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Va XwgË`m ]mOybm [aß[amJV Ï`dgm` gß[V Amh{V.9) gm_moOH$ [mVirda EH$V{Mm, g_V{Mm odMma _mßS>Uma{ gj_ Z{V•Àd Zmhr.`m gd© Jm{Ô>tMm odMma H$aVmZm Am[bm g_mO [wT{> H$gm OmUma? AmoU Am[U

OJmV EH$ H´$_mßH$mMm X{e H$gm ]ZUma? hm ‡ÌZ C^m amhVm{. Ia{ Va hm ‡ÌZAm[UM ZÏ`mZ{ C^m H{$bm Amh{. `m ‡ÌZmbm gß[d `mM{ H$m_ gßVmßZr,g_mOgwYmaH$mßZr H{$b{ hm{V{, [U ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimV AmoU À`mVhr _mJ¿`m Vrgdfm™V h{ ‡ÌZ [w›hm ZÏ`mZ{ C\$miyZ {V Amh{V.

AmYwoZH$ H$mimVrb gßVmßZr Am[Î`m H•$VrVyZ, odMmamVyZ `m ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{oXbr hm{Vr. oejU, am{OJma, e{Vr, g›_mZ BÀ`mXr Jm{Ô>t]am{]a gßodYmZmbmA[{ojV AgUmar g_Vm AmoU ]ßYwVm `m _yÎ`mßMr [mR>amIUhr `m gßVmßZr H{$Î`mM{Am[Î`m bjmV {V{. ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimV H$XmoMV V{ g_V{gmR>r - ÂhUO{gßodYmZmbm A[{ojV Agb{Î`m g_V{¿`m [oaH$j{V ]m{bb{ ZgVrbhr, [U VemM‡H$ma¿`m Ï`dhmamßMr À`mßZr A[{jm H{$br hm{Vr. Am[U AmoU Am[Î`m^∑VJUmßH$Sy>Z Vg{ dV©Z hm{B©b Agm [oa[mR> KmbyZ oXbm hm{Vm. H{$di VŒdkmZZmhr, Va H•$VrZ{ `m AmYwoZH$ gßVmßZr AmXe© C^m H{$bm Amh{. _hmamÔ>≠mbmgßV[aß[a{Mm Iy[ _m{R>m dmagm Amh{. À`m[°H$r AmYwoZH$ H$mimVrb gßV JmS>J{]m]m,amÔ>≠gßV VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO, gßV JU[Vr _hmamO, gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO, Òdm‹`m`[oadmamM{ ‡U{V{ [mßSw>aßJemÛr AmR>db{, OrdZod⁄{M{ VŒdkmZ gmßJUma{ dm_Zamd [°Aem H$mhr oZdS>H$ _hm[wÈfmß¿`m odMmamßMm, H$m`m©Mm A‰`mg H{$bm Var Am[Î`mAg{ bjmV {B©b H$r, AmO Am[Î`mg_m{a ¡`m g_Ò`m C‰`m Amh{V À`mßMr CŒma{darb _m›`damßZr Am[Î`m VŒdkmZmVyZ oXb{br Amh{V.

gßVmßM{ odMma H$mbmVrV Amh{V. \$∑V À`mß¿`m odMmamßMm H$mbmZwÍ$[ AW© bmdU{AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. e„X‡m_m `dmXmbm \$mQ>m X{D$Z À`mßM{ odMma AmO¿`m gßX^m©VH$g{ OJVm {Vrb AmoU À`mVyZ g_mOmbm odH$mgmo^_wI H$g{ H$aVm {B©b, `mMmodMma hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. H$m{UÀ`mhr _hm[wÈfmM{ OrdZ À`m À`m H$mimer]mßYb{b{ AgV{, [U odMmamßM{ Vg{ ZgV{. À`m_wi{ AmO¿`m gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m


bjmV K{Vm Aem ‡H$maM{ odMma [w›hm [w›hm _mßS>U{ hr H$mimMr JaO hm{D$Z ]gbrAmh{.

`m gd© gßVmß¿`m H$m`m©Mm, odMmamßMm EH$ g_mZ YmJm H$m{UVm Ag{b, Va À`mßZr_mUgmbm "_mUyg' ÂhUyZ ‡oV>m o_idyZ X{ `mMr H•$Vr H{$br AmoU Vg{ odMma‡g•V H{$b{. Am[U gmar B©ÌdamMr b{H$a{ Amhm{V, ÂhUyZ [aÒ[amßM{ ]ßYy Amhm{V,[aÒ[a[yaH$Vm AmoU gm_ßOÒ` `mVyZ odH$mgmMm _mJ© Mm{ImiVm {Vm{, h{ `mgßVmßZr XmIdyZ oXb{ Amh{. OmV, Y_©, dße, [ßW, gß‡Xm` `mß¿`mhr [wT{> OmD$Z"_mUyg' Y_m©Mr ‡ÒWm[Zm H$a `mMm ‡`ÀZ `m gßVmßZr H{$b{bm Amh{ AmoU _mUygY_m©¿`m AßJrH$mamgmR>r H•$oVÍ$[ _mJ© gmßoJVbm Amh{, h{ bjmV K{Vm AmO¿`mH$mimVrb g_Ò`m AmoU AmYwoZH$ gßVmßZr Am[Î`m H•$VrZ{, odMmamZ{ O{ AmXe© C {H{$b{ Amh{V À`mßMm Vmi_{i bmdbm Va ]a{M H$mhr gH$mamÀ_H$ hmVr bmJy eH$V{.

AmoU ÂhUyZM AmOMm g_mO d À`mbm bmJb{br g_Ò`mßMr H$rS> AmoUAmYwoZH$ gßVmßZr gmßoJVb{bm odMma `mßMm godÒVa A‰`mg `m oZo_ŒmmZ{_mßS> `mMm hm ‡`ÀZ Amh{. `m oZo_ŒmmZ{ g_mOmMr _Zm{ yo_H$m V`ma H$a `mVoZXmZ oXem o_i{b Aer A[{jm Amh{. AmO Am[U g_mOOrdZmV O{ AZw d K{VAmhm{V, À`mda g_mZ _Zm{ yo_H$m AmoU g_mZ odMma, g_mZ H•$Vr hm _mJ© Amh{AmoU Vm{M gßodYmZmbm A[{ojV Amh{. Am[U bm{H$emhr‡YmZ X{emV amhVm{.gßodYmZ h{ Am[Î`mgmR>r Y_©JßWm[{jmhr CÉÒWmZr Amh{. oVMm `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{AßJrH$ma H$a `mgmR>r hr _Zm{ yo_H$m C[ w∑V R>aUma Amh{.

❚❘


‡H$aU 2

dmaH$ar gßV [aß[am AmoU g_mO

_hmamÔ>≠ AmoU ^mJdV Y_© `mßMm A›`m{›` gß]ßY Amh{. _hmamÔ>≠mV ododYodMmaYmamßMm CX` Pmbm, odH$mg Pmbm AmoU H$mim¿`m Am{KmV À`m jrUhrPmÎ`m. A‹`mÀ_, Y_© `m[waÀ`m _`m©oXV [oaKmV H$mhr odMma KwQ>_iV amohb{.V{amÏ`m eVH$mV ^mJdV Y_© gwÍ$ Pmbm. kmZ{Ìda `m ^mJdV Y_m©M{ ‡dV©H$. gßVkmZ{Ìdamß¿`m CX`m¿`m H$mimV, ÂhUO{ V{amÏ`m eVH$mV g_mOpÒWVr H$er hm{Vr?Jß. ]m. gaXma `mßZr `m]‘b obohb{ Amh{ - "hm H$mi Y_©ΩbmZrMm hm{Vm. d°oXH$[aß[am oZÓ‡^ Pmbr hm{Vr. ]XbÀ`m [oapÒWVr‡_mU{ g_mOmbm Zdr ‡{aUm X{ `mM{gm_œ © `m Y_©gßÒW{V amohb{ ZÏhV{. ÂhUyZ Adø`m [ßMdrg dfm™V XojU{Vrb]hwV{H$ ohßXy am¡ { [aY_r© mß¿`m AmH´$_H$mßZm Imbgm H$aVm Ambr. `k`mJ,d´Vd°H$Î`, O[Omfl` EdTÁm[waV{M Y_© mdZ{M{ j{Ã AmHwß$oMV ]Zb{ J{b{.H$_©R>[UmM{ AdmÒVd ]ßS> dmT>Î`m_wi{ _yÎ`mßMr MmS> amohbr Zmhr. C¿MdUr© mßVgwImgrZV{Mr d ^m{JodbmgmMr ‡d•Œmr dmT>br hm{Vr. ]´m˜ m d joÃ`H$V©Ï`[amL≤>_wI Pmb{ hm{V{. `mXdmß¿`m amOdQ>rV d°oXH$ od⁄{bm â[ya Aml`hm{Vm; [aßVw R>amdrH$ MmH$m{arVyZ Ow›`m JßWmßM{ Mod©VMd©U H$a `m[brH$S{> `m[ßoS>Vmß¿`m hmVyZ H$mhr ode{f H$m_oJar Pmbr Zmhr.' (gßV dmL≤>_`mMr gm_moOH$\$blwVr, [•. 35, 36)

Aem [oapÒWVrV g_mOmMr [ma X°Zm Pmbr hm{Vr. Y_m©V odH•$Vr hm{Vr AmoUoVMmM AmYma K{D$Z _mZdr Ï`dhmahr odH•$V Pmbm hm{Vm. gm_m›ÒZ kmZm[mgyZdßoMV hm{V{. À`mßZm gm_moOH$ odf_V{M{ ]ir H{$b{ hm{V{. Y_m©¿`m ZmdmZ{ A[‡d•ŒmrAmoU H$_©H$mßS{> `mßMm gwH$mi Pmbm hm{Vm. dU©odf_V{Z{ _mUgmßMr _Z{ J´mgbr hm{Vr.CÉZrMV{¿`m AmoU OmoV {Xm¿`m odH•$Vr Im{bda ÈOÎ`m hm{À`m. AR>am[JS>OmVt_Yrb _mUg{ Y_m©¿`m ZmdmZ{ VwS>dbr OmV hm{Vr. Y_m©Mm Z{_H$m AW© Hw$Umbm


H$iV ZÏhVm AmoU oZIi kmZmMm Ò[e©hr g_mOmbm hm{V ZÏhVm. `m [mÌd© y_rda_hmamÔ>≠mV ^mJdV Y_m©Mr ‹dOm C^mabr J{br. "]S>m ]ßS>dmbm' ÂhUyZMJm°adb{Î`m gßV kmZ{ÌdamßZr `m Y_m©M{ Z{V•Àd ÒdrH$mab{ AmoU [wT{> _hmamÔ>≠mVgßV[aß[am odÒVmaV J{br. Y_m©¿`m ZmdmZ{ o[S>b{Î`m ododY OmVr-O_mVtVyZgßVmßMm CX` Pmbm.

Zmhr `mVr Y_©, ZmVr `m d{Xm{∑Vr&Zm_{Mr gß[Œmr hm{V{ Ordm&&Zmhr òVHy$i, C¿MZrM {X&^md EH$ew’ [hmVg{&&`m gßV Zm_X{dmß¿`m A ßJm‡_mU{ gßVmßZr dmVmdaU oZ_m©U H{$b{. OmVr, Y_©,

H$_© odgÍ$Z, ]mOybm R{>dyZ ew’ ^mdZ{Z{ [mßSw>aßJ [a_{Ìdam¿`m MaUr brZ Ïhmd{AmoU OrdZmV AmZßX ‡mflV H$Í$Z ø`mdm. "od«>b' h{M oZYmZ S>m{ `mßg_m{a R{>dyZdmQ>Mmb H$aUmË`m _hmamÔ>≠mVrb gßV _ßS>imZ{ Am‹`moÀ_H$ bm{H$emhr gmH$ma H{$br.Mß–^mJ{¿`m dmidßQ>mV OmoV {X b`mbm OmD$Z od«>bZm_mMm O`Km{f H$aVg_V{¿`m oXßS>rZ{ oaßJU KmVb{. JmdJmSÁmV C[{j{M{ AmoU dßMZmM{ YZr R>ab{Î`mAZ{H$ C[{ojV OmVtVyZ gßV CX`mg Amb{. À`mßZr Am[b{ gm_moOH$ XwIU{[mßSw>aßJmbm gmßoJVb{. _Zm¿`m d{XZm EH$_{H$mß[mer ghO[UmZ{ Ï`∑V H{$Î`m.gm_moOH$ Ï`dhmamV CÉZrMVm hm{Vr, OmoV {X hm{V{, [U [ßT>ar¿`m oXßS>rV/dmarVg_V{Mr AZw yVr {V hm{Vr. g_mOOrdZmda `mMm H$_r-AoYH$ ‡_mUmV [oaUm_hm{V hm{Vm. OmoV {X, AÒ[•Ì`Vm, AkmZ, AßYl’m BÀ`mXr AS>Wi{ [ma H$Í$Zg_mOmbm ^∑Vr¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ IË`m Y_m©Mr Am{iI H$Í$Z X{ `mM{ H$m_ gßV_ßS>itZr H{$b{.

gßVmß¿`m `m H$m`m©Mr _r_mßgm H$aVmZm lr._. _mQ{> obohVmV - "_hmamÔ>≠r`gßVmßZr [a_{Ìdambm À`mß¿`m ViKamVyZ, Jwh{VyZ oHß$dm Jm^mË`mVyZ ]mh{a H$mTy>Z OUyH$mhr gd© g_mOm¿`m [wT{> AmUyZ R{>db{ AmoU ¡`m¿`m ApÒVÀdmMr \$∑V AmdB©Mey–moVey–mßZr E{H$b{br hm{Vr, À`mß¿`m Zm_Í$[mM{ ‡À`j kmZ À`mßZm hm{D$ bmJb{.À`mßM{ Zm_gßH$rV©Z À`mß¿`m H$mZr [Sy> bmJb{. À`mßZm ÒdV:bm h{ Zm_gßH$rV©Z H$aVm

{D$ bmJb{ AmoU ¡`mZ{ Am[Î`m J˘`mV hr od«>bmMr _mi KmVbr, À`mßZm VrM_mi KmbUmË`mß¿`m g_yhmV _mZmM{ ÒWmZ ‡mflV Pmb{. _hmamÔ>≠r` gßVmßZr V{Ïhm¿`mg_mOmV [a_mW© [rR>mdÍ$Z hr H´$mßVr H{$br.' (gßV, [ßV d VßV - lr._. _mQ{,> [mZ81) _hmamÔ>≠mVrb gßVmßZr _ßoXamV H$m|S>b{bm X{d H{$di Mß–^mJ{¿`m dmidßQ>mV


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`m gm_moOH$ H´$mßVrZ{ g_V{Mr yo_H$m AYm{a{oIV H{$br. gßV _ßS>im¿`m `mgm_moOH$ H´$mßVrZ{ H$m` gm‹` Pmb{? `mßMr _r_mßgm H$aVmZm lr._. _mQ{> ÂhUVmV- "Zm_X{d-kmZX{dmß[mgyZ VwH$mam_mß[ ™V gd© gßVmßZm `m gm_moOH$ ]m]rMm CÉma_m{RÁm AmJ´hmZ{ [w›hm [w›hm H$aU{ ^mJ [S>V hm{V{, hmhr _w‘m bjmV K{ `mgmaImAmh{. `mMm AW© Agm hm{Vm{ H$r, BVH{$ ‡oV[mXZ hm{D$Zgw’m AmoU lrH•$ÓUmM{ dMZIMu [Sy>Zgw’m gd© OZV{Mm [ma_moW©H$ h∑H$ AmoU AoYH$ma _m›` H$am`bmY_m©oYH$mar IiIi H$arV Agb{ [mohO{V. _wª`ÀdmZ{ ]´m˜U AmoU joÃ` AmoUd°Ì` `mßZm Y_m©M{ gd© h∑H$ hm{V{ AmoU ey–moVey–mßZm V{ _wirM ZÏhV{. AWm©V O{{ey–moVey– g_Ob{ OmV À`mßZr Am[bm hm AoYH$ma H•$ÓUmdVmamZ{ _m›` H{$b{bmAmh{ AmoU ÂhUyZ Vm{ AmÂhr MmbodUmaM `m —T> ^mdZ{Z{ OmVrM{ d dJm©M{ CÎb{IH{$b{b{ Amh{V. (gßV, [ßV d VßV - lr._. _mQ{{{, [mZ 25) OdiOdi gd© gßVmßZrOmoVdUm©Mm CÎb{I H$Í$Z `m Jm{Ô>r Ï`W© Amh{V Ag{ R>m_[U{ gmßoJVb{ Amh{. H$mhrgßVmß¿`m Am{Ï`m [wT>rb‡_mU{ -

1) Zm_m ÂhU{ H$m` `moV Z odMmarodXyamM{ Yar ImVr H$ `m&- gßV Zm_X{d2) `moVhrZ Mm{Im_{im& À`mßgr ^∑VmMm H$idimÀ`mßMm Pmbm ÂhUr`mam&- OZm]mB©3) Zmhr oXdg amÃr& Zmhr Hw$i`moVZmhr _m`m ´mßVr& AdoKMr&&- Jm{am Hwß$^ma4) {Í$ ÂhU{ _mPm OmDß$ [mh{ ‡mU


`moVer H$maU Zmhr _O- ]ßH$m _hma5) C¿MZrM Zmhr Zm_moM`m [wT{>OmVrM{ V{ JmT{> Zmhr H$m_- gßV EH$ZmW6) hrZ _mPr `mVr [ar H•$[m H{$br gßVrJwUXm{f `mVr Z odMmoaVm H$mhrR>md oXbm [m`r Am[wbr`m- gßV VwH$mam_ododY OmVrß¿`m gßVmßZr hr Or g_mOH´$mßVr H{$br, À`mM{ [oaUm_ CbQy> bmJb{.

