AncientPlanet Vol.2

7/30/2019 AncientPlanet Vol.2

1/160

ancientplanet

A Brief History of GreekHelmets

Beer In The Ancient World

Rebelling Against The Gods:Egyptian Tomb Robbery

Colour Symbolism InAncient Mesopotamia

Pseudo Script at Gebel elSilsila

A Summary of Vampires In TheArchaeological Record

IN THIS ISSUE

... and more

www.ancientplanetmag.c

The Beguiling Taino Of TheAncient Carribean

O N L I N E J O U R N A

hitory arceology scienceVOL. 02 JUNE/JULY 20


2/1602

32 Rebelling Against the Gods:Egyptian Tomb Roberry

10 A Summary o Vampires in the ArchaeologicalRecord

74 Beer in the Ancient World

AncientPlanet Online Journal

Volume 02

une/July 2012

Editor/Publisher: Ioannis Georgopoulos

Email: [email protected]

Web:www.ancientplanetmag.com

Notice:

The editors accept no responsibility or any loss,njury or inconvenience sustained by persons

using the resources contained within the journaland/or websites mentioned herein. Editorial andcontributors views are independent and do notnecessarily reect those o AncientPlanet.

2012 AncientPlanet Online Journal, ounded byoannis Georgopoulos. All rights reserved.

No part o this work may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any orm or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,microlming, recording or otherwise, without theprior written consent rom the authors. Permissiono the author is also required or all other derivativeworks, including compilations and translations.Unless stated otherwise, all photos and illustrationsare by AncientPlanet and its authors. Reproductiono the material published in AncientPlanet inany orm by any person without prior consent isa violation o copyright and appropriate actionmay be taken against any person(s) violating thecopyright.

Front Cover: Corinthian helmet rom the tomb oDenda. From a Greek workshop in South Italy, 500490 BCE. [Credit: Matthias Kabel/Wiki Commons]

SSN: 0000-0000


3/1603

Rgular

06 OpinionHeritage Crime Is Big Business

82 BiographySir Leonard Woolley

126 ConversationThe Beguiling Tano o the AncientCaribbean: An Interview with Dr.

Jos R. Oliver

110Sites and SoundsCapo Colonna, Calabria, Italy

150 Letter from... Az er ba ijan

154Whats OnExhibitions in Europe & the USA

158SpotlightSix Great Websites

18 Colour and Symbolism inAncient Mesopotamia

46 A Brie History o GreekHelmets

94 Pseudo Script at Gebel elSilsila

58 Souvenir rom thePeloponnese:

co

n

ten

ts


4/1604

Contributors

Ioannis Georgopoulos, MAArchaeologist / General Editor whoseresearch interests include Aegeanarchaeology and the writing systems ofBronze Age Crete and Greece.

Monty Dobson, PhdAmerican archaeologist, historianand lmmaker, whose curiosity and

passion for the human story has ledhim to travel the world.

Lisa Swart, PhdEgyptologist specializing in the EgyptianThird Intermediate Period, Egyptian artand iconography, funerary customs andtheology

Aikaterini Kanatselou, MAArchaeologist whose research interestsare mainly focused on Aegean prehistory,religion, language and art.

Jesse Obert, BAClassical Archaeologist specializingin Warfare in Antiquity and currently

sitting for an MA in Ancient History.

Andrea Sinclair, MAClassical scholar specializing on theinterconnections and iconographicissues for the Egyptian, Aegean andNear Eastern Bronze Age.

Joshua J. Mark, MAHistorian and published authorwith advanced degrees in bothEnglish and Philosophy.

Charlotte Booth, MAEgyptologist who has writtenextensively on Egyptology, includingmagaizine articles as well as elevenbooks.

Jame Blake Wiener, MAHistorian who is passionate aboutresearch and the dissemination ofknowledge to scholars and laymenalike.

Amy TalbotArchaeology student interested inPalaeopathology, Biblical Archaeologyand Gender Studies.

Melanie ChalkFreelance proofreader and owner of

Spellsure Proofreading Services, basedin the Costa del Sol, Spain.

Maria Nilsson, PhdClassical archaeologist/ancienthistorian specializing in Graeco-Romaniconography and religion in Egypt.


5/1605

In this somewhat hefty and much awaited second issue of AncientPlanet webegin with a disturbing repor t by outspoken American archaeologist, Dr.Monty Dobson, on the worldwide trade in illicitly gained antiquities. FromElgin to the Taliban, trafficking in looted ar t and antiquities is certainly bigbusiness, worth billions of dollars each year. The number of heritage crimes

committed annually is staggering to say the least but, as Dr. Dobson notes,what is more alarming is the ultimate destination of this money!

Next we present a shor t article by Amy Talbot tackling the issue of vampiresin the archaeological record. We have all read about the recent discoveries ofalleged vampire graves in Bulgaria, of the evil Mayor of Sozopol whose corpsehad been staked to the ground lest he rose from the dead to further tormenthis poor subjects. In this article Amy presents three case studies of actualvampire burials unearthed by archaeologists and formulates an objectivedefinition of vampirism based on their common elements.

The next series of articles deal with various aspects of Mesopotamian,

Egyptian and Greek archaeology respectively. The first of these is a fascinatingjourney into the art of Ancient Mesopotamia, written by our newest teammember Andrea Sinclair. This is followed by an engrossing account of tombrobbery in Ancient Egypt, provided by our resident Egyptologist, Dr. Lisa Swart,and an equally compelling discussion of Greek helmet types by our ancientwarfare expert Jesse Obert.

In Biography, Dr. Lisa Swart discusses the life and times of the great Britisharchaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley and his contributions to the field ofMesopotamian archaeology.

Dr. Maria Nilsson, another newcomer to the AncientPlanet team, introduces

her latest research project on Graeco-Roman masons marks found at theEgyptian quarry of Gebel el Silsila, while Joshua Mark treats us to a history ofbeer through the ages.

In Souvenir from the Peloponnese, Greek archaeologist Aikaterini Kanatseloutakes us to several archaeological sites in the Peloponnese, both on and offthe tourist map, in what is the first installment of a two par t article. Likewise,the well-travelled Charlotte Booth takes us to Capo Colonna in Calabria, SouthItaly, where we are introduced to the ancient Greek settlement of Kroton.

In Conversation, the ever studious James Wiener presents an in-depthdiscussion with Spanish-born archaeologist Dr. Jos R. Oliver on the subject ofthe mysterious Taino Indians of the Ancient Caribbean.

Finally, in addition to our regular columns featuring current exhibitions andwebsite reviews, we have also introduced a new column titled Letter fromwhich presents communications sent to AncientPlanet by archaeologistscurrently engaged in research projects around the world. In this issue, ourletter is from Azerbaijan and describes the current excavations at Agsuconducted by Dr. Gafar Jabiyev and Dr. Fariz Khalilli.

Ioannis GeorgopoulosEditor/Publisher

From the Editor


6/1606

Heritage Crime isBig Business

By Monty Dobson

Whil hriag rim day i h am al a h whlal r-mval f aiquii lik Lrd elgihf f h arly 19h ury, i

i far mr widprad ha grally akwl-

dgd. th illii rad f ulural prpry i agrwig iraial bui wrh billiaually. Idd, h Uid sa Dparmf Jui Ar crim, iludig h illii rad iaiquii, i h hird high grig ara frimial aiviy i h wrld bhid ly Drugad Arm raffikig. Ardig h Hiri-al Muum f Bal swizrlad hudrd fhuad f im f ulural igifia rag-ig frm wrk f ar, maurip, ai m-um bj f hgraphi ad arha-lgial igifia ar illgally ld hiraial mark. Whil i i impibl drmi h xa mark valu f illii radi ulural im, ardig f fiial Us gvr-m rpr h mark i likly mwhr ih rgi f $Us 6 billi pr yar. Whil hdllar valu f h illgal rad i ar ad aiq-uii i rmu, h glbal aii ar rulyaggrig: i Ialy al la yar hr wrmr ha 20,000 hf rprd, wih may

mr rim gig udd r urprd.A r aril by Briai Daily tlgraph id udy ha lud hr wr mr ha75,000 hriag rim i h UK i 2011. Whil all f h wr hf, a audigly highumbr wr. Ardig h tlgraph: thudy fud arly a fifh f h ury 31,000Grad I r II* buildig wr ubj rimiala whil mr ha 63,000 Grad II buildigwr argd. ad ha mr ha 15 pr

f hduld mum dfid a uupid aially impra hiri ruur igifia fr i arhalgial valu wr damagd by ulid mal dig ad illgavhil a. elwhr i eurp, r high

prfil hf frm muum ad arhalgiai i Gr hav b blamd Gvrm u hriag pri. Bu h umbr al ly ll par f h ry.

I i ju h aggrig al f h markr h umbr f rim ha huld ru, i i h ulima diai f h myha i alarmig. orgaizd rimial gag adfudamali rrri rgaizai bh bfi frm h blak mark rad i illii ar adaiquii mr ha ay hr grup. Iddi 1999, h 9/11 rrri marmid MhamdAa i kw hav ampd h al f ld aiquii fud h rrr pl agai hWrld trad cr i nw Yrk ciy.

