Anatomy and Physiology

Second Semester Review

Endocrine System

Endocrine glands

a. are made of epithelial tissue

b. secrete hormones

c. are stimulated by the nervous system

d. all of the above

d.

A hormonea. is a secreted chemicalb. is received by receptors on

postsynaptic neuronsc. always acts quicklyd. all of the above

a.

WHICH GLAND IS IT?

The part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

The gland that controls many other glands.

Pituitary

A gland housing immune cells until puberty

Thymus

A gland involved in digestion in the small intestine.

Pancreas

A gland involved in the fight and flight response.

Adrenal

Blood and CardiovascularT/F

A function of the cardiovascular system is to transport wastes.

True: also nutrient, gases and fluids

The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation.

True.

Which is not a cellular component of blood?a. Red blood cellb. White blood cellc. Blood plasmad. Platelets

c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood

Which component of blood helps clot the blood when you get a cut?

d. platelets

T/F

The main function of white blood cells is to transport oxygen.

False: Red blood cells

The main function of white blood cells is to fight disease.

True

Using blood as a diagnostic tool

If you are anemic which type of blood cell count will be low- red or white?

Red

Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood type.

False: Antigens

The pH factor determines if we have + or – blood type.

False:Rh factor

How are blood type determined?T/F

Blood transfusions

What blood type is the universal donor?

O-

What blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+

Match each structure with its function.

Atria

Ventricles

Valves

Inferior and superior vena

cava

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

Bring blood to the heart

Prevent backward flow of blood

Receiving chambers

Blood vessel that leads to the lungs

Pumping chambers

Blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to the body

Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels beginning at the heart

1 Artery

5 Vein

6 Capillary

( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for gas exchange because they have thin permeable walls.

( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls that withstand the high pressure of blood as it is pumped from the heart.

Which is a more worrisome blood pressure?140/ 100

100/60

Watch this video:

Cardiac Conduction System

Now answer the questions:

What structure is responsible for initiating action potentials in the heart?

S-A node (pacemaker)

The graph used to monitor the cardiac conduction system is called an _________________?

EKG (ECG)

The ventricles contract during the ____________ wave.

QRS

What is the name of this graph?EKG

Which pattern is normal?

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system?a. Lymphb. Lymph junctionsc. Lymph nodesd. Lymph vessels

b.

Lymphatic structures

WORD BANK

Lymph node

Lymph vessel

Right lymphatic duct

Spleen

Thoracic duct

Thymus

Tonsils

Lymph comes from

a. Tissue fluids

b. Organ fluids

c. Digestive fluids

d. Reproductive fluids

a.

Which is not true about lymph nodes.

a. They filter lymph

b. Serve as production site for antibodies

c. Remove phagocytized material

d. Produce red blood cells

d.

Specific defenses against disease include species resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and inflammation.

False: Nonspecific defenses

The immune system can attack foreign invaders.

True

(Before birth / After birth ) the body determines what is self and non-self.

Macrophages attack cells which display (antibodies / antigens ) that are non-self.

Once macrophages enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells / Helper T-cells ) are activated.

Helper T-cells call out B cells to produce ( histamines / antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the infection.

Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate ) the infection.

Suppressor T-cells control ( killer T-cells / the infection ).

Some B-cell and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/ memory cells).

The condition in which the immune system attacks a person’s own cells is known as

A. an allergy

B. autoimmunity

C. self defense

D. Cancer

B.

An example of natural immunity is a vaccine.

False: acquired

Allergies are normal responses to foreign invaders.

False: abnormal

Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions.

True

Respiratory system

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

a.Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen

b.Warm and moisturize the air

c. Filter particles

d.Speech

a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Respiratory System

NosePharynxLarynxEpiglottisTracheaBronchiAlveoliLungs

a. Small clusters involved in gas exchange

b. Branched airways leading to alveolic. Blocks material from entering trachead. Throate. Soft, spongy organsf. Where air enters the bodyg. Houses the vocal cordsh. Windpipe- filters incoming air

The function of the nasal conchae is to

A. reduce the weight of the skullB. filter the airC. swirl the air so it can be warmed and humidifiedD. cool and dry the air

C.

Match each structure with its function

Nostril

Nasal hairs

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchiole Tubes

Passageway into lungs

Where air enters the respiratory system

Tube for both air and food

Trap large particles

Contains the vocal cords

A tube connecting the larynx and bronchi

True or False?

The microscopic alveoli within the lungs are the site of gas exchange.

True

The blood vessels surrounding the alveoli are(arteries / arterioles / capillaries / venules / veins. )

Capillaries have thin walls, allowing gases to easily diffuse in and out.

The CO2 is moving into the alveolus and the O2 is moving into the blood stream because of differences in

A. pH

B. partial pressure

C. charge

B.

Ventilation

Which of the following would not be associated with inhalation?

a.Diaphragm

b.The medulla oblongata

c.The pons

d.The pectoralis minor muscles

The medulla

Exhalation

Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic recoil.

True

Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely collapsing after an exhalation.

False: Surfactant

What will happen to breathing rate in each of the following situations?

Fight or flight?Increase

Hyperventilation in fresh air?Decrease

An out of shape person climbing stairs?Increase

Digestive System

The purpose of the digestive system is to mechanically and chemically break down food for the purpose of absorption.

True

Digestion is aided by enzymes.

True

The biochemical broken down in the mouth?Carbohydrates

The biochemical broken down in the stomach?

Proteins

The biochemical broken down in the small intestine?

Lipids

Circle the best answer

The ( lymph / salivary ) glands produce enzymes that break down carbs.

The ( teeth / tongue ) aid(s) in swallowing.

The ( epiglottis / glottis ) prevents food from entering the respiratory system.

The ( gallbladder / liver ) makes bile that emulsifies large fat droplets.

Bicarbonate is secreted into the

( small intestine / large intestine ) to neutralize stomach acid.

Absorption of most nutrients takes place in the ( small intestine / large intestine ) .

The large intestine absorbs ( feces / water ).

How is the nutrient important?

Water

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Vitamins/Minerals

Provide quick energy

Long term energy

Essential for normal cell function, growth and development

Make up body structures such as muscle and skin

Dissolves chemicals, transports heats, lubricates joints

Urinary System

The function of the urinary system is to maintain proper levels of

A.water

B.electrolytes

C.hydrogen Ions

D.all of the above

D.

Word Bank: calyx, capsul,e column, cortex, pelvis, pyramid, renal artery, renal vein, ureter

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The kidneys filter blood to remove

( wastes / nutrients )

The renal ( cortex / medulla ) is the site of filtration.

The renal pyramid is made of

( nephron tubules / ureters).

If your are vigorously exercising on a hot and humid day for a long period of time you should.

A.Drink water

B.Replace lost electrolytes

C.Monitor urine output

D.All of the above

D. And take lots of breaks!

Reproductive System

You can live without your reproductive system.

True

The primary sex organ of the male is the penis.

False: testes

The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary.

True

The menstrual cycle prepares the woman’s body for fertilization.

True

Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg.

True

A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes.

False: uterus

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