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An Analysis of Translation Techniques and
Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement
For Sarjana Degree in English Department
By:
GERRY AGUSTINO
C0307028
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2011
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Gerry Agustino
NIM : C0307028
In the name of God, the author states whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled “An
Analysis of Translation Techniques and Translation Quality of Flight Attendant
Manual” is originally made by the author. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by
others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and
included within bibliography.
If it is then proved that the author cheated, the researcher is ready to take the
responsibility.
Surakarta, Desember 2011
Gerry Agustino
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MOTTO
“It’s nice to be important, but it’s more important to be nice.”
(Cassis, John)
“Start today with pray, hope, and smile. Close today with pray
and give thanks for HIS grace for our life.”
(unknown)
“I can do all things through HIM who strengthens me.”
(Philippians 4:13)
“Do what you love, love what you do.”
(unknown)
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
JESUS CHRIST
My beloved parents
My beloved brother and sister
My sweetheart
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise GOD for His blessing, love and guidance so that this thesis can be
completed as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana
Degree.
I realize that in accomplishing this thesis, I have acquired guidances,
helps, supports and encouragements from many parties. Therefore, I would like to
give my gratitude to all of them who have given contributions.
1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,
Ph.D., for approving this thesis
2. The Head of Regular English Department, Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., for
giving me permission to write this thesis.
3. Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D., my thesis supervisor, thank
you for your advices, guidance, and helps. I would like to give my special
thanks also for always giving me times to share my problems.
4. Ida Kusuma Dewi S.S., M.A., as my academic supervisor for her assistance
during my study. Thank you also for always supporting me.
5. The Head of Academic of IIAM Surakarta, Dwi Liestyaningrum, S.T., thank
you for helping me to get the Flight Attendant Manual and also thank you for
your prayer.
6. All great lecturers in English Department who have taught and provided me
valuable knowledge. Thank you very much for the amazing experiences you
shared with me.
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7. My beloved parents. Thank you for always giving me support and praying for
me during my study. Thank you for the love that you always give to me.
8. My beloved brother and sister. Thank you for always supporting me and
praying for me.
9. My sweetheart. Thank you for always giving me support and spirit to finish
my study and also for being the one who always loves and cares for me.
10. All of the informants. Thank you for helping me during my research.
11. Lois Rosiana, Heigy Lingga, and Aditya Mewengkang. Thank you for helping
me during my research and also praying for me.
12. All Members of Gerakan Pemuda GPIB Penabur Solo. Thank you for always
supporting and praying for me during my research.
13. All Members of ED 07. Thank you for every beautiful moment we’ve shared.
Thank you for always supporting me.
Gerry Agustino
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Approval of The Thesis Supervisor ………………………………………... ii
Approval of The Board of Examiners ……………………………………... iii
Pronouncement …………………………………………………………….. iv
Motto ……………………………………………………………………….. v
Dedication ………………………………………………………………….. vi
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………. vii
Table of Content …………………………………………………………… ix
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………. xii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….. xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ...................................................... 1
B. Research Limitation ......................................................... 6
C. Problems Statements......................................................... 6
D. Research Objectives ........................................................ 6
E. Research Benefits ............................................................ 7
F. Thesis Organization ......................................................... 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation ................................................. 9
B. Problems in Translation ……………………………… 9
C. Translation Techniques .................................................... 12
D. Translation Quality Assessment ...................................... 17
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Type and Design .............................................. 20
B. Data and Sources of Data ................................................ 20
1. Documents ................................................................. 21
2. Informants .................................................................. 21
C. Sampling Technique ........................................................ 22
D. Method of Data Collection .............................................. 23
E. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................ 25
F. Research Procedures ........................................................ 26
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Introduction……. ............................................................ 28
B. Analysis ………………………………………………. 29
1. Translation Techniques ………................................. 29
1.1 Addition. .............................................................. 29
1.2 Deletion.. ............................................................. 32
1.3 Borrowing……………. ...................................... 34
1.4 Amplification....................................................... 36
1.5 Modulation........................................................... 38
1.6 Established equivalence ...................................... 39
1.7 Reduction ............................................................ 42
1.8 Transposition……............................................... 44
1.9 Literal Translation ............................................... 51
2. Translation Quality ………. ..................................... 53
2.1 Accuracy ............................................................. 54
2.1.1 Accurate Translation .................................. 54
2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation ......................... 57
2.2 Acceptability ....................................................... 59
2.2.1 Acceptable Translation ............................. 59
2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation .................... 61
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2.3 Readability ........................................................... 62
2.3.1 Readable Translation .................................. 63
2.3.2 Less Readable Translation .......................... 64
C. Discussion ........................................................................ 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions ..................................................................... 74
B. Recommendations ........................................................... 74
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy ………………………………………………… 24
Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability …………………………………………….. 24
Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability ………………………………………………. 24
Table 4: Addition Technique ………………………………………………………… 30
Table 5: Deletion Technique …………………………………………………………. 32
Table 6: Borrowing Technique ……………………………………………………… 34
Table 7: Amplification Technique …………………………………………………… 36
Table 8: Modulation Technique ………………………………………….................... 38
Table 9: Established Equivalence Technique ……………………………................... 40
Table 10: Reduction Technique ……………………………………………………… 42
Table 11: Transposition Technique ………………………………………………….. 45
Table 12: Literal Translation Technique …………………………………………….. 52
Table 13: Translation Techniques ……………………………………………………. 53
Table 14: The Result of Accuracy Assessment ……………………………………… 54
Table 15: The Result of Acceptability Assessment ………………………………….. 59
Table 16: The Result of Readability Assessment ……………………………………. 62
Table 17: The Impact of Translation Techniques toward the Translation Quality …... 67
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ABSTRACT
Gerry Agustino C0307028. 2011. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and
Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual. Thesis: English
Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.
This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and translation
quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and
readability. The source of data in this research is the Flight Attendant Manual
entitled Operation Directorate Announcement Book. The objectives of this
research are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in
translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact of translation
techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight
Attendant Manual.
This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data were obtained by
using content analysis and questionnaire. This research also used purposive
sampling technique. This reseach only selected the emergency announcement as
the data since this announcement is more important and influential compared to
the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data were the
results of the translation quality assessments done by the informants. The
translation techniques were analyzed in the level of micro unit, i.e. words,
phrases, clauses, and sentences. Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified
in the level of text.
The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of translation
techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3) borrowing, (4) established
equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6) reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification
and (9) transposition. The results of the questionnaires show that the translation of
Flight Attendant Manual is less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable.
According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation techniques
applied by the translator affect the quality of the translation. It is found out that
the Flight Attendant Manual should not use too much aviation term in order to
produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher
recommends that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique and
pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a qualified translation
product.
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An Analysis of Translation Techniques and
Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual
Gerry Agustino1
Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.2
ABSTRACT
2011. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine
Arts. Sebelas Maret University.
This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and
translation quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of
accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The source of data in this
research is the Flight Attendant Manual entitled Operation
Directorate Announcement Book. The objectives of this research
are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator
in translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact
of translation techniques applied by the translator toward the
translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual.
This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data
were obtained by using content analysis and questionnaire. This
research also used purposive sampling technique. This reseach
only selected the emergency announcement as the data since this
announcement is more important and influential compared to the
other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data
were the results of the translation quality assessments done by the
informants. The translation techniques were analyzed in the level
of micro unit, i.e. words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified in the level of
text.
The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of
translation techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3)
borrowing, (4) established equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6)
reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification and (9) transposition.
1 Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0307028
2 Dosen Pembimbing
The results of the questionnaires show that the translation of Flight
Attendant Manual is less accurate, less acceptable, and less
readable.
According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation
techniques applied by the translator affect the quality of the
translation. It is found out that the Flight Attendant Manual should
not use too much aviation term in order to produce an accurate,
acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher recommends
that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique
and pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a
qualified translation product.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
In human’s life, it is certain that language is a very important thing for
human to live. It has a function as communication media for human beings. It is
impossible for people to communicate without language because they will get
problems in expressing their feelings, ideas, and thought. Samsuri in his book
Analisa Bahasa concerns this fact by saying that “Bahasa tidak terpisahkan dari
manusia dan mengikuti dalam setiap pekerjaannya.” (1985:4). The statement
describes that language is very useful and important for human’s life because
people always use it every time and everywhere.
People must be able to use language as their communication media
properly and correctly in order to communicate well. Along with the development
of science and technology, people also try to develop themselves in many things.
One of the evidences is the development of language. Language develops from
time to time due to the development of human’s life.
In this globalization era, English has developed into international language
not only in education and social life, but also in job. For instance, Indonesian
people have started to teach English to children since they are in kindergarten or
even playgroup. They realize that it is important to teach English to children
because they will need it when they are adult and ready to work. The development
1
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of language also gives a great impact to some jobs in Indonesia. Some jobs in
Indonesia are becoming internationally based, such as in aviation.
In aviation, a flight attendant should be able to communicate with the
passengers both in English and Indonesia very well. Being a flight attendant is
quite difficult because the job requires the best service which means no mistakes
that can make inconvenience for the passengers. However, it is not easy for a
flight attendant to do the entire job perfectly at anytime due to the human
imperfection factors.
In order to minimize the mistake that might be conducted by a flight
attendant, IIAM (Inti Ilmu Aviasi dan Manajemen), one of the best flight
attendant school in Solo, has used Flight Attendant Manual, an announcement
book for flight attendant when serving passengers on board. The book contains
announcements that have to be explained by flight attendant to the passengers.