Z f fli ffr ppruiy hivrimial gag ad rrri rgaizaiArud h glb, hriag i ar f ail aualy f fli ad h lg ail f

h rim i f dadly. I addii h highprfil 9/11 rrri i lig, miraial law frm agi agrha rgial fli z ar fril grudfr hriag rim. th Uid sa FBI ha lal farmr i Afghaia ar kw b diggig up ulural hriag im ad llig hm rimial r gvrm rgaizai... thrby idirly fulig fud htaliba whih i ur u h dllar buy


7/1607

o p i n i o

Two illegally excavated ancient male statues recovered from antiquities smugglers insouthern Greece, May 18, 2010 [AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis]

Ancient vases and cups recovered by Italian authorities [Credit: AP photo/Riccardo DeLuca]


8/1608

arm ad aak nAto rp. I syria hriagi ar udr vr hra. Ardig hIrpl wbi: th -gig armd flii syria i iraigly hraig a igifiapar f h ulural hriag f makid. Rmarui, arhalgial i, hiri prmi adpla f wrhip ar pariularly vulrabl drui, damag, hf ad lig durighi prid f urmil. th aiquii h armuggld abrad, giv a fal prva, ad

ld, f a p mark uupigmuum ad llr wh vr wuld imag-i ha hir purha migh idirly fud htaliba.

th ry d d wih h hf f him a hy ar likly b ld uppr-arrrihp.m. th dy udrblly f hillii ar ad aiquii mark i h miglyrpabl wrk f dalr ad middl-mwh kwigly vila h 1970 Unesco -

vi fr h ak f prfi. Fr xampl i1995 Ialia pli raidd warhu blgig Ialia Ar Dalr Giam Mdii ladi a swi ax fr z uid Gva. thrIalia auhrii izd hudrd f lim. Mdii wa vid i Ialy i 2004 add 10 yar i pri ad a rrd fif 10 milli ur. May f h im Mdiimvd wr ld hrugh a rai prmiLd aui hu. Whil hr i idia

i h aui hu ad illgally, h aillura ju hw lgiima playr i h arad aiquii mark ar dupd by urupulu middl-m wh ar mr ha happy frg h ary dum. th mplxwb f middl-m i illurad by h ra f arly fifh ury B.c. Grk i izdi swizrlad. Ardig a Aiad Prry dad Jauary 12, 2012 a swi ur hardrd h fiai f a vry rar aiilvr i ha wa allgdly illgally xavad

a n c i e n t p l a n e t

A police official inspects seized ancient statues at a p olice station in Karachi on July 6, 2012. Authoritiesin Pakistans financial capital seized dozens of precious antiquities belonged to 2,000-old Gandhara

civilization, dug-up illegally from the countrys terrorism-torn northwest [Credit: AFP]


9/1609

i rhr Gr ad ld a aui i swi-zrlad... Grk ad swi ffiial bliv hah i wa ld bak ad frh amg a um-br f ffhr mpai bfr big ld iswizrlad i 2009 a uidifid llr

fr $106,000.

elwhr h ir hr ar may mallim dalr wh ll vryhig frm i arifa ar wih lil r appar -r fr prva a dfid udr h 1970Unesco vi. o May 18, 2012 a AFPw ry d ha Ialia pli audha hy wr ivigaig mr ha 70ppl fr radig huad f ld arha-

lgial arifa Ir aui i Bay.Ialia pli d ha hy had izd mrha ix-huad arifa ragig frmbrz ad ilvr i, rig ad rami vai addii 10 mal dr.

Buyig yur illii i ad ld aiquiifrm migly lgiima li railr likbay may b guara f auhiiy fh bj r lgiimay f h llr ihr. Bym ima a may a 90% f h aiqui-

i radd li i lik bay r ulbb-udaiquii.m ar urigh fak. Hwa hi b? Ardig Prfr charl ssaih, Dirr, c Iiu f Arha-lgy a UcLA, h lr imply fid i mrprfiabl maufaur mulipl fak hadig up gui rli. I a 2009 aril fr hli magazi ARcHAeoLoGY, publihd byh Arhalgial Iiu f Amria, saihwr: may f h primary prdur f hbj hav hifd frm lig i fakigaiquii. Iv b rakig Bay aiquiifr yar w, ad frm wha I a ll, hi hifbga arud 2000, abu fiv yar afr Baywa ablihd. Fr h i igrigh 1970 Unesco cvi h, i m b a a f buyr bwar.

Whil may dalr, frm majr aui hu li dalr, ad hir umr ar lgii-ma ad fllw h law, mr d b d

rak dw ad pru h wh prfifrm h drui f ur lliv hriag.A upl f rly aud li iiia-iv ar prmiig aid law frm ag-i ad h hriag mmuii d ju ha.

th Uivriy f Glagw prj wih hsih cr fr crim ad Jui Rarh,traffikig culur, k ra a liylpdia f ld i ad arifa. simi-larly WikiL, fudd by h hap bhid hhaigaphrdi.m wbi aim ra ap ur wb plafrm fr h publiaiad aalyi f primary ur rrd ad ph-graph dumig h illii rad i ldaiquii.

***

Notes and Links

Irpl Wrk f Ar crim Ara Wbpag:hp://www.irpl.i/crim-ara/Wrk-f-ar/Wrk-f-ar

Unesco cvi h Ma f Prhibiigad Prvig h Illii Impr, expr adtrafr f owrhip f culural Prpry 1970:hp://pral.u.rg//v.php-URL_

ID=13039&URL_Do=Do_toPIc&URL_sectIon=201.hml

FBI:hp://www.fbi.gv/a-rvi/publiai/law-frm-bulli/marh-2012/prig-ulural-hriag-frm-ar-hf

Gr wi swi ur rulig vr ai i. BycostAs KAntoURIs, Aiad PrMday, 16 Jauary 2012 10:20

o p i n i o


10/16010



11/16011

o p i n i o


12/16012 Nosferatu [Credit: Wiki Commo


13/16013

Mythology, Folklore and

ArchaeologyA Summar y of Vampires in the

Archaeological Record

By Amy Talbot

Vampir ar vrywhr. thi i

a udram. Frm h radi-

ial Draula, h rmai viw

vampir i h twiligh rahi

ul tV hw, lm ad har hw,

vampir ar vry muh a vryday p (oia

1982).

Hwvr, i appar vampir hav al rp i

h arhalgial urary ad lgial rrd,

whr a vampirim hav mrgd rly,du h pahlgial ad urary arragm

h burial ad h iruma i whih h

idividual pad away. thi aril will amp

giv a irmaiv ak h vampir phma

rm a arhalgial prpiv, whil lkig

a irig ial um ad lk al, rla-

ig a uaural p. Bdy day, alhugh

wll kw u a h barial pr ha all

livig hig g hrugh, wa vl ad abrmal,

pariularly i h mdival ad la aiquiy rm

h 16h ury up uil h 19h ury (Rbr

ad Mahr 2005). thi privd a

uaural pr ld a hag i aiud

ward h dad ad, i a rlaivly hr pa

im, a mdial ad pahlgial apa i

h rm. I i wrh a mi ha hr i rla-

ivly lil publihd rarh hi pi, ad

hr i ply p r hi ara arhalgy

b br udrd ad divrd. th hr

xampl blw, all vry dir ad all dad

dirly, all hw a vampirim.

Poland: The Drawsko Vampires

I radiial slavi ulur a vampir i dd a

a maiai a ula piri pig a

dmpig bdy whr a vgul piri wuld

ak h bld ad li r a livig pr i

rdr urviv. I h Drawk mry i uh-

r Plad, whr a radiial slavi ulur hrivd

rm 17h 18hury AD, hr xampl havmrgd i h xavai pial vampir.

Evidence

All h ihumai ar upi wih had aig

w; bdy i ha a juvil ad hi ha

b ud pially id up wih plad

h hra, whil h hr w bdi, bh

whm ar adul, hav ikl plad hir k.

Discussion

thi vid a ll h arhalgial m-

muiy a va amu irmai abu ial

um ward a privd uaural. th ihu-

mai hmlv ar chriia um, ir-

dud h slav ppl bw h 10h ad

11h uri whil h had aig w hw

h ihumai ar agai a chriia rm, a

radiial chriia ihumai a h a


14/16014


Above: Drawsko vampire gra ve 29/2009 with stones on throat; Below: Drawsko vampiregrave 28/2009 with a sickle on throat [Credit: Slavia.Org]


15/16015

i radiial yl. thrr h vampir

wr ppl wh did a uaural dah haw agai ial ad rligiu um, ri

ad hi. thi ma pial ra r dah

ilud uiid, drwig, ubapizd idividual,

ad hah (Fi 1987, oia 1982). th idivid-

ual, hwvr, wr larly a h rig

iy ad did drv a chriia burial (Fi

1987, oia 1982). I huld b d ha a h im

rarh hr wa vid a pahlgial

au hir dah, ad hi xampl i h ly

xampl whr h idividual wr alrady ra-

id rm hir mmuiy.

th im ud wih h ihumai, h ikl

ad h , ar mhd dplyd dry r

uppr h vampir. A ky rm i aprphi

whih ma ward vil (oia 1982). sikl

ad kiv ar a aprphi, whil h

ar prv h vampir rm wallwig

h bld a wll a big a prvaiv maur

i h ariig h vampir. tyig up a privd

vampir i agai a prvaiv maur kp

i rm ariig rm h grav. ohr way ha havb brvd amg h slav mmuiy

prv a vampir rm ariig ad laimig viim

ar h dpii ad dapiai h had,

whr h had wuld b rmvd ad plad by

h (Fi 1987, oia 1982). Al h rp

wuld mim b ud a dw, whil ak-

ig h bdy wih ah wa ahr aprphi

dvi. Hwvr, rmai wa h radiial way

rmvig h ir vampir a h ir bdy

wuld b dryd (oia 1982).

