Unhappy

Not worry

Figure 4.10 – Relationship with Wife

78% of them stated that their wives are not happy with their drinking and they

have issues with their wives.

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66%

34%

Unhappy

Not worry

Figure 4.11 – Relationship with children

66% of them stated that their children are not happy with their drinking and

they have issues with their children.

56%

44%Harmed

Improved

Figure 4.12 – Relationship with family relations

56% of them stated that their relationship with family relations is harmed

because of their drinking and they are always ignoring him.

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4.7 OPINION ABOUT ALCOHOL USE

Opinion about alcohol use was analyzed on the following basis.

It is bad for society

It is good for society

It should be freely available

It should be prohibited

Drinking in a crowd is a sign of strength

Drinking in a crowd is not a sign of strength

Responses to this question are shown in Figure 4.13.

58%

1%

12%

3%

27% Bad for Society

Good for Society

Should be Freely Available

Should be Prohibited

Drinking in a crowd is sign of strenth

Drinking in a crowd is not a sign of strenth

Figure 4.13 – Opinion about alcohol use

The highest percentage (58%) stated that consuming alcohol is bad for the society. No

one stated that consuming alcohol is good for the society. 3 respondents refused to

answer this question. 11% stated that alcohol should prohibited.

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4.8 HOW TO PREVENT AND REDUCE THE ADDICTION TO

ALCOHOL

Consider alcohol prevention. This can be described as prevention of alcohol

usage among youngsters/children groups. “As a general rule, if less people drink

alcohol there will be fewer problems. And if each drinker drinks less alcohol there

will be fewer problems for the drinker. Alcohol related problems in a society decline

when the average individual consumption of alcohol in that society comes down. How

young people see alcohol and alcohol use influences their interest in trying out. It also

influences how they interpret their own alcohol experience, when they start to use it.

Young person’s expecting to feel good, or light-headed, or free of inhibitions, are

likely to experience exactly these things when they feel any effect of alcohol. So the

important factors that make alcohol use appear attractive are:

-the way alcohol is seen and talked about in society and portrayed in

the mass media,

-the symbolic meanings attached to alcohol use and its various forms,

-the expectation of pleasure

-the behaviors that are associated with alcohol use and intoxication,

-the negative image attached to non-use of light alcohol use

Many of these are generated, reinforced and spread by the mass media. The

power of an individual community to reduce the attractiveness of the image of alcohol

is therefore limited. As the range of social events that include alcohol as an essential

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component increases, the consumption of alcohol is likely to go up too. And greater

the consumption of alcohol, greater the extent of alcohol-related problems”21.

There are three main ways to prevent alcohol consumption among

youngsters/children. They are,

a. Prevention of drinking habits. (In reality what is happening is people

are forced to drink because of many reasons)

b. Reduce drinking quantities.

c. Reduce selling. (more restrictions on sales of alcohol)

From the above mentioned facts the most important fact is “prevention of

drinking habits”. When taking action to prevent drinking habits, there is a possibility

of reduction in drinking and selling alcohol too. To prevent drinking habits, first of all

it is a must to find out the reasons why people are induced into alcoholism. After that

necessary actions should be taken to reduce the reasons and their effects.

According to the data collected from Alcohol and Drug Information Center,

there are some matters we should not do when preventing usage of alcohol. They are

as follows,

Things you shouldn’t do Why you shouldn’t do

Don’t say “no” This will increase the curiosity and try to

practice

Shouldn’t be frightened Being frightened and accepting challenges

will make them think it is a great

achievement. Try to show off, that they are

even willing to die without any fear

21 Diyanath Samarasinghe, Strategies to Address Alcohol problems, Pg 27 to Pg 41.

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Saying “You will get sick” Everybody knows that

To introduce nice set of words To cover up side effects

Make aware the content of alcohol It will increase only the knowledge

A world without alcohol Message is not clear

Not to organize campaigns, such as

“Walks”

Waste of time

Organizing Conferences Will not listen

Organizing symposia such as essay

writing / oral contests/drawing

competitions

Has an effect only among the participants.

Most of the time usage will popularize.