The announcements are both written in English and Indonesia, considering that
the passengers are not only Indonesian people but also some foreigners.
Therefore, translation activities are badly needed. Translation does not only deal
with the transfer of words from source language into target language, but also deal
with the transfer of message from source language into target language. In this
case, a translator has a great role as the bridge that link the author to the readers in
transferring the message.
The quality of a translation product depends on the translator. It means that
if the translator does not do the translation process well, the quality of the
translation product will decline. Therefore, a translator is also responsible for the
content of the translation product.
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In the process of translation, a translator will find some problems in
transferring the message from source language into target language accurately.
Translator should apply translation techniques in order to overcome these
problems. Lorscher in Maharani (2006:2) defines translation technique as a global
procedure that consists of a series of minimal problem–solving steps which the
translator employs in making certain consideration about the text. It is necessary
for a translator to decide which translation technique should be applied in
transferring the message in order to produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable
translation product.
The following examples show some translation qualities that are
influenced by translation technique used by the translator.
Example 1:
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
The sentence is a part of emergency announcement taken from the Flight
Attendant Manual. This text announces the passengers that the plane has just
executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid decompression in the cabin. It
can be seen from the example above that some words are being naturalized, such
as decompression and cabin. The translator uses naturalized borrowing technique
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in order to make the translation more accurate because these words are quite
common for the passengers and they can easily understand it.
Example 2:
ST: The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by
condensation process the cabin airconditioning.
TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal
ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.
The example above is an emergency announcement telling the passengers
that the fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by condensation
process of the cabin air conditioning. The source text in the example consists of
one sentence, but the translator then transposes the sentence into two clauses. It
can be seen that the translator wants to make the translation more readable and
easy to understand by transposing the source text into two clauses and the
message are still the same. This example is accurate because the messages are
transferred well, but there are some mistakes in the source text. The word
airconditioning in the source text should be given a space, likes air conditioning.
The other mistake in the source text is about the grammar. The words
condensation process the cabin airconditioning should be revised into
condensation process of the cabin air conditioning. This translation product is
accurate, although there are little mistakes in the source text which is made by the
author, not the translator.
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According to the phenomena, the researcher is interested in examining the
translation techniques and the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual
in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability because almost all of airlines
have an international standard today, which mean that they apply English in
everything and it requires them to provide the information both in English and
Indonesian very well. The researcher chooses to examine both translation quality
and translation techniques because those two things are related each other. It
means that the translation techniques influence the translation quality of the
product. The use of precise techniques will produce a high quality of translation
product. The Flight Attendant Manual contains announcements about flight
operations and instructions in serving the passengers on the plane. The researcher
chooses the Flight Attendant Manual as the data because the announcements and
instructions in the manual text are very important for the flight attendant. The
flight attendant must be able to explain all of the announcements and instructions
to the passengers very well. This condition requires the translator of the Flight
Attendant Manual to be able to transfer the message accurately due to the content
of the Flight Attendant Manual is very important for the flight attendant.
In this case, the role of message transfer ability is very important. The
original message should be transferred accurately to the target language in terms
of generating the same reader’s response of source language. It means that the
translator should be able to deliver the message from source language into target
language in a correct manner.
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B. Research Limitation
The researcher only analyzed the translation techniques and translation
quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. The analysis of translation quality dealt
with readability, acceptability, and accuracy of the translation product.
C. Problem Statements
According to the research background, the researcher raised two problems.
The problems are these below:
1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the
Flight Attendant Manual?
2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator
toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of
accuracy, acceptability, and readability?
D. Research Objectives
The research was aimed:
1. To find out the translation techniques used by the translator to translate the
Flight Attendant Manual.
2. To find out the impact of the translation techniques applied by the
translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in
terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
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E Research Benefits
This thesis was expected to have some benefits for:
1. English Department Students
The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the
English Department students, especially students who take translation subject.
2. Lecturers
The results of the research can give more information about the application
of English in aviation, especially in flight attendant, for the lecturers and also can
be used as additional reference in order to increase the quality of a translation.
3. Students of IIAM (Ilmu Inti Aviasi dan Manajemen)
The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the
students of IIAM.
4. Translator of Flight Attendant Manual
The results of this research can help the translator to evaluate the quality of
the product in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
F. Thesis Organization
The thesis consists of five chapters organized as follows:
Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background,
Research Limitation, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research
Benefits, and Thesis Organization.
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Chapter II is LITERATURE REVIEW. It consists of Definitions of
Translation, Problems in Translation, Translation Techniques, and Translation
Quality Assessment.
Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of Research
Type and Design, Data and Sources of Data, Sampling Technique, Method of
Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, and Research Procedures.
Chapter IV is RESEARCH FINDINGS. It consists of Introduction,
Analysis, and Discussion.
Chapter V is CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It consists
of Conclusions and Recommendations of the research.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definitions of Translation
Translation has so many definitions which are described by the experts.
Newmark (1988: 28) states “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Simplify, Larson
defines that, “Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source
language in the receptor language.” (1984:3). Catford in his book Linguistic
Theory of Translation says, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in
one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” (1965:20). Bell
(1991:6) states, “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one
language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.” All of
the definitions about translation are correct and they are completing each other.
According to all of the definitions, it can be concluded that translation is about
transferring message from source language into target language.
B. Problems in Translation
In translating a text, a translator often meets problems dealing with
transferring the message or meaning from source language into target language.
Nababan (1999:54-55) in his book Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris states,
“…kesulitan-kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek menerjemahkan, yang
9
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disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti perbedaan sistem bahasa sumber
dengan sistem bahasa sasaran, kompleksitas semantik dan stilistik bahasa
sumber dan bahasa sasaran, perbedaan tingkat kemampuan penerjemah dan
tingkat kualitas tulisan bahasa sumber.” It can be seen that the problems in
translation have something to do with the different system of the source language
and target language, the semantics and stylistics complexity, quality of the source
text, and the translator’s competence. The following are some explanations about
the factors above:
1. The different systems of the source language and target language
The different systems between the source language and target language are
one of the factors that cause problems of translation. It cannot be denied that every
language in the world has a different system, either in terms of syntactical, lexical,
or morphological structure. A further explanation about the different systems of
the source language and target language is given by Nababan, “…kenyataan
bahwa tidak ada satu pun bahasa yang mempunyai sistem yang sama, baik
ditinjau dari sudut struktur sintaksis, leksikal, dan morfem.” (1999:55). One of
the examples is the English system of language. English has an agreement to refer
plural noun by adding “s” such as books, but there is no agreement like that in
Indonesian language.
2. The semantics and stylistics complexity
The next factors are semantics and stylistics complexity. Semantics
complexity has strong relation to socio-cultural background of the speaker of the
language (Nababan, 1999:58). Many words of a language do not have the
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equivalence with another language, such as Sekaten in Javanese. This word is a
social cultural terms and it will be difficult for the translator to translate it into
English since there is no such social culture in the England.
Stylistics complexity is also one of the factors that make the translator
difficult in transferring the message. A brief explanation about stylistics
complexity is given by Nababan, “Karena budaya bahasa sumber dan budaya
sasaran berbeda satu sama lain, gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh kedua bahasa
itu tentu saja berbeda.” (1999:59). One of the examples is literature texts, such as
prose, poem, and drama which are expressed in their own style. They are different
from the style of scientific texts.
3. The quality of the source text
The low quality of the source text could also make a problem in
translation. The quality of the source text defines as low due to many mistakes
like wrong grammar, ambiguous sentences, poor coherency within sentences or
paragraph, miss punctuation, and etc. Nababan explains, “Pesan yang terkandung
dalam bahasa sumber akan sulit ditangkap atau dipahami apabila kualitas teks
tersebut tidak baik, seperti gramatikalnya tidak benar, kalimatnya taksa,
pengungkapan idenya tidak runtut, banyak kesalahan ejaan dan fungtuasi, dan
lain sebagainya.” (1999:60).
4. The translator’s competence
The last factor is the competence of the translator in translating the text.
The competence in translating text between a translator and the other translator is
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different. Nababan describes, “…si penerjemah adalah pelaku utama dalam
proses penerjemahan, tingkat kemampuannya menjadi faktor penentu berhasil
tidaknya penerjemahan itu dilakukan.” (1999:59-60). The more higher the
competence mastered by a translator, the more easier the translator solves the
problems in translation. In contrast, a beginner translator, which has limited
competence and experience, will get many problems in translating a text. A good
translator requires more than just able or have knowledge of languages. A good
translator should have language competence, cultural competence, subject
competence, textual competence, transfer competence and sufficient experiences
in translating practice.
C. Translation Techniques
Nababan in his paper Teknik-Teknik Penerjemahan Teks defines
translation techniques by saying, “Tehnik penerjemahan merupakan prosedur
untuk menganalisa dan mengklasifikasikan bagaimana kesepadanan terjemahan
berlangsung dan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai satuan lingual, misalnya,
kalimat, klausa, frasa dan/atau kata.” Molina and Albir (as cited in Ikke, 2011)
defines translation techniques as procedures to analyse and classify how
translation equivalence works. There are many translation techniques explained
by experts. Nababan (2010:6-10) in his paper Tehnik-Tehnik Penerjemahan Teks
explains translation techniques as follows:
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1. Borrowing
In this technique, the translator borrows some words or idiom from source
language. There are two kind of borrowing, pure borrowing and
naturalized borrowing.