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S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$a `mßMm O›_ 14 Eo‡b 1891 am{Or _‹` ‡X{emVrb_hy `m Jmdr Pmbm. À`mßM{ dS>rb o]óQ>emß¿`m g°›`mV Zm{H$arbm hm{V{. Xm[m{br,gmVmam, _wß]B© {W{ À`mßM{ ‡mWo_H$ d _hmod⁄mb`rZ oejU Pmb{. ]S>m{Xm Za{e_hmamO g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `mßZr oXb{Î`m oeÓ`d•Œmr_wi{ Amß]{S>H$a [aX{emVoejUmgmR>r J{b{. ¡`m A‰`mgmbm AßXmO{ AmR> df} bmJVrb, Vm{ A‰`mg Xm{Zdf} AH$am _oh›`mßV [yU© H$Í$Z Amß]{S>H$amßZr EH$ odH´$_M H{$bm. 1918_‹ {amOfu emhyßZr _mUJmd {Wrb g {V S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$a `mß¿`m Z{V•Àdmdaoe∑H$m_m{V©] H{$b{. 1920 gmbr À`mßZr "_yH$Zm`H$' ZmdmM{ d•Œm[Ã gwÍ$ H{$b{.1926 gmbr "]ohÓH•$V ohVH$maUr' ZmdmMr gßÒWm ÒWm[Z H{$br AmoU IË`mAWm©Z{ gm_moOH$ OrdZmV H$m © H$a `mg gwÈdmV H{$br. _mM© 1927 d oS>g|]a1927 Ag{ Xm{Z d{im _hmS> {W{ MdXma Vi{ d _ZwÒ_•Vr XhZ Ag{ Xm{ZgÀ`mJ´h Pmb{. `m oZo_ŒmmZ{ S>m∞. Amß]{S>H$amßZr Am[Î`m "OZVm' `m d•Œm[ÃmV_ZwÓ`_mÃmß¿`m O›_og’ h∑H$mßMm OmhraZm_m ‡H$moeV H{$bm. Vm{ [wT>rb‡_mU{ -

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1899 gmbr S{>]yOrbm _wbJr Pmbr. OmVr¿`m ‡W{‡_mU{ _wbr¿`m ]maÌ`mbm]m{H$S> H$m[m`bm hdm, â[ya XmÍ$ dmQ>m`bm hdr. [U S{>]yOrZ{ `m Jm{Ô>r Q>miÎ`mAmoU bmSy>M{ O{dU H{$b{. S{>]yZ{ "OmVrbm ]≈>m bmdbm', "OmVrMr [aß[am _m{S>br'Aer hmH$mQ>r o[Q>br J{br. OmVrodÈ’ OmD$Z S{>]yOrZ{ ZdrZ _mJ© ÒdrH$mabm.1900 gmbr Xwgar H$›`m H$bmdVr ohMm O›_ Pmbm. 1902 gmbr _wXJ_ `m[wÃmMm O›_ Pmbm. 1905 gmbr Jm{odßXmMm O›_ Pmbm. EH$m ]mOybm gßgmamMrd{b dmT>V hm{Vr, Va XwgË`m ]mOybm g_mOm¿`m odXmaH$ pÒWVrZ{ _Z AÒdÒW hm{Vhm{V{. Joa]r, AkmZ, AßYl’m, Ï`gZmYrZVm `m_wi{ g_mO [m{Iabm J{bm hm{VmAmoU Vm{ [w›hm H$g{ gwYma{b? À`mbm `m JV}VyZ H$m{U ]mh{a H$mT{>b? Ag{ AZ{H$‡ÌZ À`m d{ir S{>]yOrbm [S>V hm{V{. g_mOmV ‡MßS> _m{RÁm ‡_mUmV OmoV {X hm{Vm,AÒ[•Ì`Vm hm{Vr. Y_m©¿`m ZmdmImbr hm{Umar bw]mS>UyH$ CKSÁm S>m{ `mßZr [mhmdrbmJV hm{Vr.

AemVM S{>]yOr oda∑VrH$S{> PwHy$ bmJbm hm{Vm. Vm{ AmVm oMßVZmV JTy>Z OmVAg{. _m_m¿`m e{VmV amIUrbm J{bm AgVmZm S{>]y ÔZmV XßJ hm{B©. Zm_Ò_aUmVbrZ hm{D$Z OmB©. ‡[ßMm[mgyZ _w∑V hm{D$Z B©ÌdamMr AmamYZm H$amdr Aer B¿N>mÀ`mß¿`m _ZmV CÀ[›Z hm{B©. AemVM _mJ©erf© _ohZm Ambm AmoU _m_m¿`m e{VmVam]UmË`m S{>]yOrbm EH$ Adob`m [wÈf {D$Z {Q>bm. Xm{KmßMm H$mhr gßdmX Pmbm.À`m {Q>rZßVa S{>]yOrM{ OrdZ ]Xbb{ AmoU 1905 gmbr gd© gßgma _mJ{ Q>mHy$ZS{>]yOr [amJßXm Pmbm.

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Vy H$m` H$aerb? AmOm{]m-AmOr, _m_m J{b{ À`m d{ir H$m` H{$b{g Vy? AmoUH$aUma Var H$m{U H$m`? ÒdV:[waV{ gJi{ [mhVmV. [U oebH$r Am wÓ` JaOdßVbm{H$mß¿`m g{d{V oPOdb{ Va VrM Iar X{dmMr g{dm. X{dimVrb XJS>r X{dmM{ hmV-[m` aJSy>Z H$m` hm{Uma? g^m{dma [gab{br hr _mUgmßMr XwoZ`m h{ Ia{ B©ÌdamM{Í$[. À`m hOmam{ bmIm{ X{dmßMr [S{>b À`m oaVrZ{ H{$b{br g{dmM X{dmKar ÈOy hm{V{.gwdmogH$ \w$b{, [Ãr AmUyZ X{dm¿`m XJS>r _yVuda dmh `m[{jm g^m{dma [gab{Î`mhbÀ`m, ]m{bÀ`m, MmbÀ`m XwoZ {¿`m g{d{gmR>r hmS{> oPOdbr, wH{$b{Î`mß¿`mVm|S>mV ^mH$arMm Kmg KmVbm VaM O›_mM{ gmW©H$ hm{B©b. À`m [Ãr-\w$bmß[{jm_mPm IamQ>m, PmSy>M l{> Amh{. C_Om`M{ Zmhr VwÂhmbm V{ AmO.'' BVH{$ ]m{byZS{>]yOr CR>bm AmoU AmB©[mgyZ Xya oZKyZ J{bm. À`m OÃ{V em{Y K{D$Zhr Vm{ [w›hmgm[S>bm Zmhr.

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]m]m ÂhUV, ""]m[hm{, VwÂhr od⁄m oeH$m. od⁄m h{ _m{R{> YZ Amh{. od⁄{_wi{_mUgy "_mUyg' ÂhUyZ OJVm{. oejUm_wi{ _mUgmM{ Am wÓ` \w$bV{. Am[wZ H$m{Uhm { V{ H$iVß. oejUmo]Ja _mUgmbm _mUwgH$r {V Zmhr. ¡`mbm od⁄m Zg{bÀ`mbm IQ>mË`mMm ]°b ÂhQ>b{ Var Mmb{b. ÂhUyZ VwÂhr oeH$b{ [mohO{. À`mo]JaJoa]r OmUma Zmhr. MmßJb{-dmB©Q> VwÂhmbm H$iyZ {Uma Zmhr. ÂhUyZ Vw_¿`m_wbmßZm od⁄m oeH$dm. [°gm ›hm`r ÂhUmb Va O{dUmM{ VmQ> _m{S>m, hmVmda ^mH$arK{D$Z Im. ]m`H$m{bm bwJSß> H$_r ^mdmMß ø`m. VwÂhr Vw_M{ gUdma-`mÃm gmY{[UmZ{H$am. Ï`m¯mbm S>m_S>m°bmMm [mhwUMma H$Í$ ZH$m. VwÂhr S>m_S>m°bmZ{ amhy ZH$m. [UVw_¿`m b{H$amßZm emim oeH$dm. _m`]m[hm{, Vw_r EH$ ‹`mZmV ø`m. oeH$b{b{ bm{H$AoYH$ lr_ßV hm{VmV. Va o]ZoeH$b{b{ AoYH$ Jar] ]ZVmV. oeH$b{b{ bm{H$AS>m `mbm bw]mS>VmV. ÂhUyZ VwÂhr AS>mUr amhy ZH$m. VwÂhr Vw_¿`m AS>mUr[UmMr\$i{ ^m{JV AmhmV. Vw_¿`mda Amb{br [mir Vw_¿`m _wbmßda AmUy ZH$m. À`mßM{OrdZ ]a]mX H$Í$ ZH$m. Mm°Ë`mE|er am{Jmßda oejU hm EH$M am_]mU C[m` Amh{.VwÂhmbm Òdmo^_mZmZ{ OJm`Mß Ag{b Va VwÂhr oejU ø`m. [m{amßZm oejU ⁄m.''

]m]mß¿`m C[X{em_mJ{ H$idim hm{Vm. AkmZm_wi{ g_mOmM{ em{fU hm{V{.AkmZmVyZ AßYl’m O›_ K{VmV AmoU A_mZwfV{Mm AZw d [Xar {Vm{. h{ ]m]mßZrÒdV:¿`m [ydm© wÓ`mV AZw db{ hm{V{. "]wS>Vr h{ OZ [hmd{Zm S>m{im& {Vm{ H$idimÂhUyZr&&' h{ gßVdMZ JmS>J{]m]mßMm ÒWmo`^md Pmbm hm{Vm AmoU À`mMH$id˘`mVyZ ]m]m oejUm]m]V ‡]m{YZ H$aV AgV.


oejU H$emgmR>r? `m]m]V ]m]mßMr H$Î[Zm Ò[Ô> hm{Vr. ]m]mß¿`m _V{,_mUgm¿`m H$V©•Àdgß[›Z odH$mgmgmR>r oeH$m`M{. odH$mg - _J Vm{ H$V•©ÀdmMm Agm{AWdm _VmMm Agm{, Vm{ IË`m oejUmMm Jm^m AgVm{. JwUmMm odH$mg, e∑VrMmodH$mg, —Ô>rMm odH$mg, H$m°eÎ`mMm odH$mg AmoU H$V©•Àdm¿`m j{ÃmMm odH$mg hmoejUmMm _ybJm_r KQ>H$ AgVm{. `m gd©Ò[eu odH$mgmM{ gwßXa CXmhaU ÂhUyZ]m]m S>m∞∑Q>a ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$amßMm CÎb{I H$aV AgV. oeH$m`M{ H$emgmR>r?Va _mUwgH$r¿`m AmMaUmgmR>r oeH$m`M{. em{fUm[mgyZ _w∑Vr o_imdr ÂhUyZoeH$m`M{. ]hwOZ g_mO oeH$bm Va Vm{ em{fU_w∑V hm{B©b. AkmZm[mgyZ À`mbm_w∑Vr o_i{b. g_mOoejUmgmR>r O{ O{ ‡`ÀZ H$aVmV À`mß¿`m [mR>rer ]m]mR>m_[U{ C { amhV. Am[Î`m gß[H$m©Vrb XmZeyamßZm, ^modH$mßZm Aem Ï`∑Vt¿`m[mR>rer C { amhm`bm gmßJV.

gmVmË`mV H$_©dra ^mD$amd [mQ>rb ]hwOZ g_mOmV oejU‡gma H$aV hm{V{.À`mß¿`m a`V oejU gßÒW{¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ gwÍ$ Pmb{Î`m gßÒW{¿`m CX≤KmQ>Z‡gßJr]m]m ÂhUmb{ hm{V{, ""^mD$amd [mQ>rb h{ Ia{ H$_©dra AgyZ AR>am[JS> OmVrMra`V{Mr _wb{ EH$Ã H$Í$Z À`mßZr ey›`mVyZ OJ oZ_m©U H{$b{. À`mßM{ H$m © _hmZ Amh{.V{ AkmZr _wbmßZm [m{Q>mer YÍ$Z gmß miVmV. À`mßZm oejU X{D$Z ehmU{ H$aVmV.À`m_wi{ Vr _wb{ Zm{H$arbm bmJVmV. gwYmaVmV. EH$m oXÏ`mZ{ Xwgam oXdm bmdmdmVg{ gma{ Hw$Qwß>] ehmU{ hm{V{. À`mßßZr Km_m¿`m [°emVyZ o_iUmË`m oejUmMr oHß$_V[Q>dyZ oXbr. Òdmdbß]ZmZ{ AmoU Òdmo^_mZmZ{ H$g{ OJmd{ h{ À`mßZm oeH$db{. Aem‡H$ma{ À`mßZr _mUg{ KS>dbr... _r [ßT>arMm dmaH$ar Amh{. kmZm{]m-VwH$m{]mß¿`m H•$[{Z{À`mßMm _idQ> ^Í$Z ^maVâ o\$abm{. MmarYm_ `mÃm H{$br. _r AßV_w©I Pmbm{._mPr AmVm Aer YmaUm Pmbr Amh{ H$r, AkmZm¿`m AßYmamV MmM[S>Umar, am]am] am]Umar hr Or a`V Amh{, À`mß¿`mgmR>r kmZmMm oXdm bmdbm [mohO{. hrOZVm kmZm[mgyZ Vi_iV Amh{. oVbm kmZmMr yH$ Amh{. À`mß¿`m [m{Q>mMm ‡ÌZgwQ>bm [mohO{ AmoU oejUmMr JwwÈoH$Îbr hmVr AmÎ`moedm` Vm{ gwQ>Uma Zmhr.''

]m]mßZr Og{ oejUmodf`r ‡]m{YZ H{$b{, Vg{ AÒ[•Ì`Vm, OmoV {X `mdahrH$S>H$ Vme{a{ Am{T>b{. _mUgm-_mUgmßV {X Zgmdm `mgmR>r ]m]m ‡`ÀZ H$aV.Am[Î`m ghdmgmV Amb{Î`m bm{H$mßZm V{ OmoV {XmM{ XwÓ[oaUm_ gmßJV, Vg{MH$rV©ZmVyZhr OmoV {Xmda AmgyS> Am{T>V. " {Xm {X A_ßJi' hr gßVmßZr oXb{brΩdmhr ]m]m ^modH$mß¿`m [w›hm [w›hm bjmV AmUyZ X{V. [U AoZÔ>> Í$T>tMm [JS>mghOmghOr ZÔ> hm{V ZgVm{. À`mbm H$Yr ‡]m{YZmM{ AßOZ Kmbmd{ bmJV{, Va


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‡hma H$aV. X{dm¿`m ZmdmZ{ hm{Uma{ [ey]ir, JßS{>Xm{a{, Zdggm`mg `mVyZ Iam X{d{Q>V Zmhr. X{d Hw$R{> Amh{? AmoU H$gm Amh{? EH$Xm ]m]m¿`m H$mhr oeÓ`mßZr

]m]mßH$S{> X{d XmIdm ÂhUyZ AmJ´h Yabm. AmYr ]m]mßZr ZH$ma oXbm. [U oeÓ`mMmAmJ´h Iy[. e{dQ>r ]m]m ÂhUmb{, ""C⁄m [hmQ{> _m¬`m]am{]a Mbm. _r VwÂhmbm X{dXmIdVm{.'' XwgË`m oXder gH$mir gJi{ ]m]mß¿`m ^m{dVr O_m Pmb{. g_m{agy m©Mm bmbga Jm{im da {V hm{Vm. À`m¿`mH$S{> ]m{Q> XmIdV ]m]m ÂhUmb{, ""hmAm[bm X{d. Z_ÒH$ma H$am. hm ]mam_mg Am[Î`mgßJ{ amhVm{. Vm{ Am[Î`mbmOmJdVm{. `m gy ©ZmamÙmgmaI{ AZ{H$ Xoa–rZmamÙ Vw_¿`mg_m{a C { R>mH$VrbÀ`mßZm _XV H$am. À`mß¿`mV X{dmbm ]Km.''

EH$m ]mOybm ]m]mßZr _yVuVrb X{d ZmH$mabm, [maß[oaH$ X{dH$Î[Zm ZmH$maÎ`m,Va XwgË`m ]mOybm dmar-`mÃ{bm {UmË`m ^modH$mß¿`m gm{B©-gwodYmßgmR>r Y_©emim]mßYÎ`m, À`mß¿`mgmR>r AZ{H$ g_mOm{[`m{Jr C[H´$_ H{$b{. ZXrda KmQ> ]mßYb{. ]m]mEH$rH$S{> [yOm-odYr-H$_©H$mßS>mda Q>rH$m H$aV, Va XwgË`m ]mOybm ^∑Vmß¿`mgm{B©gwodYmßMr H$miOr H$aV. H$maU ]m]m _mUgmßV X{d [mhV AmoU À`mßMr _Zm{ md{g{dm H$aV. g{dm hmM [a_Y_© Amh{. g{d{gmaIm am{H$S>m Y_© OJmV Zmhr, Agm]m]mßMm Xmdm hm{Vm. h{ gma{ H$aV AgVmZm À`mßZr _mUgmß¿`m l’{da AmKmV H{$bmZmhr. _mÃ X{dmodf`r¿`m AmßY˘`m l’{da À`mßZr ‡hma H{$bm. À`mßZr B©ÌdamM{ApÒVÀd ZmH$mab{ Zmhr, [U MamMamV Ï`m[b{Î`m B©Ìdambm ]ßoXÒV H$Í$Z ÒdV:M{XwH$mZ Mmbd `m¿`m d•Œmrda À`mßZr _mam H{$bm. X{dim]mh{a [gab{Î`m A[maOZg_wXm`mVhr B©Ìda ]Km`bm oeH$m, EdT{>M À`mßM{ AmJ´hr _V hm{V{.