Will have no effect on users

Table 4.5 - Matters we should not do when preventing usage of alcohol

We should not cover up the real unpleasant feelings when consuming alcohol.

We have to show them the reality of using alcohol.

E.g.:- Beer/ Arrack/ illicit liquor

-Bad smell/ Bitter taste/ Burning sensation/ Headaches/ Redness of the

eyes/ Vomiting/ Unfitness.

An alcoholic can be identified easily, by the appearance of a person. We

should not allow to cover up the bad side of the usage of alcohol. Following signs can

be observed among the people, who consume alcohol,

-Eyes are reddish.

-Shrink Face muscles

-Older look.

-People look ugly even after spending. We feel very sorry about them.

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Nowadays most of the people think that drinking person is the real hero. We

should stop making heroes, of those who consume alcohol. We should show the

reality of drinking to others.

-Will show others that they always live in discomfort.

-Will sympathize the people, who consume arrack.

-Will identify with the media advertising campaigns and make them

feel that they love the youngsters of the country.

-We will get the maximum support from the people who are attached

to alcohol manufacturing companies, to prevent usage of alcohol

among the youngsters.

-Always try to prevent the usage of alcohol.

-Maximum efforts have to be taken to prevent usage of alcohol.

By the systematic use of all these methods appropriately a real impact can be

made on the problem of alcoholism in the country. But this will require commitment

of a high degree on the part of all workers in the field because the alcohol industry is

very powerful, rich and amoral about the methods it uses to promote and market its

deadly products.

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CHAPTER FIVE

6.1 FINDINGS

6.1.1 From my findings, I find that 86% (112 respondents) of the sample

population use alcohol.

6.1.2 When we consider the age groups, between 25-40 years are the highest

users of alcohol. When it comes to the percentage it is 60%.

6.1.3 There are 66 (59%) respondents among alcohol users, who stated that

they consume alcohol for pleasure. 40 (36%) of the respondents stated that

they consume alcohol to overcome tiredness.

6.1.4 57% of the sample population accepts that it is bad for the society. No

one said that it brings any good to society. 27% of the sample population

stated that drinking in a crowd is not a sign of strength. 12% of them stated

that alcohol should be prohibited.

6.1.5 Among alcohol users, the highest percentage (33%) of respondents are

using alcohol during the weekends. There are only 13 (12%) respondents who

use alcohol once a month. 13% of the alcohol users consume alcohol daily.

6.1.6 67% of the respondents stated that they feel happy when they consume

alcohol. 20% of the respondents stated that they become calm after consuming

alcohol. 4% of the respondents stated that they become aggressive when they

consume alcohol. 7% of them stated that they feel uncomfortable after

consuming alcohol.

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6.1.7 Among the respondents who consume alcohol, 78% of them stated that

their wives are not happy with their drinking and they have issues with their

wives. 66% of them stated that their children are not happy with their drinking

and they have issues with their children. 56% of them stated that their

relationship with family relations is harmed because of their drinking and they

are always ignoring him.

One of the hypotheses of this research was that alcoholism has an adverse

impact on family life and contributes to family issues. From the summary of findings

of the research set out above its claimed that the hypothesis of the research has been

proved.

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6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

6.2.1 Make users of alcohol aware of the dire consequences of becoming

addicted to alcohol and that alcoholism ruins their lives and wastes their

money in a meaningless harmful way.

6.2.2 Attempt to change their attitude to alcoholism and try to reduce the

number of people who use alcohol.

6.2.3 Include in the school syllabus at different age levels, a well planed

systematically drawn up educational programe on harms of alcohol for the

purpose of raising of awareness of the harm done by alcohol.

6.2.4 Educate the younger generations about the need to change their life

styles for the good of their health.

6.2.5 Impose a ban on all forms of advertising and promoting the use of

alcohol including sponsorship of all youth activities such as sports and leisure

activities.

6.2.6 Remind the people of their traditional culture which strongly

discourages the use of alcohol. The government should set an example by not

serving liquor at state functions. I think a strong case can be made for

prohibiting the manufacture and import of alcohol products over a period of

time in gradual stages.