For example:
- Pure borrowing - Naturalized borrowing
SL: Flashdisk SL: Computer
TL: Flashdisk TL: Komputer
2. Calque
In this technique, the translator translates the phrase in source language
literally.
For example:
SL: Secretariat general
TL: Sekretaris jendral
3. Literal translation
In this technique, the translator translates the source language word by
word.
For example:
SL: I go to airport.
TL: Saya pergi ke bandara.
4. Transposition
In this technique, the translator adjusts the word structures or shifts the
word classes.
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For example:
SL: Observable
TL: Yang dapat diamati
In this research, the researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is
explained by Catford (cited in Venutti, 2002:143) since the discussion of
transposition theory are very wide. Catford calls it as “category shift”. It
includes class shift (shift of word classes), unit or rank shift (shift of
units), and intra system shift (shifting from singular to plural and vice
versa). Meanwhile, the researcher does not include structural shift, which
is actually also one type of category shift, because the difference of
language structures between English and Indonesian would automatically
cause structural adjustments in translation.
5. Adaptation
In this technique, the translator replaces the element of source language
culture with the same element in the target language culture, and the target
language is familiar to the target readers.
For example:
SL: As white as snow
TL: Seputih kapas
6. Amplification
In this technique, the translator paraphrases implicit information in source
language.
For example:
SL: Ramadhan
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TL: Month of fasting for Moslem
7. Established equivalent
In this technique, the translator uses a specific terms or idiom that is
familiar for people in a society.
For example:
SL: Cabin
TL: Kabin
In the example, the word kabin is understandable than ruangan pesawat
because people in aviation are familiar with the word kabin.
8. Generalization
In this technique, the translator uses a neutral or general terminology in
target language (from subordinate to super ordinate).
For example:
SL: Penthouse
TL: Tempat tinggal
9. Particularization
In this technique, the translator uses more concrete or precision terms. This
technique is the opposite of generalization technique.
For example:
SL: Air transportation
TL: Helikopter
10. Modulation
In this technique, the translator changes the point of view, focus or
cognitive category in relevance with the source language.
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For example:
SL: I cut my finger
TL: Jariku tersayat
11. Reduction
This technique is the opposite of amplification technique. In this
technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in target text.
For example:
SL: He is very smart
TL: Dia itu pandai
12. Deletion
In this technique, the translator deletes the word or information in the
source language. Both deletion and reduction techniques are omitting
some words, but there is a difference between deletion and reduction.
Deletion technique omits the whole information, while the reduction only
omits the information partially.
For example:
SL: He is very smart and handsome.
TL: Laki-laki itu sangat pintar
13. Addition
In this technique, the translator adds more information to clarify the
concept in source language to the target readers.
For example:
SL: He came late to the party
TL: Lelaki tua itu datang terlambat ke pesta karena mobilnya mogok.
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14. Variation
In this technique, the translator changes the linguistic or paralinguistic
elements which affect the linguistic variation such as dialect, language
style, etc.
For example:
SL: I don’t care what you are talking about
TL: Gue nggak peduli elu ngomong apa
D. Translation Quality Assessment
A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to
target language very well. The readers sometimes only read the translation
product without paying attention to the translation quality. Translation quality
assessment is very important for translation product. Translation quality
assessment is an activity to give value to a translation product whether the product
is having good quality or not. Assessing or criticizing a translation is not an easy
matter because it needs an extraordinary ability (Nababan, 2003). The translation
product is not always good. Sometimes there are many mistakes in the translation
product when it is compared to the original one. Assessment towards translation
quality focuses in three things namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
1. Accuracy
Accuracy is one of the factors in determining the translation quality. It
becomes one of the most important aspects in translation. It deals with the transfer
of the content from source language into target language. It means that the
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message in source language should be conveyed to the target language correctly
and also easy to be understood by the readers.
Sadtono (1985: 9) also explains that a translator should maintain the
meaning of a text. He states that a translator should attempt to produce translation
which has the same meaning as the source text. He explains further that the most
important thing in translating a text is how the message is expressed in target
language, not how to maintain source text’s original form.
Based on the statement above, it can be seen that the maintenance of
meaning is a very important aspect in translation. Therefore, a translator must be
able to maintain the meaning or message of the source text. The translator has to
transfer the message in a thorough and faithful manner, giving consideration to
linguistic variations in both languages. Besides, the translator has to make sure
that the readers understand what is meant by the original writer.
The translators also must have ability to provide accurate information
because the accuracy aspect also related to the readers understanding and affect to
readers expectation.
2. Acceptability
Acceptability covers the natural feeling of the text as an original of the
target reader. It deals with the target language system and culture. A translation
also has to be acceptable for the readers. In order to produce an acceptable
translation which sounds natural, a translator should apply appropriate techniques,
use appropriate expressions in the target language, and also adapt the culture with
target language. A translator is allowed to reconstruct, adapt or rewrite what is
stated in source text as long as the message is still the same.
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3. Readability
A translation is produced to be read by the target reader. Readability deals
with how natural and easy a translation can be read by the target readers. Nababan
(1999: 61) states that readability is important in translation because translation
cannot be separated from reading activity. Therefore, a translator should consider
this aspect in translating a text. Readability influences the readers’ understanding
of the content of a translation.
There are four main factors that influence the readability of a text. The
first factor is the diction used in a text which is included the use of new words,
foreign words and ambiguous words. The second factor is related to sentences
which a translator writes. This factor includes the use of foreign sentences,
ambiguous sentences and incomplete sentences, the length of the sentences and
the complexity of the sentences. The next factor is how the translator arranges the
idea of his or her translation. The last factor includes other factors that have been
mentioned. They are the content of a text, the appearance of a text and the ability
of both the translator and the reader (Nababan, 1999: 64-78).
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Type and Design
In the research, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method. It
means that the researcher only collected, classified, and analyzed the data and
then drew conclusion according to the analysis without making generalization.
Sutopo explains about descriptive qualitative research by saying that “Penelitian
kualitatif melibatkan kegiatan ontologis. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-
kata, kalimat atau gambar yang memiliki arti lebih daripada sekedar angka atau
frekuensi.” (2002:35). According to the explanation, it can be seen that the data
are collected in the form of words or sentences.
This research only focused on certain characteristics of the data that was
the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of the Flight
Attendant Manual. In this case, it can be seen that the researcher also employed a
single-embedded case study. Sutopo adds an explanation about single-embedded
case study by saying that “Suatu penelitian disebut sebagai studi kasus tunggal,
bilamana penelitian tersebut terarah pada satu karakteristik.” (2002:112).
B. Data and Source of Data
Source of data is a subject that is used in the research to obtain the data.
Afterwards, the data are analyzed in order to draw conclusion. The language units
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in this research are texts. As stated by Sutopo (2002:50-54) that source of the data
in qualitative research can be informant, event, place, and document, the
researcher uses various sources of data in this research. The sources of the data in
this research are these below:
1. Document
In this research, the researcher uses documents as a written source of data.
Documents contain notes and records that are related to the problems of the
research. The documents used in this research as source of data are the Flight
Attendant Manual. From the Flight Attendant Manual, then the researcher collects
the data. The data are the emergency announcements.
2. Informants
In this research, the researcher involves informants in order to assess the
quality of translation product. The informants consist of three raters and three
respondents who have an important role in providing data about translation
qualities; in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
The researcher involves three raters in this research. The three raters are
asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. In this case, they
must be people who experts in translation because they have an important role in
determining the equivalence between source language and target language.
Dealing with this, Sutopo states, “Dalam penelitian kualitatif posisi sumber data
manusia (nara sumber) sangat penting perannya sebagai individu yang memiliki
informasi.” (2002:50). It can be seen that the researcher and the raters have the
same role in determining the source text and target text.
The raters used in this research were those who meet the criteria as follow:
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Mastering both languages, English and Indonesian.
Having knowledge of translation.
Having practical experiences in translation.
Understanding the announcements in aviation.
Willing to participate in this research.
In this research, the researcher also uses three respondents. Unlike raters,
the respondents are the people who do not have access to the source text. The
respondents have a role in determining the quality of the translation product in
terms of readability. The respondents used in this research were people who have
an experience in travelling by using plane, mastering Indonesian language and
willing to take part in this research.
C. Sampling Technique
In this research, the researcher used purposive sampling technique. The
researcher has a consideration in sampling the source of data. The researcher
selects the source of data that could give the information about the problems of
the research. The other consideration in sampling the source of data is that
because the researcher only chooses the most influential and important source of
data. In this case, the researcher only chooses source of data which is about the
emergency announcement in Flight Attendant Manual because this announcement
is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight
Attendant Manual since the emergency announcement is dealing with life and
death. Sutopo states “Tehnik cuplikannya cenderung bersifat “purposive” karena
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dipandang lebih mampu menangkap kelengkapan dan kedalaman data di dalam
menghadapai realitas yang tidak tunggal.” (2002:36). In purposive sampling
technique, the researcher also tends to choose informants who have experience
with the central phenomenon and knows the information about the problems
deeply. The informants must also be reliable as the valid source of data.
D. Method of Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher applied two methods. The methods
were content analysis and questionnaire. Content analysis helped the researcher
findings the translation techniques. The researcher analyzed the translation
techniques used in the Flight Attendant Manual and then gave numbers for each
datum. The researcher classified all of the translation techniques and finally drew
conclusions.
