Anatomy of Plants

Chapter 4

Prokaryotes

• No membrane enclosed organelles

• Considered primitive

• Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae

Eukaryotes

• Organelles bound with membranes

• Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles etc.

• Examples: plant & animal

Cell Walls

• Made of hemicellulose

• Protects the organelles

• Give structure and support

• Secondary cell walls are made up of cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins

Plasma Membrane

• The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

• Selective absorption

Protoplast

• Refers to the inside of the cell

• Cytoplasm:– The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane– Made up of proteins– Suspends the organelles

Organelles

• Internal structures within the protoplast

Chloroplasts

• Responsible for photosynthesis

• Contains pigments

• Solar energy is harvested

• Made up of flattened discs called grana

• Double membranes plastids

Mitochondria

• The manufacturing plant

• Site of respiration

• Involved in producing ATP

• Double membrane surrounding it

Nucleus

• Control center of the cell

• Contains chromosomal DNA

• Double membrane which is porous to allow

material to pass in and out of the nucleus

Vacuoles

• 90% in mature cells

• Storage devices

• Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• Site of protein synthesis

• Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

Ribosomes

• Decodes DNA

• Contains RNA

Golgi Apparatus (Body)

• Membrane bound

• Packages energy

• Delivers packaged energy to different parts of the cell

Tissues

• Meristems– Apical– Subapical– Intercalary– Lateral/cambial

Permanent Tissue

• Epidermis

• Parenchyma– Collenchyma, support function– Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty

cell like in pears

Complex Permanent Tissue

• Xylem

• Phloem

Structure of Primary Root

Structure of Primary Stem

Structure of leaves

Cell Division

InterphaseProphase

MetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase