AN OVERVIEW OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS

Presented by,

E.V.S.S.Vyshnavi, 14251D6514

Guided by Mr.N.Rama Krishna,Assistant professor.

ACRONYMSMANET-Mobile Ad-Hoc network

VANET-Vehicular Ad-Hoc network

DSRC-Dedicated short range communications

WAVE-wireless access for vehicular communications

DSDV-Destination sequence distance vector

EBGR-Edge based greedy routing

DTN-Delay tolerant Network

Non-DTN-Non Delay tolerant Network

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Cont..

GPSR- Greedy stateless perimeter routing

FSR- Fisheye state routing

ADOV- Ad-hoc On-demand DistanceVector

DSR- Dynamic source routing

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Vehicular ad-hoc networks

Standards

Network architecture

Characteristics

Routing protocols

Difference between topology and position based protocols

Simulation parameters

Conclusion and future scope3/30

INTRODUCTIONAd-hoc does not relay on any pre existing infrastructure.

Each node participates in routing .

Ad –hoc network is dynamic in nature .

Multiple ‘nodes’ connected by ‘link’.

4/30Fig 1: Ad-hoc network

Cont..Main application is “MANET” [2].

Continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less

network.

One of the main application is “VANET” [1].

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Fig 2: MANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (“VANET”)

Communication between vehicles and roadside

equipment.

Mobile nodes-Vehicles.

Different types of communication

Vehicle to vehicle communication

Vehicle to road side communication

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Fig 3:VANET scenario

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Standards DSRC

Spectrum-5.9 Mhz Band width- 75Mhz Modulation – OFDM,2-PSK,4-PSK Coverage area – 1000mts (max)

WAVE Spectrum-5.9Ghz Bandwidth -10MHz

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Network architecture Pure ad hoc networkCellular networkHybrid network

Fig 4:Pure ad hoc network

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Fig 5:Cellular network Fig 6:Hybrid network

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Characteristics of VANET’sHigh mobilityRapidly changing network topologyUnbounded network sizeFrequent exchange of informationTime criticalSufficient energyBetter physical protection

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Routing protocols

VANET’s

Unicast Broadcast Multicast/geocast Cluster

•Based on the routing information ,the routing protocols are

classified into

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Fig 7 : classification of routing protocols

Unicast routing protocols

Fundamental operation – route from source-to-destination.

Fig 8:Unicast routing 13/31

Cont..The unicast routing protocols are classified as

Unicast

Topology based Position based

proactive Reactive

DSDV,FSR ADOV,DSR

DTN Non -DTN

GPSR,EBGR

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Fig 9: classification of unicast routing protocols

Topology based routing protocols

Every node have

Routing tables for storing link information.

Global topology information.

Updated frequently

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i.Proactive routing protocols

These are also known as table driven protocols.

Routing table – updates when there is change .

The shortest path algorithms are used to find out which

route is chosen.

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DSDV: Destination sequence distance vector routing protocol [1] [5]

First routing protocol

Table contains

Shortest distance

First node on the shortest path

Routes to the destination is readily available at every node at

all times.

Destination no. Next node no. Distance Sequence number

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Fig 10 : Table format of node

Cont…

Exchange of tables between nodes at regular intervals.

Table updates are of two types :

Incremental updatesFull dumps

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19/30Fig 11 :Route establishment in DSDV

Dest Next node Distance Seq no

2 2 1 22

3 2 2 26

4 5 2 32

5 5 1 134

6 6 1 144

7 2 3 162

8 5 3 170

9 2 4 186

10 6 2 142

11 6 3 176

12 5 3 190

13 5 4 198

14 6 3 214

15 5 4 256

Table 1 :routing table for node 1

Routes all destinations are available

Change in local topology

N

Y

Forward the packets

start

Forward the packets

updates are initiated by destination with sequence no,.

If seq. no >

previous one

A

A

Table is either updated or holds it for best metric

NReject the

packet

Forward the packets to destination

Y

Fig 12:Flow chart of DSDV protocol

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ii. Position based protocols

Routing decisions - geographic position of the vehicles.

This does not require establishment or maintenance of routes.

Requires location services to determine the position of the

destination.

Every node continuously sends beacon packets.

There are two types

◦ DTN

◦ Non – DTN

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Cont..

Non- DTN

Mindelay protocols.

EBGR: Edge based greedy routing algorithm [1] [4]

Used for unicast and broad cast.

Optimize packet behavior.

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Cont..

The EBGR algorithm has three basic functional units.

The Neighbor Node Identification (NNI)

The Node Direction Identification (NDI)

The Edge node Selection (ENS)

Distance calculation (DC)

Direction of motion identification (DMI)

Reckoning Link Stability(RLS)

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Difference between topology and position based routing protocols

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Table 2 : Difference between topology and position based routing protocols

Simulation parameters

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Table 3 : simulation setup

i. Throughput

• Compared to DSDV,EBGR have better performance

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EBGR

DSDV

Fig 14: Throughput Vs no. of packets

ii. End to End Delay

•Overall delay is more in EBGR compared to DSDV DSDV

EBGR

Fig 15: End to End delay Vs no. of packets

iii . Packet delivery ratio

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DSDV

EBGR

•Packet delivery ratio is efficient in EBGR compared to DSDV

Fig 16: Packet delivery ratio Vs no. of packets

Challenging issues in VANET’sTechnical challenges

i. Network management

ii. Congestion and collision control

iii. Environmental impact

iv. Security

Social and economic challenges

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Applications

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Table 4 : Applications of VANET’s

Conclusion

In VANET’s , the description of architecture , protocols and

simulation results of unicast protocols of vehicular ad hoc networks,

followed by the characteristics the implementation of applications at

present and in future are discussed.

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Future scope

•Efficiency of routing protocols will be improved.

Security of vehicles , communication will be improved to larger

extent.

VANET cloud is another technology which will be used in VANET’s

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References

[1] Venkatesh, A Indra, R Murali “Routing Protocols for Vehicular Adhoc

Networks (VANETs): A Review” –IEEE journal “Journal of Emerging Trends in

Computing and Information Sciences "an 2014

[2] http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/5_May2013/V3I5-0267.pdf

[3] “Parametric Analysis Of Vanet’s Routing Protocols” . International Journal of

Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2013 .

[4] “ Efficient Packet Forwarding Approach in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Using EBGR Algorithm” . IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues,

Vol. 7, Issue 1, No. 3, January 2010

[5] C.Shiva ram murthy and B.S.Manoj “Ad hoc networks and wireless sensor

networks “.

THANK YOU !!!

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