The other method used in this research is questionnaire. In this method, the
researcher obtained the data of translation qualities. The informants were given
questionnaire about the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation,
and then they may give comments on the translation. The level of translation
which is being checked was in the context of macro-unit or text because the
objects of the research are plentiful. The informants would not need longer time to
assess the quality of the translation if they had to assess the object of the research
in the level of text. It can be seen that assessing translation qualities in the level of
macro-unit or text is more effective because it consumes less time. In this method,
the informants were required to complete the questionnaire in order to rate the
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acceptability, accuracy, and readability of the translation based on the scales
determined by the researcher. The following scales are the scoring scales of the
quality assessment.
Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy
(Adapted from Nababan, 2010)
Scale Definition Description
3 Accurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
in the source text is conveyed accurately in the target
text. There are no distortions in meaning.
2 Less Accurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
in the source text is mostly conveyed accurately in the
target text. However, there are still distortions in
meaning (ambiguity or deletion that distracts the
meaning).
1 Inaccurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
in the source text is not conveyed accurately in the
target text.
Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability
(Adapted from Nababan, 2010)
Scale Definition Description
3 Acceptable The translation sounds natural; the words, phrases,
clauses, and sentences of the source text are
appropriate with the target language’s principles.
2 Less Acceptable The translation sounds natural; but there are still
problems with the dictions or grammar.
1 Not Acceptable The translation sounds unnatural; the words, phrases,
clauses, and sentences used are inappropriate with the
target language’s principles.
Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability
(Nababan, 2010)
Scale Definition Description
3 Readable The translation is very easy to understand.
2 Less Readable The translation is quite easy to understand; the
readers need to read some parts more than once in
order to understand the translation.
1 Not Readable The translation is difficult to understand.
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After gathering data from the informants, the researcher calculated the
results and categorized it into three types for each criterion. The categories of
translation quality are composed as follows:
1. Accuracy
Category A = accurate (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)
Category B = less accurate (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)
Category C = inaccurate (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)
2. Acceptability
Category A = acceptable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)
Category B = less acceptable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)
Category C = not acceptable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)
3. Readability
Category A = readable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)
Category B = less readable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)
Category C = not readable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The obtained data were analyzed as follows:
1) First, the researcher observed the Flight Attendant manual text both
written in source language and target language. Then, the researcher
analyzed the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the
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Flight Attendant manual. After the analysis was done, the researcher made
classification based on translation techniques.
2) Second, the collected data were observed and compared between the
original messages with the translation version. Then, the researcher asked
the informants to analyze the quality of the translation in terms of
accuracy, readability, and acceptability. After the analysis was
accomplished, the researcher made classification based on the quality
assessment of the translation.
3) After the researcher had finished analyzing all the data, the next step was
counting the percentage of each classification.
4) Finally, the researcher drew the conclusion of the results of the analysis.
Before the researcher made a conclusion based on what have been found
in analyzing the data, the researcher asked the thesis advisor to check the
conclusion which has been made.
F. Research Procedures
This research was conducted in the following procedures below:
1) Determining the manual text wanted to be analyzed.
2) Reading the manual text that has been decided and its translation.
3) Collecting the data from the Flight Attendant Manual.
4) Numbering the data obtained from the Flight Attendant Manual. The code
of the data is composed as follows:
01/ODAB/T01/ST6.1/TT6.2
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01 : data number 1
ODAB : Operation Directorate Announcement Book (The name of
the book from which the data are taken.)
T01 : text number (announcement text number 1)
ST6.1 : the text is taken from the source text, page 6.1
TT6.2 : the text is taken from the target text, page 6.2
5) Distributing the questionnaire to the informants in order to assess the
quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
6) Analyzing the translation techniques which occurred in the translation of
the manual text.
7) Classifying the results of the data analysis into some classifications. The
data was calculated in order to get the percentage and then the results were
put in tables.
8) Drawing conclusion in order to find the answer of the problem statements
based on the analyzed data and providing the suggestions.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Introduction
This research is conducted to analyze the translation quality and
translation techniques of Flight Attendant Manual. This chapter consists of three
main parts. The first part is introduction, which provides description of what
would be analyzed. The second one is analysis, which provides the analysis of
both translation techniques applied by the translator and the quality of the
translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The last part is
discussion, which discusses about the impact of translation techniques toward the
quality of translation. Based on the problem statements in chapter I, there are two
questions that this research attempts to answer.
1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the
Flight Attendant Manual?
2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator
toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of
accuracy, acceptability, and readability?
First, the analysis deals with the techniques used by the translator in
translating the Flight Attendant Manual. Then, the last analysis will be about the
quality of the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The
quality of translation will describe the data finding based on the questionnaires
distributed to informants.
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B. Analysis
1. Translation Techniques
In transferring the message of a text from source language into target
language, a translator needs some translation techniques in order to produce a
good quality of translation. In this research, the researcher uses the theory of
translation technique stated by Nababan in his paper Teknik-Teknik Penerjemahan
Teks to analyze the data. The researcher decides to use this theory because the
researcher considers that the theory is very appropriate for analyzing the data
since the data are in the level of macro-unit or text. After analyzing the data, the
researcher finds nine translation techniques used by the translator in translating
the source text. They are addition, deletion, borrowing, established equivalence,
literal translation, reduction, modulation, amplification and transposition or
category shift (Catford’s term). In this analysis, one datum could use one or more
translation techniques.
1.1. Addition
Addition is used by a translator in order to make the translation clear
by adding some information. This technique becomes one of translator efforts in
making the text of translation look naturally and understand easily by the target
readers. The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:
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Table 4: Addition Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Addition
01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
19
02/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
07/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
09/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
07/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
22/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
02/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
12/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
15/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
05/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
08/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
09/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
04/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
07/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
11/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
15/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
04/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
06/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
10/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
The examples of addition technique are as follows:
Example 1: 01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: Diversion
TT: Pengalihan Penerbangan
From the example above, it can be seen that there is an addition in the
target text. It is Penerbangan. The translator adds Penerbangan to make the
translation clear. If the translator does not add this word, it will be confusing for
the target readers because they do not know what is being diverted.
Example 2: 22/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: Everything is under control and we kindly request you to remain calm.
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TT: Segala sesuatu dalam keadaan aman dan terkendali, kami mohon anda
untuk tetap tenang.
This example shows that the word aman in the target text was added
by the translator in order to emphasize that the condition is already safe and
nothing to be worried. This addition information also has a purpose to help the
flight attendant as the target reader to make the passengers stay calm and not
getting panic although the situation is in emergency.
Example 3: 12/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
ST: This is quite normal and harmless; the fog will disappear in a shortwhile.
TT: Keadaan ini normal dan tidak berbahaya, dalam beberapa saat lagi kabut
tsb akan hilang dengan sendirinya.
Based on the example above, it can be analyzed that the translator adds
dengan sendirinya in order to make the target readers easy to understand that the
passengers do not have to be worried or do something to make the fog disappear
because it will automatically disappear by itself. This additional information has a
purpose to minimize questions about the fog that might be come both from the
flight attendant as the target reader and the passengers as the listener.
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1.2. Deletion
In translating text, translators are allowed to delete some words in
order to make the translation obvious. If the meaning conveyed in the source text
is not very crucial and confuse the reader, translators can delete it as long as the
message is still accurate. The data numbers of this technique are in the table
below:
Table 5: Deletion Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Deletion
06/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
6
08/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
01/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
10/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
03/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
12/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
The examples of deletion technique are as follows:
Example 1: 06/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
ST: The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by
condensation process the cabin airconditioning.
TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal
ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.
From the example above, it can be seen that the translator does not
translate the words conditioning system in the target text. In this case, the
translator deletes the words conditioning system because these words are quite
difficult to understand by the reader. Although the translator deletes the words
conditioning system, the content of text 4 is still transferred quite clear.
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Example 2: 10/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
ST: If you need any assistance please do not hesitate to call our flight
attendant.
TT: Bagi penumpang yang membutuhkan bantuan silahkan menghubungi
awak kabin.
The datum above uses deletion technique since there are some words
that are deleted from the source text. The translator deletes the words do not
hesitate that can be translated into jangan ragu-ragu. However, the deletion of the
words do not hesitate does not make the message of the source text becomes
incomplete. The words do not hesitate are not too influential for the readers
because the keywords of the information are call our flight attendant. The words
do not hesitate only give such explanation that the passengers are allowed to call
the flight attendant directly when they need any assistance.
Example 3: 12/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
ST: To improve your safety during evacuation, we kindly request you to stay
calm and not to panic. In the meantime, please follow closely instructions
given by your flight attendant.
TT: Demi keselamatan anda dan penumpang-penumpang lain, kami harap
anda tetap tenang dan tidak panik serta ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk
keselamatan yang diberikan oleh awak kabin.
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The datum above shows that the translator uses deletion technique.
The decision of the translator in deleting the words during evacuation is not
appropriate. The words during evacuation are influential to the message of the
text because it contains message that shows the condition when the passengers
have to follow the instruction. The deletion of the words during evacuation makes
the translation becomes less accurate. It will be much better if the translator
translates the words during evacuation to the target text to clarify the target
readers that the instructions should be followed by the passengers during
evacuation.
1.3. Borrowing
Borrowing is a technique used by the translator in translating a text if
there are no words that can define the source language. Borrowing can be pure
and naturalized. The data numbers of this technique can be seen in the table
below:
Table 6: Borrowing Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Borrowing
09/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
13
06/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
08/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
10/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
16/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
18/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
03/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
07/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
04/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
04/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
06/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
03/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
03/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
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The examples of borrowing technique are as follows:
Example 1: 09/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: We have a very ill passenger onboard who needs emergency medical care,
therefore we have to divert our flight to …. the (International) airport of
…. to get immediate assistance.