Italy: The Venetian Vampire

thi i al a wly divrd d ad a uh

hr i rlaivly lil publihd irmai. Hw-

vr, i appar h ar vampir prad dw

Ialy pially rm h Balka iu h

ighburig slavi ad Balka a (Fi 1987).

Ardig Ma Brrii h Uivriy

Flr, h uprii m rm h Kahub

a r c h a e o l o g

Among the many med ieval pla gue victims recently unearthed near Venice,Italy, was the partial body and skull of the woman with her jaw forced open bya brickan exorcism technique used on suspected vampires [Credit: National

Geographic News]


16/16016

rh-ral Plad ad 13h ury Bhmia

ad Mravia, whr a ahzhrr r igh war

wa a big wh wa rlld by aai r,

whr h Dvil had rd a bdy hrugh variu

ma ad wa uig h bdy r i w purp.

I i irig ha hi uprii ar ah am im a chriiaiy wa pradig up h

Balka i cral eurp.

Evidence

A mal kl dad h 16h ury wa

ud i Lazar nuv Ilad i nrh Vi rm

a ma grav plagu viim dad 1576 AD. th

mal wa ud wih a brik i hr muh, au-

ig rippl amg h arhalgi xavaig hr

rm bh a ahrplgial, arhalgial ad

myhlgial viwpi

Discussion

thi kl um up i a wrd h aiud

h mdival Via a h im - igra.

Mdival igra h bdy aural ag

prrvai ad day wa ihr a h im, ad

pially a may aw h plagu viim dmp

i h p; i i wdr uh a hrri igh wa

blivd a r b dmi (Fi 1987). Hwvr,

mdr ri i ll u w ha blaig h bdy, a build-up a ga ad uid diharg

rm h muh, whih wuld dmp ay

marial plad vr, i par h aural ba-

rial day. Hwvr, ig h bdi apparly

brah, h Via aw hi a vampir m-

ig aliv ad wuld ak prvaiv maur

agai i. I i apd ha h mdival Via

kw abu algr mri r h lig h bdy,

ad rigr mri, h iig h bdy, bu d-

ay ad purai wr ukw, a grav wr

vr pd up. skl wr apd, hw-

vr, ad wih h padmi h plagu, h

grav wuld b pd up aly hwig h

pr i bw h rigr mri ad h kl-

, uh a h barial day h hrud rm

h muh ad h uid diharg whih mad h

Via bliv a vampir wa aliv ad drikig

bld. th p-mrm maur, uh a pla-

ig a brik i h muh, wuld b d ar h

dah h idividual. th brik i h muh wa

prv h vampir rm akig ay bld ad

i wuld arv. ohr maur iludd akig

h bdy, a wll a rmai h bdy. I i i-

rig i hi xampl, alhugh hi wa

a rm r ial um, a h wma wa

alrady h rig iy, i i a pahlgiara why h wa blivd b a vampir. I i

ju igra hr h bdy a d-

mpii, bu iad mdial ad pahlgi-

al kwldg h h plagu ha h

bdy, givig i a mr grum ad uaural a-

p ha ju h dmpii (Fi 1987).

New England: Connecticut

I h 19h ury, vampir rd Amria ad

wr m mmly ud i h nw eglad ara

a vry pra ara radiially hld by li

whr 12 au hav b ld, all bad arud

Rhd Ilad, ciu ad cral Vrm

(sldzik ad Bllai 1994). I i wrhwhil ig

arly , ha 11 h au all did ubr-

uli, brigig a pahlgial i hi al

A wll a h vampir b diud blw, i

h au hr i al a ad ry a par

wh k u hi daughr har p-mrm i

rdr ward hr appar vampirim (sldzikad Bllai 1994). Big ly w hudrd yar

ag, h au ar h m mdr ad hw

h impa lklr ad ar i a mdr -

eurpa mmuiy, hwig ha h am ar

ad lk al, a wll a h am mdial igra

i ju limid cral eurp ad wa ri up

uil h 20h ury.

Evidence

I h mall Wal amily mry i ciu

idividual u h 29 burid hr - a 55 yar

ld mal - wa ud hav a p-mrm r-

arragm klal rmai, a wll a pala-

pahlgial vid ubruli. th ubru-

li wa hw by priii pr i h dia

l ibia ad h dial l bia ( blw) a wll a

priii lgi i h l d, hird ad urh

rib ( blw). thr wa al arhrii pr-

, hwvr hi wa appar i all h kl

ad pially dpi a armig mmuiy



17/16017

(sldzik ad Bllai 1994).

Discussion

thi vampir did ubruli, a waig

dia, whih wuld hav aud ar h r

h amily a hy aw hr mmbr pially

wa away, ar h dah h mal, givig ri

h bli ha a udad raur wa i h amily

dig hm. thi draw i h igra, a

abv i Ialy, whr a lak udradig

ad igra pahlgy ad mdial kwl-

dg rahr ha h dayig rp, ld a bli

i Vampirim. By uig a aprphi rmdy i

h p-mrm rarragig bdy par, ad

h arlir au h rmvig h har,

al hw h maur ak i apparly urig

h vampirim ad brigig i m vrkill h

rp. ohr mhd hard ilud burig h

rp a wll, whih m b airly i

wih hr dig. I h rarh a abu

Guhr dia am up, abu lak awar

hi dii, wh liial rm i eryhrpi-

i prprphyria r a allrgy uligh (sldzik

ad Bllai 1994). thi wa apparly mm a

h im ad uld hav hlpd iam h ar

a udad raur, auig h waig way

rlaiv, wh wr al allrgi h u. sadly

hi dia i alm iviibl i h arhalgial

rrd, bu i wuld b irig whhr

h vampir abv had hi dia.

Tuberculosis

A ubruli ad umpi ar h dia

rrrd i h paag, a bri i i u-

ul hr lariy h dia ad h rmilgy

ud. th ibia ad h bia rr h lwr

lg b (Rbr ad Mahr 2005), whih

big lg ar mr upibl rivig i-

i, ad mmly w b rmai

a r c h a e o l o g

Mass plague graves found on Venices Quarantine Island [Credit: Natio nal Geographic News]


18/16018

h b a rpr ju ubruli bu

al lpry ad urvy a wll a hr iiu

dia. th rm dial ma priphral, r ur-

hr away rm h r h bdy, ad i h

ppi prximal, r lr h r h

bdy. Whil priii rr h iammai

h prium. th prium i a mmbra ha

urrud h b ad ai ll kw a

bla whih lay dw h w b (Wiga

1976). s priii lgi h dial l ibia

ad bia, ma: w b rmai h lwrl lg b (May 2006).

cumpi i a mr llquial rm r u-

bruli, hwvr mdially i rr mr

ubruli h lug, r pulmary ubruli

(Rbr ad Mahr 2005). Hwvr, du i

mm u i rrd rm aiquiy, i i lar

ha i wa a wll rgizd dia, pariularly

i Ld, makig umpi ad ubruli

a urba dia (Rbr ad Mahr 2005:

186), du big pad i uh l prximiy

bw huma huma hrugh airbr di-

a. Hwvr, i appar hr wa a awar

iiu dia a hr i rrlai ha

ppl wih iiu dia uh a lpry,

plagu, rpmai ad ubruli wr x-

ludd rm rmal mmual mruary pa

(Bll ad Adrw 2006), givig ri m ara

larly big igra a mdial ad pah-

lgial kwldg. I eglad, hr i ubruli

wihu dumd vampir a, ulik Amri-

a armig mmuii wh may hav b

a awar. Dpi h slavi vampir big

rrdd a havig ubruli, i i irig

h mall ilad mmuiy whih wuld

hav hlpd iam h myhlgial rumurmuh lik h Amria urpar vampir. I

eglad a a mpari, mall mmuii wr

immu iiu dia du hir

ilai. Fr xampl, Mai mmuii wr

m h halhi mmuii (May s 2006)

du h aur h xi; hwvr, wh

ii did r i wuld a h ir m-

muiy (May 2006).

Conclusions

thr ar ur mai pi, hrr, ha a b

ummarizd rm h dig.

1) Igra a p-mrm day

2) Igra a mdial pahlgy, i.. h

plagu ad ubruli

3) Rligiu ri ad hi, i.. h chriia

dri ad wha wa h ial rm a diad

by rligi

4) sm rm p-mrm aprphi ri

h bdy

Alhugh h ur pi a b ak a

di guidli, hy ummariz ily u

rai ar all h vampir a ad ra

r h vampir big amd a uh. I i al

irig ha a ubruli i prad mr aily

i ilad armig mmuii wh ar away rm

mdial kwldg, lklri myh ar mr likly

appar hr, rahr ha i a iy, a i h a

Ld, whr dpi hug a ump-

i ad ubruli i h vh ury

hr ar kw dumd vampir a

thi i ulik h Amria, ad a x Plad

whr alhugh h au dah h kl

ha b dumd, wih h vampirim

h kl ud i a mall rural mmuiy uh

a Drawk i wuld b urpriig i dig

rvald ubruli i h kl. Hwvr, wih

h Via vampir, hi i a xll xampl


Left tibia showing the new bone formationindicating active infection (periostitis) at the timeof death, from the South Tombs Cemetery, Amarna,

Egypt [Credit: The Amarna Project]


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hw quikly a dia a a mmuiy ad

h myhlgy urrudig dah ad h rligiu

iu l wih h ida aai piamg h rligiu Via. I i urpriig ha

mr idividual wr markd u a vampir

bau i a ma grav umpi viim h

a day ad purai wuld b imilar

h mal. A xavai i all i iu i will

b irig har abu urhr divri, ad

whhr hr i ii rrlai i h ida

vampir ad myhlgy aig h mr rural

r rligiu mmuii br mdial awar

am abu.