_mUgmV X{d em{YUma{ ]m]m _w∑`m OZmdamßdahr AVm{ZmV ‡{_ H$aV. `m‡{_m[m{Q>r À`mßZr Jm{ajU Mmby H{$b{. ]m]m Am[Î`m H$rV©ZmV gmßJV, ""]m]mßZm{,OJmVb{ Ia{ gmYwgßV H$m{U AgVrb Va V{ ]°b Amh{V ]°b. Vw_¿`m e{Vrda ]°bmßM{C[H$ma \$ma _m{R{> Amh{V. Ahm{amÃ H$Ô> H$Í$Z Vm{ OJmbm A›Z X{Vm{. ÂhUyZ Vm{ gmYyAmh{. `m gmYyMr _mVmOr Jm` - Vrgw’m AZ_m{b Amh{. À`mßM{ H$Ô> Am[U odgaVmH$m_m Z {V. Aer OZmda{ ÂhmVmar Pmbr ÂhUyZ H$gm`mbm odH$U{ ÂhUO{ Am[Î`mÂhmVmË`m AmB©-]m[mbm odH$ `mgmaI{ Amh{. Am[U Am[Î`m ÂhmVmË`m AmB©]m[mbmodH$Vm{ H$m?'' Agm ‡ÌZ V{ g_m{a¿`m lm{À`mßZm odMmaV AZ≤ lm{À`mßH$Sy>Z ""Zmhr,H$Yrhr Zmhr'' Ag{ CŒma {VmM "Jm{[mbm Jm{[mbm' ÂhUyZ ÔZ ÂhUm`M{.


JmS>J{]m]m H{$di C[X{eM H$aV ZÏhV{, À`m‡_mU{ AmMaUgw’m H$am`M{. d{imV d{iH$mTy>Z ]m]m Jm{ajUmg OmV. oVWÎ`m OZmdamßMr Ï`dÒWm ZrQ>[U{ hm{V{ H$r Zmhr,h{ [mhV AgV.

[ßT>a[yaMr `mÃm, AmfmT>r EH$mXer. ^modH$mßMm _hm[ya bm{Q>b{bm. VemVMAÏ`dÒWm AmoU am{JamB©Mm ]mßY \w$Q>bm hm{Vm. ]m]m `mÃ{bm Amb{b{. ZwH$VmM _m{R>m[mD$g {D$Z J{bm AmoU aÒV{, gmar JQ>ma{ XwWS>r ^Í$Z dmhy bmJbr. EH$m oR>H$mUrJQ>ma Vwß]b{. KmU [m `mMm oZMam hm{B©Zm. ]m]m JQ>mamV CVab{ AmoU H$Mam C[gybmJb{. g_m{Í$Z VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO {VmZm oXgb{. ""H$m hm{ _hmamO, Hw$R{>Mmbb{?'' JQ>mamV C { Agb{b{ ]m]m VwH$S>m{OtZm ÂhUmb{, ""[mßSw>aßJm¿`m Xe©ZmbmMmbbm{.'' VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO ÂhUmb{ AmoU [wT{> Mmby bmJb{. ]m]m _mÃ KmUC[gV amohb{. AWH$ [oal_mZßVa JQ>mamMm Vwß]mam \w$Q>bm AmoU [m `mMm oZMamgwÍ$ Pmbm. JQ>mamVyZ [mUr dmhy bmJb{. V{Ïhm ]m]m JQ>mamVyZ ]mh{a Amb{ AmoUJQ>mamVyZ C[gb{bm H{$aH$Mam Q>m{[brV O_m H$Í$ bmJb{. _ßoXamH$Sy>Z VwH$S>m{Or_hmamO Amb{ AmoU ]m]mß¿`m e{Omar C { amohb{. ""H$m`, {Q>bm H$m [mßSw>aßJ?'']m]mßZr [w›hm ‡ÌZ H{$bm. ""Zmhr.. [mßSw>aßJ _ßoXamV ZÏhVm.'' VwH$S>m{Or _hmamOÂhUmb{. ""Agß? _J Hw$R{> J{bm hm{Vm [mßSw>aßJ?'' ]m]mßZr [w›hm ‡ÌZ H{$bm. ""Vm{Vw_¿`mgm{]V JQ>ma C[gV hm{Vm.'' VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO ÂhUmb{. Vg{ Xm{K{hr JXJXyZhgb{ AmoU Xm{K{ o_iyZ KmU O_m H$Í$ bmJb{.

1905 V{ 1956 Aer E∑H$md›Z dfm™Mr H$maoH$X©. E∑H$md›Z df} gßVJmS>J{]m]m gm_moOH$ OrdZmV hm{V{. B©Ìda^∑Vrbm À`mßZr g{d{Mr Om{S> oXbr.Xmoa–rZmamÙmßMr g{dm h{ d´V gmßoJVb{ AmoU gd©gm_m›` ^modH$ `m d´VmM{AmMaU H$aVrb `mgmR>r ‡`ÀZ H{$b{. ]m]mßM{ H$rV©Z ÂhUO{ [maß[oaH$ H$rV©ZH$b{MmZdm Am`m_. bm{H$‡]m{YZmM{ _m‹`_ ÂhUyZ ]m]mßZr H$rV©ZmMm dm[a H{$bm. ]m]m¡`m ‡H$ma{ H$rV©Z H$aV VemM [’VrM{ H$rV©Z H$aUma{ H$mhr VÈU V`ma H{$b{.ZmoeH$, Õ ß]H{$Ìda, dmB©, [ßT>a[ya, _wß]B©, ]´ [war, [wU{ Aem oR>H$mUr Y_©emim]mßYÎ`m.

AßY-A[ßJmßgmR>r, oZamYmamßgmR>r Am°fYm{[Mma AmoU oZdmË`mMr gm{ H{$br.Jm{ajUmgmaI{ H$m_ h{ [w `mM{ H$m_ Amh{, Aer ^mdZm g_mOmV ÈOdbr. [›Zmgdfm™¿`m H$mimV ]m]mßZr g_mOmbm AmYwoZH$ H$mimMm Y_© OJm`bm oeH$db{. `mY_m©M{ Zmd "_mZdVm Y_©.' _mZdVm Y_m©Mm ‡gma ÂhUO{M AkmZ, AÒ[•Ì`Vm,AßYl’m `mß¿`modÈ’ gwÍ$ H{$b{b{ gH$mamÀ_H$ w’. O{ H$m{UÀ`mhr eÒÃmoedm`


bT>b{ J{b{. _mUgm¿`m _ZmV gmMb{br AkmZ, AßYl’m AmoU OmVr[mVr¿`mAhßH$mamMr Oi_Q{> H$mTy>Z V{W{ _mZdV{M{, g_V{M{ ¡`m{V ‡¡dobV H$a `mV ]m]mèÒdr Pmb{. EH$ag g_mOm¿`m oXe{Z{ ‡dmg H$a `mgmR>rMr gm_moOH$_Zm{YmaUm ]m]mßZr V`ma H{$br.

[›Zmg dfm™¿`m H$mbIßS>mV ]m]mßZr bmIm{-H$am{S>m{ È[ { X{UJrVyZ O_m H{$b{AmoU À`mßMm g_mOmgmR>r C[`m{J H{$bm. ododY ehamßV _m{∑`m¿`m oR>H$mUrY_©emim ]mßYÎ`m, [U ÒdV:gmR>r À`mMm H$Yr C[`m{J H$Í$Z K{Vbm Zmhr. ]m]mH$m`_ N>m{QÁm Pm{[S>rV amohb{ AmoU \w$Q>∑`m JmS>Ω`mV O{db{. EdT{>M ZÏh{, Va `mgmË`m ÒWmda _mb_Œm{da ÒdV:Mm AmoU ÒdV:¿`m Hw$Qwß>]r`mßMm H$m{UVmhr AoYH$maamhUma Zmhr Ag{ Omhra H{$b{. Am[Î`m Hw$Qwß>]r`mßZm À`mßZr H$m`_ Xya R{>db{.1952 gmbr "JmS>J{]m]m o_eZ' ZmdmMm EH$ Q>≠ÒQ> V`ma Pmbm. `m Q>≠ÒQ>da]mimgmh{] I{a, S>m∞. Amß]{S>H$a Aem _m›`damßZm K{Vb{ AmoU À`mß¿`m Z{V•ÀdmImbrg_mOmMr _mb_Œmm g_mOm¿`m gm{B©gmR>r dm[abr OmB©b Aer Ï`dÒWm bmdyZoXbr.

]m]mßM{ bm°oH$H$ AWm©Z{ H$m{UV{hr oejU Pmb{ ZÏhV{. _m_m¿`m e{VmV amIUH$aVmZm Om{ Adob`m {Q>bm, À`mZ{ H$m` H$mZ_ßÃ oXbm h{ ]m]mßZr H$Yr Hw$UmbmgmßoJVb{ Zmhr H$r À`m ‡gßJmMm C¿Mmahr H{$bm Zmhr. [U À`m ‡gßJmVyZ ]m]mß¿`mOrdZmbm oZoÌMV oXem o_imbr. J•hÀ`mJ AmoU ]mam df} ^Q>Hß$Vr H$Í$Zg_mOXe©Z hrM ]hwYm ]m]mßMr gmYZm Agmdr. JwÍ$¿`m AmX{em‡_mU{ À`mßZr Vr [yU©H{$br Agmdr. _hmamÔ>≠mVrb g_mOmM{ Amam‹` X°dV [mßSw>aßJ [a]´ h{M ]m]mßM{Amam‹` Pmb{. \$aH$ \$∑V EdT>mM H$r, _ßoXamVrb od«>bmbm ]m]mßZr g_mOmV[mohbm. "g_mO[mßSw>aßJm'Mr ^∑Vr H$a `mV À`mßZm AmZßX dmQ>bm.g_mO[mßSw>aßJm¿`m gwIXw:Imer ]m]m g_ag Pmb{. À`mßZr l’mdmZm¿`m l’{bmY∑H$m bmdbm Zmhr. B©Ìda Zmhr Ag{ gmßoJVb{ Zmhr oHß$dm [yOm-AMm© H$Í$ ZH$mAg{hr gmßoJVb{ Zmhr. _mÃ B©Ìdam¿`m ZmdmZ{ MmbUmar XwH$mZXmar, Zdg, JßS{>Xm{a{`mda ‡hma H{$b{. B©Ìda Hw$R{> Amh{ h{ [mh `mMr Zdr gm_moOH$ —Ô>r odH$ogV H{$brAmoU `m —Ô>rMm AßJrH$ma H$Í$Z À`mVyZ H$mhr gm_moOH$ ]Xb KS>dyZ AmU `mV]m]m èÒdr Pmb{. ]m]mßZr oejU `m odf`mda gdm©V OmÒV ‡]m{YZ H{$b{.Am[Î`m AZ{H$ oeÓ`mßZm, MmhÀ`mßZm oejU ‡gmamgmR>r XmZ H$a `mMr gyMZmH{$br. Jmdm{Jmdr oejUJßJm K{D$Z OmUmË`m ^mD$amd [mQ>bmgmaª`m _ßS>it¿`m[mR>rer ]m]m R>m_[U{ C { amohb{. ]m]mßZr Xwgam odf` gmVÀ`mZ{ hmVmibm Vm{


ÂhUO{ AÒ[•Ì`Vm oZdma mmMm. "gmar X{dmMr b{H$aß' Ag{ gmßJm`M{ AmoU ‡À`jÏ`dhma _mÃ [eyßZmhr bmOd{b Agm. `m odgßJVrda ]m]mßZr YrQ>[U{ ]m{Q> R{>db{.g_Vm, ]ßYwVm `m oMaßVZ VŒdmMr ‡oMVr Ï`dhmamVyZ { `mgmR>r Or _mZogH$_emJV AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ Vr ]m]mßZr H$Í$Z K{Vbr. g_mOmV AgUma{ OmoV {X XyaH$a `mgmR>r Ï`dhmoaH$ CŒma em{Yb{.

]m]mßM{ h{ [›Zmg dfm™M{ H$m © EH$m od⁄m[rR>mgmaI{, ]m]mßM{ Am wÓ` AmXe©Í$[Amh{. ]m]mß¿`m ‡À {H$ H$rV©ZmMr gwÈdmV ^JdßVm¿`m Zm_Ò_aUmZ{ hm{B© AmoUgmßJVm B©Ìdam¿`m ZmdmZ{ ]mOma MmbdUmË`mda ‡hma H$Í$Z hm{B©. EH$m oZY©Z[aQ>m¿`m Kar O›_b{b{ ]m]m _mUgmß¿`m ]m]VrV Iy[ lr_ßV hm{V{. am¡`m¿`m_wª`_ßÕ`mß[mgyZ V{ AJXr gm_m›` _mUgmß[ ™V H$m{Urhr ]m]mßZm {Qy> eH{$ AmoUÀ`mßMm Amerdm©X K{D$Z Am[b{ OrdZ KS>dV Ag{. "_r ]m]mß_wi{ KS>bm{-]Xbbm{'Ag{ gmßJUmar EH$ o[T>r _hmamÔ>≠mV hm{Vr. X{d _mZy ZH$m, Ag{ Z gmßJVm _mUgmVX{d em{Ym Agm C[X{e ]m]m H$aV. ]m]mßZr ÒdV:Mm gß‡Xm`, [ßW oZ_m©U H{$bmZmhr. V{ gmßJV, "_mPm Hw$Ur oeÓ` Zmhr AmoU _r Hw$UmMm JwÍ$ Zmhr.' ]m]mß¿`mghdmgmV amohb{b{, À`mß¿`m oeH$dUrZ{ ‡^modV Pmb{b{ bm{H$ ÒdV:bm ]m]mßM{oeÓ` ÂhUdyZ K{D$ bmJb{ AmoU ]m]mßZr XmIdb{Î`m dmQ{>Z{ [wT{> OmD$ bmJb{.]m]mßMm odMma, oeH$dU K{D$Z ]m]mßZr XmIdb{Î`m dmQ{>Mm _hm_mJ© H$Í$ bmJb{.]m]mß¿`m oZdm©Umbm AmVm gmR> df} CbQy>Z J{br Amh{V, [U ]m]mßZr gmßoJVb{bm_mZdg{d{Mm dgm AmOhr O[bm OmVm{ Amh{. ]m]mßZr gwÍ$ H{$b{Î`m Y_©emim,Aml_emim, Jm{ajU{ AmOhr À`mM g{dm^mdmZ{ H$m ©aV Amh{V.

20 oS>g|]a 1956 am{Or ]m]mßM{ oZYZ Pmb{. V„]b 80 dfm™M{ Am wÓ`]m]mßZm bm^b{. À`mVrb [›Zmg df} hr g_mOZmamÙm¿`m [yO{Mr Amh{V. d° o∑VH$OrdZ, gwIXw:I `mßMm odf` H$Í$Z ]m]m H{$di g_mOÍ$[ Pmb{. g_mOmgmR>rOJb{ AmoU g_mOmbm B©Ìda^∑VrMr Zdr oXem oXbr. OZg{dm hrM B©Ìda^∑VrAmh{. Aer ^mdZm g_mO_ZmV ÈOdbr. ]m]mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa J.oX. _mS>JyiH$amßZrH$mÏ`Í$[ AmXamßObr dmohbr hm{Vr. J.oX._mß.Zr obohb{ hm{V{ -

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VwH$m g_mYrV Mmidbmg¡OZJS>mV oQ>Q>dr ]m{bbr"EH$m' ]´m˜Um¿`m [°R>U[warVoÔ{ _‹àmÃ AmgdmßZrMmbÀ`m JmS>rV gm{Sy>Z [mW©doZKmbm d°ÓUd d°Hwß$R>mergßV_mi{Vrb _Ur e{dQ>bmAmO Am{Kibm, EH$mEH$r

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odX © hr gßVmßMr y_r Amh{. ‡À {H$ oOÎ¯mV, Vmbw∑`mV H$m{Um Zm H$m{UmVargßV[wÈf Adob`m `mßM{ gßÒWmZ oHß$dm _R> oXgVm{. odX^m©Mr Am‹`moÀ_H$ d•ŒmrAmoU gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$ JaO `mVyZ hr gßV _ßS>ir CX`mg Ambr AgmdrV.AmYwoZH$ H$mimMm Oar Am[U odMma H{$bm, Var gßVg{dm`m{Jr JmS>J{]m]m, ‡kmMjyJwbm]amd _hmamO, e{JmdM{ gßV JOmZZ _hmamO, daI{S>M{ AS>H$m{Or _hmamO,JwÈHwß$O _m{ParM{ amÔ>≠gßV VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO, _wßJgmOr _hmamO Aem AZ{H$mßMr Zmd{K{Vm {VmV. `m_‹ { AmUIr EH$ _hŒdmM{ Zmd ÂhUO{ har _hmamO. lrgX≤JwÍ$JU[Vr C\©$ har _hmamO ZmdmM{ EH$ dmXi odX^m©V O›_mbm Amb{ AmoUA‹`mÀ_mMm Zdm AW© gmßJV À`mßZr g_mOOrdZmbm Zdm AW© ‡mflV H$Í$Z oXbm.

