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America in World War II Chapter 35 AP Notes
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America in World War II
Chapter 35
AP Notes
Why was time the most needed weapon?
• Great Britain and S. U. could fall to the Germans
• German scientists….
• Retool for war production
• Needed to supply forces on 2 fronts
How did Japan’s attack on Peal Harbor impact America?
• Unified the nation on the war effort• Anti – interventionism withered away• WWII sped assimilation of ethnic
groups• Italian and German Americans well
established and supporters of FDR• Repression generally absent
What actions were taken against Japanese Americans?
• Pearl Harbor…
• 120,000 Japanese Americans…
• Executive Order 9066…
• Rooted in racial prejudice and jealousy…
• Korematsu v. U.S….
• Compensation….
How did the war affect the size of government and the budget?• Budget 10x its New Deal
amount• Defense spending $9 billion
$98 billion• Number of federal employees
quadrupled
What happened to the Depression?
• It’s over
• 1942 election more Republicans sent to Congress – block New Deal legislation
• Concentrate on supplying planes, ships, guns, and food
• 1942-1945 – GNP doubled
How did America become the “Arsenal of Democracy”?
• Wartime conversion
– Automobile factories tanks and airplanes
– Could not buy many consumer items
– Major companies retooled to produce war material
How did the U.S. out-produce the Axis?
• Large industrial base
• Natural resources
• Large labor supply
• American workers twice as productive as German and 5 x as productive as Japanese
What was the role of the War Production Board?
• Manage the economy…
• Factories operated around the clock
• Synthetic rubber and fabrics created
• Created 17 million jobs
• Increased American productive capacity by 50%
• GNP in 1939 was $88.6 billon to $198.7 billion in 1944
How effective was the War Production Board?
• 1940-45 totals– 250,000 planes– 80,000 landing craft– 650,000 artillery pieces– 15 million rifles– 100,000 armored cars– 75,000 tanks– Millions of tons of bombs– 41 billion rounds of ammunition
Ship-building: Henry Kaiser
• 1941 – 355 days to build a battle ship• 1945 – 14 days• Pre-fabrication
B-24s on the runway at Ford’s Willow Run plant
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Demographic Changes?
• California received 10% of defense funds…
• Movement from the South to Detroit and California…
• Southern textiles profited…
• Poor sharecroppers and tenant farmers got jobs in factories..
• Middle class doubled….
How was farming impacted by the war?
• Good times for Am. Farmers…
• Productivity soared
• Technology and fertilizers improved…
• Increased prices
• Decreased farm population
• Value of farm land increased
How did the war affect employment?
• Full employment – longer hours
• Overtime – time and a half
• Increased hiring of minorities and women…
• Unemployment was 9.9% in 1941 and 1.2% in 1945
How did employment change for women?
• Women encouraged to work…
• Earned $0.65 on the dollar to a man
• Considered temporary…
• Broke stereotypes...
• Found work exciting…
• Better pay than traditional jobs…
Norman Rockwell’s Rosie the Riveter
What strains did war place on families?
• Housing shortages…
• Rationing…
• Balancing work and households…
• Lack of child care…
• Latchkey kids…
• Juvenile delinquency…
• High school drop-outs…
Ration coupons for meat, milk, sugar, cheese, coffee, butter, and gasoline
Other war time trends?
• Marriage rate up…
• Incomes up….
• Divorce rate up…
• Public health improved…
• Death rate down…
What was the “Double V” campaign?
• Destroy racism at home and abroad
• Victory on battlefield and over racial discrimination
• Black support of war hinged upon America’s commitment to racial justice
How was A. Philip Randolph a leader in civil rights?
• President of the Sleeping Car Porters Union…
• Organized a march on Washington demanding that the gov’t open jobs in the defense industry to blacks
• Executive Order 8802…
• Fair Employment Practices Commission…
What was CORE?
• Interracial – Congress of Racial Equality
• Pacifists…
• Sit-ins…
• Integrate diners – Jack Sprat Coffee Houses in Chicago
What were the goals of the NAACP?
• Anti – lynching and poll tax legislation
• End discrimination in the military
• End black disenfranchisement• Membership grew from 50,000 in
1940 to 450,000 in 1945
What was the source of racial tension during the war?
• Black migration -1.2 million left the South to work in defense industry…
• Housing shortage…• Whites objected to economic
equality..• Increased black militancy…
White mob in Detroit streets - 1943
How did blacks gain by the war experience?
• More blacks are voting…
• Other countries are aware of racism in the U.S…
• The U.S. appears hypocritical….
• High expectations from blacks…
• 1 million blacks in the military – slowly begins to integrate…
The American G. I.?
• 16.4 million Americans served
• “Government Issue”…
• Considered temporary service…
• Beginning of a more homogenized society…
• Depended on solidarity of the group for survival…
How did women serve in the military?
• 350,000
• WACS
• WAVES
• Better educated and more skilled than…
• Administration, communication, clerical, health-care
• Government feared “immorality”…
WACS during WWII
What was the status of the African American soldier?
• 1 million served• All-black regiments with white officers…• Majority in Signal, Engineer, and
Quartermaster Corps – construction and stevedore work…
• Minority given fighting and low officer status near the end of the war…
• Encountered discrimination everywhere…
What was the status of Japanese – American soldiers?
• Also fought in segregated units
• Fought in European theater
• Served as interpreters in U.S.
• 442d regiment fought in France and Italy
Objectives….
