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Anatomical Position & Directional Terms
Anatomic Position Body erect Arms to side Palms forward Head & neck
forward
Directional Terms #1 Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Medial/Lateral Internal/External Proximal/Distal Superior/Inferior Cranial/Caudal
Directional Terms Superior and inferiorSuperior and inferior – toward and
away from the head, respectively Anterior and posteriorAnterior and posterior – toward
the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediateMedial, lateral, and intermediate
– toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms Proximal and distalProximal and distal – closer to and
farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deepSuperficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Cranial and caudal – toward the head and toward the tail
Directional Terms Anterior view
Directional Terms Posterior View
Directional Terms Side view or
Lateral view
Directional Terms #2 Flexion/Extension Afferent/Efferent Adduction/Abduction Eversion/Inversion Pronation/Supination Deep/Superficial Plantar/Palmar
Directional Terms
Body Planes SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right
and left parts Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal
plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the
body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross
section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and
encases the brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral
column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavityVentral cavity houses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Body Cavities Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural
cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is The abdominopelvic cavity is
separated from the superior thoracic separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmcavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Body Regions Head Neck Thorax Abdominal Posterior Trunk Extremities
Other Body Cavities Oral and digestiveOral and digestive – mouth and
cavities of the digestive organs NasalNasal –located within and posterior
to the nose OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes Middle earMiddle ear – contain bones (ossicles)
that transmit sound vibrations SynovialSynovial – joint cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left
iliac or inguinal Right and left
lumbar Right and left
hypochondriacFigure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower (RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ) Figure 1.12
Head Regions #1 Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal Auricular Buccal Orbital
Head Regions #2 Mastoid Nasal Mental Submental Maxillary Mandibular Zygomatic
Neck Regions
LarynxTracheaCervical
Thorax
AxillaryClavicularSternalMammary
CostalScapularPectoralDeltoid
Posterior Trunk Regions Nuchal Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx Gluteal
Extremities #1 Brachial Antecubital Olecranon Carpal Phalanges Manual Pollex
Extremities #2FemoralPatellarPoplitealTarsalPedalCalcaneal