Further Reading

Bll s. ad Adrw P., th irii par

prrvai huma kl ad i iu

h irprai urary bhaviur, Social

Archaeology o Funerary Remains, d. Gwlad R. ad

Kul c., oxrd: oxbw, 2006: 1-13

Fi J., I D Vampir, East European

Quarterly21, 1987: 15-23

May s., th olgy Maiim i Mdival

eglad, Social Archaeology o Funerary Remains, d.

Gwlad R. ad Kul c., oxrd: oxbw, 2006: 179-189

oia F., ea eurpa Vampir ad Draula, Journal

o Popular Culture 16 (1), 1982: 108-114

Rbr c. ad Mahr K., The Archaeology o

Disease, Stroud. th Hiry Pr, 2005 (third edii)

sldzik P. ad Bllai n., Biarhalgial ad

Biulural evid r h nw eglad Vampir Flk

Bli, The American Journal o Physical Anthropology94

(2), 1994: 269-274

Wiga P., The Penguin Medical Encyclopedia, Pgui:

Middlx, 1976

www.arhalgy.rg/li/aur/hallw/

plagu.hm, (samir s. Pal Irviw wih Ma

Brrii, Uay Arhalgy)

www.lavia.rg/ldhl.php?g=drawk_vampir

(ad 17.5.2012)

a r c h a e o l o g

Seventeenth century depiction of death and the body after death. Thebody goes from body to skeleton without any knowledge of decay and

putrefaction [Credit: Infowar s]


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Detail from the Processional Way in BerPergamon Museum showing a lion frame

rosettes, both symbols of the goddess InanItar. [Credit: Wiki Commo


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Colour Symbolism in Ancient

Mesopotamia

clur i a uivral viual igrdi f allhuma ulur ad i w udrd bar ymbli qualii fr huma giifar byd mr ahi valu. Hwvr,

lur ilf prma ur mdr ulur iway whih mak a am f i valui aiquiy l raighfrward.

I mprary ulur w ar urruddbh i h mdia ad i ur virmby vivid uaurad hu, ad irud ih mplxii f h hadig f h lurpal i ur arly hl yar. (n mi ha mm f lf dub wh ad bfr a hm drai pai lurdiplay i arh f ha pr f had fr hlivig rm).

Fr a mdr audi, lur ar i-ifially dfid, pariid ad agrizdwih biv ad mim v arbiraryprii. th igifia f lur i aiq-uiy, hwvr, wa implr ad diadfrm h ymbli ad ri wrld, burahr wa mbddd wihi h aur ad

valu f marial ad bj. I addii,bld lur wuld hav b a uivr-al a h mdr audi w xpri.I aiquiy, brigh lur wuld iadhav b mr rrid (wha w mayw priv a lihd) lm f haural virm uh a flwrig pla,

By Andrea Sinclair

This article is designed to give a general

introduction to a less scrutinized aspect of Near

Eastern iconography; the use of colour, and

makes a brief assessment of the available evidence for

symbolic values for colour from ancient Mesopotamian

texts, art and architecture.

Basic Colour Wheel [Credit: WikimediaCommons]


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h a, u, , lay ad hraural phma. Byd h auralwrld, h ly har fr h prfrmaf vivid lur wuld hav b via hplihd , frgd mal, viruglaz ad miral pigm ud prduh paular arfa frm mum,rauri, mpl ad pala.

Aadmi udi f Mpamia viualdig hav i h pa fud iu f

arii yl h xlui f hi ialmp f all viual ar ad arhiur,h mplym f lur i h ruif a arfa. thi aril hall, iad, maka am f h vid fr ymblivalu fr lur frm h ai nar ea.Bu bfr w div hadlg i hi aalizigubj, I hall brifly dfi h budaribh gphyial ad hrlgial ha willlimi h diui. th il ai nar

ea rfr h iy a ad ulur fMpamia (bw h w rivr) ih rgi f h rivr euphra ad tigri,ad iu h rgi f mdr Iraq,Ira ad syria. Ardigly, h im framvrd by hi xamiai hall mpah 3rd 1 millia Bce (Bfr cmmera), whih i apprximaly h prid frm4000 Bce uil arud 500 Bce.

Whil h gra ulur whih r ad fl

durig hi im fram ar may ad iludh sumria, Ayria, Miaia, Babyliah Kai ad Pria, h aiv laguagym ilf rmaid rlaivly ihrughu h ir rgi. thr wrw laguag wri uig h uifrmrip ha wr mplyd fr liraurrrpd ad au kpig. tharli i sumria ad h hr i Akkadiai ur, whih am b mplyd a


Dedicatory cuneiform inscription in blue and white glazed brick from Babylon, reign ofNebuchadnezzar, 600-560 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. [ICredit: Wiki Commons]


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h ligua fraa fr h ir nar ea i h2d millium. I i h w rip whihupply u wih h marial fr udradiga prpi f lur ad lur ymblimi Mpamia. Fr i i by xamiig h

mplym f lur rm i x whihprvid h lu hir pibl maigad valu i aiquiy.

nar ear hlar hav idifid fiv rliguii rm fr lur i Mpamiax. th rm d mah mdri f hu, bu ar rlaivly iwih h hrial mdl dvlpd byBr Brli ad Paul Kay i h 1970. thimdl argud ha ulur vlv a liguii

vabulary fr lur a ial mplxiydvlp. thy ablihd a lar vag par fr lur wrd vlui whihbgi wih h impl p, h if ligh ad dark; h lur whi ad blak.subquly a laguag h aquir rmfr rd, ihr yllw r gr, gr r yllw, blu, h brw ad uil fially hmr bldd i lik gry, pik, rag adpurpl.

Brli ad Kay mdl i a hrial mplawhih i a valuabl guid apprahig aaalyi f lur rmilgy i dvlpigii. Hwvr, i huld b mphaizdhr ha hi mdl i i adha, i fa, b dipud i hlarhip fr applyig pifi ai ulur.Idd, i i bad liguii grud adhrfr may arily apply dirly h diui f a prpi f lur frm

aiquiy. I d, hwvr, prvid a lidguid fr dmraig ha lur rm ia laguag fir dvlp ymaially u fa impl pairig f raig ligh ad darkhad wihu pifi mphai hu.

I hi aril i i my ii givyu a xdd aalyi f phillgial ap-prah Mpamia lur vabu-lary vlui, hi ha b ably hadld by

hr i h pa. My bj wih hi diu-i i addr h praial igifiaf lur u ad hrfr hall amp a

aalyi f h ymbli fui ad valuf lur i viual dig frm Mpamia.I will hrfr b ary mply hliguii vid i mbiai wih hviual.

Wih rgard h viual vid, ur viwf Mpamia ar ad dig i ifludby h paag f im. Ulik egyp, whrdii wr favurabl h prrvai

b r o n z e a g e | m e s o p o t a m i

The Queen of the Night (Burney) Relief, 1800-1750 BCE,British Museum, London; Recent examination of chemical

residues from this baked clay plaque have establishedthat it was originally overlaid with red, black and whitepaint pigme nts . The backgrou nd behin d the figure wasblack while the underworld goddess figure (Inannaor Ereshkigal) was painted red. Feathering on both thegoddesss wings and the owls were patterned red, black

and white. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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f pigm lur, Mpamia uppli uwih magr marial fr a praial aalyif lur. Wall paiig ar ar ad whrxa h damag ad fadig f rigiallur i xiv. thi ma ha wh wviw Mpamia ar w d priva mr mhrm vii f h pa. I

i diffiul pu hi impri aid admbra wha wa i aualiy, a ariipal f rih ad ralu lur. I ihi pauiy whih ia xamiig hxual vid fr h igifia f lurad brig u h mai diui.

th Mpamia laguag had fiv rrm whih may b aiad wih lur.th iludd h mplmary had,whi ad blak, ad h warm ad ldhu, rd ad gr. I addii, hr waa ilad rm ud drib h ida flurd r pard. I i wrh ig har lur rm may b idifid by hirxi a a ad al wrd drivdfrm a prpr u fr a bj f a givlurig. t illura hi ida maympar h eglih r rm, rd ad bluagai h drivd rm, urqui (a blu-

gr ) ad rag (a frui).

Note: For the following, all colour words writtenin bold face represent the Sumerian form andall italicised, the Akkadian (but not all variantspellings, for the lexical citations see Black et al2000).

WHITE

BABBAR r peu wa quival i valu h lur whi ad wa ud dribp f ligh, hi, brillia, radiahli, riual puriy ad aiallyulurd (dvid f lur).

I wa a aupiiu lur, h am f hu gd Uu/ama, h u fr day adwa drivd frm a i f brighth idgram (ig) vlvd frm a arlyrprai f h riig u. I addiiwhi wa ymblially quad wih hpriu mal ilvr ad aimy. I waal applid a a pih fr h m gdnaa/s ad h pla Vu/h gddIaa, ad huld hrfr b irprd aa qualiy f ligh, r radia, pariularly


Wooden gaming board inlaid with white shell, lapis lazuli and red limestone, The Royal Game of Urfrom the Royal Cemetery at Ur in southern Mesopotamia, 2600-2400 BCE, British Museum. [Credit: Wiki

Commons]


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aiad wih h havly bdi.