TT: Karena adanya seorang penumpang yang sakit dan memerlukan
perawatan darurat, kami harus mengalihkan penerbangan ini ke bandar
udara (Internasional) …. di …. untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.
From the datum above, it can be seen that the translator uses
borrowing (naturalized) in order to find the equivalence of meaning between the
text in source language and target language. In the datum above, the word
International is absorbed into Indonesian as Internasional. The Indonesian
absorbs this word by changing the middle consonant –t- into –s-.
Example 2: 06/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
The datum above shows that the translator uses borrowing
(naturalized) technique. The word decompression is absorbed into Indonesian as
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dekompresi. The translator decides to borrow the term because the translator
cannot find the equivalence of meaning of the word.
Example 3: 08/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
The word cabin in the datum above also shows that the translator uses
borrowing (naturalized) technique. In Indonesian, there is no term that refers to
the word cabin. In order to solve this problem, the word cabin is absorbed into
Indonesian as kabin. The decision of the translator in applying this technique is
very appropriate because the word kabin is familiar for the people in aviation,
both the flight attendant and the passengers, so people can understand it very well.
1.4. Amplification
In this technique, the translator paraphrases implicit information in
source language. The data numbers of this technique can be seen in the table
below:
Table 7: Amplification Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Amplification 03/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
2 08/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
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The examples of amplification technique are as follows:
Example 1: 03/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: Illness
TT: Penumpang Sakit Selama Penerbangan
The datum above shows that the translator applies amplification
technique. The word illness is being paraphrased into penumpang sakit selama
penerbangan. Actually, the meaning of illness is sakit but the translator tries to
see the implicit information from the word illness and then the translator
paraphrases it by considering the context (during the flight).
Example 2: 08/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
ST: At the moment, emergency equipments are being prepared near the
runway just in case we need them.
TT: Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan untuk mencegah
segala kemungkinan.
In the datum above, the translator prefers to paraphrase the words just
in case we need them into untuk mencegah segala kemungkinan instead of hanya
jika kita membutuhkannya. It can be seen that the translator uses amplification
technique in order to make the target readers able to understand the information as
easy as possible without having some questions in their mind. The translator
paraphrases the implicit information without reducing the message of the source
text.
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1.5. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique where the translator changes the
point of view, focus or cognitive category in relevance with the source language.
The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:
Table 8: Modulation Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Modulation
08/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
3 09/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
05/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
The examples of modulation technique are as follows:
Example 1: 08/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
ST: You are kindly requested to stay calm and seated with your seatbelt
fastened.
TT: Kami berharap anda tetap tenang dan duduk ditempat masing-masing
dengan mengenakan sabuk pengaman.
The datum above uses modulation technique since the translator
changes the focus or point of view between the source text and the target text. It
can be seen from the words You are kindly requested, the focus is you (the
passenger). Meanwhile, the translator translates and changes the focus or point of
view of the target text into Kami berharap anda. In the source text the focus is the
passenger, but the translator changes the focus of the target text into the flight
attendant. In the datum above, the translator changes the focus or point of view
without reducing the message of the source text. The translation is still accurate.
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Example 2: 09/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: (Due to oxygen contamination in the cabin you are kindly requested not
to smoke until we have landed.)
TT: (Karena banyaknya oksigen di dalam kabin, kami harap anda jangan
merokok sampai pesawat ini mendarat nanti.)
The datum above also uses modulation technique. It is similar to the
datum number 08/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2. The translator changes the
focus of the text from you (the passenger) into kami (the flight attendant). The
translation is more acceptable and readable because the translator changes the
focus of the source text rather than translates it into anda diharap jangan
merokok. In other words, the decision of the translator in applying this technique
is very appropriate.
1.6. Established equivalence
Established equivalence is a technique of translation that uses familiar
terms or idiom. In this case, the terms or idiom are about aviation since the
object of the research is flight attendant manual. It means that most of the
data are using this technique because there are many terms or idiom that are
quite familiar for the people working in airlines or the passengers but it might
sound strange for common people, especially for those who never travel to
some places by using plane. The data numbers of this technique are in the
table below:
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Table 9: Established Equivalence Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Established
equivalence
04/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
36
05/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
14/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
03/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
04/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
06/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
11/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
17/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
01/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
03/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
04/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
11/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
15/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
17/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
21/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
24/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
28/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
04/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
09/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
13/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
02/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
03/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
08/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
12/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
01/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
02/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
10/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
11/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
01/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
02/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
10/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
17/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
01/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
02/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
09/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
11/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
The examples of established equivalence technique are as follows:
Example 1: 04/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: Ladies and Gentlemen,
TT: Penumpang kami yang terhormat,
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The datum above applies established equivalence technique. It can be
seen from the target text that the translator tends to translate idiom in the source
text into Penumpang kami yang terhormat because these words are commonly
used by the flight attendant when she wants to announce information to the
passengers in the plane.
Example 2: 10/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
ST: Please accept our apology for this inconvenience.
TT: Kami mohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini.
From the datum above, it can be seen that the translator uses
established equivalence technique. The translator tends to translate the source text
into Kami mohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini instead of Terimalah
permohonan maaf kami atas ketidanyamanan ini because the first version is
commonly used by the flight attendant in aviation. It has become such an idiom in
aviation. If the translator translates the source text into the second version, the
translation will not be acceptable for the passengers.
Example 3: 02/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
ST: We have a technical abnormality in our …. system, therefore we have to
take a precautionary preparation on landing.
TT: Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita harus
mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan pada waktu mendarat nanti.
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The datum above also uses established equivalence technique. It can
be seen from the target text that the translator tends to translate the words We have
a technical abnormality in our ...system into Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem
...pesawat ini. The translator does not translate those words literally into Kita
mengalami kelainan teknis pada system pesawat ini because this translation
version is not commonly used by the flight attendant on the plane. The flight
attendant usually uses the first translation version. It is more acceptable and
readable for the passengers on the plane.
1.7. Reduction
In this technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in
target text. The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:
Table 10: Reduction Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Reduction
06/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
17
07/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
08/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
11/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
10/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
12/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
13/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
23/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
25/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
26/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
10/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
07/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
09/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
11/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
13/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
14/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
16/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
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The examples of reduction technique are as follows:
Example 1: 06/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: We have a very ill passenger onboard who needs emergency medical care,
therefore we have to divert our flight to …. the (International) airport of
…. to get immediate assistance.
TT: Karena adanya seorang penumpang yang sakit dan memerlukan
perawatan darurat, kami harus mengalihkan penerbangan ini ke bandar
udara (Internasional) …. di …. untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.
The datum above shows that the translator uses reduction technique. It
can be seen from the word very in the source text. This word is actually explaining
the words ill passenger. The complete information is a very ill passenger, but the
translator reduces the information by omitting very. It means that the translator
deletes the information partially.
Example 2: 10/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
ST: This is quite normal and harmless; the fog will disappear in a shortwhile.
TT: Keadaan ini normal dan tidak berbahaya, dalam beberapa saat lagi kabut
tsb akan hilang dengan sendirinya.
In the datum above, the word quite is omitted by the translator. In this
case, the translator does not delete the whole information because the word quite
is only explaining the word normal. It means that the translator only reduces the
information by omitting the word quite.
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Example 3: 13/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
ST: To improve your safety during evacuation, we kindly request you to stay
calm and not to panic. In the meantime, please follow closely instructions
given by your flight attendant.
TT: Demi keselamatan anda dan penumpang-penumpang lain, kami harap
anda tetap tenang dan tidak panik serta ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk
keselamatan yang diberikan oleh awak kabin.
It can be seen from the datum above that the translator uses reduction
technique. The word kindly in the source text is omitted in the target text. In this
case, the translator does not delete the whole information because the word kindly
is explaining the word request, so the translator is only omitting the information
partially.
1.8. Transposition
Transposition is a translation technique involving a change in the
grammar from source language into target language. As stated in chapter II, the
researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is explained by Catford (cited
in Venutti, 2002:143) since the discussion of transposition theory are very wide.
Catford calls this technique as category shift. It includes class shift (shift of word
classes), unit or rank shift (shift of units), and intra system shift (shifting from
singular to plural and vice versa). The researcher does not include structural shift,
which is actually also one type of category shift, because the difference of
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language structures between English and Indonesian would automatically cause
structural adjustments in translation. In this analysis, the researcher finds that the
translator also uses this technique in order to make a qualified translation. The
data numbers of this technique can be seen as follows:
Table 11: Transposition Technique
Technique Types Data numbers Total
Transposition
or
Category
Shift
Intra system shift
13/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
6
12/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
14/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
20/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
08/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
05/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
Class shift
05/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
3 02/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
27/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
Rank shift
02/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
13
10/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
01/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
16/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
05/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
14/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
19/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
11/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
05/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
06/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
13/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
05/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
09/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
Total data 22
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The examples of intra system shift are as follows:
Example 1: 12/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
ST: Meanwhile please avoid touching or lifting anything until this aircraft has
been completely inspected by security officers.
TT: Sementara itu kami mohon anda tidak menyentuh atau mengangkat
barang apapun sampai pesawat ini selesai diperiksa oleh petugas
keamanan.
Example 2: 08/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s).
