An Inverse Class E Power Amplifier With Finite DC-Feed Inductance

8/10/2019 An Inverse Class E Power Amplifier With Finite DC-Feed Inductance

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An Inverse Class E Power Amplifier withFinite DC-Feed Inductance

Yong-Qing Leng Yun !eng "uo-Liang !hang and #ei Peng $unan %niversit& Changsha China Li-'un !hangYa-(ao Peng 'in "uan $ui Lu and !han-Qi !heng Institute of )icroelectronics Chinese Academ& of *ciences

+ei,ing ChinaAugust . /01No Comments

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This article reports the design and experimental characterization of an inverse Class E

power amplifier (PA) with a finite DC-feed inductance The output matching networ! is

designed to transform the standard circuit impedance to the optimum device matching

impedance with inherent harmonic suppression characteristics The inverse Class E PA

achieves a pea! drain efficienc" of #$% percent and power added efficienc" (PAE) of %#&

percent' with a gain of & d*' while providing +$# d*m output power at &,# .z /t can

produce output power greater than ,& d*m with a drain efficienc" 0etter than %$ percent

across a &1$ 2.z 0andwidth
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inese-academy-of-sciences-beijing-china/articleshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/authors/3430-yong-qing-leng-yun-zeng-guo-liang-zhang-and-wei-peng-hunan-university-changsha-china-li-jun-zhang-ya-tao-peng-jin-guan-hui-lu-and-zhan-qi-zheng-institute-of-microelectronics-chinese-academy-of-sciences-beijing-china/articleshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/authors/3430-yong-qing-leng-yun-zeng-guo-liang-zhang-and-wei-peng-hunan-university-changsha-china-li-jun-zhang-ya-tao-peng-jin-guan-hui-lu-and-zhan-qi-zheng-institute-of-microelectronics-chinese-academy-of-sciences-beijing-china/articleshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=preview#commentshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/print/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductancehttp://www.microwavejournal.com/reprintshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=epub&source=tbx-300&lng=en&s=linkedin&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwavejournal.com%2Farticles%2F20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance%3Fv%3Dpreview&title=An%20Inverse%20Class%20E%20Power%20Amplifier%20with%20Finite%20DC-Feed%20Inductance%20%7C%202013-08-15%20%7C%20Microwave%20Journal&ate=AT-epub/-/-/54a45642f7061d5d/2&frommenu=1&uid=54a456429beb3404&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fimgres%3Fimgurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.microwavejournal.com%252Fext%252Fresources%252Fimages%252FFigures%252F2013%252FAug%252F8M34%252F8M34t3x500.jpg%26imgrefurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.microwavejournal.com%252Farticles%252F20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance%26h%3D212%26w%3D500%26tbnid%3DbYgsbKruVwG9CM%253A%26zoom%3D1%26docid%3D_Fd_9rvn8iLLZM%26ei%3DM1OkVIz2DobfaIKEgsAC%26tbm%3Disch%26ved%3D0CAwQMygEMAQ4rAI%26iact%3Drc%26uact%3D3%26dur%3D1031%26page%3D14%26start%3D300%26ndsp%3D23&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptchahttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=epub&source=tbx-300&lng=en&s=linkedin&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwavejournal.com%2Farticles%2F20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance%3Fv%3Dpreview&title=An%20Inverse%20Class%20E%20Power%20Amplifier%20with%20Finite%20DC-Feed%20Inductance%20%7C%202013-08-15%20%7C%20Microwave%20Journal&ate=AT-epub/-/-/54a45642f7061d5d/2&frommenu=1&uid=54a456429beb3404&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fimgres%3Fimgurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.microwavejournal.com%252Fext%252Fresources%252Fimages%252FFigures%252F2013%252FAug%252F8M34%252F8M34t3x500.jpg%26imgrefurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.microwavejournal.com%252Farticles%252F20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance%26h%3D212%26w%3D500%26tbnid%3DbYgsbKruVwG9CM%253A%26zoom%3D1%26docid%3D_Fd_9rvn8iLLZM%26ei%3DM1OkVIz2DobfaIKEgsAC%26tbm%3Disch%26ved%3D0CAwQMygEMAQ4rAI%26iact%3Drc%26uact%3D3%26dur%3D1031%26page%3D14%26start%3D300%26ndsp%3D23&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptchahttp://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=xa-4c641cea7435e05ahttp://addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=xa-4c641cea7435e05ahttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/20392-an-inverse-class-e-power-amplifier-with-finite-dc-feed-inductance?v=previewhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/11106-analytical-design-of-an-inverse-class-f-power-amplifier-for-linear-amplificationhttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/9196-analysis-and-design-of-the-doherty-amplifier-based-on-class-f-and-inverse-class-f-amplifiershttp://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/9196-analysis-and-design-of-the-doherty-amplifier-based-on-class-f-and-inverse-class-f-amplifiershttp://www.microwavejournal.com/events/788-comsol-training-courseshttp://www.microwavejournal.com/events/1262-satellite-2015


