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An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Products Mark Wiesmeyer, PhD, DABR Technical Product Manager Standard Imaging, Inc.
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Page 1: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Products

Mark Wiesmeyer, PhD, DABRTechnical Product ManagerStandard Imaging, Inc.

Page 2: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Goals

• Understand the nature and intent of TG‐142 imaging metrics,

• Introduce some imaging phantoms used by PIPSpro,

• Understand how our software works,

• Develop an intuitive appreciation of the mathematics.

Page 3: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

TG-142, Table VI – Imaging QADaily Monthly Annual

• Mechanicals

• Imaging Dose

• Positioning

Page 4: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

PIPSpro - Imager QA Metrics

* The Phantom Laboratory** Elekta Acceptance Test*** Not available with 503…missing the 515. 

Metric QC‐3, QCkV‐1Catphan

503, 504, 600*Geometric Distortion – Volumetric XUniformity X XNoise X XContrast X XSpatial Resolution X XHounsfield Unit Constancy XLow‐Contrast Visibility** XLow‐Contrast Detectability*** X

Page 5: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

QC-3 Phantom

• Noise• Contrast• Spatial resolution• Uniformity* 

Page 6: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

QCkV-1 Phantom

Essentially identical to QC‐3, but for kV and adds contrast detail regions.

Page 7: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Catphan Phantom Family

Catphan M1 M2 M3 M4 M5503 404 528 486 Elekta504 528 404 515 486‐2 Varian600 404 591 528 515 486 Siemens

Module Inserts

The following diagrams were taken from Catphan manuals, which are all available online.

Page 8: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Catphan 503

Brackets to attach to box and adjustment screws.

Page 9: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Catphan 504

Page 10: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Catphan 600

What distinguishes the phantoms are the analysis modules and their placement….

Page 11: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Noise

• Noise is calculated as the standard deviation of the pixel values of a region in an image.

• Noise represents randomdetector signal fluctuations.

• Noise is assumed to be “stationary”.

Which image is noisier?

Page 12: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Uniformity

• (Non)uniformity represents systematic detector signal fluctuations.

• (Non)uniformity can be removed (improved) through system calibration.

Which image is more uniform?

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CTP 486 - Image Uniformity Module 503, 504, 600

The mean value of each region of interest (ROI) is used to quantify uniformity.  The standard deviation (Sigma) is used to quantify noise 

Hounsfield Numbers

Page 14: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Integral Non-Uniformity

• PIPS shows CT#’s plotted on the same graph.  

• Note that CBCT images tend to be more noisy than CT images.  

“Cupping” or “capping” of the CT number may indicate the need for recalibration.

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A Basic Equation

Same equation as for beam flatness.

2

2

" "" "

IntegralNon‐Uniformity

Page 16: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Single Image – Uniformity and Noise

1 100

A Percent Integral Uniformity value of 100% theoreticallymeans that there is no variability within the useful field of view. 

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆5

Page 17: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Dual Image – Noise Only

- 1996

Page 18: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Noise (Dual Image) ∆1

2 1

Assumption:  The “images” are the same, the noise is different.

Std. Dev. =  0.0224

Subtracting images lets us estimate noise in the region that we are analyzing.

12∗ 0.0224 0.0158

0.0146 0.01562 0.0151

~4% error

Page 19: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

PIPSpro - Noise

12∗ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

6

Page 20: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

PIPSpro - Contrast to Noise Ratio

Mean of the pixel values in the “lightest” region of an image

Mean of the pixel values in the “darkest” region of an image

Standard deviation of the pixel values in the “darkest” region of an image

Page 21: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)• The MTF shows the frequency 

response of the imaging system.

• Higher frequencies are required for greater resolution.

• Thicker screens have better absorption properties but exhibit poorer spatial resolution (lower dose, increased scatter). 

• Film (by itself) has far better spatial resolution than that of intensifying screens.  FIGURE 6‐8, Bushberg, The Essential 

Physics of Medical Imaging, 2nd Ed. 

Frequency Response ~ Δ Spatial Resolution

Page 22: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

What I learned to pass my boards.

“The MTF is the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the point or line spread function— the response of an imaging system to an infinitesimally small point or line of light.”

Dirac Delta Function

Amplitu

de

Distance

Point Spread Function

Amplitu

de

Distance

Amplitu

de

Spatial Frequency

MTF

Page 23: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

PIPSpro – MTF

Where is my delta function?

CTP 528 – High Resolution Module

Page 24: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

SWMTF – Key Concepts• In imaging, for square wave 

patterns, as spatial frequency increases, variance decreases.

• The change in variance is proportional to the change in frequency response.

• The SWMTF is less susceptible to noise than Fourier transform‐based methods.

• Provides a “Relative” MTF.

Original Phantom

Largest Bars

Variance from Noise

Total Variance

Page 25: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

CTP 528 – High Resolution Module503, 504, 600

* 100%

Largest Bars For square wave patterns, as spatial frequency increases, variance decreases.

Page 26: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma ~ 0

Frequency response can be simulated by convolution of a Gaussian with “line pairs”.

The change in variance is proportional to the frequency response.

Page 27: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma = 1

Page 28: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma = 2

Page 29: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma = 3

Page 30: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma = 4

Page 31: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Sigma = 5

Page 32: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

CTP 404 – Hounsfield Number Constancy

503, 504, 600

Page 33: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

HU Constancy

The “Expected” values may differ for your CBCT imager.

• Need for calibration• Imager limitations

Baselining functions in PIPSpro.

Page 34: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

CTP 515 - Low Contrast Module504, 600

These are normal results for CBCT low contrast detectability.  0.3% and 0.5% contrast may be detected with fan beam CT’s (or maybe higher MU’s).

Page 35: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Low Contrast Detectability

• Detectability occurs (is defined) when the “contrast to noise ratio” is greater than or equal to 4 (psychophysical basis).

• Subslice targets are ignored by PIPSpro.

/ 4

Page 36: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Imaging Pointers

• Use imaging protocols similar to what you would use clinically.

• If you want to trend your QA metrics, always use the same imaging protocols, including fields of view.

• Smaller fields of view yield better results because pixel density per area increases with decreased field of view.

• Be sure to set up your phantoms correctly and accurately.

Page 37: An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard Imaging Productsamos3.aapm.org/abstracts/pdf/90-25664-346462-108646.pdf · An Introduction to TG-142 Imaging QA Using Standard

Bibliography

Stock M, Pasler M, Birkfellner W, Homolka P, Poetter R, Georg D.  Image quality and stability of image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) devices: A comparative study. Radiother Oncol. 2009 Oct;93(1):1‐7

Lehmann J, Perks J, Semon S, Harse R, Purdy JA.  Commissioning experience with cone‐beam computed tomography for image‐guided radiation therapy.  J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2007 Jul 17;8(3):2354.

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Scaling (Planar Only)- FC-2 Phantom

The MLC phantom or FC‐2 phantom can be used for this purpose as can any other phantom that has fiducials set at a known distance from one another. 

10cm

 x 10 cm

15cm

 x 15 cm


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