TT: Kita akan mendarat kira-kira dalam waktu …. menit.
In the two examples above, it can be seen that the translator uses intra
system shift. The translator changes the plural forms into the singular forms. In
the first example, the word officers (plural) is translated into petugas (singular). It
also happens in the second example. The word minute(s) (plural) is rendered into
menit (singular).
Example 3: 05/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
ST: We have a technical abnormality in our …. system, therefore we have to
take a precautionary preparation on landing.
TT: Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita harus
mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan pada waktu mendarat nanti.
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In the third example, it can be seen that the translator also applies intra
system shift. The words a precautionary preparation in the source text are
singular, but the translator decides to translate those words into langkah-langkah
pencegahan. The words langkah-langkah pencegahan in the target text are plural.
In this case, the translator transposes some words in the source text from singular
into plural while in the first and second examples the translator transposes from
plural into singular.
The examples of class shift are as follows:
Example 1: 02/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: Emergency Descent
TT: Menurunkan Ketinggian Secara Darurat
Example 2: 27/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
ST: Our flight attendant would be very happy to serve your needs.
TT: Awak kabin akan senang hati membantu apabila anda memerlukan
bantuan.
In the two examples above, it can be seen that the translator changes
the word class from noun into verb. In the first example, the word descent (noun)
is translated into menurunkan (verb). It also happens in the second example. The
word needs (noun) is rendered into memerlukan (verb). In the two examples, the
translator shifts the words in source text from noun into verb.
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Example 3: 05/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
ST: We have just been informed that an explosive may have been placed on
this aircraft.
TT: Baru saja kami mendapat informasi bahwa kemungkinan didalam
pesawat ini telah dipasang bahan peledak.
In the third example, the word informed in the source text is a verb.
The translator tends to translate this word into informasi (noun) rather than
translate it into diinformasikan (verb). It can be seen that the translator decides to
choose the word informasi (noun) because the translator wants to make the
translation more readable. The decision of the translator in applying this technique
is very appropriate. In this datum, the translator shifts the word in source text from
verb into noun.
The examples of rank or unit shift are as follows:
Example 1: 02/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: Illness
TT: Penumpang Sakit Selama Penerbangan
Example 2: 16/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
ST: We apologize for this inconvenience.
TT: Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian yang tidak menyenangkan ini.
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In the datum number 03/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1, the word
Illness is translated by the translator into a phrase Penumpang Sakit Selama
Penerbangan. The word Illness in the source text is a noun. In the target text, it
can be seen that the translator shifts the word Illness into noun phrase. In the
datum number 16/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2, the translator also transposes
word into phrase. The word inconvenience in the source text is a noun. In the
target text, the translator shifts the word inconvenience (noun) into kejadian yang
tidak menyenangkan (noun phrase). From the two examples, it can be seen that
the translator applies this technique in order to make an accurate, readable, and
acceptable translation. The researcher considers that the decision of the translator
in applying this technique is very precise. In the two examples, it can be seen that
the translator applies rank or unit shift from word into phrase.
Example 3: 05/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
ST: We regret to announce that due to technical malfunction in our …. system,
we are forced to make an emergency landing on (the runway/land/water).
TT: Dengan sangat menyesal kami beritahukan bahwa karena adanya
kerusakan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita terpaksa melakukan
pendaratan darurat di (landasan/daratan/air).
The datum above shows that the words are forced belongs to a verb
phrase and it is translated by the translator into the word terpaksa. In this case, the
translator transposes the words are forced (verb phrase) into terpaksa (verb). In
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this example, the researcher finds that the translator applies unit shift from phrase
into word.
Example 4: 05/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
ST: Now everything is under control and we request you to stay calm and
remain seated then follow the instruction from our flight attendant.
TT: Pada saat ini keadaan sudah dapat dikendalikan. Kami mohon kepada
anda untuk tetap tenang dan tetap duduk serta mengikuti arahan awak
kabin kami.
The datum above also shows that the translator applies rank or unit
shift. It can be seen that the source text is a compound sentence which contains
two independent clauses joined by a coordinator “and”. The first clause is the
words Now everything is under control. The second clause is the words we
request you to stay calm and remain seated then follow the instruction from our
flight attendant. In the target text, the translator shifts the compound sentence in
the source text into two simple sentences. A simple sentence, also called as
independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it also expresses a complete
thought. The first simple sentence is Pada saat ini keadaan sudah dapat
dikendalikan. The second simple sentence is Kami mohon kepada anda untuk
tetap tenang dan tetap duduk serta mengikuti arahan awak kabin kami. Although
the second sentence in the target text contains a compound verb, it is considered
as a simple sentence because it expresses a complete thought. In this example, the
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researcher finds that the translator uses rank shift from compound sentence into
simple sentence.
Example 5: 09/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
ST: To improve your safety during evacuation, we kindly request you to stay
calm and not to panic. In the meantime, please follow closely instructions
given by your flight attendant.
TT: Demi keselamatan anda dan penumpang-penumpang lain, kami harap
anda tetap tenang dan tidak panik serta ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk
keselamatan yang diberikan oleh awak kabin.
In the datum above, the source text consists of two simple sentences,
but in the target text the translator transposes those two simple sentences into a
compound sentence. In this case, the translator applies rank shift from simple
sentence into compound sentence.
1.9. Literal Translation
In this technique, the translator translates the source language word by
word. This technique is similar to calque. In literal translation, one word in the
source text is not always translated into one word in the target text. The data
numbers of this technique can be seen as follows:
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Table 12: Literal Translation Technique
Technique Data numbers Total
Literal
Translation
12/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
7
13/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
15/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
01/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
07/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
06/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
07/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
The examples of literal translation technique are as follows:
Example 1: 12/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s)/hour(s).
TT: Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu …. menit/jam.
Example 2: 15/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
ST: We apologize for this inconvenience.
TT: Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian yang tidak menyenangkan ini.
It can be seen from the two examples above that the translator also uses literal
translation technique in translating the Flight Attendant Manual. In the first
example, the word We shall be landing in is literally translated into Kita akan
mendarat dalam waktu. In the second example, the translator translates the words
We apologize for this inconvenience literally into Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian
yang tidak menyenangkan ini.
Based on all of the analysis above, the researcher draws the percentage of the
translation techniques used in the Flight Attendant Manual. The amounts of each
translation technique are presented in the following table:
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Table 13: Translation Techniques
No Techniques Amounts Percentage
1 Addition 19 15,2%
2 Deletion 6 4,8%
3 Borrowing 13 10,4%
4 Amplification 2 1,6%
5 Modulation 3 2,4%
6 Established equivalence 36 28,8%
7 Reduction 17 13,6%
8 Transposition 22 17,6%
9 Literal Translation 7 5,6%
Total 125 100%
2. Translation Quality
A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to
target language very well. In order to produce a qualified translation, a translator
has to pay attention to the translation quality assessment. Translation quality
assessment is very important for translation product because the translator can see
whether the product is qualified or not.
In this research, the researcher asked three raters and three respondents
to assess translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. All of the informants
were asked to assess the translation quality in the level of text. In assessing the
translation quality, the raters were given questionnaire about the accuracy and
acceptability. Meanwhile, the respondents were given questionnaire about the
readability. After that, the researcher made the calculation of the mean score given
by the raters and respondents in a table. After making the statistical calculation of
the data, then the data were classified into three categories based on its average
scores.
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2.1. Accuracy
According to the results of the translation quality assessment, the
researcher finds that the translator makes 4 accurate translations (50%) and 4 less
accurate translations (50%). The researcher does not find any inaccurate
translations because the data are in the level of macro-unit or text. The table
below shows the result of accuracy assessment, and then the examples of each
category will be followed.
Table 14: The Result of Accuracy Assessment
Accuracy
Text Rater 1 (R1) Rater 2 (R2) Rater 3 (R3) Mean Category
1 2 3 2 2,33 Less accurate
2 3 3 3 3 Accurate
3 2 3 3 2,67 Accurate
4 2 2 2 2 Less accurate
5 2 3 2 2,33 Less accurate
6 3 3 3 3 Accurate
7 2 3 2 2,33 Less accurate
8 2 3 3 2,67 Accurate
Mean 2,54 Less Accurate
2.1.1. Accurate Translation
In this category, all data taken are accurate. Accurate translation means
that the messages in the source text are transferred well in the target text. It also
means that there are no distortions of meaning in the translation. The mean score
of the data for accurate translation is 2,66 – 3. The following are several data
which belong to this category:
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Example 1:
ST: Explosive/Bomb threat
TT: Bahan peledak/ ancaman bom saat penerbangan
The datum above is taken from text 2. All of the raters gave score 3 for
the accuracy aspect in text 2. The raters considered that the messages in the source
text are translated accurately in the target text and there are no distortions of
meaning in text 2. All of the raters also said that the addition of the word saat
penerbangan in the target text is accurate because it does not change the content
of the messages. In this case, the researcher also considered the datum taken from
text 2 as accurate. The decision of the translator in adding the word saat
penerbangan is very appropriate.
Example 2:
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
Although R2 and R3 gave score 3 in text 3, R1 gave score 2 because
R1 found an inappropriate translation in text 3. R1 assumed that the word tekanan
in the target text should not need to be added because it is unnecessary and it
confuses the reader. R1 suggested that it should be translated into pada kabin
pesawat ini without adding the word tekanan. In this case, the researcher still
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considered text 3 as accurate because the addition of the word tekanan in the
target text is only clarifying the word dekompresion which means penurunan
tekanan and it does not affect the clarity of the text.