1927 V{ 1933 hm H$mbIßS> _hmamÔ>≠mM{ gm_moOH$ OrdZ T>diyZ H$mT>Umamhm{Vm. _hm_mZd S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$a `mßZr g_V{¿`m ‡ÒWm[Z{gmR>r MidiMmbdbr hm{Vr. _hmS> MdXma Vi{ gÀ`mJ´h, _ZwÒ_•Vr XhZ, H$mimam_ _ßoXa ‡d{egÀ`mJ´h `m gmË`mß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$a gm_moOH$ OrdZmVg_Vm ‡ÒWmo[V H$a `mgmR>r ‡`ÀZ H$aV hm{V{. dfm©Zwdf} g_mO_ZmV C^rAgb{br OmVr[mVrMr o ßV V{ \$m{Sy> [mhV hm{V{. g_mO_Zmbm Y∑H{$ X{V hm{V{. [U`mbm A[{ojV ‡oVgmX o_imbm Zmhr. CbQ> S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$amß¿`mghH$mË`mßda XJS>Jm{QÁmßMm, bmR>rH$mR>rMm dfm©d Pmbm hm{Vm. `mM H$mimV h{M odf`K{D$Z odX^m©V _mÃ _m°Z H´$mßVr KS>dyZ AmU `mV JU[Vr C\©$ har _hmamOmßZm èAmb{ hm{V{. odÌdmMm _mbH$-o[Vm EH$M B©Ìda Amh{, Am[U gd© À`m EH$mMB©ÌdamMr b{H$a{ Amhm{V, ÂhUyZ gd©M ^∑VmßZm Am[Î`m ˆX`mV dmJdUmam od«>bMm{Im{]mbmgw’m ˆX`mV O[VmV, Aer yo_H$m kmZm{]m, VwH$m{]m `m _mobH{$Vrbgd© gßV JOy©Z gmßJVmV; [aßVw od«>bmM{M ^∑V ÂhUdUmË`m Xmßo^H$ d°ÓUdmßZr,


[ßSÁm [wOmË`mßZr AÒ[•Ì`mßZm X{dimV ‡d{e o_iy oXbm Zmhr. `mda JU[Vr_hmamOmßZr H•$VrZ{ CŒma H$mT>b{. OmoV {X _m{Sy>Z H$mT> `mgmR>r bm¯m[m{ m¿`mH$mÎ`mE{dOr Ò[•Ì`mÒ[•Ì` ^modH$mßZr Am[m[Î`m KaM{ oeOdb{b{ A›Z AmUmd{AmoU V{ EH$Ã H$Í$Z 1923 gmbr H$mbm H$a `mg gwÈdmV H{$br. gh^m{OZ{Am`m{oOV H{$br. `mhr [wT{> OmD$Z AÒ[•Ì` ^modH$ ^∑VmßZm _ßoXamV ‡d{eH$amd`mg ‡d•Œm H{$b{. Vg{ À`mßM{ _Zm{Y° © oZ_m©U H{$b{ AmoU 1929 gmbrOmhra[U{ gd©M AÒ[•Ì` ]mßYdmßgmR>r od«>b_ßoXa JU[Vr _hmamOmßZr Iwb{ H{$b{.JU[Vr _hmamOmß¿`m `m H$m`m©bm \$magm odam{Y Pmbm Zmhr. odam{Y Pmbm, Vm{gßdmXmZ{ gß[dbm. [U _hmS>, ZmoeH$ `mgmaIm a∑VaßoOV gßKf© BW{ KS>bm Zmhr.Ag{ H$m Pmb{? `m ‡ÌZmM{ CŒma em{Y `mgmR>r lr gX≤JwÍ$ JU[Vr C\©$ har _hmamO`mßM{ odMma AmoU H$m © g_OyZ K{Vb{ [mohO{.

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À`mßZr gm_moOH$ AmoU Ymo_©H$ j{ÃmV H´$mßoVH$m © H{$b{. h{ H$aV AgVmZm À`mßZr‡MobV Ï`dÒWm, YmaUm ZmH$maÎ`m ZmhrV. _ßoXamV OmD$ ZH$m, X{d [wOy ZH$mAg{ À`mßZr gmßoJVb{ Zmhr. [U h{ H$aVmZm S>m{ig Ïhm, B©Ìdambm A[{ojV AgUma{dV©Z H$am, H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$maM{ {X^md H$Í$ ZH$m, Ag{ À`mßZr gmßoJVb{. 1922gmbr gßV JU[Vr _hmamOmßZr "hoaJrVm' obohbr. `mM]am{]a Agßª` A ßJ aMb{.À`mßMr dJ©dmar H$am`Mr Va C[X{e[a A ßJ, d°amΩ`[a A ßJ, oÒWoV[a A ßJ,JwÈ[a A ßJ, H$ÈUm[a A ßJ, Zm_[a A ßJ, gßV[a A ßJ, ô∑V[a A ßJ dOmoV {X oZ_yb©Z A ßJ, H$mÎ`mM{ A ßJ `mßMm g_md{e Amh{. `m gmË`m gmohÀ`mVyZgßV JU[Vr _hmamOmßZr "AOmV _mZd' `m gßH$Î[Z{M{ VŒdkmZ _mßS>b{ Amh{. Xm{Z-VrZ dm∑`mV `m VŒdkmZmM{ gma gmßJm`M{, Va Ag{ ÂhUVm {B©b H$r, "B©ÌdambmOmV Zmhr Vm{ AOmV Amh{. _J À`m¿`m b{H$amßMm OmVr¿`m ZmdmZ{ {X^mdH$emgmR>r? B©Ìdam‡_mU{ À`mßMr b{H$a{hr AOmV Amh{V.' h{ gma OJU{ AmoU À`mMm‡gma H$aU{ h{ gßV JU[Vr Am[b{ ‹ { R{>db{ hm{V{ AmoU À`mZwgma À`mßZr H•$VrhrH{$br hm{Vr.

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{V hm{Vr. Aem ‡H$ma¿`m H$Wm AZ{H$ gßVmß¿`m ]m]VrV gmßoJVÎ`m OmVmV. À`mßMme„XmW© bjmV Z K{Vm H{$di ^mdmW© bjmV ø`mdm, h{M AmO¿`m H$mimV `m{Ω`R>a{b.

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H$m{UV{hr oejU Zgb{br hr _mVm Aem ‡H$maM{ H$mÏ` H$g{ H$m` aMy eH$br, h{ EH$JyT>M Amh{.

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dZdmgr g_mOmbm BVa g_mOmH$Sy>Z _mZg›_mZ hdm Ag{b, Va ‡W_Am[UM EH$_{H$mßZm _mZ oXbm [mohO{, g›_mZ H{$bm [mohO{, AmXa H{$bm [mohO{- ZÏh{, Vg{ Am[U Am[b{ dmJU{ ]Xbb{ [mohO{. ÂhUyZ Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZr `mgmR>rEH$_{H$mbm {Q>Î`mda "Am[H$r O`' Agm [wH$ma H$a `mM{ R>adb{. [aÒ[amßMmOÒ`H$ma H$a `m¿`m [’VrZ{ o^Îb g_mOmV AmÀ_g›_mZmMr OmUrd H$Í$ZX{ `mMm hm ‡`ÀZ.

Am[ ÂhUO{ AmÂhr gd©, Am[ ÂhUO{ gd© OZVm Ag{ V{ Am[¿`m C[X{emVyZgmßJV. Jwbm_ _hmamOmß¿`m Am[ _ßS>imbm bm{H$mßMm CŒm_ ‡oVgmX o_iV hm{Vm.22 Am∞JÒQ> 1938¿`m AmaVrbm gÏdm bmI bm{H$mßMr C[pÒWVr hm{Vr AerBoVhmgmV Zm|X Amh{. Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZr g_mOmH$Sy>Z ÒdV:gmR>r AmaVr H$YrhrH$Í$Z K{Vbr Zmhr. AmaVrgmR>rgw’m \w$b{, H$m[ya, Zmai, AJa]Œmr `m ]m]tMrH$Yrhr AmdÌ`H$Vm ZgyZ Vr AmU `mg Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZr H$Yrhr gmßoJVb{ Zmhr.EH$ N>m{Q>m bmb Mm°H$m{Zr ‹dO gVr[Vr g_mOmMr Am{iI ÂhUyZ AmaVrg_`rR{>dmdm, Aer À`mßMr oeH$dU hm{Vr. `m AmaVrbm {UmË`m ^modH$mßZm gßV Jwbm_Am[ _yi Y_m©Mm C[X{e H$aV. À`mß¿`m C[X{emMr Xhm gyÃ{ hm{Vr. Vr [wT>rb‡_mU{- em°Mmg OmV{d{ir [mUr Z{V Om, am{O ÒZmZ H$am, JßY d Hwß$Hy$ bmdm, XmÍ$ o[D$ZH$m, ^mßJ dJ°a{ K{D$ ZH$m, _mßg ImD$ ZH$m, Ia{ ]m{bm, b]mS>r H$Í$ ZH$m, \$gdyZH$m, "Am['Mr AmaVr H$am, [aÒ[amßMr AmaVr H$am. ÒÃr-[wÈfmß_‹ { `m C[X{emMrÈOdU Ïhmdr, `mgmR>r gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO `mßZr ‡]m{YZ H{$b{. [aÒ[amßda odÌdmg


R{>dyZ, [aÒ[amß¿`m ghH$m`m©Z{ hr XegyÃr OJm`Mr Amh{. hm C[X{e H•$Vr C[X{eAmh{.

Xa gm{_dmar gm_wXmo`H$ AmaVrMr `m{OZm Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZr H{$br. 11\{$]wdmar 1937[mgyZ _m{adS> {W{ hr gm_wXmo`H$ AmaVr gwÍ$ Pmbr. À`mbmo_iUmam ‡oVgmX AmoU AmaVrgmR>r {UmË`m Hw$Qwß>]mßMr gßª`m ‡emgZmg YS>H$râdUmar hm{Vr. Jwbm_ Am_¿`mVrb Amh{ AmoU À`mß¿`mV gm_œ © Amh{ Aer o^Îbg_mOmg AmÒWm oZ_m©U Pmbr. dfm©Zwdf} ¡`m g_mOmbm BVa g_mOmßH$Sy>ZH$dS>r_m{b oHß$_V o_iV hm{Vr, Aem g_mOmbm EH$Ã H$Í$Z À`mßZr "Am[^md'OmJdbm. >Òdmo^_mZmMr OmUrd H$Í$Z oXbr. Hw$Qwß>]Ï`dÒWm, ZmV{gß]ßY `mßZmAmH$ma oXbm AmoU [aÒ[a[yaH$ OrdZ OJ `mMr oXem oXbr. gßV Jwbm__hmamOmß¿`m C[X{em_wi{ o^Îb g_mO Ï`gZ_w∑V Pmbm. `m Ï`gZ_w∑VrMm[oaUm_ H$m` Pmbm? Va [°gm dmMbm. KamV AmZßX ZmßXy bmJbm. gßV Jwbm__hmamOmß¿`m C[X{emMm [oaUm_ Iy[ Im{bda Pmbm. o^Îb g_mOmZ{ XmÍ$ o[U{ ]ßXH{$Î`m_wi{ Vim{Xm Vmbw∑`mVrb XmÍ$M{ JwŒm{ AoYH$moYH$ Am{g [Sy> bmJb{. AmO ZmC⁄m hr Midi _mJ{ [S{>b `m Ame{da XmÍ$ JwŒ`mßM{ _mbH$ XwH$mZ CKSy>ZoJËhmBH$mMr dmQ> ]KV ]gm`M{. ^md H$_r H$Í$Z [mohb{. [U H$mhrhr [oaUm_Pmbm Zmhr. gd©Ã ewH$ewH$mQ>. e{dQ>r EH$ AmYma, EH$ Amem ÂhUyZ V{ dmK X{dm¿`mgUmMr, [m{ `mMr dmQ> [mhy bmJb{. [aß[amo‡` bm{H$ oZXmZ `m gUmbm Var XmÍ$o[ `mg {Vrb Ag{ À`mßZm dmQ{>. [U Vg{ KS>b{ Zmhr. J{Î`m dfu> oOV∑`me{H$SÁmMr XmÍ$ odH$br J{br, V{dTÁm È[`mßMrhr XmÍ$ odH$br J{br Zmhr. gßVJwbm_ _hmamOmß¿`m C[X{emMr hr oH$_`m hm{Vr.

gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO `mßZr dZdmgr j{ÃmV H´$mßVr KS>dyZ AmUbr. g_mOOmJ•VrPmbr. g_mOm¿`m dV©ZmV [oadV©Z Pmb{. gßV Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZm O{ A[{ojV hm{V{V{ V{ ‡À`jmV {D$ bmJb{. gm{_dmaMr AmaVr Pmbr H$r gßV Jwbm_ _hmamOC[pÒWVmßZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV. AmO ¡`m‡_mU{ ‡dMZ, Ï`mª`mZ oXb{ OmV{, Vg{MÀ`mßM{ ÒdÍ$[ hm{V{. `m AmaVr¿`m H$m ©H´$_mVyZ À`mßZr "Am[ H$r O`' hm OrdZ_ßÃMo^Îb ]mßYdmßZm oXbm hm{Vm. hm _ßÃ o^Îb ]mßYdmß¿`m Am[m[gmVrb Ao^dmXZmMm_ßÃ Pmbm. AmaVrZßVa gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO o^Îbr ^mf{V C[X{e H$aV. À`mjUrÀ`mß¿`m AßVamÀÂ`mbm O{ odMma Ò\w$aV V{ Ï`∑V H$Í$Z gßV Jwbm_ _hmamOC[pÒWVmßZm kmZm_•V X{V. 1937 gmbr _hmoedamÃrbm [ohbm AmaVr g_maßPmbm, V{Ïhm g_mO ]mßYdmßZm ]m{Y H$aVmZm V{ ÂhUmb{, ""[mhm, [wT{> H$ir _mOyZ


H$mi H$R>rU {Uma. `m Am[ ôdÓ`H$mim¿`m Am[ Jwbm_ aßOZmM{ Ia{ dm∑` gmßJU{Amh{. hr AmJ_ Jm{Ô>rMr gwZdVr Amh{. ÂhUyZ AmO B©Ìdar AmaVr [yOZmV _rim,Ag{ Am[ Jwbm_ ^JdmZmM{ Am[ gÀ` gmßJU{ Amh{. Var Am[ o^Îb ]ßYyßZm{ d Am[o_Ã _ßS>itZm{ `m gßYrbm J_dy ZH$m. Am[ gßgma o_œ`m Amh{ AmoU Am[ Zm°H$mâbr Amh{. [m `mV Oer VaV{ Ver Am[ aßOZ < ZmamÙ `mß¿`m gw_mJ© YÍ$ZMmbVrb Va Am[ o^Îb ]ßYyßZm{ d AmO o_Ã_ßS>irZ{ ghO VÍ$Z Omb AmoUAm[b{ H$Î`mU _mJm©g [mÃ Ïhmb Ag{ Am[ Jwbm_ ^JdmZm¿`m [oapÒWVrdÍ$Z Ia{À`mßM{ gmßJU{ Amh{. h{ Am[m{Am[ Jwbm_ ^JdmZmM{ gmßJU{ Amh{. Am[ o^Îb ]ßYyßZm{,Am[UM H$m` AR>`mB©›`mVr ]´m˜Ugw’m Am[ B©Ìdar AmaVr [yOZmbm d Am[e„Xmbm _mZUma Zmhr Va y_rdagw’m amh `mMm AoYH$ma Zmhr Ag{ Am[ Jwbm_^JdmZmM{ Am[ gÀ` gmßJU{ Amh{.''

gßV Jwbm_ _hmamOmßZr H$m{UV{hr H$_©H$mßS> gmßoJVb{ Zmhr. "Am[' ÂhUO{ ÒdV:AmoU "Am[' ÂhUO{ OZVmOZmX©Z Agm Oa odMma H{$bm, Va B©Ìda gd©R>m`r Amh{.ÂhUO{ Vm{ "Am['_‹ {hr Amh{. À`mßMr [yOm H$am Ag{ gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO `mßZrgmßoJVb{. "gßKQ>Z _| e∑Vr h¢>' h{ ]m{Ydm∑` gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO OmUV Agmd{V.g_yhe∑VrMm ‡^md AmoU [oaUm_ VÀH$mi oXgyZ {Vm{. g_yhmM{ ÒdV:M{ Ag{ EH$_mZgemÒÃ AgV{. d° o∑VH$ OrdZmV ]Xb KS>dyZ AmU `mgmR>r g_mO h{ EH$CŒm_ _m‹`_ AgV{. gßV Jwbm_ _hmamO `mßZr `m _m‹`_mMm [wa{[ya C[`m{J H$Í$ZK{Vbm, Ag{ ÂhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr.

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d{ir "AÒ[•Ì`Vm hm Y_m©Mm ^mJ Zmhr, AÒ[•Ì`Vm Y_©gß_V Zmhr' Agm R>amd_mßS>bm J{bm AmoU gd© gmYwgßVmßZr Vm{ EH$_wImZ{ _m›` H{$bm. [U h{ EH$_VghOmghOr V`ma Pmb{ ZÏhV{. gd© Y_m©Mm`m™M{ EH$_V H$a `mM{ H$m_ am.Òd.gßKmM{ gagßKMmbH$ Jm{idbH$a JwÈOr AmoU amÔ>≠gßV VwH$S>m{Or _hmamO `mß¿`m‡`ÀZmßMr \$blwVr hm{Vr. BVH{$ oXdg AÒ[•Ì`Vm, OmoV {X hm Y_m©Mm ^mJ _mZyZÏ`dhma hm{V hm{Vm. `m R>amdmZ{ Vm{ H$bßH$ YwVbm J{bm.

1967 gmbr JwÈHwß$O _m{Par {W{ AoIb ^maVr` Am wd}X gß_{bZ Pmb{.À`mM‡_mU{ amÔ>≠ajmhr ZmJ[wamV Pmb{. `m H$m ©H´$_mV amÔ>≠gßV goH´$` gh^mJr Pmb{.1967 gmbr ZmoeH$ {W{ ^∑Vr gß_{bZ [ma [S>b{. À`mVhr amÔ>≠gßVmßMm gh^mJhm{Vm. amÔ>≠gßVmßZr 1967Mr AmfmT>r dmar H{$br. V{Ïhm [ßT>a[wamV OZg_wXm`mg_m{aÂhQ>b{ hm{V{, ""A] `hr h° _{ar AmIar dmar Am°a `hr h¢$ od«>b Xa]ma H$r hmOarH$m AmIar ÔZ&'' amÔ>≠gßV AmOmar Pmb{. dmT>V{ d` AmoU H$H©$am{J `mßßZr À`mßZmJ´mgb{ hm{V{. _wß]B©bm H$mhr oXdg C[Mma Pmb{, [U [oaUm_ ey›` hm{V{. ‡H•$VrgwYmaV Zmhr ÂhUyZ amÔ>≠gßV Am[Î`m H$_© y_rV JwÈHwß$O _m{ParV XmIb Pmb{. V{W{Am wd}oXH$ Am°fY{ oXbr, [U ‡H•$Vr jrU hm{V J{br AmoU 11 Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1968am{Or amÔ>≠gßVmßZr X{h À`mJbm.