BLACK

Ge6, r almu mbrad dark, mbr hu;ragig frm dark gry ad dark blu, hrugh

blak prpr.almu wa idrd iaupiiu adaiad wih h igh, glm ad hadw.I wa ud rfr a 2d millium Hurriaudrwrld diy ad dm, h Gddf Dark, whm hlar idr ba rhr adpi f h Mpamiadm Lamau. Prdiably, h idgram,wh dubld (kukku, dark) wa f

may am fr h hrwrld whr hdad wr hugh rid. A a abrap h u mbrad all ublirlaig p f dark, miry,mbr ad hadw. thi d ,hwvr, ifr ha h lur wa avidd i

viual rprai, fr i wa , hrary i wa a impra mp fviual dig i mpii wih whi adrd.

RED-BROWN

sU4 r smu wa bradly quival hlur rd, bu lad havily ward darkrd ad h lur brw.


Black, red and white conical mosaic pegs decorating architectural columns inthe courtyard of the Eanna temple of the goddess Inanna from Uruk in southern

Mesopotamia, 3400-3100 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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I wa aupiiu ad idrd ward ffhil fr. Rd wa a lur pifiallyaiad wih h rprai f diviiy,pariularly i dribig h phyial faurf gd. th gdd Iaa/Iar br ham rd lady f hav, a il rfliv fhr harar a gdd f h mrig advig ar, h pla Vu. th plaMar wa al aiad wih hi lur fr,imilar ur uag, i wa alld h rdpla. mu wa al ud drib h

lur f h hav a bh uri adu ad, lik whi, wa quad wih hida f brillia ad radia. th mi-priu arlia, whih wa ppularfr u i jwllry, br hi u a i am.

Adjiv f iifiai wr fapplid fr had f rd, uh a darkad brigh, ad rm drivd frm u,

uh a bld, ar i vid (dmu); almbraig ida f brigh, darkpai ad ha (Ladbrgr 1967, pp146-7). A xampl, U r ua wa adrivd rm whih favurd brigh rd adwa mplyd i h x f bld, f ir, hmal ppr, rm, bal ad h mif rag. th gdd Iaa/ Iar, al brh pih h f h rd fa, agai a ilrfliv f hr ap a gdd f hpla Vu (Barr 2007, pp. 25-6), bu

qually hi may rfl hr rl a par fbal ad warrir. thi lur h iluddh aggriv ad druiv aur fdiviiy.

GREEN-YELLOW

sIG7 r warqu mbrad h rag f hufrm yllw hrugh gr.


Yellow, blue, black and white glazed brick frieze of Persian warriors from the palace ofDarius at Susa, 500 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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I wa aupiiu ad mplyd vyi f frh, friliy ad rip. Idribd pla, ripd frui, r ad, ai, wa al ud drib h ky.thi uag ha prvkd a argum ha i

mu xd u ilud h lur blu(prhap a ligh blu). Gr al fuida a imil fr brillia, radia r lumiwih h u warqu rigially mmigfrm a wrd fr pla r vgai. A whiwa ymblially quad wih ilvr, gr-yllw wa aiad wih h priumiral gld. I viual dig hwvr, i wal mm, ad primarily appar a yllwprpr rahr ha gr. Irigly, yllwwa f ud pifially fr h dpii

f fr f ha, uh a li, dm adhybrid mr.

Havig xamid h fur prdig rm frlur, h radr may b ird ha hr wa apparly r rm fr hprimary lur blu ad ha yllw (ahrprimary lur) wa ubumd wihi hlur gr. thi fi raably aly ih hrial mdl hl, bu w arubquly fudd by h apparab f a r rm fr blu. I wuldb pil ugg ha h mplab f a wrd fr blu i a idiai fa idiffr h lur, a Ladbrgrargud i 1967, fr hr i piu vidfr a dii valu fr blu i Mpamiafrm bh ai x ad arhalgy.

BLUE: uqnu

th lur blu a a para iy waiad xprd by mplyig h rm frh blu lapi lazuli; ZA.Gn/uqnu.

thi priu ad h lur bluwr mily aupiiu ad aiada ymbl f pul ad hli frbh gd ad kig. uqnu wa mplyd drib dark blu, dark purpl ad v

blak marial ad y agai wa aiadwih i f brillia ad radia. I i huag f hi am fr a priu whihrfl h m ha h lur blu hldi Mpamia hugh, fr lapi lazuli wa

xdigly valuabl hrughu h ainar ea du i rariy ad araiv viuallur. th ilf i viually had bymall flk f ilvry pyri ad whi aliwihi h marix f dark blu. th givh miral a himmrig qualiy prhaprmii f h igh ky.

n dub h high valu rlad hi rariy ad hrfr mad i a idalymbl fr ryal prrgaiv, fr h pwr

fr baiig ad diribuig lapi lazuliridd wih rulr. Hwvr, i i blu iilai ha wa arily ubiquiu Mpamia lur hm. Rahr, i wah mplym f a balad mpiif lur whih had i gra impa dig. Ad hi ida i rfld i h valuf ur fial r lur rm, burrumu.

MULTICOLOURED

DAR r burrumu plyhrm wa a paralur p i i w righ ad whilquaig wih h wrd lur, wa prhapm fud wihi a ida f varigai,parig r ramai, a wrd mm hr ai ulur (ai Grk:poikilos/ ad pharai egypia:seb/s3b), bu arily gagig mprary wr ulur. burrumuwa aiad wih ida f pklig,

ramai ad iria, wa a pihf h gdd Iaa/Iar (bu al wafud wih rd) ad wa rprd byh idgram fr a bull hr.

A f h p i prhap vyd byi uag drib h parig aimalhid r mbridrd xil, ad wuld alxplai h Mpamia prfr fr



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Detail of the predominantly blue glazed brick ornamental frieze from the throne room of the palace ofNebuchadnezzar II, Babylon, 604-562 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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varigad uh a aga, japr adhaldy fr luxury jwllry. I addii,h rm pla a muh highr valu parig a a uiqu lur p, whih w urlv d pla h amvalu. Mpamia viual dig uwardly

rfld bh ial ad rligiu hughad plad mphai ramai aa agibl rfli f abra idal fuivral harmy ad abuda (Wir2002).

Fr parig, h lur whi, rd adblu ar ubiquiu Mpamia rpr-ai hrughu h lg prid udrdiui. thi lur vi d

appar b aidal ad may rifrh ida f h iy fr bala bwh hr mi lm, hav, arh adh udrwrld; fr Mpamia rligiuhugh privd h uivr a mpdf hr phr, i whih h hav whr

h gd dwl lay abv h huma phrad h ralm f h dad blw (Br1992).

Apar frm hi rilur par, h dmialur mbiai i Mpamia digwa h pairig f rd wih blu (r blak).thi dihmy ha b argud a ymblif h fudamal dualii, h maulifr balad wih h fmii, hav


Necklace of onyx, lapis lazuli, carnelian, obsidian and gold fromsouthern Mesopotamia, 3000-2000 BCE, Pergamon Museum,

Berlin. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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wih arh, ad h divi phr wih hhuma ralm (Wir 1999; Barr 2007). Ihi ia bh lur, al ad ghri mbiai, appar rfr varyigi f diviiy ad h ralm f h gd.Rd ad blu may al hav fuid aa maphr fr h divi pairig f hgdd Iaa/Iar ad hr mal parr,h hphrd gd Dumuzi/tammuz, whrh fmal lm i ifrrd by h lurrd ad h mal by h lur blu. Prhaphi qually rfrd h gdd f lvad war adrgyu aur, a hr (rd)figur wa radiially rprd adrdwih lapi lazuli jwllry (Barr 2007).

t furhr illura hi aiai f rd adblu wih h divi phr; i a x dribigh hav, h high, blgig h kygd A/Au, wa mpd f rd arlia,al h hr f h gd wa idrd b mpd f lapi lazuli ad li wihambr (Rhbrg 2009). Rd paird wih bluhrfr vyd rg viual mag fdivi pr ad wrldly harmy.

LIGHT: namru

Byd h valu f parig, bh hppulariy f h pairig f rd wih bluad h mbiai f rd, whi ad bluh high valu fr lur i Mpamiaappar hav b h qualiy f lighad brillia. trm fr brigh r radia armm fr dripi f valud bjuh a jwllry, wap ad ul auad al d fui a imil fr bhpuriy ad aiy. A wuld b xpdh u f m frm h ig fruligh ad hrfr, h lur whi; UD/peu.

The emphasis on brightness over hue in languagesis not an isolated occurrence, for focus on colouris also a relatively recent linguistic development orthe English language. This changeover appears to haveoccurred during the Middle English period, 1000-1400 CE(Hardin and Maf).

I ppii r bala wih hi valu frligh i h ida f dark a a ial mpl-mary gaiv fr. Afr all, dark lur


Detail of the War panel on the Standard of Ur from the Royal Cemetery at Ur in southernMesopotamia, lapis lazuli, shell and red limestone, 2600-2400 BCE, British Museum

[Credit: Wiki Commons]


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hard qual fig i viual rpraiad hrfr wr idrd arymp f a mpii. trm fr darklur uh a adaru ad damu, whil argu-ably rprig gaiv ad druiv

iflu, wr qually ial lm a balad ad harmiu dig.

Hr h fui f dark lur may agaiirpra h ida f a rdrd uivr,wih vil iflu hard by h ligh. Jua imilarly h mif f a rulr dmraigrl vr h fr f ha wa aimpra faur f ryal igraphy ih ai nar ea. A a xampl fhi ida frm mprary ulur i h

blu ad whi gla bad whih i ill udhrughu h Middl ea a a amul avr h vil y ad brig luk i barr.