• Explain American strategy to counter Japanese successes in the Pacific
• Describe Allied effort to defeat Hitler
• Discuss the final military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia
The Atlantic Charter – August, 1941
• Self determination
• Equal trading rights
• System of general security
War in the Pacific
Japanese victories• Philippines• Malaya• Thailand• Hong Kong• Guam• Wake Island• Gilbert Islands• Manila• Singapore• Dutch East Indies
Bataan Death March – April, 1942
Camp O’Donnel – Death camp – 1,600 Americans died here as well as 10,000 Filipinos
Battle of Coral Sea
Battle of Coral Sea
• Japanese goals ……
• Outcome of the battle ….
• Significance ….
Battle of Midway 1942
• Japanese goals…
• Results of the battle: 4 Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed
• Significance: Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
Japanese torpedo planes attack the USS Yorktown
Yorktown is abandoned
Battle of Guadalcanal
• Situation in the Pacific
• Strategy of island hopping
Early Danger
• Allies decide to concentrate on defeating Hitler and use defensive action against the Japanese in the Pacific
• Hitler was seen as the greater threat
• June 22, 1941 – Germany attacked the Soviet Union
Siege of Leningrad – 900 days
Battle of Stalingrad
• 300,000 German troops
• 4 months• More Russians died
than Americans in the entire war
• Turning point of the war in Europe
North Africa
• German and Italian forces were fighting in North Africa
• Field Marshal Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”
• Target – Suez Canal and oil• Germans invaded Egypt and came within
70 miles from Alexandria• Soviet Union wanted a second major front
in France
Operation Torch
• November, 1942• Eisenhower invaded
Morocco• Montgomery drove
from Egypt• Rommel caught in
between – Lost– 250,000 Germans
surrendered
Invasion of Sicily - 1943
• Soft underbelly of Europe
• Italy surrendered Sept.
• Mussolini rescued by Germans
• Allies fought their way north against the Germans
• 1944 Allies landed at Anzio
• Six months later Allies took Rome
Mussolini and his mistress were dragged through the streets of Rome and hung upside down in humiliation.
Battle of the Atlantic
• 1943-1944
• Characterized by the contributions of science and technology
• Radar and sonar – depth charges
• RAF and USAF – strategic bombing – night and day – incendiary bombing –
• Hamburg – 60,000 dead
• Dresden – incendiary bombing
Aftermath of firebombing in Dresden Germany
Dresden
Soviet Offensive-1943
• Reclaimed Russian cities
• Poland – established a puppet government at Lublin
• Romania
• Bulgaria
• Helped Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia
Casablanca-1943
• Roosevelt
• Churchill
• Unconditional surrender
• Resolve to attack Italy before France
Election 1944
• Democrats – FDR and Truman• Republicans – Thomas Dewey and John
Bricker• Issue – FDR’s failing health• Outcome
– FDR wins an unprecedented fourth term– Strength for FDR in urban vote– Congress is increasingly conservative and
Republican
Tehran Conference
• Churchill, Stalin, and FDR
• Agreed to invasion across English Channel
• Began air strikes to soften Germany
Operation Overlord
• D-Day – June 6, 1944
• Eisenhower - commander
• 150,000 Allied soldiers
• 5 beaches
• Goal?
Liberation of Paris
• Pushed through to Paris
• Rapid Allied advance
• Germans retreated rapidly
Battle of the Bulge
• German counter –offensive
• Bulged into the Allied lines
• Total surprise to the Allies
• Month long battle
• American losses – 75 to 80,000
Yalta Conference – February, 1945
• Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill• Germany divided into 4• Berlin divided into 4• “friendly gov’t in Poland”• S.U. to get ½ reparations
Yalta
• S.U. will enter war against Japan
• UN decided upon• Agreed to try
German and Japanese criminals of war
Defeat of Germany
• Allies attacked from the west with Eisenhower
• Allies stopped 50 miles west of Berlin
• Soviets took Berlin
• Russians and U.S. met at Elbe River
• May 8 - terms
Discovery of the Holocaust
• 1942 – “Final Solution” – systematic campaign to liquidate European Jews
• Extermination camps in Poland
• 6 million Jews – over 1 million children
• 5 million Slavs, Gypsies and enemies of the German State
April 12, 1945
• Death of FDR• Harry Truman
– Vice President– From Missouri– Not in the inner
circle– No – nonsense
approach with Soviets
– Plain speaker
Deterioration of Soviet-American relations
• Truman had no patience with S.U.• Wanted free elections in Poland• Told S.U. to keep promises of Yalta• Wanted Soviet help in defeating
Japan and creating U.N.• Met at Potsdam
Defeat of Japan
• Iwo Jima– 700 miles from Japan-base to bomb Japan– 5 miles square– 6 weeks and 26,000 marine casualties
• Okinawa– 350 miles from Japan– 7,600 Am. Deaths/110,000 Japanese deaths– Kamikaze attacks
• Naval Blockade and aerial bombing of Japan
Marines at Iwo Jima
Potsdam Conference – July, 1945
• Truman, Stalin, Attlee, Churchill
• Truman informed Stalin of bomb
• Issued order that bomb be used if Japan did not surrender by Aug. 3
Decision to drop the bomb
• Interim Committee
• Would cost 1,000,000 Am. Lives to invade Japan
• Drop on a deserted island – might work
• Japan near surrender – wanted to keep Emperor
VJ Day – August 14
• Cost of war:
–292,000 Americans died
–18 million Russians
–4 million Germans
–2 million Japanese
–Total: 60 million people