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"amÔ>≠ ‡W_' hr amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO `mßMr yo_H$m hm{Vr AmoU ÂhUyZamÔ>≠g{dm ÂhUO{M B©Ìdag{dm, amÔ>≠g{dm ÂhUO{M _mZÏ` g{dm hm À`mßMm H•$Vr H$m ©H´$_hm{Vm. H$m{UÀ`mhr AWm©Z{ amÔ>≠mMr C[{jm hm{Vm H$m_m Z { hm À`mßMm AmJ´h Ag{. V{ÂhUVmV, ""Ï`m[H$ VŒdm¿`m ZmdmImbr amÔ>≠r`V{Mr C[{jm dm oVMm oY∑H$ma H$Í$Z_mZ `mMm [waÒH$ma H$aUmË`mß¿`m hmVyZ Z amÔ>≠g{dm KS{>b Zm _mZÏ`g{dm. "BXß MZmoÒV [aß b‰`V{' AerM À`mßMr AdÒWm hm{B©b. amÔ>≠ OmUma, _mZd OmUma AmoUe{dQ>r Jwbm_r dm _aU _mÃ hmVmer {Uma. _mZdV{M{ _ßoXa C^maU{ h{ Va Am_M{‹ { Amh{, [U _mZdV{Mm [m`m AgUmar amÔ>≠r`Vm hr Oa _O]yV Zg{b, ]bdmZZg{b, VŒdoZ> Zg{b, Va dmiyda ]mßYb{br B_maV H$m{gi `mV AdH$me Vm{oH$Vrgm bmJUma! ÂhUyZ _mZÏ`mM{ ^Ï` oXÏ` _ßoXa C^ma `mgmR>r À`mg [∑H$m[m`m KmbyZ X{Umar _mZÏ`[m{fH$ Om¡dÎ` g_Ô>roZ>m (amÔ>≠oZ>m) AmÂhr OmJ•VH$Í$ Bo¿N>Vm{. Vr EdTÁmMgmR>r H$r Am_M{ _mZÏ` g{d{M{ ÒdflZ h{ H{$di ÒdflZ ZR>aVm gmH$ma Ïhmd{, ‡À`j g•Ô>rV AdVrU© Ïhmd{ ÂhUyZ!''

amÔ>≠ AmoU _mZÏ` AWdm _mZdVm `m Xm{›hr Jm{Ô>r [aÒ[amßer gßbΩZ Amh{V._mUyg C^m amohbm, Va amÔ>≠ ]bdmZ hm{B©b AmoU amÔ>≠ oQ>H$b{, Va _mZdVmoeÎbH$ amhrb Ag{ h{ [aÒ[a[yaH$V{M{ gyÃ amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO gmßJV.

amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a `mßZr "amÔ>≠' h{ Am[Î`m odMmamM{, H$m`m©M{ H|$– _mZb{ hm{V{AmoU À`mgmR>r À`mßZr oÃgyÃr V`ma H{$br hm{Vr. Vr [wT>rb‡_mU{ - 1) X{em¿`mÒdmVßÕ`mgmR>r d C›ZVrgmR>r A›`m` ‡oVH$ma oZ ›`màjH$ Aer H$V•©ÀdembrOZe∑Vr OmJ•V H$aU{, 2) EH$m H$m ©j_, ]bdmZ OZe∑Vrbm `m{Ω` diU X{U{,3) AmßVaamÔ>≠r` d•ŒmrZ{ âb{Î`m bm{H$mßM{ gßª`m]i ew’r¿`m ¤ma{ KQ>dyZ gß mÏ`gßH$Q>m¿`m ImB©VyZ X{embm dmMdU{. `m oV›hr gyÃmßMm odMma H{$bm, Va Ag{ bjmV

{B©b H$r amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a h{ [aVßÃ X{embm ÒdVßÃ H$a `mgmR>r ‡`ÀZ H$aUma{gß›`mgr hm{V{. A‹`mÀ_, Y_©, ^∑Vr, C[mgZm `m gmË`m Jm{Ô>r amÔ>≠gßV[mMb{JmdH$amßZr Am[Î`m AZw m`mßZm gmßoJVÎ`m. À`m odf`mda od[wb ‡dMZ{H{$br. d{Jd{J˘`m oR>H$mUr Ï`mª`mZ{ oXbr. Y_©, B©Ìda, [aß[am, Í$T>r `mßda À`mßZr


^mÓ` H{$b{. Varhr `m gdm™VyZ amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO `mßZr "amÔ>≠X{dmMr',"g_Ô>rY_m©Mr' AmamYZm gmßoJVbr. amÔ>≠ C[mgZm AmoU g_Ô>r Y_© `mß¿`mgmR>rbm{H$gßJ´hmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr. bm{H$gßJ´h OmÒVrV OmÒV H$am`Mm Va OmVr`Vmd odf_Vm ZÔ> Pmbr [mohO{, `mMr _hmamOmßZm OmUrd hm{Vr. À`mgmR>r À`mßZrOrU©_Vdm⁄mßMm am{f [ÀH$Í$Z AÒ[•Ì`Vm oZdmaUmMr Midi hmVr K{Vbr. hOmam{bm{H$mßZm ew” H$Í$Z ÒdY_m©V K{Vb{. amÔ>≠m{ÀWZmMm, ÒdmVßÕ`mMm ‹`mg K{Vb{bm hmVÈU dJ© À`mßZr C^m H{$bm.

oX. 1 d 2 OyZ 1938 am{Or S>m∞. _wßO{ `mß¿`m A‹`jV{Imbr odX^m©VrbX{D$iJmd amOm {W{ amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a `mß¿`m ‡`ÀZmVyZ ohßXy Y_© [oafXK{ `mV Ambr. ohßXy Y_m©Vrb OmVr`Vm ZÔ> Pmbr [mohO{ hm `m [oafX{Mm C‘{ehm{Vm. `m [oafX{V [wT>rb R>amd gß_V H$a `mV Amb{ -

1) ohßXy g_mOmVrb OmoV {X Xya hm{D$Z EH$oOZgr ohßXy g_mO oZ_m©U Ïhmdm,`mgmR>r gd© OmVtVrb Y_©H•$À { d C[mgZm d°oXH$ [’VrZ{M Mmbod `mV `mÏ`mV.`m]m]V [wam{ohVmßZr gmhmÊ` H$amd{. [wam{ohVmßZr H$_©H•$À` H$a `mMm Am_MmMAoYH$ma Amh{ hm h≈> gm{Sy>Z ⁄mdm. 2) "Aßhß ]´ moÒ_' `m VŒdm›d { AÒ[•Ì`VmY_©]m¯ R>aod `mV Ambr. ‡À {H$ ohßXyZ{ Ò[•Ì`mÒ[•Ì` h{ {X Zmhrg{ H$amd{V.`mgmR>r gmd©OoZH$ aÒV{, odohar d X{dmb { AÒ[•Ì`mßZm Iwbr AgmdrV.3) oZPm_ gßÒWmZmVrb ]hwodY ohßXyßdarb A›`m` Xya Ïhmd{V d À`mßZm ›`mò_imdm. 4) OZV{Mm [°gm BÒbm_ Y_©‡gmamgmR>r dm[Í$ Z {. gßÒWmZmVrbohe{]mda bm{H$gŒm{Mm Vm]m amhrb Aem gwYmaUm Vm]S>Vm{] A_bmV `mÏ`mV.

hr ohßXy Y_©[oafX oZPm_¿`m gßÒWmZmVM Ïhm`Mr hm{Vr, [U oZOm_mZ{ ohßXyY_© [oafX{bm [admZJr ZmH$mabr. À`m_wi{ amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamOmßZrodX^m©Vrb X{D$iJmd amOm `m Jmdr oZOm_ gßÒWmZm¿`m gah‘rbm hr [oafXAm`m{oOV H{$br. V{Ïhm À`mßM{ d` H{$di 16 dfm™M{ hm{V{. `mdÍ$Z bjmV {B©b H$r,]mbd`mV amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO oH$Vr bm{H$o‡` hm{V{ AmoU À`mßM{ odMmaoH$Vr Ò[Ô> hm{V{. odX^m©Vrb hr ohßXy Y_©[oafX AZ{H$ AWm™Zr JmObr. gm_moOH$AßJmZ{ Y_m©Mr _mßS>Ur H$a `mM{ Aem ‡H$maM{ H$m_ ÒdmVßÕ`dra gmdaH$a À`mH$mimV H$aV hm{V{. aÀZmoJar {W{ ÒWmZ]’V{¿`m H$mimV À`mßZr gm_moOH$ H´$mßVrKS>dyZ AmUbr. À`mVrb EH$ ‡`m{J ÂhUO{ [oVV[mdZ _ßoXa hm{ . H$mhr _V {XdJib{ Va Xm{KmßMr oXem EH$ hm{Vr AmoU b˙`hr EH$M hm{V{. 1929¿`m JU{eCÀgdmV ÒdmVßÕ`dra gmdaH$amßZr amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$amßZm aÀZmoJarV { `mM{


AmJ´hmM{ oZ_ßÃU oXb{. gmdaH$amßMr {Q> ø`mdr Aer _hmamOmßMr Iy[ oXdgmßMrCÀH$Q> B¿N>m hm{Vr. amÔ>≠gßV aÀZmoJarg J{b{. V{W{ oX. 11 gflQ|>]a 1929 am{OramÔ>≠gßVmß¿`m A‹`jV{Imbr X{dmb` ‡d{emda gmdaH$amßM{ >Ï`mª`mZ Pmb{. À`mZßVaamÔ>≠gßVmßM{ Ï`mª`mZ Pmb{. oX. 12 gflQ|>]a 1929 am{Or _ßoXa ‡d{emMm H$m ©H´$_Pmbm. `m H$m ©H´$_mbm bm{H$mßZr ‡MßS> ‡oVgmX oXbm. ohßXy _hmg {¿`m dVrZ{amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamOmßZm _mZ[Ã A[©U H$a `mV Amb{.

g_mOmV AoÒVÀdmV AgUma{ {X AmoU À`mVyZ hm{Umar _mZdV{Mr [m`_ÎbrÂhUyZM OmoV {X gß[b{ [mohO{V. g_mO EH$m g_mZ gyÃmV ]mßYyZ amÔ>≠m¿`mAmÀÂ`mer Om{S>m`Mm hm{Vm. ohßXy g_mOmV AgUmar Ymo_©H$ d•Œmr À`mßZm ZÏ`moXe{bm K{D$Z Om`Mr hm{Vr. OmoV {Xm]m]V V{ ÂhUV, ""OmoV {X, dJ© {X oZ_m©UPmb{ Amh{V, V{ ‡oV{>¿`m Im{QÁm H$Î[Z{_wi{ d [modÕ`m¿`m ´m_H$V{_wi{. H•$oÃ_AkmZmVyZ CÀ[›Z Pmb{b{ JQ> {X, KmVH$ dJ© {X d _mZÏ`mM{ VwH$S{> H$aUma{ dße {Xd ZrVrM{ N{>XZ H$Í$Z oV¿`m Ma]rZ{ d a∑VmZ{ _mIb{b{ g_mOmVrb YmaUmodam{YrH•$oÃ_ {X AmÂhr ^JdVg{dm ÂhUyZM Zmhrg{ H$Í$ Bo¿N>Vm{.'' `mdÍ$Z À`mßM{ ‹ {H$m` hm{V{ h{ bjmV {V{.

amÔ>≠gßV [mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO `mßMm O›_ 12 Zm{Ïh|]a 1912 am{Or [aÛroOÎ¯mVrb oOßVya Vmbw∑`mVrb [mMb{Jmd `m oR>H$mUr Pmbm. doS>bmßM{ ZmdamOmam_[ßV Hw$bH$Uu, Va AmB©M{ Zmd H•$ÓUm]mB© C\©$ ^mJm]mB© Ag{ hm{V{. ZdOmV]mbH$mM{ Zmd "Zaogßh' Ag{ R{>d `mV Amb{. ]mbH$ Zaogßh H$mhr _oh›`mßMmAgVmZm d`m{d•’ V[Òdr _mYdml_ Òdm_r [mMb{Jmdbm Amb{. À`mßZr ZaogßhmM{ôdÓ` gmßoJVb{ AmoU Zaogßhm¿`m _mVmo[À`mßZm À`mß¿`m F$UmZw]ßYmMr _mohVrgmßoJVbr. _mYdml_ Òdm_tZr Zaogßhmg ]rO_ßÃ oXbm AmoU gßMma{Ìda h{ ZmdoXb{.

C[OV Im{S>H$a d•Œmr_wi{ Zaogßh Agßª` Im{SÁm H$aV Ag{. À`mbm AmdaU{AmB©doS>bmßZm AdKS> OmD$ bmJb{. EH$m ]mOybm Im{SÁm H$Í$Z gdm™Zm h°amUH$aUmam Zaogßh ÔZ-H$rV©ZmV _mÃ V›_` hm{D$Z OmB©. AmB©doS>bmßZr Zaogßhmbmemi{V KmVb{, [U À`mbm emi{V OmU{ AmdS>V Zg{. emi{Mr Jm{S>r Zgbr, VarÀ`mMr ]w’r H$_mbrMr Vrd´ hm{Vr. JmdmOdiMm S>m|Ja d amZ_mi h{ ZaogßhmM{AmdS>V{ oR>H$mU. oVW{ Vm{ Am[Î`m gdßJSÁmgm{]V I{iV amhr. ]mamISÁm AmoU[ßYam[ ™VM{ [mT{> EdT>m A‰`mgH´$_ ZaogßhZ{ H$gm]gm [wam H{$bm AmoU emi{bmam_am_ R>m{H$bm Vm{ H$m`_MmM. _mÃ B©Ìda^∑Vr À`mbm o‡` hm{Vr. À`mV Vm{ a_yZ


OmB©. S>m|Jamdarb _w∑V{Ìdam¿`m Xe©Zmbm OmU{, À`m [wamVZ [odÃ odembemiwßH{$Mr Am[Î`m gdßJSÁmßgh [yOm H$aU{ hm À`mMm Nß>X. VhmZ yH$, d{i, H$migd© H$mhr odgÍ$Z Vm{ À`m g•oÔ>oZ ßÀ`mer VmXmÀÂ` [mdm`Mm. [yO{V Vm{ X{h^mZhadyZ OmB©.

Zaogßh O›_V: YmS>gr hm{Vm. À`mbm XwJw©UmßMr ^ ßH$a MrS> hm{Vr.[mMb{JmdmVrb bm{H$ ogßXrMr XmÍ$ [rV AmoU ew’ ha[yZ aÒÀ`mda [S>V.Zaogßhbm h{ [mhdb{ Zmhr. À`mZ{ JmdmV Zem]ßXr KS>dyZ AmU `mMm oZYm©a H{$bm.O{{W{ oeßXrMr XmÍ$ ]Zdbr OmV Ag{ V{W{ Zaogßh [m{hm{Mbm AmoU À`mZ{ XmÍ$¿`mgmRÁmV _mVr H$mbdbr. Xm{Z-Mma d{im hm ‡H$ma KS>bm. Am[Î`m N>m{QÁm H•$VrVyZZaogßhmZr XmÈSÁmßgmR>r H$S>H$S>rV Zem]ßXr KS>dyZ AmUbr.

Zaogßh O{_V{_ ghm dfm™Mm hm{Vm V{ÏhmMr Jm{Ô>. oXdg ZmJ[ßM_rMm hm{Vm.Zaogßhm¿`m AmB©Z{ _mVrMm ZmJ ]ZdyZ À`mßMr [yOm _mßS>br. ZaogßhmZ{ h{ [mohb{AmoU YmdV OßJbmV J{bm AmoU EH$ oOdßV ZmJ [H$Sy>Z AmUbm. Vm{ AmB©g_m{aR{>dbm AmoU ÂhUmbm, ""AmB©, _mVr¿`m ZmJmMr [yOm H$m` H$aV{g? `m oOdßVZmJmMr [yOm H$a.'' oOdßV ZmJmMr [yOm H$er H$am`Mr? AmB© Km]abr. _JZaogßhmZ{ ÒdV:M [yOm H{$br AmoU Vm{ ZmJ ÒdV:¿`m J˘`mV KmVbm.

H$Wm, [wamU{ E{H$VmZm ZaogßhmMr ^mdg_mYr bmJ{. oQ>[H$mJXmgmaIr À`mMrd•Œmr hm{Vr. O{ O{ H$mZmda [S{>b V{ V{ _ZmV gmMdyZ R{>dm`M{ hm Òd^md. AemVMZaogßhmM{ AmR> dfm™M{ d` Pmb{. Zaogßhm¿`m bΩZmMm odMma gwÍ$ Pmbm. gm{ arH$R>abr. BH$S{> bΩZmMr V`mar gwÍ$ Pmbr AmoU oVH$S{> Zaogßhm¿`m S>m{∑`mV d{Ji{ModMmaMH´$ o\$Í$ bmJb{. ÒdX{e AmoU ÒdX{e]mßYd [maVßÕ`mV AmoU od[›ZmdÒW{VoH$SÁm_wßΩ`mßM{ OrdZ OJV AgÎ`mM{ Vm{ [mhV hm{Vm. X{emMm AmoU OJmMm gßgmaH$Í$ Bo¿N>UmË`m Zaogßhmbm Mma o ßVt¿`m AmV Ïò∑VJV gßgma WmQ> `mV ÈMrdmQ{>Zm. XeoXem Zaogßhmbm gmX KmbV hm{À`m. À`mZ{ Am[Î`m ZmVbJmßZmgmßoJVb{, ""_mP{ Va bΩZ hm{UmaM Zmhr, [U AmO Xw[mar AmJrMm S>m|] CgiyZÀ`mV V{ Ka AmoU AmOr OiyZ ImH$ hm{Uma.'' ZaogßhmM{ ]m{b VßVm{VßV Ia{ R>ab{.^Ò_gmV Pmb{Î`m KamM{ ^Ò_ earamda YmaU H$Í$Z Zaogßh Kam]mh{a [S>bm Vm{H$m`_MmM. O{Ïhm gd©gßJ[oaÀ`mJ H$Í$Z Zaogßh X{emQ>Zmg oZKmbm, V{Ïhm À`mM{d` AdK{ AmR>-ZD$ dfm™M{ hm{V{. Am[Î`m JwÍß$Zr R{>db{b{ "gßMma{Ìda'$ h{Zm_mo^YmZ gmW© H$a `mgmR>r Zaogßh gßgma H$arV oZKmbm. ‡maß r À`mßZr Am¢T>mZmJZmW, bm{Uma BÀ`mXr VrWm™M{ Xe©Z K{Vb{. `m{JemÒÃmV doU©b{b{ Aohßgm, gÀ`,


AÒV{ , ]´ M ©, A[oaJ´h d em°M gßVm{f, O[, B©Ìda‡oUYmZ AmXr oZ`_ [yU©[U{AßJr ]mUdyZ B©ÌdaoMßVZ, AZw>mZ d _ZZ `mV H$mhr H$mi Ï`VrV H{$bm. À`mZßVa"]m]m _hmamO', "N>m{Q{> _hmamO', "[mMb{JmdH$a _hmamO' `m ZmdmßZr V{ gd©Ã‡og’rg Amb{.

