This slide is under CONVERSATIONAL

PRINCIPLES in stylistic

By:Alexis John Benedicto

Barotac Nuevo Iloilo

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CONVERSATIONAL PRINCIPLESCOOPERATION AND POLITENESS

Cooperative

principle

The theory of conversational

Implicature

Speaking means that we express the meanings through language, and this meaning usually divide into two parts

-literal meaning

-Implied meaning

According to the content, it includes two groups:

-the direct speaking content

-the indirect speaking content

The direct speaking content------- the literal meaning

The indirect speaking content---------- the implied meaning

Indirect speaking content can be

-the convention

-the non-convention

“WHAT DID YOU SAY?”

There are two understandings about this sentence.

-first, we really didn’t hear it clear

-Second, we know its literal meaning, but do not understand it purpose.

Therefore, there is always some distance between the utterance and its true purpose. And this true purpose refers to the conversational implicature.

oAnnie: was the dessert any good?

Mark: Annie, cherry pie is cherry pie.

-by saying “cherry pie is cherry pie” instead of making a direct “yes or no”, clearly Mark intends to communicate mote than what is said and assumes Annie understands it. This additionally conveyed meaning is called conversational implicature, often referred to as an implicature.

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

• Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engage.

----Grice

THE MAXIM OF CPthe maxim of quantity

the maxim of quality

the maxim of relation

the maxim of manner

The maxim of Quantity

-Make your contribution as informative as it required.

-Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

The maxim of Quality

To make your contribution the one that is true

-Do not say what you believe to be false.

-do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

The maxim of Relation

-be relevant

The maxim of Manner

Be perspicuous

-Avoid of obscurity of expression

-Avoid ambiguity

-avoid brief

-avoid orderly

• Cooperative Principle is not prescriptive but descriptive.

• In daily life, speakers often violate the maxims of CP to express some implied meanings.

the emerging of conversational implicatures-According to Grice’s view, conversational

implicatures can emerge observing or disodservingthe cooperative principle and its maxims.

-Generalize conversational implicatures.... observing...

• Mike: Did you get the milk and the eggs?

• Jane : I got the milk.

• A: Are you going to John’s birthday party?

• B. I’ve heard Marry is going.

• Generalized conversational implicatures can be draw with ;little inside knowledge.

• Particularized implicatures requires not only general knowledge but also knowledge which is particular or local to the speaker and the listener. And often to the physical context of the utterance as well.

Violation of the maxim- In Grice View, conversational implicature can only be worked out on in basis of the CP, so he first distinguish some exceptions which can not cause conversational implicatures from one part of the violation.

-The speaker does not communicate with the hearer at all. For example “I don’t know”“I don’t want to talk anything about it.”-to tell lies- To violate one maxim in order to obey another one maxim

•A: where does X live?

•B: somewhere in the suburbs in the city.

Violation of the maxim Quality

•He is a tiger

•Tom has wooden horse

•He is a machine.

Violation of the Maxim of Relation

•A:What is the time is it now?

•B: The mail has already come.

•A:Can you answer the telephone?

•B: I’m in the bath.

Violation of the maxim of manner

•A: Let us get the children something.

•B: ok I vote i-c-e-c-r-e-a-m-s.

THE POLITENESS PRINCIPLE-politeness is usually regarded by most pragmatics as a meant or strategy which is usually by the speaker to achieve, such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relations in conversation.

•A: So I miss bill and Agatha, won’t we?

•B: well, we’ll all miss Bill.

•Parents: Someone’s eaten the icing of the cake.

•Child: It wasn’t me.

Classification of Leech’s theory

•Competitive

•Convivial

•Collaborative

•Conflictive

The six maxims of PP

Maxim of Tact(directive and commissives )

-Minimize cost to other.

-Maximize benefit to other.

Maxim of Generosity

-minimize benefit to self

-maximize cost to self

Maxim of Approbation

-minimize dispraise to other.

-Maximize praise of other.

Maxim of modesty-Minimize praise of self.-maximize dispraise of self.Maxim of agreement-minimize disagreement between self and others.-maximize agreement between self and other.Maxim of Sympathy-minimize antipathy between self and other.-maximize sympathy between self and other.

Maxim of Tact

•Would it be possible for you to lend me your car?

•Could you me your car?

•Will you lend me your car?

•Lend your car.

•You must lend me your car!

Maxim of Generosity

•You must have another sandwich.

•Do you have another sandwich?

•Please have another sandwich.

•Would you like to have another sandwich?

•Would it be possible for you to have another sandwich?

•Would you mind having another sandwich?

Maxim of approbation

•You are the best cook in the world.

•What a marvellous cook you are!

•You are really a good cook.

•You certainly know something about cooking.

Maxim of modesty

•A.: What a bright boy you are! You always get full marks.

•B: thank you I have very good teachers.

•B2: thank you, the exam questions are not that hard.

•B3: Thank you , but I’m not the only one who got a full mark in the class.

•B4: Yes. I am, Ain’t I?

Maxim of Agreement

•A: that dress is wearing is beautiful, don’t you think so?

•B1: Absolutely.

•B2: Yes, I couldn’t agree with you more.

•B3 well, I like the colour.

•B4: I don’t think it is beautiful at all.

THANK YOU!!!!

SOOO

TIRED.....