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Fig$re '"enerali2ed load networ3 of an inverse Class E amplifier with finite DC-feed inductance ideal circuit 4a5e6uivalent circuit 475 proposed circuit using transmission line 4c58

(he Class E power amplifier introduced 7& 98 *o3al and A8 *o3al in :;es the high 7rea3down voltage

re6uirement of the active device8 *econd the internal parasitic inductance of pac3aged

devices can 7e a7sor7ed 7& the series inductor in the inverse Class E topolog&8/1(here

are some studies addressing this in the e>isting literature 7ut almost all of the wor3

assumes that the DC feed inductance has an infinite impedance8/-?In practice however it

is impossi7le to reali2e an =F cho3e with infinite impedance at the fundamental fre6uenc&

and its harmonic components8 )oreover using a finite DC-feed inductance has the

advantage of minimi2ing si2e cost and comple>it& of the overall circuit8 (he effect of a finite

DC-feed inductance on the performance of an inverse Class E amplifier is anal&2ed and the

design e6uations are given in references )ur& et al:

and $ieta3angas et al80

An additionalcapacitor is introduced in )ur& et al:to resonate with the finite DC-feed inductance at the

second harmonic fre6uenc&8

(his article presents an inverse Class E PA with finite DC-feed inductance which is

resonant with a part of the parallel circuit capacitance at the fundamental fre6uenc&8 (he

finite DC-feed inductance is reali2ed as a short-circuited shunt stu78 (heoretical

e>pressions are derived for the circuit elements and the anal&sis is verified through

simulation8 For e>perimental validation an inverse Class E PA emplo&ing a gallium nitride

4"a95 high electron mo7ilit& transistor 4$E)(5 device is fa7ricated and measured8

IN)ER"E CLA"" E CIRC*I# DE"I+N

F$ndamental #heory


3/13

Fig$re ',a-shows the ideal e6uivalent circuit of an inverse Class E PA with finite DC-feed

inductance8 It consists of an active device as an ideal switch a series inductor 4L5 a

parallel inductor 4L/5 a shunt resonant circuit 4LpCp5 tuned to the operating fre6uenc& a

compensation capacitor 4C5 and a load resistance 4=58 (his circuit is usuall& anal&2ed

7ased on preliminar& assumptions8.(he output voltage and current are sinusoidal and are

defined as

where @ / B f0 f0is the fundamental fre6uenc& =is the load voltage amplitude is the

initial phase and " = is the load conductance8

From Fig$re ' ,.- it is seen that

#hen the switch is 9 for 0 G @t G B the voltage on the switch is

At the same time the current flowing through Lcan 7e written as

#hen the switch is FF for B G @t G / B the current

As is the case with other Class E amplifiers it is possi7le to eliminate power losses during

9-to-FF transition 7& providing the following collector-current conditionsH

Appl&ing the 2ero-current condition in E6uation : gives


4/13

where -B/ G G B/ 7ecause = 08

Appl&ing the 2ero current-derivative condition of E6uation 0 and using E6uation gives

and falls in the e>pected range for = 08

As a result the stead&-state switch-current waveform for 0 G @t G B and the switch-voltage

waveform for B G @t G /B are

In the time domain the switch current can 7e e>pressed in the form of a Fourier series as

followsH

(he DC suppl& current 4I5 can 7e found using Fourier transform e6uations and . 1 as


5/13

In an ideali2ed inverse Class E mode of operation there is no simultaneous non2ero

voltage and current8 (hat means that there is no power dissipation and the ideali2ed

collector efficienc& is 00 percent8 (his implies that the DC power and fundamental output

power are e6ual

+& using E6uations -J and PDC I DD the optimum value of Land L/can 7e o7tainedas

At the fundamental fre6uenc& f0 we can write < as

where aiand 7iare deKned as the Fourier coefficients of the switching current


6/13

(he coefficients aiand 7iare found using E6uation 1 to 7e

n the other hand from Figure 475 it is evident that

%sing E6uations / / // /


7/13


8/13

(he optimum parameters are e>pressed as functions of a specific output power 4Pout5 and a

given input DC voltage 4DD5 at a specified operating fre6uenc& 4fo5 shown in #a.le '8 (a7le

also shows the optimum parameters of the classical inverse Class E topolog&8.