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o‡¡ wS>mBg' `mgmaª`m AoÔmV gmohÀ`mMm AmÒdmX K{Vbm. BßpΩbe ^mf{VrbgmohÀ`mMm A‰`mg H$a `mMr À`mßMr B¿N>m ]bdŒma hm{V J{br. [mR>emi{VrbA‰`mgH´$_ [yU© H$Í$Z d`m¿`m 21Ï`m dfu [mßSw>aßJ [w›hm _wß]B©bm Amb{. BßoΩbegmohÀ`mMr oOkmgm ÒdÒW ]gy X{V ZÏhVr. _wß]B©¿`m am∞ b Eoe`moQ>H$ bm`]árM{V{ gXÒ` Pmb{. gH$mir Amo›hH$ CaHy$Z V{ JßWmb`mV OmV AmoU JßWmb` ]ßXhm{B©[ ™V dmMV ]gV. odb SÁwaßQ> `m VŒdd{Œ`m¿`m "b{g›g Am∞\$ ohÒQ>ar', "Xoa\$m∞_}eZ', "X EO Am∞\$ Ïhm∞ÎV{Aa', "X ÒQ>m{ar Am∞\$ o\$bm∞gm∞\$r' `m JßWmß¿`mdmMZmZ{ À`mßMr AßV_w©IVm dmT>br. _ZmV odMmam¿`m bmQ>m C‰`m amohÎ`m.

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`mVyZM VŒdkmZ od⁄m[rR>m¿`m C^maUrMm odf` AmH$mambm {D$ bmJbm.Km{S>]ßXa am{S>, R>mU{ {W{ Mm°Xm EH$a O_rZ Ia{Xr H{$br. `m OmJ{Mm H$gm H$gmodH$mg H$am`Mm `mMr [mßSw>aßJemÒÃt[mer Ò[Ô> H$Î[Zm hm{Vr. ]KVm-]KVmod⁄m[rR>m¿`m B_maVr C‰`m amohÎ`m. 14 Eo‡b 1958 am{{Or S>m∞. amYmH•$ÓUZ`mß¿`m C[oÒWVrV od⁄m[rR>mM{ CX≤KmQ>Z Pmb{. `m d{ir od⁄m[rR>m]m]VMr Am[br

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E{∑`^mdZm —T> H$aVm{. gd© Òdm‹`m`r EH$mM [oadmamVrb Amh{V. Am_M{ EH$ X°drHw$Qwß>] Amh{. `m{J{Ìda Am_Mm o[Vm Amh{. Hw$Qwß>]‡_wI Amh{. EHy$UM Òdm‹`m`¿`m‹ { modf`r d H$m ©‡Umbrodf`r emÒÃrOtZr obohb{ Amh{, "Òdm‹`m`M{ \$obVÂhUO{ Òd ßemogV, ‡ w‡{_r, AmÀ_l’mdmZ, [wÈfmW©o‡`, emÒÃodMma OmUUmam,gßÒH•$Vr‡{_r g_mO, Vm{ AmÂhm Òdm‹`m`tZm V`ma H$am`Mm Amh{. O{W{ H•$Vr[{jmd•ŒmtZm, dÒVy[{jm odMmambm, ^m{Jm[{jm ^mdmbm, ÒdmWm©[{jm g_[©Umbm, Ï`∑Vr[{jmgßKmbm, g‰`V{[{jm gßÒH•$Vrbm, [oaUm_m[{jm ‡`ÀZmbm, e∑Vr[{jm gŒdmbm,VH$m©[{jm VŒdmbm AmoU YZm[{jm Y_m©bm ‡oV>m Ag{b Agm g_mO AmÂhmbm]Zdm`Mm Amh{.'

Òdm‹`m`mZ{ H$m{UVr JwUgß[Œmr {V{? [mßSw>aßJemÒÃrOtZr Òdm‹`m`mM{ [mM JwUgmßoJVb{ Amh{V. 1) H•$VkVm 2) ApÒ_Vm 3) V{OpÒdVm 4) ^md[yU©Vm AmoU 5)g_[©U. `m [mM JwUmßZr w∑V AgUmam Òdm‹`m`r H$gm AgVm{? `m ‡ÌZmM{ CŒma[wT>rb‡_mU{ Amh{ - "Òdm‹`m`Í$[r [mUr _mZdr OrdZm¿`m gd© AßJmßZm o_imb{ Va_mZd \w$bVm{. [wÔ> hm{Vm{, XadiVm{. Òdm‹`m`r AgmM XadiVm{.' [mßSw>aßJemÒÃrZ{h_r ÂhUV, "Ahß ]´ mpÒ_' hm H{$di gmYH$mß¿`m AZw yVrMm odf` Zmhr, Vagd©gm_m›` _mUgmbm À`mMm H$mR>rgmaIm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. d{XemÒÃgß[›ZAgb{Î`m, ‡H$mßS>[ßoS>V, Agm_m›` od¤Œmm AgUma{ [mßSw>aßJemÒÃr B©ÌdamM{AoY>mZ d _mUgm¿`m odH$mgm]‘b dmQ>Umar Vi_i K{D$Z AÏ`mhV MmbVamohb{. ^JdßV gVV _m¬`m]am{]a Amh{. Vm{ _mPm goH´$` ^mJrXma Amh{ h{ g_Ob{Va _mUgmMr dV©UyH$ ]Xb{b. À`mMr H•$Vr ]Xb{b. ^JdßV H$m{UÀ`mhr A[{j{oedm`_m¬`mH$oaVm am]Vm{ hm odMmaV H•$VkVm AmUVm{. Om{ od^∑V Zmhr Vm{ ^∑V dÀ`mMr H•$VkVm[yd©H$ AmR>dU H$aU{ ÂhUO{ ^∑Vr. Aem ‡{aUmXm`r odMmamM{ [mW{gm{]V K{D$Z [mßSw>aßJemÒÃr g_mOmV dmdaV hm{V{. À`mß¿`m odMmamM{ A_•V ‡meZH$Í$Z EH$ Zdr o[T>r CX`mg {V hm{Vr.

1958_‹ { gm°amÔ>≠mV [mßSw>aßJemÒÃrOtZr Òdm‹`m`¿`m H$m_mbm gwÈdmV H{$br.]KVm ]KVm `m Midirbm Iy[ _m{RÁm [oadmamM{ ÒdÍ$[ ‡mflV Pmb{. bmIm{ Jar],_‹`_dJu` AmoU lr_ßV dJm©Vrb VÈU _wb{-_wbr AmoU ÒÃr-[wÈf `mV gm_rbPmb{. h{ gd© OU OmoVY_m©¿`m o ßVr Vm{Sy>Z B©Ìdar ‡{_mMm gmjmÀH$ma KS>dy bmJb{.A‹`mÀÂ`m¿`m e∑VrVyZ AmÌM ©H$maH$oaÀ`m gm_moOH$ d AmoW©H$ [oadV©Z KSy>bmJb{. [mßSw>aßJemÒÃtZr JrV{¿`m AmYmamZ{ _mUgm¿`m AßVarMm [a]´ OmJ•V H{$bm.À`mbm Òdmo^_mZmMr, AmÀ_m{›ZVrMr OmUrd H$Í$Z oXbr. B©Ìda A›`Ã H$m{R{> ZgyZ


Vw¬`m R>m`r Amh{, VyM B©ÌdamMm Aße Amh{g, X{d Vw¬`mgm{]V Amh{, Aer^mdOmJ•Vr [mßSw>aßJemÒÃtZr H{$br. emÒÃrOtZr JrV{Mm H$_© m{J AmoU g{dm^∑Vr`mßZm _hŒd oXb{. JrVm hm H{$di dmMZ, _ZZmMm odf` Zmhr, Va OJ `mMm odfÀmh{. hm odf` ^∑VrMr Midi H$Í$ eH$Vm{ h{ [mßSw>aßJemÒÃtZr OmUb{ hm{V{.H$_©H$mßS>mßZm \$mQ>m X{V _ZwÓ`mbm C›ZV H$a `mMm Ao^Zd ‡`m{J À`mßZr Amaß bmhm{Vm.

1960 gmbr O[mZ {W{ "Eoe`moQ>H$ [rg [oafX{'gmR>r [mßSw>aßJemÒÃtZmg›_mZmZ{ ]m{bmdb{. `m [oafX{ZßVa wZm{¿`m [rg H$o_Q>rda emÒÃrOtZr H$m_ H$amd{ÂhUyZ EH$ ‡ÒVmd Ambm, [U emÒÃrOtZr Vm{ ZmH$mabm. H$rVu, g›_mZ `m[mgyZXya amhyZ emÒÃrOr H$m_ H$aV amohb{. [mßSw>aßJemÒÃr AmR>db|Zm H{$di Ymo_©H$,A‹`moÀ_H$ j{ÃmV H$m_ H$am`M{ ZÏhV{. OrdZmbm Ò[e© H$aUmË`m gd© j{ÃmßZmÒdm‹`m`Mm [argÒ[e© Ïhmdm, Aer À`mßMr gßH$Î[Zm hm{Vr. `mVyZM gm°amÔ>≠mVrbamOwbm Jmdr "VŒd¡`m{Vr', H$¿N>_Yrb dmßXm` JmdmV "B©Ìda^mdZm' AmoUZmoeH$¿`m bm{UmadmS>rV "^mdgm°a^' Aer OrdZ‡km od⁄mb { gwÍ$ H$Í$ZemÒÃrOtZr oejU j{ÃmV H´$mßVr KS>dyZ AmUbr. O{Ïhm[mgyZ Òdm‹`m`M{ H$m_ gwÍ$Pmb{ V{Ïhm[mgyZ X{eâmV dfm©bm H$_rV H$_r [ßYam-drg oeo]a{ [mßSw>aßJemÒÃrOrH$aV. JrV{Mm AW© ZÏ`m ÒdÍ$[mV _mßS>V AmoU X{d gd©Ã Amh{, À`mMr ^∑Vr H$amhm gßX{e g_mOmV ÈOdV hm{V{. `m MidirMr \$blwVr ÂhUyZ Jar]-lr_ßV hr

{Xa{fm gß[br. OmV-Y_© `mßM{ ‡ÒW gß[b{. _mUyg ÂhUyZ AmÀ_Jm°ad ‡mflV Pmb{bmEH$ _m{R>m g_wXm` X{em¿`m ododY ^mJmV V`ma Pmbm hm{Vm. oX. 23, 24 d 25\{$]wdmar 1969 am{Or VŒdkmZ od⁄m[rR>mV `m gmË`m Òdm‹`m`mM{ EH$ÃrH$aUH$a `mV Amb{. `m EH$ÃrH$aUmbm "^∑Vrg^m' Ag{ Zmd X{ `mV Amb{. X{eâ MmahOma Òdm‹`m`r ]ßYw mdmZ{ EH$Ã Amb{. ›`m`mYre, CÉ[XÒW, emgH$rÀoYH$mar, od¤mZ, H$m[S>oJaUr _mbH$, Ï`m[mar, S>m∞∑Q>a, BßOroZAa, dH$rb,gZXr b{Im[mb, ‡m‹`m[H$, oejH$, Zm{H$aXma, e{VH$ar Ag{ gd© ÒVamßVb{‡oVoZYr EH$Ã Amb{ hm{V{. `m VrZ oXdgmß¿`m H$mbIßS>mV MMm©, [oagßdmX d^∑Vr\{$ar H$Í$Z Amb{Î`mßM{ AZw dH$WZ Ag{ H$m ©H´$_ R>ab{ hm{V{. emÒÃrOtM{_mJ©Xe©Z hm ^∑Vrg {Mm Jm^m hm{Vm. C[oÒWV gd© ‡oVoZYtZm ‡gmXÍ$[mVJrVmgßX{em]am{]aM ^JdmZ `m{J{ÌdamMr ‡oVH•$Vr$ {Q> X{ `mV Ambr. e∑Vrg {Mmg_mam{[ H$aVmZm emÒÃrOr ÂhUmb{, ""OJm¿`m Hw$R>Î`mhr H$m{[Ë`mV ]gyZ H$m_H$am. V{ OJm¿`m C[`m{Jr Ag{b Va V{ OmJoVH$ H$m_ g_Omd{. OmJoVH$ H$m_


H$a `mgmR>r OJâ o\$ab{ [mohO{ Ag{ Zmhr. H$m_ OJm¿`m C[`m{JmM{ Agb{ÂhUO{ Pmb{. {ey oºÒV H$mhr OJâ o\$ab{ ZmhrV, [U À`mßM{ odMma OJmbmC[`m{Jr dmQ>b{. ÂhUyZ oºÒV OJmM{ ]Zb{. Am[Î`m ^JdmZ lrH•$ÓUmZ{ `mhyZ COd{H$m_ H{$b{b{ Amh{. [U AmO À`mMm odga [S>bm Amh{. OJmbm À`mMr OmUrd H$Í$ZX{U{ AmoU JrVm OJâ K{D$Z OmU{ h{ ‡À {H$ Òdm‹`m`rM{ H$V©Ï` R>aV{.''

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X{d H$mhr o^H$mar Amh{? Vg{ Ag{b Va EH$ o^H$mar _ßoXam¿`m ]mh{a C^m Amh{AmoU Xwgam _ßoXam¿`m Jm^mË`mV C^m Amh{, Agm AW© hm{B©b. ÂhUyZ IË`m_ßoXamMr H$Î[Zm ‹`mZmV ø`m. Ag{ AmXe© _ßoXa h{ gm{oeAm{-BH$m∞Zm∞o_H$ AWm©Vgm_moOH$ AW©H|$– Ag{b. [yOm Kar EH$mßVmV ]gyZ H$am`Mr AgV{. `mMm AW©_ßoXamV [yOm H$am`Mr Zmhr Agm hm{V Zmhr, [U _ßoXamMm _wª` h{Vy ‹`mZmV ø`m.gm_moOH$ A›`m` hm{Uma Zmhr Aer EH$ OmJm ‡À {H$ JmdmV Agbr [mohO{. VerHw$oQ>a _ßoXa{ Am[Î`mbm C^r H$am`Mr Amh{V. Am`m©dVrV `kodMma AmoU d{Xod⁄m‡^mdr[U{ H$m ©aV hm{À`m. XojU ^maVmV emÒÃr` _yoV©[yOm ‡MobV hm{Vr. `mXm{›ht¿`m EH$ÃrH$aUmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm dmQy> bmJbr. V{Ïhm lram_mZ{ AmoU grVm_mB©Z{`m Xm{Z odMmaYmam EH$ H{$Î`m AmoU Iar gßÒH•$Vr oZ_m©U H{$br. Mm°Xm dfm™¿`mdZdmgmVb{ À`mßM{ h{ gd©l{> H$m ©. hr _yoV©[yOm ^maVr`mßZr CMbbr AmoU oVbmKamKamV Z{D$Z [m{hm{Mdbr. À`m H$mir _ßoXa{ ZÏhVr. O{Ïhm X{d KamVM amhy bmJbmV{Ïhm Vm{ gm_moOH$ Ï`dhmamVyZ Xya Pmbm. À`m_wi{ Am[U EH$mM o[À`mMr b{H$a{Amhm{V, hr ^mdZm g_mOmVyZ ZÔ> hm{D$ bmJbr. [`m© mZ{ gm_moOH$ ÒdmÒœò]KS>b{. Aem d{ir g_mOmbm EH$m odMmamZ{ X{dmOdi AmUU{ AmdÌ`H$ hm{D$Z]gb{. `mMgmR>r gd© g_mOmZ{ EH$mM oR>H$mUr {D$Z Am[Î`m AS>MUr AmoU gßH$Q>{Xy>a ÏhmdrV ÂhUyZ EH$ OmJm oZoÌMV H{$br, Vr OmJm ÂhUO{M _ßoXa. AerM _ßoXa{Am[Î`mbm C^r H$am`Mr Amh{V.''

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1) [ßMaßJ H´$mßVr - gm_moOH$, amOH$r` AmoU AmoW©H$ H´$mßVr]am{]a ^mdoZH$ dAm‹`moÀ_H$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H´$mßVr KS>dyZ AmUU{.

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3) `m{J{Ìda ^md H•$fr - ÒdV:Mr O_rZ ZmßJaVm, À`m‡_mU{ JmdmVrb gd©e{VH$ar X{dmgmR>r O_rZ ZmßJaVmV. `m{J{Ìda H•$fr_YyZ CÀ[›Z hm{UmË`m b˙_rMmodoZ`m{J JmdmgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{. X{Umam ZmamÙ AmoU K{Umam ^∑V `m H$Î[Z{Z{ h{H$m_ hm{V{.