Example 3:
ST: At the moment, emergency equipments are being prepared near the
runway just in case we need them.
TT: Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan untuk mencegah
segala kemungkinan.
The same case is also found in text 8. Text 8 is categorized as accurate
translation although R1 considered it as less accurate. R1 criticized the way the
translator translates the words just in case we need them. R1 stated that the
translations of those words are not accurate. There are distortions of meaning in
the example above. R2 also criticized the way the translator translates the example
above. R2 suggested that the translator should translate the source text above into
Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan kalau-kalau kita
membutuhkannya. Nevertheless, R2 still gave score 3 because R2 found that the
completeness of the messages in text 8 are still conveyed well. R3 also considered
text 8 as accurate translations because R3 did not find any distortion of meaning
in text 8. The researcher also considered text 8 as accurate because the researcher
did not find any distortion meaning.
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2.1.2. Less Accurate Translation
The data included to this category are the data which have some
distortions in meaning that affect the completeness of the whole message. The
mean score of the data for less accurate translation is 1,34 – 2,65. The following
are several data which belong to this category:
Example 1:
ST: We have a very ill passenger onboard who needs emergency medical care,
therefore we have to divert our flight to …. the (International) airport of
…. to get immediate assistance.
TT: Karena adanya seorang penumpang yang sakit dan memerlukan
perawatan darurat, kami harus mengalihkan penerbangan ini ke bandar
udara (Internasional) …. di …. untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.
The datum above is taken from text 1. In text 1, R2 considered this text
as accurate translation since the whole message is still conveyed accurately.
However, R1 and R3 considered text 1 as less accurate translation because R1 and
R3 found some problems related to the accuracy aspect. It can be seen from the
example above that the word immediate is not translated into the target text. In
this case, R1 and R3 stated that the message in the source text is not conveyed
well. R1 and R3 suggested that the translation will be more accurate if the
translator translates the source text into untuk mendapatkan pertolongan pertama
instead of untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.
R1 and R3 also found another word in text 1 which has distortion in
meaning. The source text is We apologize for this inconvenience. The translator
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translates this sentence into Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian ini. In this case, R1
and R3 criticized the way the translator translates the word inconvenience. R1 and
R3 suggested the translator to translate this word into ketidaknyaman instead of
kejadian. In this case, the researcher had the same view with R1 and R3. The
researcher also considered text 1 as less accurate because the message in the
source text is not conveyed well.
Example 2:
ST: The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by
condensation process the cabin airconditioning.
TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal
ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.
In assessing the accuracy aspect, the three raters gave score 2 to the
text 4. The three raters found some data which is not translated in the target text.
From the example above which is taken from text 4, it can be seen that the words
the cabin airconditioning in the source text are not translated in the target text. All
of the raters suggested the translator to translate the source text into Kalau saat ini
anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal ini disebabkan oleh
proses kondensasi udara pada AC di kabin. In this case, the three raters assumed
that the decision of the translator in deleting the words the cabin airconditioning
is inappropriate because it affect the completeness of the message.
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2.2. Acceptability
Based on the results of the translation quality assessment, the
researcher finds that the translator produces 4 acceptable translations (50%) and 4
less acceptable translations (50%). In assessing the acceptability aspect, the
researcher tends to focus on the use of language, especially choice of word. The
information in Flight Attendant Manual is intended for the passengers on the
plane. It means that the translator should pay attention to the choice of word in
order to produce an acceptable translation. If the translator makes some mistakes
in choosing the right word, the passengers will be difficult to accept the
information in the Flight Attendant Manual which is announced by the flight
attendant. The table below shows the result of acceptability assessment, and then
the examples of each category will be followed.
Table 15: The Result of Acceptability Assessment
Acceptability
Text Rater 1 (R1) Rater 2 (R2) Rater 3 (R3) Mean Category
1 2 3 3 2,67 Acceptable
2 2 2 3 2,33 Less acceptable
3 2 3 2 2,33 Less acceptable
4 2 2 3 2,33 Less acceptable
5 3 2 3 2,67 Acceptable
6 3 3 3 3 Acceptable
7 2 2 3 2,33 Less acceptable
8 3 3 3 3 Acceptable
Mean 2,58 Less acceptable
2.2.1. Acceptable Translation
In this category, all data taken are acceptable. Acceptable translation
means that the target text sounds natural and it also precise with the principle of
the target language. The mean score of the data for acceptable translation is 2,66 –
3. The following are several data which belong to this category:
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Example 1:
ST: We just had a technical defect in our …. system, which is causing smoke
to enter the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kami mengalami sedikit gangguan pada sistem …. pesawat ini
yang menyebabkan adanya asap di dalam kabin.
In text 6, all of the raters considered it as acceptable translation
because the translation sounds natural and appropriate with the target language’s
principle. In this case, R2 stated that the way the translator chooses the words
gangguan asap and kabin as the translation of abnormal smoke and cabin is very
appropriate. These words are commonly used in airline. R1 and R3 also assumed
that the choice of words in text 6 is very precise.
Example 2:
ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s)/hour(s).
TT: Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu …. menit/jam.
Although R2 and R3 gave score 3 to text 1, R1 considered it as less
acceptable because R1 found some problems in assessing acceptability aspect of
text1. R1 stated that the words Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu ....menit/jam in
text 1 sounds unnatural because the translator still maintains the structure of the
source language. R1 suggested that those words are translated into Kita akan
mendarat ... menit/jam lagi. However, the researcher assumed text 1 as acceptable
because the sentences are still appropriate with the target language’s principles.
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2.2.2. Less Acceptable Translation
In this category, the data are texts which sound unnatural and also the diction is
not appropriate. This category has mean score 1,34 – 2,65. The following are
several data which belong to this category:
Example 1:
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
In text 3, R2 gave score 3 while R1 and R3 considered it as less
acceptable. In this text, R1 and R3 found some data which have inappropriate
diction and also sound unnatural. It can be seen in the datum above that the
translator adds the word tekanan in the target text. In this case, R1 assumed that
this addition makes the translation becomes unnatural because the translator does
some repetition. R1 stated that the word dekompresi has the same meaning with
tekanan. It means that the addition of the word tekanan is unnecessary. R1
suggested the translator to delete the word tekanan in the target text because it
makes the text becomes unnatural. R3 also found another problem in text 3 that
deals with the diction. Therefore, text 3 is considered as less acceptable.
Example 2:
ST: (Due to oxygen contamination in the cabin you are kindly requested not
to smoke until we have landed.)
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TT: (Karena banyaknya oksigen di dalam kabin, kami harap anda jangan
merokok sampai pesawat ini mendarat nanti.)
In text 3, R3 criticized the way the translator translates the words not
to smoke. R3 stated that the translator chooses inappropriate words to represent
the target text. R3 suggested the translator to translate it into tidak merokok
instead of jangan merokok in order to make the translation more acceptable
because tidak merokok is more polite than jangan merokok. R3 assumed that the
translator should pay more attention to the diction.
2.3. Readability
Based on the data given by the respondents in assessing the readability aspects,
the researcher finds that the translator produces 4 readable translations (50%) and
4 less readable translations (50%). The table below shows the result of readability
assessment, and then the examples of each category will be followed.
Table 16: The Result of Readability Assessment
Readability
Text Respondent 1
(Rs1)
Respondent 2
(Rs2)
Respondent 3
(Rs3)
Mean Category
1 2 3 3 2,67 Readable
2 2 3 2 2,33 Less readable
3 1 2 2 1,67 Less readable
4 2 2 3 2,33 Less readable
5 3 3 3 3 Readable
6 3 3 3 3 Readable
7 2 3 2 2,33 Less readable
8 3 3 3 3 Readable
Mean 2,54 Less readable
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2.3.1. Readable Translation
All of the data included in this category are readable. Readable
translation means that the content of the text can be understood easily by the
respondents. In this case, the respondents do not have to read the text more than
once in order to get the content of the text. The mean score for readable
translation is 2,66 – 3. The following are several data which belong to this
category:
Example 1:
ST: The defect has been isolated and the smoke will disappear in shortwhile.
TT: Gangguan tersebut sudah dapat kami atasi dan asap tersebut akan hilang
dengan sendirinya beberapa saat lagi.
The datum above is taken from text 6. In this text, the three
respondents considered the text as readable. They stated that they can understand
the content of the text only by reading it once. It can be seen from the example
that the sentence in text 6 is simple and the terms are also familiar. The
respondents also added that this text is communicative.
In this category, text 5 and text 8 also get score 3 from all of the
respondents. In this case, the three respondents gave score 3 since text 5 and text 8
are also simple and communicative. They stated that they can understand the
content of text 5 and text 8 only by reading it once.
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Example 2:
ST: We have a very ill passenger onboard who needs emergency medical care,
therefore we have to divert our flight to …. the (International) airport of
…. to get immediate assistance.
TT: Karena adanya seorang penumpang yang sakit dan memerlukan
perawatan darurat, kami harus mengalihkan penerbangan ini ke bandar
udara (Internasional) …. di …. untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.
The datum above is taken from text 1 which is also categorized as
readable translation. In this text, Rs2 and Rs3 gave score 3 while Rs1 considered
this text as less readable. In the datum above, Rs1 stated that this datum is
confusing. The sentence is not simple and Rs1 has to read this sentence more than
once in order to understand the meaning. Rs1 also added that this sentence makes
Rs1 becomes difficult to understand the content of text 1. However, the researcher
considered text 1 as readable because the text is easy to understand.