Prhap i i wrh ig ha i i mmfr aadmi liraur qua lighad radia wih h uag f rm frhii. I wuld mphaiz ha lighad dark valu d aumaiallyalig wih h valu f hi a ppd ma. t illura hi pi, dark liklapi lazuli may hl b plihd ahigh dgr f hi ad gl, ad hi farhuld b ak i au wh aiglur prpi i aiquiy.

Year in which Hammurabi the king fashioned amagnificent dais-throne,

pe rf ec ted w ith go ld , s ilver, e ye chalcedony,

chalcedony of GIR.MU type and ZA.GIN.TA (lapislazuli)

shining like radiance for Inanna of Babylon tocomplete her chariot.

(Name of Year 14, reign of Hammurabi, Babylon,1792-1750)

I Mpamia h viual qualii f aarwrk , ha i h hi, lur ad parig,uwardly dmrad h bj piriualad ahi valu. thi valu wa ju

abu h arful hi f lur, i addii,lumiu lur hmlv wr idrdmaifai f h pr f diviiy adf divi ai ad hy brada hwrld i f hli ad riual puriy

(Wir 2002). thrfr miral, uh alapi lazuli, arlia, ilvr ad gld whihuld b wrkd ad plihd a glyad ralu fiih wr highly prizd frh rui f priu bj (Wir1999).

he outermost battlement was white, The second,black, the third, dark red, The fourth dark blue, thefifth orange.

In this manner the entire circumference of theramparts was coloured. And the two innermost

walls were one entirely plated with silver And theother with gold.

Herodotus (Historiae, I.98.25) describing the wallsof the Median citadel at Ekbatana, ca. 450 BCE,translation by the author.)

I ummary, h prdig diui dha whil h Mpamia laguag had alimid liguii p fr p f lur,marially h lur vabulary wa rih admaigful. emphai, hwvr, lay i quali-i f ligh ad hi whih quad wih -i f piriualiy, ad i parig whihadvrid ida f harmy ad wrld rdr.I addii, pifi lur hld impraymbli aiai, uh a rd wih divi-iy, gr wih abuda ad, impraly,h lur blu wih ida f divily ai-fid pwr ad pul.

I rfli, i appar ha i ai

Mpamia h hi f lur i hrui f a bj wa a allradm, bu rahr, i wa a iu diii h ir rui f maig advalu. Prhap x im yu, h radr,viw a arfa i a bk r a a muum,hik abu h impa f lur ad ligh h bj f yur ir. I addii, hikabu hw h hi mad i h dig



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may rfl agibl maifai f hdivi i Mpamia hugh.

Further ReadingBarr, c. e. Wa Du thir Fd ad clay thirBrad? Grav Gd, h Mpamia Afrlifad h Limial Rl f Iaa/Ihar. Jou rnal o f

Ancient Near Eastern Religions 7, (2007). 7-65.Brli, B. & P. Kay. Basic Colour Terms: TheirUniversality and Evolution. Linguistic Connectionsto Colour Terminology (and Social Complexity).califria: safrd Uivriy. (1999)

Blak, J., A. Grg & n. Pga. A ConciseDictionary o f Akkadian: Akkadian-English.

Wibad: Harrawiz. (2000)

Br, J. Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning andthe Gods. Ld: Uivriy f chiag Pr.(1992)

Hardi, c.L. & L. Maffi. Color Categories in Thoughtand Language. cambridg: cambridg Uivriy.(1997)

Ladbrgr, B. br Farb im sumrih-Akkadih. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21(1967). 139-173

Wir, I. J. th Ahi Valu f Lapi Lazuli iMpamia. I Cornaline et pierres prcieuses:La Mditerrane, de lAntiquit lIslam, dir A.caub, Pari: Luvr. (1999). 43-58.

Wir, I. J. D fiig Ahi fr n-Wrsudi: th ca f Ai Mpamia. I ArtHistory, Aesthetics, Visual Studies, dir M.A Hlly& K. Mxy, nw Hav: Yal Uivriy. (2002).3-28.

Wb Lik

PsD, Pylvaia sumria Diiary Prj:hp://pd.muum.up.du/pd/pd-fram.hml [La did: 06/26/06, ad 12/01/12].



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The bull in the bas-relief on the Ishtar Gate at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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Rebelling Against the Gods

Egyptian Tomb Robbery

By Lisa Swart

Ever since the inclusion o unerary goods in Egyptian tombs, burials

have been plundered or the valuable objects within. This article

surveys the motives o the robbers, tomb protection in the orm o

architectural devices and divine agency. The legal system and punishment o

thieves is also described.

As for any rebel who will rebel and who will plan

in his heart to desecrate this tomb and what itcontains, who will destroy the inscriptions anddamage the statues in the tombs of the ancestorsand the temple of Ra-Qerert with no fear of thecourt, he shall not be glorified in the necropolis,the seat of the glorified spirits, his property shallnot exist in the necropolis, his children shall beexpelled from their tombs, he shall be an enemyof the glorified spirits whom the lord of thenecropolis does not know, his name shall not be

mentioned among the spirits, his memory shallnot endure among those living on earth, watershall not be poured for him, offerings shallnot be given to him on the wag-feast and anyother beautiful feast of the necropolis. He shallbe handed over to the court, his city god shallabominate him, his relatives shall abominatehim, his farm shall fall to fire, his house to thedevouring flame. Everything which comes forthfrom his mouth, the gods of the necropolis shallrepudiate it.

s prlaim h iripi f tmb III a

Aui rvig a a warig ay wuld-b vilar. By ma uuual, hi mb uri par f a va rpu f hra frmulamm hrughu egypia hiry - a adam h prval f mb rbbryi ai egyp. th vry aur f h egypia furary blif iad h ilui f grav gd, whih ghr wih hmummy urd h urvival f h dadi h afrlif. Paradxially, h mpai

h grav gd rad ld h pludrig f h mb f rih ad pr alik dagrd hir xi. cquly, mbrbbry wa ak vry riuly by h kigad hi ffiial, ad prud ardigly.

Provisioning the dead - a veritablegoldmine

th ai egypia blivd ha h Afrlif wa a mirrr f lif arh, hu all h


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ii f lif ad mfr hy jydwuld al b availabl ad ary i hAfrlif. Fr mb rbbr, h prmi fuld walh aid i h mb prvdirriibl. W ly hav lk a h - f h mb f tuakhamu udr-ad h drivig fr bhid h rb-bri. I i f h b-prrvd ryalmb, hwvr, rary ppular blif,i wa divrd ia. I had b -rd a la wi i ai im, rald,ad, hakfully, frg. tuakhamumb aid a phmal amu fvaluabl mb gd, vr hr huadbj i all, whih k Hward carr vr yar aalgu. M f h b-j wr maufaurd frm r vrd igld, uh a hi lid gld ffi ad dahmak. Addiial bj mad frm priumarial uh a lapi lazuli, urqui ad

amhy ar ad i gra abuda. Ii irig ha h fabulu walhf tuakhamu mb wa muh l gradha h hr ryal mb i h Vally f hKig.

Irially, ur kwldg f h fvral mb m frm a ri f urdum r h tomb robbery papyri,h ilud h famu Papyru Abb adPapyru Amhr Lpld II. th dumrrdd h lgal iquiri, fi, adivri f l gd rgardig ri fmb rbbri durig h rig f RamIX (1126 1108 Bce).

Frm h Papyru Amhur-Lpld, h i-my f Amupafr ad hi llagu whrbbd h pyramid f Kig sbkaf f hsvh Dyay prvid a aalizig

a r c h a e o l o g y | e g y p

The innermost con o King Tutankhamun, it weighs 110.4 kilograms and is made o solid gold. The two

outer cons were made rom wood and gilded. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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hi a h rih aid hri. thhiv a ha We opened their sarcophagiand their coffins in which they were, and foundthe noble mummy of this king equipped with afalchion (sword); a large number of amulets andjewels of gold were upon his neck, and his head-piece of gold was upon him. The noble mummyof this king was completely bedecked with gold,and his coffins adorned with gold and silver in-side and out and inlaid with all kinds of preciousstones. th gld ak frm h ffi fsbkaf ad hi qu amud 160db (14.5 kilgram).

Rbbr wr mly ird i gdha wr ay rapr ad dip f.obj mad frm valuabl mal uh agld, ilvr, ad ppr wr mld dw,makig i air rapr h l, ad

impibl ra bak h mb iwa ld. Furhrmr, h mallabiliy f hmarial mad i rlaivly impl dividh pil bw h hiv. Wh hbj i h mb wr gildd vr wduh a h fa ad had f ffi, addraiv lm f furiur, h priumal wr ihr hakd ff r h bjwa burd ad h mal xrad.

I h am ri f mb rbbry papyrih hif, Pahriha fd ha I went tothe tombs of the West of Thebes (naming hisaccomplices)We entered the tombs of theWest of Thebes and we stripped off all the silverand gold which we found in the tombs Ahr uamd hif ifid hw h ad hihr went to the tomb of Thanufer, ThirdProphet of Amun. We opened it and brought


The Papyrus Abbott describes a political scandal that erupted during the reign of Rameses IX (1126 1108 BCE)In the document, Paweraa (a seemingly wily fellow) was accused of plundering the tombs in his jurisdiction. Hisaccuser and rival, Paser, the mayor of Eastern Thebes, sent for an inquiry into the allegations. Of the ten royaltombs purported to have been desecrated, only the pyramid of Sobekemsaf II, a pharaoh of the SeventeenthDynasty (1650 1550 BCE) was robbed. However, it was discovered that bands of thieves had been systematicallylooting the private tombs in the area. Paweraa appears to have exonerated himself in this case, by shifting theblame elsewhere, and Paser is shown in a very bad light. The document also records the proceedings from the trialwith the thieves confessions and the descriptions of the tombs that were looted. (Twentieth Dynasty, c. 1100 BCE

British Museum, London. [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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out its contents: we took its mummy and threw

it down in a corner of its tomb. We took hismummy cases to this boatwe set fire to themin the night. We stripped off the gold which wefound on them similarly, gd uh axil, prfum, mi, priu vari-i f wd ad ivry wr highly valud byhiv.

t add iul ijury, h mummi hm-lv wr f h arg f rbbry ahy ypially aid jwlry r amul

f priu mal ad i pifiymbli lai wihi hir badag.th hiv wuld rip h wrappig ffh mummy; ad h rp wuld f bhakd r burd failia h xraif h valuabl mal.