4) _ÀÒ`JßYm - _mg{ _maUmË`m gmJa[wÃmßgmR>r X{dmMr ]m{Q>/hm{S>r _ÀÒ`JßYm `mZmdmZ{ V`ma H$a `mV Ambr. e{VH$Ë`m‡_mU{ H$m{ir]mßYdhr l_e∑Vr H$Í$ bmJb{.H$m{ir g_mOmMr bmMmar J{br. d°a^md o_Q>bm. Xmoa–Á H$_r Pmb{. Ï`gZ J{b{, Zd{^mßS>db C { amohb{.

5) oÃH$mbgß‹`m - VrZ d{im ˆX`[yd©H$ X{dmM{ Ò_aU H$aU{ AmoU H•$VkVmÏ`∑V H$aU{, `mM{ Zmd oÃH$mbgß‹`m.

6) gm ß‡mW©Zm - H$m°Qwß>o]H$ E{∑`mgmR>r amÃr 8.30 dmOVm gdm™Zr EH$Ã ]gyZ‡mW©Zm H$aU{.

7) Ka _ßoXa - ‡À {H$ KamV dmOVJmOV X{dmM{ AmJ_Z H$aU{, O{U{H$Í$Z 8oXdgmßgmR>r V{ Ka _ßoXa ]Z{b. _ßoXamM{ [odÃ dmVmdaU KamKamVyZ [mhm`bmo_iVß. ^mßS>U, Ï`gZ, J°ag_O Am[m{Am[ H$_r hm{V{.

8) `mkdÎ∑` C[dZ - d•j _ßoXam¿`m H$Î[Z{‡_mU{ Jmdm¿`m ]mh{a l_e∑VrH$Í$Z d•jm_‹ {hr B©Ìda Amh{ `m ^mdZ{Z{ C[dZ V`ma H$aU{.

9) lrXe©Z_≤ - EH$m JmdmVrb gm_yohH$ e{Vr ÂhUO{ `m{J{Ìda H•$fr, Va drgJmdmßMr EH$oÃV H{$b{br e{Vr ÂhUO{ lrXe©Z_≤. À`m_wi{ AZ{H$ Jmd{ EH$Ã Ambr.

10) [VßObr oMoH$Àgmb` - dZdmgr j{ÃmV d°⁄H$r` g{dm d gwodYm K{D$ZÒdm‹`m`M{ S>m∞∑Q>a OmVmV AmoU V{W{ g{dm H$aVmV.

11) _mZd‡oV>m H|$– - g_mOmVrb C[{ojV _mUgmbm ‡oV>m o_idyZX{ `mgmR>r `m H|$–mMr ÒWm[Zm H$a `mV Ambr. ododY H$m°eÎ`mYmoaV Ï`dgmòeH$db{ OmVmV. ¡`m_wi{ Òdmdbß]Z dmT>V{.

12) ^md\{$ar - bmIm{ Òdm‹`m`r Xa _oh›`mbm ÒdV:¿`m KaMm oeYm K{D$Z]mh{a [S>VmV AmoU g_mOmVrb Jar], [XXobV, C[{ojV _mUgmß[ ™V[m{hm{MdVmV.


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[mßSw>aßJemÒÃrßZr ^∑Vr ÂhUO{ H$m` h{ gmßoJVb{ Amh{. V{ gmßJVmV, ""AmÀ_Jm°ad,_ZwÓ`Jm°ad, [ey Jm°ad AmoU g•Ô>r Jm°ad o_iyZ ^∑Vr hm{V{. h{ EH$ ^∑VrM{ Xe©ZAmh{. l’m AmoU ^md hr ^∑VrMr \$ma _m{R>r [yßOr Amh{. Vg{M ^∑Vr h{ EH$ emÒÃAmh{. À`mV oS>Ïhm{eZ Amh{. g_[©U Amh{. ¡`m ^JdßVmZ{ Vw_M{ hmQ©> Mmbdb{ Amh{À`m ^JdßVmZ{ _mP{hr hmQ©> Mmbdb{ Amh{, hr g_OyV ÂhUO{ ^∑Vr. ‘Bhakti is an

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Vm{ ÂhUVmV, ""_r gmßJUma Amh{ Vr oÃH$mbgß‹`m [ir[ßM[mÃmV AS>H$Umar Zmhr.H$_©H$mßS>mV AS>H$b{br Zmhr. hr g•Ô>r ^JdßVmZ{ oZ_m©U H{$b{br Amh{. _mUyg Pm{[{VyZCR>Vm{ À`m d{ir À`mßMr Pm{[r J{b{br Ò_•Vr À`mbm [aV o_iV{. ImÎb{b{ A›Z [MdyZÀ`mVyZ ^JdßVM _mUgmbm e∑Vr X{Vm{. H$m_ H$Í$Z WH$Î`mda oZ–m AmoU odlmßVrVm{M X{Vm{. h{ Ò_•oVXmZ, eo∑VXmZ AmoU emßoVXmZ Vm{ H$aV AgVm{, [U À`m]XÎ`mV Vm{ H$mhrM _mJV Zmhr. amÃr Pm{[{V J{b{br Ò_•Vr gH$mir Oer¿`m Ver[aV {V{. Vr Oa Ambr Zmhr Va Hw$R{> o\$`m©X H$amb? CR>Î`mda earamV CÀgmh,Ò\y$Vu AmoU e∑Vr ^JdßV âVm{. À`mMr oHß$_V Vw_¿`mH$Sy>Z oXbr OmB©b H$m?^JdßVmM{ h{ oZa[{j ‡{_ AmoU ^md Am{iIyZ À`mM{ Ò_aU H$aU{ `mbmM H•$VkVmÂhUVmV. [U _mUyg oXdgâ ^JdßVmM{ Ò_aU H$arV ]gbm Va À`mMm gßgmaH$gm Mmb{b? ÂhUyZ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[mV amÃr Pm{[VmZm, gH$mir CR>Î`mdaAmoU O{dVmZm Aem VrZ d{im Var _mUgmZ{ X{dmM{ Ò_aU H$amd{. `m Ò_aUmM{ ZmdoÃH$mbgß‹`m. \$∑V oXdgmVyZ VrZ d{im Xm{Z-VrZ Ìbm{H$ ÂhUm`M{ AmoU _mUgmZ{Am[Î`m H$m_mbm bmJm`M{. VÈU d d`ÒH$amßZm h{ Ìbm{H$ [mR> H$am`bm bmdyZÀ`mßZm ^JdßVmM{ Z_Z H$a `mg ‡d•Œm H$am`M{. Vg{ H{$Î`m_wi{ ^JdßVmMr H•$[mÀ`mß¿`m ‹`mZmV {B©b. À`mß¿`m d•Œmrbm X°dr diU bmJ{b. À`mßM{ dV©Z ]Xb{b.''

[mßSw>aßJemÒÃtZr JrV{¿`m VŒdkmZmMm ‡gma H$a `mgmR>r V{ VŒdkmZ OJUmamg_mO C^m H$a `mgmR>r Òdm‹`m` [oadma C^m H{$bm. `m Òdm‹`m` [oadmamM{ dU©ZH$aVmZm V{ ÂhUVmV, ""g_W© AmoU Ag_W© `mß¿`m_Yrb AßVa H$_r H$a `mMmAmÂhr ‡`ÀZ H$arV Amhm{V Var AmÂhr gm{emobÒQ> Zmhr. AmÂhr oÛ`mß_YrbApÒ_Vm OmJ•V H$aVm{ [U AmÂhr A]bm{’maH$ Zmhr. g_mOH$m © AmÂhr H$aVm{ [UAmÂhr g_mOg{dH$ Zmhr. d{Jd{J˘`m ‡H$maMr oejU‡Umbr AmÂhr gwÍ$ H{$b{brAmh{. ododY oejU gßÒWm AmÂhr MmbdVm{, [U AmÂhr oejU gwYmaH$ Zmhr. ohßXy-_wgb_mZ `mßgmaI{ {X^md Z R{>dVm OJV≤ AmoU OJXre hm EH$_{d odMma K{D$ZAmÂhr H$m_ H$aVm{, [U AmÂhr amOH$maUr Zmhr. AÒ[•Ì`mßH$S{> ]ßYw mdm¿`m ZmÀ`mZ{AmÂhr ÂhUyZ OmVm{, [U AmÂhr AÒ[•Ì`m{’maH$ Zmhr. Am_Mr gßKQ>Zm Zmhr dmgßÒWm Zmhr. Am_Mm Òdm‹`m` [oadma Amh{.'' `m [oa¿N{>XmM{ EH$m dm∑`mV gmagmßJm`M{ Va "AmÂhr AmÂhmbm C›ZV H$a `mgmR>r, gdm}Œm_ _mUyg ]Zd `mgmR>rhm IQ>mQ>m{[ H$aV AgVm{' Ag{M emÒÃrOtZm ÂhUm`M{ Amh{.


1958 gmbr VŒdkmZ od⁄m[rR>mMr ÒWm[Zm Pmbr, V{Ïhm À`mßZr H$mhr ‡dMZ{H{$br. À`mM{ "gßÒH•$Vr[yOZ' ZmdmM{ [wÒVH$ V`ma Pmb{. H$m`m©Mr JaO ÂhUyZ[mßSw>aßJemÒÃr ]m{bV amohb{, obhrV amohb{. ^maVr` VŒdkmZmMm, gßÒH•$VrMm ZÏ`m[oa‡{ `mVyZ A‰`mg H$Í$Z À`mMr _mßS>Ur H$a `mM{ H$m_ [mßSw>aßJemÒÃr AmR>db{`mßZr H{$b{. lm’ ^mJ 1, ^mJ 2, F$frÒ_aU, XemdVma, H{$Zm{[oZfX, JrVm A_•V,AmZßXbhar, lrH•$ÓUOrdZXe©Z, dmoÎ_H$r am_mÙ, gßÒH•$Vr [yOZ, VÈU,Iam{IaM Am[U gwYmabm{ Amhm{V H$m?, JrVm[mW{ , JrV{M{ [ßM‡mU, lr.[mßSw>aßJmÔ>H$_, Ef [›Wm EV H$_©, OrdZmV H$emMr CUrd Amh{? Aer [›ZmghyZAoYH$ [wÒVH{$ À`mßZr obohbr. XemdVma `m [wÒVH$mVyZ ^JdmZ odÓUy¿`m XhmAdVmamßMm odkmZdmXr —Ô>rZ{ Òdm_rOtZr [am_e© K{Vbm Amh{. H$m{UV{hr VŒdkmZoHß$dm Midi hr EH$m oXdgmV ÈOV Zmhr AmoU odH$ogVhr hm{V Zmhr. À`mgmR>r‡MßS> [oal_ AmoU ghZerbVm gm{]V K{D$Z H$m_ H$amd{ bmJV{. EH$Xm V{ VŒdkmZÈOb{, g_mOmbm [Q>b{ H$r EH$m oXÏ`mZ{ Xwgam oXdm ‡¡dobV Ïhmdm Vg{ V{VŒdkmZ g_mOmV ‡gmoaV hm{V{. [mßSw>aßJemÒÃr AmR>db|Mm "Òdm‹`m`' odMmahrAemM [’VrZ{ X{emV AmoU odX{emV Iy[ Im{bda ÈObm Amh{. Òdm‹`m` hmgßÒH$ma Pmbm Amh{. `m ^mdmÀ_H$ AmÌdmgZmda hr AmÀ_Jm°ad AmoU g_mOJm°ad‡XmZ H$aUmar Midi AodaV[U{ Mmby Amh{ AmoU À`mßM{ g_mOOrdZmVgH$mamÀ_H$ [oaUm_hr oXgV Amh{V.

Òdm‹`m`Mm odMma OJâ [gabm Amh{. Òdm‹`m`r ^md^∑Vr \{$ar¿`m_m‹`_mVyZ Am[Î`m j_V{Zwgma ^JdßVm¿`m H$m_mgmR>r Kam]mh{a [S>VmV AmoUÒdm‹`m`Mm odMma gd©Xya [m{hm{MdVmV. X{d Amh{, Y_© Amh{. \$∑V À`mß¿`mH$S{>]K `mMr —Ô>r Òdm‹`m`Z{ ]Xbbr Amh{. d•j _ßoXa, Ka _ßoXa Aem gßH$Î[ZmßVyZ[`m©daU AmoU g_mO `m]m]VM{ H$m_ H{$b{ Amh{. d•jmV X{d Amh{, KamV X{d Amh{Ag{ O{Ïhm Òdm‹`m` gmßJVm{, V{Ïhm Òdm‹`m` X{d, Y_© ZmH$maV Zmhr. H$_©H$mßS>m[{jmÒdm‹`m` ^md-^∑Vrbm AmoU H$_© ∑Vrbm Iy[ _hŒd X{Vm{. _mUgm¿`m _ZmVrb[oadV©Z h{ Ia{ [oadV©Z Amh{ AmoU À`mßM{ [oaUm_ XrK©H$mi [mhm`bm o_iVrb.

AmÀ_Jm°ad, g_mOJm°ad, d•jJm°ad, g•Ô>r Jm°ad oeH$dUmË`m [mßSw>aßJemÒÃrAmR>db|Zm Òdm‹`m`r "XmXm' `m ZmdmZ{ gß]m{YV AgV. XmXm, XmXmOr, emÒÃrOrhr À`mßMr Am{iI. emÒÃrOt¿`m VŒdkmZmMm AßJrH$ma H$aUma{ Òdm‹`m`r^mdo_bZm¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ{ EH$Ã Amb{. [ohb{ ^mdo_bZ 24 d 25 OmZ{dmar 1976am{Or _wß]B©V Pmb{. À`m d{ir 50 hOma C[oÒWVr hm{Vr. À`mZßVa ‡`mJ {W{


1986_‹ { VrW©amO o_bZ Pmb{. À`mbm 5 bmI Òdm‹`m`r C[oÒWV hm{V{. AemMT>À`m ^mOUrV Òdm‹`m`Mm odÒVma hm{V Amh{.

XmXmOtZm À`mß¿`m `m AOm{S> H$m`m©gmR>r AZ{H$ [waÒH$mamßZr Jm°ad `mV Amb{.1987 gmbr $À`mßZm "BßoXam JmßYr o‡`Xoe©Zr [waÒH$ma', 1988 gmbr "_hmÀ_mJmßYr [waÒH$ma', 1992 gmbr "bm{H$_m›` oQ>iH$ g›_mZ', 1996 gmbr "a{_Z_{Jmg{g{ [waÒH$ma' AmoU 1999 gmbr ^maV gaH$maV\}$ "[Ÿod yfU [waÒH$ma'‡XmZ H$a `mV Ambm. gm_moOH$ O]m]XmarM{ ^mZ, [`m©daU gßdY©Z, ÒdH$Ô>mZ{Òdmo^_mZ OmJdyZ g_mZVm oZ_m©U H$a `mMm _ßÃ `m gyÃmßVyZ À`mßZr Zd{gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ odMma CÀ[›Z H{$b{. `m H$m`m©Mm Jm°ad ÂhUyZ "oabrOZBH$m∞Zm∞o_ÒQ>' ÂhUyZhr À`mßMm Jm°ad H$a `mV Ambm Amh{.

Y_©, ^JdßV, A‹`mÀ_ `mßMr AmYwoZH$ [oa^mfm H$aV XmXmOtZr Òdm‹`m`[oadma dmT>dbm. "X{d Amh{' `m gyÃmMm AßJrH$ma H$aVmZm H$_©H$mßS>mda À`mßZrAoO]mV â oXbm Zmhr. CbQ> ‡{_, ÒZ{h, Am[wbH$r `mVyZ _mUgm-_mUgmßMrgmIir oZ_m©U H{$br. X{dmMr ^rVr Xya H$Í$Z À`m¿`modf`r Am[wbH$r, ‡{_ oZ_m©Uhm{B©b AmoU "X{d d _r d{Jim Zmhr' hr ^mdZm À`mßZr Òdm‹`m`rV Í$Odbr AmoUVgm Ï`dhma hm{B©b Aer _mZogH$Vm À`mßZr V`ma H{$br. H•$Vr-^∑VrMr [{R>CR>dbr.

Òdm‹`m` [oadmamMm odMma X{emV AmoU [aX{emVhr ÈOd `mgmR>r[mßSw>aßJemÒÃr AmR>db|Zr AIßS> ‡dmg H{$bm. am{_Mm [m{[ AmoU ]hmoaZM{ H$≈>a_wÒbr_ Y_©JwÍ$ `mß¿`merhr À`mßZr VŒdMMm© H{$br AmoU Òdm‹`m`Mm odMmag_OmdyZ gmßoJVbm hm{Vm. Aem `m d´VÒW _hmÀÂ`mM{ oZYZ d`m¿`m 83Ï`m dfu,ÂhUO{ 2003 gmbr 25 Am∞∑Q>m{]a am{Or Pmb{. gX°d ^JdßVmbm ˆX`ÒW R{>dyZg_mOmV _m°ZH´$mßVr KS>dyZ AmU `mgmR>r H$m © H$aUmË`m XmXmß¿`m Ò_•Vr oMaßVZamhmÏ`mV `m C‘{emZ{ Òdm‹`m`r XmXmOtMm O›_oXdg 19 Am∞∑Q>m{]a "_ZwÓ` Jm°adoXZ' ÂhUyZ gmOam H$aVmV.