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6.3 CONCLUSION

Education of children should concentrate not only on technical subjects but

also on teaching children life skills and healthy living. They must also be taught that

for the upliftment of the society there must be a healthy nation. For building up a

healthy nation in a country which will help to develop the country one of the most

important things that can be done is to take all steps necessary to reduce the use and

abuse of alcohol. The law of the country should be pressed to the service of this

objective. If a programme like the one that has been suggested is implemented there is

no doubt that we will have a happy and peaceful society in our country. Such a

society would be one in which the citizens would be protected from unhealthy habits.

As a result the society will become a highly disciplined one. The level of morality in

the country will be improved. At the same time the country will become more stable

economically, politically and socially.

Such a peaceful society is what all of us dream about. Making our country an

alcohol free society would surely make it a prosperous and peaceful one. But we all

know that this is easier said than done. I think it is a dream that will never come true.

As citizens of Sri Lanka we must try our utmost to make that dream come true.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

1. Baklien B and Samarasinghe D, Alcohol and Poverty in Sri Lanka, FORUT,

2003

2. Samarasinghe D, Strategies to Address Alcohol Problems, FORUT, 2005

3. Hans Olav Fekjaer, Alcohol and Illicit Drugs, 1993

Journals and News Paper Articles

1. Karunarathne S, One has to bear up his own expenses, if a person falls ill after

liquor, Dinamina, 21 June 2010

2. Alahakoon A, Tax income on Tobacco and Alcohol is 12%, Expenditure on

patients who consume drugs is 22%, Divaina, 28 November 2006

3. Berenger L, Society’s living dead, The Sunday Times, 30th October 2011

4. Wilmot. R. Euphoria, Journal of Drug Issues, 1985

Web Sites

1. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com

2. http://health.uml.edu/thc/HealthIssues/AlcoholismFamilyEffects/default.html

3. http://allpsych.com/journal/alcoholism.html

4. http://www.spiritualriver.com/effects-of-alcoholism

5. http://indi.ca/2011/07/alcohol-consumption-in-sri-lanka/

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ANNEXES

Annex “A”

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Annex “B”

QUESTIONNAIRE

This Questionnaire to find out alcoholism and its impact on family issues in urban society

This is only for the training purposes.

All information provided will be treated as Confidential. Please do not provide your name or any other details other than required details. Those details will not be an impact on your life.

You are always welcome to refuse or withdraw questions.

This Questionnaire will help me to find out alcoholism and its impact on family issues in urban society.

Further any information and clarification you may write to

Pilot Officer PK De SilvaCombat Training SchoolSri Lanka Air Force AcademyChina – BaySri Lanka.

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ALCOHOLISM AND ITS IMPACT ON FAMILY ISSUES IN

URBAN SOCIETY

1. Age

15-24

25-40

41-55

55 above

2. Education Level

1-4 Grade

5-9 Grade

Ordinary Level and above

3. Family background

Married/Unmarried

No of Children

4. What is your job?

Self Employed

Private Sector

Government Sector

Other

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5. Monthly Income

Below 5000

5000-10000

10000-20000

Over 20000

6. Did you consume alcohol in the last 30 days?

Yes

No

7. How long have you been taking alcohol?

8. Frequent of alcohol consumption

Daily

Once or twice a week

Weekends

Once a month

Only special occasions

9. What do you feel when you take alcohol?

Calm

Aggressive

Happy

Sad

Feel uncomfortable

Feel comfortable

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10. Reason for consuming alcohol?

For pleasure To forget problems

For cold Given on credit

To overcome tiredness Others are drinking

Freely available

11. Your relationship with your wife,

Is improved because of my drinking

Is harmed because of my drinking

If yes, please explain

Your relationship with your children,

Is improved because of my drinking

Is harmed because of my drinking

If yes, please explain

Your relationship with your family relations,

Is improved because of my drinking

Is harmed because of my drinking

If yes, please explain

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12. Your opinion about alcohol use?