2.3.2. Less Readable Translation
The data in this category are considered as less readable translation
since the respondents had to read it more than once to understand the content. The
mean score of for less readable translation is 1,34 – 2,65. The following are
several data which belong to this category:
Example 1:
ST: Therefore we have to immediately divert our flight to …. airport where
every precaution has been taken.
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TT: Oleh karena itu kami harus segera mengalihkan penerbangan ini
kebanddar udara terdekat yaitu …. dimana segala kemungkinan telah
dipersiapkan.
The datum above is taken from text 2. In this text, Rs2 assumed that
the text is readable and Rs2 can understand the content of the text only by reading
it once. On the other hand, Rs1 and Rs3 considered text 2 as less readable. They
had the same idea about the datum above. In the datum above, Rs1 and Rs3 stated
that they have to read the sentence twice in order to get the meaning. They also
added that the sentence is confusing, especially at the words dimana segala
kemungkinan telah dipersiapkan. They found difficulty to the understand it. In
this case, the researcher also found difficulty in understanding text 2. Therefore,
the researcher considered this text as less readable.
Example 2:
ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid
decompression in the cabin.
TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena
terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.
In text 3, Rs2 and Rs3 stated that the text is less readable translation
since they had to read the text twice in order to understand the content. On the
other hand, Rs1 considered text 3 as not readable since Rs1 had to read the text
many times in order to get the content of the text. In this case, Rs1 found some
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problems dealing with specific terms and also the use of language. Rs1 also added
that the sentences used in text 3 are not simple and confusing. There are some
terms which sound unfamiliar. It can be seen in the datum above that the word
dekompresi is a specific term. As explained in the previous chapter, the Flight
Attendant Manual is intended for the passengers who come from various
educational backgrounds. It means that the information should not contain some
specific terms which is not familiar for the passengers. In this case, Rs1 suggested
that the word dekompresi should be changed or added by some explanation.
C. Discussion
In the discussion, the researcher wants to show the impact of the
translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of
the Flight Attendant Manual. In this case, the decision of the translator in applying
the translation techniques affects the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the
translation. Based on the analysis of translation techniques and quality, the
researcher finds which techniques are appropriate for translating Flight Attendant
Manual and also which texts are having highest quality and lowest quality in
terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The following table shows the
impact of the translation techniques toward the translation quality of the Flight
Attendant Manual.
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Table 17: The Impact of Translation Techniques toward the Translation Quality
Text/Code Techniques Quality
Accuracy Acceptability Readability
Text 1
01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1 –
13/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1
Addition (1)
Borrowing (1)
Amplification (1)
Established equivalence (3)
Reduction (4)
Transposition (3)
Literal Translation (2)
2,33 2,67 2,67
Text 2
01/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2 –
13/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2
Addition (3)
Modulation (1)
Established equivalence (3)
Reduction (1)
Transposition (5)
Literal Translation (2)
3 2,33 2,33
Text 3
01/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1 –
22/ODAB/EMGC/T03/ST8.2/TT8.1
Addition (2)
Borrowing (5)
Modulation (1)
Established equivalence (3)
Reduction (5)
Transposition (6)
2,67 2,33 1,67
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Text 4
01/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3 –
11/ODAB/EMGC/T04/ST8.3/TT8.3
Addition (2)
Deletion (2)
Borrowing (2)
Modulation (1)
Established equivalence (2)
Reduction (1)
Transposition (1)
Literal Translation (1)
2 2,33 2,33
Text 5
01/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4 –
12/ODAB/EMGC/T05/ST8.4/TT8.4
Addition (1)
Deletion (2)
Borrowing (1)
Established equivalence (2)
Reduction (3)
Transposition (3)
2,33 2,67 3
Text 6
01/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5 –
09/ODAB/EMGC/T06/ST8.5/TT8.5
Addition (3)
Deletion (1)
Borrowing (2)
Established equivalence (3)
Literal Translation (1)
3 3 3
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Text 7
01/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6 –
16/ODAB/EMGC/T07/ST8.6/TT8.6
Addition (4)
Deletion (1)
Borrowing (1)
Established equivalence (4)
Reduction (3)
Transposition (3)
Literal Translation (1)
2,33 2,33 2,33
Text 8
01/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7 –
10/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7
Addition (3)
Borrowing (1)
Amplification (1)
Established equivalence (4)
Transposition (1)
Literal Translation (1)
2,67 3 3
Mean 2,54 2,58 2,54
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Based on the table above, it can be seen that the translator uses 9
translation techniques. The translation techniques used by the translator are: (1)
addition (2) deletion (3) borrowing (4) amplification (5) modulation (6)
established equivalence (7) reduction (8) transposition (9) literal translation. The
translation techniques applied by the translator in each text affect the quality of
the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. It can be seen
from the mean score of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the table
above that the translator produces less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable
translation. It means that most of the texts translated by the translator use
inappropriate techniques because it decreases the quality of the translation in
terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality,
the researcher finds that text 6 has the highest quality in terms of accuracy,
acceptability, and readability. It can be seen from the table above that text 6 gets
score 3 in accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The techniques used in text 6
are addition, deletion, borrowing, and established equivalence. In this case, the
translator has done a very well translation. The techniques applied by the
translator in text 6 are very appropriate and also produce a high quality of
translation.
Example:
ST: The defect has been isolated and the smoke will disappear in shortwhile.
TT: Gangguan tersebut sudah dapat kami atasi dan asap tersebut akan hilang
dengan sendirinya beberapa saat lagi.
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The datum above is taken from text 6. In the datum, it can be seen that
the translator applies addition technique. The way the translator uses this
technique is very appropriate. The translator makes the information become more
obvious by adding the words dengan sendirinya although the source text does not
explain it. In this case, the researcher assumes that the translation technique
applied by the translator increases the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of
the text. The researcher also adds that the application of addition technique makes
the text becomes more communicative.
Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality,
the researcher also finds that text 4 has the lowest quality compared to the other
texts. This text is less accurate, less acceptable and less readable. In text 4, the
translator applies 7 translation techniques. They are addition, deletion, borrowing,
modulation, established equivalence, reduction, and transposition. Considering the
quality of the text which is assessed from the informants, the researcher assumes
that the translation techniques applied by the translator in text 4 are not
appropriate.
Example:
ST: The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by
condensation process the cabin airconditioning.
TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal
ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.
The example above is taken from text 4. Based on the analysis of
translation technique, the researcher criticizes the way the translator applying
deletion technique in the example above. From the example above, it can be seen
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that the words the cabin airconditioning in the source text are not translated in the
target text. Therefore, the researcher suggests the translator to translate the source
text into Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini,
hal ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara pada AC di kabin. In this case,
the researcher assumes that the decision of the translator in deleting the words the
cabin airconditioning is inappropriate because it affect the completeness of the
message. In other words, the application of deletion technique in this text makes
the translation becomes less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable.
Based on the analysis of translation techniques, the most used
technique is established equivalence. This technique is mostly used by the
translator in translating the Flight Attendant Manual because there are particular
terms in the Flight Attendant Manual, for example: Ladies and Gentleman into
Penumpang kami yang terhormat. This technique is also used in translating some
terms which have established equivalence in the target language, for example:
Please accept our apology for this inconvenience into Kami mohon maaf atas
ketidaknyamanan ini. In this case, the researcher considered that the translator
uses this technique in order to produce a communicative translation which is
readable for the target readers. As stated in the previous chapter, the information
in the Flight Attendant Manual is intended to the passengers on the plane who
come from various backgrounds. Therefore, the translator also has to pay attention
to the choice of words in order to produce acceptable translation. The translator
has to use formal language but also less of specific terms which cannot be
accepted by the passengers. The use of inappropriate dictions would affect the
quality of the translation.
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The analysis of translation techniques and quality of translation shows
that the appropriate techniques in translating the Flight Attendant Manual are
addition and established equivalence. It can be seen that these translation
techniques give more positive contributions toward the quality of translation
comparing to the other techniques. These techniques mostly produce qualified
translation. Meanwhile, the techniques which give negative contribution or
produce low quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and
readability are deletion and reduction. In this case, the researcher suggests the
translator to pay more attention to the target readers in translating texts in order to
produce a qualified translation because the target readers, the translation
techniques and the quality of translation are interrelated.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality
of the Flight Attendant Manual, the researcher draws conclusions as follows:
1. There are 9 translation techniques used by the translator in translating the
Flight Attendant Manual. They are addition (15,1%), deletion (4,7%),
borrowing (10,3%), amplification (1,6%), modulation (2,4%), established
equivalence (28,6%), reduction (13,5%), transposition (17,5%), and literal
translation (6,3%).
2. The translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the
Flight Attendant Manual produce less accurate, less acceptable, and less
readable translation.
B. Recommendations
Based on the research findings, the researcher gives some
recommendations for translators, especially translators who deal with manual text
and aviation. The recommendations are composed as follows:
1. In translating a manual text which has some specific terms, translators
have to use the appropriate techniques by considering the target readers in
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order to produce qualified translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability,
and readability.
2. The manual text requires a simple sentence but contains complete and
clear information. In this case, translators can apply addition and
established equivalence technique to make the information more obvious
and also to create a communicative text by considering that these
techniques should be able to produce accurate translation. Translators can
also uses the other techniques in translating manual text as long as the
result of the translation is accurate, acceptable, and readable.