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gX≤JwÍ$ _yoV©[yO{]m]V ÂhUVmV, ""_yoV©[yO{Mm Iam h{Vy gd©‡W_ _yVuH$Sy>Z>_mZdr earamH$S{> _yoV©[yOH$mMr —Ô>r dimdr Agm Amh{. _mZdr OrdZmV gdm©V_hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Oa H$m{UVm Ag{b Va Vm{ ÂhUO{ "_mZdr eara' hm hm{ . "earaZmhr Va H$mhrM Zmhr' hr dÒVwoÒWVr Amh{. XwgË`m e„XmßV gmßJm`M{ ÂhUO{ earaZmhr, Va X{d Zmhr. X{dmMr [yOm Zmhr, Y_© Zmhr, gßgma Zmhr, [a_mW© Zmhr...oHß$]hwZm H$mhrM Zmhr. OrdZod⁄{¿`m —Ô>rH$m{ZmVyZ _mZdr eara ÂhUO{ ‡À`jmV[a_{ÌdamZ{ oZ_m©U H{$b{br MmbVr ]m{bVr [a_{ÌdamMr oOdßV _yVu hm{ . `m oOdßV_yVuMr Oa [yOm H{$br, Va [a_{Ìda gdm™JmZ{ d gdm©Wm©Z{ oZgJ©oZ`_m‡_mU{ ‡g›Zhm{B©b. hr _yoV©[yOm H$er H$am`Mr, Vr [’Vgw’m gmßJVm{. CŒm_ gßÒH$ma H$Í$ZCÀH•$Ô> gd`r bmdyZ earamM{ gßJm{[Z H$aU{, CÀH•$Ô> oejU d CŒm_ oeH$dU`mß¿`m¤ma{ earamM{ gßdY©Z H$aU{, [m{fH$ A›Z d ew’ XyY-[mUr X{D$Z earamM{[m{fU H$aU{, B©Ìda Ò_aU, ew oMßVZ, gÀH$_© d Ï`m`m_ oHß$dm `m{JmgZ{ `mZ{emaroaH$ d _mZogH$ Amam{Ω` amIU{ d ‡`ÀZmßMr H$mg YÍ$Z CÀH$f© d C›ZVrgmYU{. `mM [’VrZ{ AmÂhr [a_{Ìdam¿`m oOdßV _yVuMr [yOm H$amd`mg oeH$dVm{.Aem [’VrZ{ [a_{ÌdamMr [yOm H{$Î`mZ{ _mZdmbm gwI, emßVr, g_mYmZ, AmZßX,


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_mUyg OJVm{ H$emgmR>r? `m ‡ÌZmM{ CŒma gwImgmR>r Ag{ oXb{ OmV{. AmZßX,gwI o_imd{ `mgmR>r À`mMm ‡`ÀZ Mmby AgVm{. OrdZod⁄{¿`m VŒdkmZmV gwIrhm{ `mgmR>r [wT>rb Jm{Ô>tMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. 1) gßVVr 3) gß[Œmr 3) gßJVr 4)Amam{Ω` 5) B©Ìda. `m [mM Jm{Ô>tH$S{> VwÂhr H$g{ [mhVm `mda Vw_M{ gwI Adbß]yZAmh{. "gwImbm H$maH$ odMma AmoU Xw:Imbm H$maH$ AodMma' h{ oÃH$mb]moYV gÀÀmh{. Vw_M{ odMma H$em ‡H$maM{ Amh{V, À`mda darb [mM Jm{Ô>r Vw_¿`mH$S{> {UmaAmoU À`mMm [oaUm_ Vw_¿`m OrdZmda hm{Uma h{ bjmV K{Vb{ [mohO{. Vw_¿`mH$m`m©Mm ÂhUO{M H•$VrMm, Ï`dhmamMm [oaUm_ Vw_¿`m OrdZmda hm{V AgVm{.À`mbm H$mhr bm{H$ Zer] Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. hr Jm{Ô> EH$Xm H$m MmßJbr bjmV AmbrH$r OrdZmVrb KQ>ZmßH$S{> [mh `m¿`m Am[Î`m —Ô>rH$m{ZmV Imbrb‡_mU{ VÀH$mi]Xb hm{Vm{.

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_mUg{ oHß$dm e{Omar, ZmV{dmB©H$ `mß¿`mH$S{> [mh `mMr —Ô>r H$bwofV hm{V Zmhr dÀ`m_wi{ AZ{H$ ^mßS>U-VßQ{>]I{S{>, _mam_mË`m Am[m{Am[ Q>iVmV.

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darb‡_mU{ OrdZmVrb KQ>ZmßH$S{> [mh `mMm _mUgmMm —oÔ>H$m{Z EH$Xm ]XbbmH$r À`mbm emßVr d g_mYmZ ‡mflV hm{D$Z èÒdr OrdZmH$S{> À`mMr dmQ>Mmb gwÍ$hm{V{. [aßVw ‡MobV dÒVwoÒWVrH$S{> Oa —oÔ>j{[ Q>mH$bm Va ‡À`j [oaoÒWVr AJXrCbQ> Amh{ Ag{ AmT>iyZ {V{. `mMm AW© gwI AmoU Xw:I `m Xm{›hr Jm{Ô>tgmR>rAm[U Am[Î`mbm O]m]Xma AgVm{. Am[Î`m H•$VrMm Vm{ [oaUm_ AgVm{. Am[Î`mgwImM{ AmoU Xw:ImM{hr oeÎ[H$ma Am[UM AgVm{.

OrdZod⁄m H$m{UV{hr H$_©H$mßS> gmßJV Zmhr. Zm_Ò_aUmVyZ gH$mamÀ_H$odMmamßMr [{aUr _mZdr _ZmV H$am`Mr AmoU À`mVyZ À`mßMr C›ZVr H$am`Mr, Agm


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"VyM Amh{g Vw¬`m OrdZmMm oeÎ[H$ma' `m gßX{em¿`m AZw yVrgmR>r gX≤JwÍß$ZrH$mhr KQ>H$ AmdÌ`H$ AgÎ`mM{ gmßoJVb{ Amh{V. À`m KQ>H$mda bj H|$o–V H{$b{Va Am[U Am[b{ OrdZ gwßXa H$Í$ eH$Vm{, `mMm AZw d K{Uma{ AmO hOmam{ bm{H$Am[Î`m Amg[mg [mhm`bm o_iVrb. "VyM Amh{g Vw¬`m OrdZmMm oeÎ[H$ma' hm_ßÃ H{$di Am‹`moÀ_H$ j{ÃmgmR>r bmJy Zmhr, Va VwÂhr H$m{UÀ`mhr j{ÃmV H$m_ H$am,`m _ßÃmMm VwÂhmbm [wa{[ya C[`m{J hm{V AgVm{. hm _ßÃ ¡`mßZr Am[bm OrdZ_ßÃÂhUyZ ÒdrH$mabm Amh{, À`mßZr gX≤JwÍß$Zr gmßoJVb{Î`m gmV [m`Ë`mßMm AßJrH$maH$amdm bmJVm{. gX≤JwÍ$ gmßJVmV - 1) H$Ô> 2) H$V©Ï` 3) H$m°eÎ` 4) H$Î[H$Vm5) H$m°VwH$ 6) H$ÈUm 7) H•$VkVm `m gmV [m`Ë`m [ma H$Í$Z _mUyg ÒdV:ÒdV:¿`m OrdZmMm oeÎ[H$ma R>Í$ eH$Vm{.

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OrdZod⁄m o_eZZ{ X°ddmX ZmH$mabm AmoU ‡`ÀZdmXmMm ÒdrH$ma H{$bm.X°ddmX H$m ZH$m{ h{ gmßJVmZm gX≤JwÍ$ dm_Zamd [° gmßJVmV, ""Zer] AmYrM R>ab{b{Amh{, _mUgm¿`m hmVmV H$mhrhr Zmhr; H$[mimda O{ H$mhr obhyZ R{>db{b{ Amh{À`m‡_mU{ gd© H$mhr KS>Uma Agm AmMaQ> g_OwVr¿`m Amhmar OmD$Z ]hwgßª`bm{H$ ÒdV:Mm gd©Zme Am{T>mdyZ K{ `mg H$maUr yV R>aVmV. dmÒVodH$ dÒVwoÒWVr`m¿`m AJXr CbQ> Amh{. OrdZod⁄{Mm Agm _m°Î`dmZ og’m›V Amh{ H$r, ‘Noth-

ing is Predestined’. [wT{> H$m` KS>Uma h{ gd© oZ`VrZ{ AmYrM Am[Î`mH$[mimda obhyZ R{>db{b{ Amh{ hr g_OyVM _wimV MwH$rMr Amh{ oHß$dm XwgË`me„XmßV h{M gmßJmd`mM{ PmÎ`mg Ag{ ÂhUVm {B©b H$r, Am[Î`m H$[mimdaoboh `mM{ H$m © Am[UM Am[Î`m H$_m™Zr H$arV AgVm{. Ia{> gmßJm`M{ ÂhUO{ [wT{>H$m` KS>Uma h{ eß a Q>∑H{$ Oar Zmhr, Var ZÏdX Q>∑H{$ Am[UM R>adV AgVm{.


A›` H$m{Urhr Zmhr. AmO Or gÀH$_}> d XwÓH$_} Am[U H$aVm{, À`mZwgmaM Am[b{C⁄mM{ ôdVÏ` R>aUma AgV{. H$maU C⁄mM{ ôdVÏ` h{ AmO¿`mM H$_m©M{ \$iAgV{. ÂhUyZ MwHy$Z oHß$dm _m{hmbm ]ir [Sy>Z oHß$dm A›` H$mhr H$maUm_wi{ OaAm[b{ dmH$S{> [mD$b [S>b{M, Va oZgJm©Z{ _mUgmbm O{ H$_© ÒdmVßÕ` ]hmbH{$b{b{ Amh{ d gmamgma odMma H$a `mMr Or ]w’r oXb{br Amh{, À`mMm C[`m{JH$Í$Z À`m dmH$SÁm _mJm©Z{ [wT{> [wT{> \$a\$Q>V Z OmVm À`m[mgyZ VÀH$mi [amd•Œmhm{D$Z [aV gai _mJm©da {U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. Wm{S>∑`mV, dÒVwoÒWVrMm ÒdrH$maH$Í$Z oVbm gwa{I AmH$ma X{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aU{ hr èÒdr OrdZmMr JwwÈoH$ÎbrAmh{.'' gX≤JwÍ$ dm_Zamd [° `mßZr ‡`ÀZdmXmMm CX≤Km{f H$aVmZmM _mZdm¿`m_ZmV [aß[amJV AgUmË`m AßYl’{bm \$mQ>m oXbm AmoU OJ `mMm Zdm _ßÃ oXbm."[{amb V{M CJdV{' hr ÂhU Amh{. À`mMr gmW© CH$b gX≤JwÍß$¿`m darb odd{MZmVyZoXgyZ {V{.

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Amh{V. ohË`mbm Og{ AZ{H$ [°by AgVmV À`m‡_mU{ H$V©Ï`Y_©Í$[r ohË`mbm AZ{H$[°by Amh{V. _mV•Y_©, o[V•Y_©, [wÃY_©, [VrY_©, [ÀZrY_©, e{OmaY_©, o_ÃY_©,amÔ>≠Y_© Ag{ h{ gd© ‡H$ma H$V©Ï` Y_©Í$[r ohË`mM{ ododY [°by Amh{V. ¡`mbm Am[UY_© Ag{ ÂhUVm{, Vm{ ‡À`jmV Amh{ C[mgZm Y_© d hm C[mgZm Y_© H$V©Ï`Y_©Í$[rohË`m¿`m AZ{H$ [°byß[°H$r EH$ _m_wbr [°by Amh{; [aßVw ‡À`jmV _mÃ _mZdr OrdZmVH$V©Ï`Y_m©¿`m AZ{H$ [°byßH$S{> Xwb©j hm{D$Z `m Y_m©bm - ÂhUO{ H$_©H$mßS>mÀ_H$C[mgZm Y_m©bm OÈar[{jm AoYH$ _hŒd oXb{ J{b{b{ Amh{, Ag{ oXgyZ {V{.od⁄mœ`m™¿`m OrdZmV À`mßMm ‡_wI H$V©Ï`Y_© ÂhUO{ _Zm[mgyZ A‰`mg H$Í$ZkmZ gß[mXZ H$aU{ h{ hm{ . `m kmZmM{ _hŒd IË`m AWm©Z{ V{ e„XmßV gmßJU{ H$R>rUAmh{. OrdZmV [°gm oOVH$m AmdÌ`H$ Amh{, À`m[{jm ghÚ[Q>rZ{ kmZ _hŒdmM{Amh{. ¡`m amÔ>≠mVrb bm{H$ AS>mUr, AkmZr d AßYl’mYrZ AgVmV, V{ amÔ>≠H$Yrhr ‡JoV[Wmda OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. CbQ> À`m amÔ>≠mMr AYm{JVr hm{D$Z V{agmVimbm OmB©b h{ oZoÌMV. ÂhUyZ OrdZod⁄m AmdOy©Z gmßJV{, "VwÂhr kmZrÏhm, VwÂhr hwema Ïhm, VwÂhr ]wo’dmZ Ïhm gma{. Wm{S>∑`mV AmdS>rZ{ A‰`mg H$Í$ZkmZ gß[mXZ H$aU{ hmM ‡À {H$ od⁄mœ`m©Mm H$V©Ï`Y_© Amh{. `m H$V©Ï`Y_m©M{ O{od⁄mWu [mbZ H$aUma ZmhrV, À`mßZm ôdÓ`mV [ÌMmŒmm[ H$a `mMr [mir {B©b.`m¿`m CbQ> O{ od⁄mWu `m H$V©Ï`Y_m©M{ ‡m_moUH$[U{ [mbZ H$aVrb, V{ OrdZmVèÒdr R>aVrb hr H$m˘`m XJS>mdaMr a{f Amh{.'

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Ï`∑Vr AmoU Hw$Qwß>]mM{hr g_w[X{eZ H$a `mMr Ï`dÒWm OrdZod⁄m o_eZ_‹ {Amh{. a∑VXmZ oeo]a{, Z{ÃV[mgUr, XßV V[mgUr Aem C[H´$_mßM{ Am`m{OZd{im{d{ir H{$b{ OmV{. À`mM‡_mU{ [`m©daU AmoU oZgJ©ajUmgmR>r d•jmam{[U, [mUr]MV, Òd¿N>Vm Ao^`mZ Aem ododY C[H´$_mßVyZ OrdZod⁄m o_eZ gm_moOH$H$m © H$aV{.

29 _{ 2012 am{Or gX≤JwÍ$ dm_Zamd [° `mßM{ oZYZ Pmb{. 1952[mgyZ2012[ ™V V„]b [mM V[{ - ÂhUO{ gmR> df} V{ OrdZod⁄{Mm ‡gma H$aV hm{V{."B©Ìda Amh{' À`mß¿`m[wT{> H$ÈUm^∑Vr¿`m Í$[mZ{ odÌd‡mW©Zm H$am. ‡`ÀZdmXÒdrH$mam, X°ddmXm¿`m AßYH$mamV Jwa\$Qy> ZH$m Ag{ Ò[Ô> e„XmßV gmßJUma{ gX≤JwÍ$dm_Zamd [° h{ A‹`mÀ_ AmoU odkmZ `mßMm g_›d` gmYUma{ AbrH$S>¿`mH$mimVrb _hmZ gßV hm{V{. gßV `m e„Xmbm H$ÈUm, l’m, ^∑Vr AmoU oXemXe©Z`m e„XmßMr Om{S> AgV{. gßVmßZm g_mOmV {D$Z h{M odf` H$am`M{ AgVmV.g_mOmV H$ÈUm OmJdm`Mr AgV{, l’{Mm Ia{[Um gmßJm`Mm AgVm{. ^∑VrM{AßVaßJ CbJSy>Z gmßJm`M{ AgV{ AmoU ôdÓ`mM{ oXemXe©Zhr H$am`M{ AgV{.gXJwÍ$ dm_Zamd [° `mßZr OrdZod⁄m o_eZ¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ `m gmË`mM Jm{Ô>rH{$Î`m. "VyM Amh{g Vw¬`m OrdZmMm oeÎ[H$ma' Agm gßX{e X{D$Z _mUgmbm‡`ÀZdmXmM{ A_•V oXb{.

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❚❘


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g_mO hm [oadV©Zerb AgVm{. ÂhUO{ Ï`∑Vr, Hw$Qwß>] `mß¿`m Ï`dhmamV O{]Xb hm{VmV, À`mM{ ‡oVo]ß] g_mOOrdZmda oXgyZ {V{. `mbmM gm_moOH$[oadV©Z ÂhUVm {V{. `mMm AW© Agm H$r _mZdm¿`m Ï`dhmamV, odMmamV hm{Uma{Am_ybmJ´ [oadV©Z h{ g_mO[oadV©ZmgmR>r _yb yV KQ>H$ AgV{. g_mOmMmVmUm]mUm Am[U `mAmYrM g_OyZ K{Vbm Amh{. gH$mamÀ_H$ AmoU ZH$mamÀ_H$oH´$`m-‡oVoH´$`m `m EH$m d{i{g KS>V AgVmV. À`m Oar EH$_{H$mßZm g_mßVaZgÎ`m, Var À`mVyZ g_mOmMm VmUm]mUm AoYH$ K≈> hm{Vm{ AJa gm_moOH$VmUm]m `mbm N{>X OmVm{. `m gmË`m_mJ{ _mUgmMr ‡oVoH´$`m, Ï`dhma AgVm{.g_mOmMr KS>Uhr À`m g_mOmMm KQ>H$ AgUmË`m _mUgm¿`m dV©Zmda Adbß]yZAgV{. À`m_wi{ g_mOmV ]Xb KS>dyZ AmUm`Mm Ag{b, Va _mUgmV ]Xb KS>dyZAmUmdm bmJ{b.

g_mOmMm odMma H$aVmZm H{$di EH$ Y_©, [ßW, gß‡Xm`, OmV, [m{Q>OmV oHß$dmodoeÔ> y mJmVrb bm{H$g_yh Agm odMma H$Í$Z O_Uma Zmhr. `m gd© Jm{Ô>tMr]{arO H$Í$Z AmoU ‡À {H$ Jm{Ô>rMr ÒdVßÃ Am{iI hr g_mO ÂhUyZ H$Í$Z X{Vm

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Date post:	18-Dec-2021
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