The damaged corpse o the Elder Lady ound in KV35. The hole in the chest is thought to have been made by

robbers reaching into the chest cavity to extract gold amulets that were placed on the heart to protect the mummy

in the Aterlie. (From Graton Elliot Smiths The Royal Mummies. 1912. Public Domain)

The gilded acemask rom the co n o Pedusiri, comprised o wood and plaster, gold lea

was applied to the ace. It was believed that gold symbolized the fesh o the gods. (Late

Period or early Graeco-Roman Period, c.500 250 BCE. Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin.

Public Domain)


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Booby traps and Camouflage

ovr im, mr ad mr luxury im wriludd i egypia mb, hu furhr-ig h d fr egypia arhi kpadapig ad dvlpig w mb dig ur h igriy f h mb. Frmvry arly i egypia hiry, grav gd

wr burid i udrgrud hambr a iwa rgizd i wa lgr af rhm abv grud. suriy maur wralrady i pla i h maaba mb f hearly Dyai ad old Kigdm whr prulli wr ialld, h gra lab f lid i pla ad blkd h raairwll h burial hambr. I lar mb



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h ra wa brud by rubbl.

Du hir imm iz ad idrablraur, pyramid bam a prim argfr hiv. Wih ah uiv rulr, arhi- ampd uwi prpiv hivad kp hagig h iral dig f hkig pyramid. I a gra hw f iguiy,

h arhi f h pyramid f AmmhaIII (1855-1808 Bce) a Hawara rad a rif hidd rapdr ad ul-d-a i aamp milad ad diurag rbbr.Bu, avail! Wh Flidr Pri awrkr i h burial haf, h rprd haly ra f h burial rmaid. th i-duriu hiv had bypad h bal


The mastaba of Seshemnefer III, the vizier of ancient Egypt, in

foreground with the pyramid of Chephren in the backgroun

Giza. (Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450 BCE. [Credit: Wiki Comm


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ad brahd h burial hambr, whih hadb arvd frm lid grai, hrugh hrf blk (taylr, 2001: 179).

A majr hag i mruary arhiur kpla durig h nw Kigdm wh hryal mb wr arvd i h liff i fh Vally f h Kig h w bak fh nil a thb (mdr Luxr). th mb

wr paiakigly uld dp i hliff ad a dp pi wa xavad bfr hmb hambr, i i ukw whhr hipi rvd a a drr fr rbbr r hada myhial igifia. th mb wr hdrad, ad furary gd dpidwihi h burial hambr. th mb ra wr arfully ald ad hidd makhm bld i h urrudig ladap

he pyramid of Amenemhat III (1855 1808 BCE) at Hawara containedhe most complex security features in Egypt, however it was robbed inntiquity. This was the second pyramid Amenemhat built as the firstne at Dashur (the Black Pyramid) was abandoned due to constructionro ble ms. [Cre dit: Wik i Common s]


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lgr rvig a a ba prpivhiv. Hwvr, rpriig hiv fudhir way i, ad ufully burrwd hirway frm mb mb.

th burial quipm ilf wa digd ffr addiial pri. th mummi fryaly ad high-rakig ff iial wr pladi hik arphagi mad frm h

hard wrkabl uh a quarzi, ba-al, ad grai. Hwvr, iduriu hivudd i pilfrig h by lvr-ig h lid p r burrwig h id f harphagi. Lkig mhaim wr aladdd h ffi lid f ryal arphagi fh old Kigdm ad h wd ffif h li f h Middl Kigdm. Hwvr,Jh taylr (2001: 179) a ha hi may



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hav b prv hf by pri rp-ibl fr h burial.

Rbbig h dad wa by ma fid h mb. th mbalmig pr ffrda idal ppruiy fr pilfrig f jwlryby l ha h mbalmr.

The Egyptian legal system andretribution

tmb rbbry wa rvild i ai egypa i hrad h afrlif xi f hdad. Ardig h egypia wrldviw, wh h mb f a kig wa viladi dagrd h abiliy ad uriy f



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egyp, a h dad kig ill playd a rli aurig maa (rdr ad abiliy). tmbrbbr wr labld rebels, a rm hawa pd i egypia myhlgy. By hirmidd, h rbbr (r rbl) had hwhmlv b ag f ha ad wrhu aiad wih h gd sh r Apphi,wh ymblizd dirdr.

th mb rbbry papyri prvid a larpiur f h judiial pr ivlvd i pr-uig mb rbbr. Frm h dum,i appar ha harh ai wr impdfr mb vilai wihi h judiial ym.th vriy f hi ragri mmaddh pral ai f h Vizir, wh warpibl fr h day--day admiirai


View of the Valley of the Kings in L[Credit: Wiki Comm


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f h kigdm. Ppl upd fdisturb-ing the peace of the dead wr arrd adhad appar bfr a ur. th ribualid f a mmii f digiari frmbh liaial ad gvrmal ffi,

ad h rial wa hld i h Gra Ambly(Gra Qb) i h apial iy.

th up wr h examined, a u-phmii rm drib h baig iwhih h allgd rbbr had h baiadapplid hi f ad had; a pariularlypaiful pr ivlvig h whippig fh l f h f. thi mhd f irr-gai, afr vral appliai, appar hav h dird f f f prduig a f-

i. sup wr h rquird war adivi ah up paly if fud lyig, if Ispeak a falsehood, may I be mutilated and sentto Kush, war mb rbbr afr bighrughly xamid.

th a wr hrughly prud ad wa lf uurd; h up war-xamid, ad wi wr brughi rrbra h up imy.Fially, judgm wa wrugh up hup. th dah paly, whih had b by h kig himlf, i frquly m-id a ypial puihm. If h upad wi wr fud hav mmi-d prjury, hy wr i pal r-viud, muilad (arm, ar r uff), r impald. Aiad rim, uh abribry wr puihd by pal rviud.Ripi f l gd wr puihdwih muilai ad impalm.

The Butcher, the Baker, and the ChiefDoorkeeper of the Temple of Amun

I h mb rbbry papyri mid abv,mb rbbry appar hav b a pr-fial prai, wih wrkd gagf m wrkig aiduuly rih hm-lv. Frquly, h ppl aiad wihh rpli r mb wrkr ( ma,

ari, rafm, ) wr vry wll plad prpra uh rim, ad i m wraivly ivlvd i pillagig mb. th lvf rimialiy rahd wll i h uppadmiiraiv rak, ad may ffiial

urd a blid y h illii aiviio agai, h mb rbbry papyri giv ugra iigh i h am ad prfif h hiv, whih wr rrdd ad hpifi rim f h prprar wr wri dw. th high-rakig ffiial mid i h dum wr Djhuyhp, chif Drkpr f h tmpl fAmu, ad Pawraa, h Mayr f Wrthb.

thiv f wrkd i l llabraiwih rrup pri ad wll-bribd ffiialth a f h quarryma, Amupafrwh prdai f h mb f sbkf (mid abv) ad vral hrmb wih variu gag wa dild afa frmal ivigai i a lai xamplAmupafr fd ha wh h waarrd fr h d im h bribd hffiial wh augh him ad udd iapig, whra h mmid vral rbbri. I took 20 deben (almost 2 kilograms) ofgold that had fallen to me as my portion, andgave them to Khaemope, the scribe of the quarterHe released me and I rejoined my companions and they compensated me with a portiononce again. Thus, I together with other thieveshave continued down to this day in the practiceof robbing tombs.

The Lifetime Protection Plan: The Curse

of the Mummy

exdig h rag f ial iiuiuh a pli ad law-ur, h egypiaurd h maphyial wrld fr furhrrfug ad pri. th vr rimialiyf mb rbbig iad h d frjui ad rribui ak pla i bhhi wrld ad h x. Hr, h mb wprd himlf by allig fr divi ir



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Medinet Habu was the administrative seat at Thebeswhere the thieves from the tomb robbery papyri were

etained and tried in a court of law.


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vi. thi mprid f ur, impra-i ha hrad ay wh rpadad vilad a mb wih vr puihmi hi lif ad h x. As regards any nomegovernor, any son of man, any noble man or any

civilian, who will fail to protect this tomb andits contents, his god will not accept his whitebread, he will not be buried in the West [cem-etery], and their flesh will burn together withthat of the criminals, they have been turnedinto ones who do not exist, avw a irip-i warig ay pial vilar f tmbIII a Aui. th ad pali ypiallymprid f rmval frm ffi, baih-m frm iy, ad h dah paly (f- by fir r dimmbrm). cmmuia-

i wih h gd wuld a wih h gdrfual ap h hif ffrig ad hwuld b ukw hm. eially, hhif wuld l hi idiy ad h righ b burid. cquly, h egypia rbbruld xp a afrlif, a hi rp wadryd ad hi am rad frm mmry

- a wr pibl fa uld b imagid.

n ly wuld h rbbr ai affhim, bu hi ir family, a a b iAkhifi mb iripi a Malla. Asregards any ruler who will rule in Moalla andwho will commit a bad, evil act against thiscoffin and against any part of this tomb, hisarm will be cut off for Hemen at his processionHemen will not accept his meat offeringandhis heir will not inherit from him. Hr hpuihm al affd hi hildr i hahy wuld ak vr hi p ad ihriay phyial prpry frm him. thi wuld

hav had a majr mi impa hfamily fr may grai. ohr hrailud far-rahig ff uh a xplligh vilar hildr frm hir w mb.