It is bad for society

It is good for society

It should be freely available

It should be prohibited

Drinking in a crowd is a sign of strength

Drinking in a crowd is not a sign of strength

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Annex “C”

m%Yakdj,sh

fuu m%Yakdj,sh bosrsm;a lrkqfha uoHidrslrKh iy tu.ska kd.Ñl iudPfha mjq,a .eg¢ i|yd n,mEu ïurAAIKh lsrsu i|ydh’

fuu m%Yakdj,sh yqfolau mqyqKq lghq;= i|yd ilia l, m%YaKdj,shla njg lreKdfjka i,lkak’

Tn imhk ish¢u f;dr;=re j, ryiH Ndjh iqrlskq w;r” Tnf.a fm!oa.,sl yd lsis¥ wkjYH f;dr;=re iemhsfuka je,ls isåk fuka ldreKslj b,a,d isåk w;r fuu m%Yakdj,sh u.ska Tnf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajhg lsis¥ n,mEula is¥fkdjk njg iy;sl fjà’

Tng ´kEu wjia:djl m%Y©k j,g ms<s;=re iemhsfuk© je<ls isåh yel'

jeÆ¥r fâ ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhsug fyda ïuisu i|yd

kshuq ks<Odrs ms fla o is,ajd

igka mqyqKq mdi,

Ys% ,xld .=jka yuqod ëoHdmSGh

îkjrdh

Ys% ,xldj'

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uoHidrslrKh iy tu.ska kd.Ñl iudPfha mjq,a .eg¢ i|yd n,mEu'

1' Tnf. jhi

15-24

25-40

41-55

55 g jeÆ

2. wOHdmk uêgu

1-4 jir

5-9 jir

iudkH fm< iy Bg jeÁ

3' mjq,a miqÉu

ëjdyl$wëjdyl

orejka .Kk

4' Tn l=uk jD;a;shl kshef,kafkla o@

rcfha jD;a;slfhls

fm!oa.,sl fiajfha

iajHx relshdjl

yuqodfj

fjk;a

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5' udisl wodu

5000 g wvq

5000-10000

10000-20000

20000 g jeÆ

6’ Tn miq.sh ojia 30 we;=,; u;ameka mrsyrKh lrdo@

Tï

ke;

7' Tn fldmuK ld,hl isg u;ameka mrsyrKh lrkjdo@

8' Tn u;ameka mrsyrKh lrk wdldrh

ffokslj

i;shlg foj;djl© fyd ;=kj;djla

i;s wka; j,os

udihlg ierhl©

ëfY©I wjia:dj,os muKhs

9' Tn u;ameka mrsyrKh l, miq oefkk foa l=ulao@

ikaiqka fjhs

l<ydldÑ fjhs

i;=gla oefkhs

¥ll© oefkhs

weÕg wmyiqpl© oefkhs

weÕg myiqpl© oefkhs

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10' Tn u;ameka mrsyrKh lsÑug fy©;=j@

i;=g i|yd

iS;, ksid

uykaish ke;s lr.kak

fkdâ,fh ;sfnk ksid

m%YaK wu;l lrkak

Khg fok ksid

wks;a wh fndk ksid

11' Tnf. u;ameka mrsyrKh lsÑu ksid Tnf.© NdrAHdj iu. we;s ine|shdj

hym;©è ;sfnkjd

whym;©è ;sfnkjd

tfikà fy;=j"

Tnf. u;ameka mrsyrKh lsÑu ksid Tnf.© <uqka iu. we;s ine|shdj

hym;©è ;sfnkjd

whym;©è ;sfnkjd

tfikà fy;=j"

Tnf. u;ameka mrsyrKh lsÑu ksid Tnf.© mjqf, {d;Ska iu. we;s ine|shdj

hym;©è ;sfnkjd

whym;©è ;sfnkjd

tfikà fy;=j"

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12' u;ameka ms<sn| Tnf. woyi l=ulao@

fuh iudchg whym;a fohls

fuh iudchg hym;a fohls

fuh fkdâ,fh ;sÅh hq;= fohls

fuh ;ykà l, hq;=h

msrsila ;=< u;ameka Ndë;d lsrsu Yla;su;a nfï

,laIKhlS

msrsila ;=< u;ameka Ndë;d lsrsu Yla;su;a nfï

,laIKhla fkdfï’

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