Fig$re %Current and voltage waveforms of the inverse Class E amplifier with finite or infinite DC-feed inductanceconsidered8

Comparison

In this section the simulated e>ample of a


9/13

(here are two advantages to using a finite DC-feed inductor 4L/5 as opposed to using an

infinite one8 First is that the si2e and comple>it& of the overall circuit are minimi2ed8 For this

design e>ample an e>tra inductor 4L/ < n$5 and a larger value of C 48JJ pF5 are re6uired

for the inverse Class E topolog& with a finite DC-feed inductor 4(a7le 158 Conversel&

reali2ing a sufficientl& high inductance to approach the infinite case would re6uire greater

circuit area8 (he second advantage is that the harmonic components are more thoroughl&

suppressed resulting in higher output power and 7etter drain efficienc&8 (he parallel

capacitance 4C5 can 7e divided into two parts one part to compensate the phase angle

error of the fundamental current another to resonate with the finite DC-feed inductance at

the fundamental fre6uenc&8 (he 7enefit of resonation at the fundamental fre6uenc& is 7etter

suppression at harmonic fre6uencies8 (his is indicated in the simulated results from (a7le 1

showing that the output power 4.J. m#5 of the PA with finite DC-feed inductor is larger

than the output power 4.J/ m#5 of the PA with the infinite DC-feed inductor8

Inverse Class E PA *sing #ransmission Line

Fig$re /Full schematic of the proposed inverse Class E power amplifier8

For the e>perimental validation a pac3aged "a9 $E)( is used to replace the switch8 (he

device cannot operate as an ideal switch due to the parasitic components caused 7& the

pac3age interconnections and 7ond wires8J(herefore several internal parasitic

components should 7e contained or compensated in the design procedure8 Fig$re

',c- depicts the proposed output e6uivalent circuit of the inverse Class E PA8 (he drain

series inductance 4Ld5 is used as a part of Lin Figure 4a58 A series transmission line 4(Lcom5

is used as the tuning line to provide additional inductance 7ecause the value of Lde>tracted

7& the model in reference Ca7ral et alis a little smaller than the optimum value of

Lcalculated using e6uation 8 )eanwhile Cdsimpl& represents the sum of all capacitance

seen at the drain and is compensated 7& a short-circuit shunt stu7 since the inverse Class

E PA cannot deal with the output capacitance of the device8


10/13

Fig$re 0Photograph of the fa7ricated power amplifier8

Fig$re /shows the full schematic of the proposed inverse Class E PA8 (he finite DC-feed

inductor 4L/5 is reali2ed 7& a short-circuited shunt stu78 (he output networ3 is designed to

convert the standard plained in )ur& et al8/(he parallel capacitance 4C5 is replaced 7& four open-circuited

shunt stu7s that are deli7eratel& designed to accommodate the /nd 1rd .thand


11/13


12/13

CNCL*"IN

In this article we descri7ed the design of a "a9-7ased PA using inverse Class E topolog&

with finite inductance and harmonic suppression8 (he design e6uations are given to

determine the values of circuit elements8 (he pea3 drain efficienc& of ;08J percent PAE of

J;8/ percent with a gain of 18/ d+ is achieved at an output power of .08; d+m at /8?;"$28 (he measured results demonstrate the validit& and advantage of the proposed "a9

$E)( inverse Class E PA when used as a solution for high-power transmitters re6uiring

high efficienc&8

AC3N4LED+!EN#

(his wor3 was supported in part 7& the 9ational +asic =esearch Program of China 4:;1

Program 9o8 /00C+1/;


13/13

?8 *8$8 Mam )8#8 Lee and Y8$8 'eong A $igh-efficienc& Inverse Class-E Power

Amplifier %sing Dou7le C=L$-(L for 18< "$2 #i)AS ApplicationsR Proceedings of

the Asia-Pacific 2icrowave Conference Decem7er /0 pp8

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An Inverse Class E Power Amplifier With Finite DC-Feed Inductance

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