Reappropriation and reuse of funerarygoods

Dpi h abhrr f mb rbbry i

egypia iy, i wa mm prai iim f mi rii rapprpriaad ru furary gd frm ldr burialFr xampl, ffi wr alrd ui hurr furary rd ad ld willig

umr. Lablld rmmdifiai byegyplgi, hi prai wa piallyprval frm h la nw Kigdm. Frmh hr rig f h uiv kigRam IV Ram XI (a. 1151 Bce - 1078Bce), egyp pharah ruld vr a dliigkigdm, h auhriy f h pharahbam iraigly dilud by h pwf h high pri f Amu a thb, larplugig h ury i ivil war. emiri ad h hra f ivai did lil

kp h ury rak. Durig h thirdIrmdia Prid (a.1070 712 Bce), ryaad priva mb i thb wr pludrdfr all hir fill a ffr. Udh prx f rrai, h high prif Amu had h bdi f h gra nwKigdm pharah rwrappd, whr maymummi wr rippd f hir gld, admvd afr lai. I m ha divirribui wa a au fr r whh a r rligiu iiui upprdh pillagig f mb.

Conclusion

I hi mial publiai th Rap f hnil, Bria Faga a ha h pludrig f mb uld b idrd a imhurd pa im i egyp. ev Hwardcarr wr i hi diary h iviabiliy fmb rbbry, jurig up imag f dr

mid hiv paiakigly arvig hir wayhrugh f rk laim hir gld. I iqui lar frm h way h rbbr radh mummi ad drad h mb hahy did far hra f divi rribui. Addiially, h harh lgal appar hav had lil ff a a drr, alhugh a up i h mb rbbrypapyri dlard hi i by aig, I



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saw the punishment which was done to thievesin the time of Kha-em-Waset (the Vizier). Truly,why am I going to seek death deliberately?

I radig h dum, i m ha

hig ha hagd, h a w, hmi bfi f mb rbbry faruwigh h hra f pali frd byh law. th pludrig f egypia mbad mum iu hi day, ad h rrupi ad grd wll adi h ai dum frm huad fyar ag.

***

Further Reading

Ama, J. Wh Jui Fail: Juridii adImprai i Ai egyp ad h nar ea.The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vl. 78 (1992),149-162

capar, J., Gardir, A. H., ad va d Wall, B.nw Ligh h Ramid tmb-Rbbri.The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vl. 22, n. 2(D., 1936), 169-193

Faga, B. The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers,Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt. oxfrd:

Wviw Pr. (2004).Lr, D. th tram f crimial i Aiegyp: thrugh h nw Kigdm. Journal ofthe Economic and Social History of the Orient,Vl. 20, n. 1, spial Iu th tram fcrimial i h Ai nar ea (Ja., 1977),2-64

P, t. e. The Great Tomb Robberies ofthe Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. nw Yrk:Hildhim (1997)

taylr, J. H. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient

Egypt. chiag: th Uivriy f chiag Pr.(2001)

Willm, H. crim, cul ad capial Puihm(Malla Iripi 8). The Journal of Egyptian

Archaeology, Vl. 76 (1990), 27-54



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Bronze helmet, 7th-6th century BCE. Found in Montpellier in 1863display at the Muse gallo-romain de Fourvire, L

[Credit: Wiki Comm


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A Brief History of

Greek HelmetsBy Jesse Obert

Warfar i a aly hagig

ap f huma irai. IAi Gr, a mphai amaradri ad mmual rli-

a dvlpd h p f ui hiad pializai. Ulimaly, Gr wuldbm h birhpla f Wr miliaryhugh. th maurai f hi maliya b rad hrugh h ylii ad h-lgial prgri f miliary hlm. ex-primai wih hlm dig illumiah limiai ad iriai f warfar a iwa dvlpd i h ai wrld. thughh dvlpm f ay hlgy i -liar, udyig h vlui f ylii d-ig rval hw h uiqu yl f mbai Gr hagd war.

th hiry f h Grk hlm bga i h17h ury Bce, wh h Myaa empirrlld Gr. A h im, h Bar tukHlm wa ppular hrughu h rgi.

thi ially hapd hlm id falraig lvl f bar uk i a yl addig ha may hav rigiad i Wreurp (sdgra 19). th uk wr wi a fl r lahr ap whih rvd a hba f h hlm. I all raliy, h baruk wuld hav hard afr a iglblw, bu wr a imprvm vr lahrr v fl (evr 10-11). Addiially, hla hldig h uk i pla wuld havb xpd ad vulrabl, lahr

rad wr prbably id bw h

alraig uk i rdr pr h la(evr 7).

Bar tuk Hlm did hav a uifrmdig. chk guard wr h fir ad mprmi addii h hlm. thy wrfrmd frm a igl vrial ri f baruk. Addiially, primiiv vri f hii hrhair r may hav bgu appar h Bar tuk Hlm (evr9). Ahr drai, whih ly appardi h Brz Ag, wa h addii f bullr ram hr (evr 9).

th Bar tuk Hlm may hav b aprig im rlad huig prw(sdgra 19). Huig wa a frquhm i Myaa ar, ad bar wa fh arg. th Bar tuk Hlm wa affiv diplay f kill a ah hlmrquird mwhr bw fry ad fify

bar (evr 10).

A brz frgig hiqu imprvd,brz h bga b iludd i hBar tuk Hlm. th raii wa by ma a uivral ad may Brz Aghlm rrid brz ari uha hk guard (sdgra 25-26). Whbrz wa ud h dm f h hlm,i iiially k h frm f mall brzdik whih wr w r lippd h


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Above Boar Tusk helmets from Mycenae (left) an d Crete (right), c.14 cent BCE;Below: The Warrior Vase from Mycenae, depicting soldiers wearing whatsome scholars believe to be leather helmets with bronze studs [Credit: Wiki

Commons]


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fl r lahr ap udrah (evr 39).evually full brz hlm appard, buh hlm wr xrmly hi ad had b aahd a ap (evr 11).

nar h d f h Brz Ag, k guardbga appar i hir m primiiv frm.thy appar hav b a ri f mallirwv brz al whih drapdfrm h bak f h hlm (evr 13).Addiially, hrhair r bam muhmr ppular. th r wr rahrimpl ad ar f mpard h rf Ayria ad hr ear a (sdgra43).

Dpi h wid al llap f h BrzAg mpir i h 12h ury Bce, hBar tuk Hlm iud b a imf ir. th bai hap wa maiaidhrugh h fllwig Dark Ag ad had aiabl iflu lar Grk hlm(sdgra 32). thugh Myaahlm md hav phyially urvivd,Hmr rfr ad drib i h8h ury Bce (Hmr X.306-310).

I h 8h ury Bce, w w hlmmrgd. thy wr mad irly f brzad wr prdu f advad frgighiqu. thir udd appara adwidprad adpi i f aribud h dmia frm f mba i h 8hury Bce. thi dramai yl f vilivlvd rwd f havily armurd mrammig i ah hr. A m pi bhid wuld hav a maiv puhig

all h whil ryig ab h my wih apar r wrd. thugh h dail f Grkbal ar hadly dbad, hlar agrha h Ai Grk warrir wa prdfrm had f xp a hir fa, hra,ad lwr high.

th fir hlm wa amd h Illyria Hlmby lar hlar bau f i ppulariy

amg h Madia ad -GrkIllyria. Hwvr, h am i miladig ah Illyria Hlm wa rigially dvlpd h Plp ad quikly bamppular hrughu Gr. similar i hap arlir Brz Ag hlm, h IllyriaHlm vrd h ir had, hk, adv par f h hra. Alhugh, h fawa lf p ad h hlm wa frgd iw pi whih wr ldrd ghralg i pak (sdgra 52).

Bau h Illyria Hlm wa frgd frmw pi, i wa pially wak alg h

am. th hrhair r, whih wa alradya pyhlgial ad ylii a, ampd addr h iu. Wh h r ra frmbak fr i vily ald adrghd h ra ap h IllyriaHlm. thi yl f r quikly bam appular iy, ad fr vral uriGrk r alm xluivly ra frm fr bak (evr 76).

c l a s s i c a l a r c h a e o l o g

Illyrian type bronze helmet rom Argolis, 6th5th

centuries BCE [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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th Illyria Hlm had may wak.th p fa faild addr h dagrf i l mba. Addiially, hfrful llii ivlvd i arly Grk

warfar mad h ruural wak fh Illyria Hlm a liabiliy. th hlm waphad u ad ulimaly diappard frmGr by h 5h ury Bce (evr 130).Irigly, h Illyria Hlm bam afavuri f h Madia ad Illyria.th rhr mmuii uilizd lighifary, l frmai, ad avalry whihall rquird h viibiliy f a p fadhlm.

th crihia Hlm, whih appardarud h am im a h Illyria Hlm,wa immly mr ppular. I warmarkably rg a i wa frgd u fa igl pi f brz (sdgra 51). Iaddii, h fa wa irly vrd by alg guard ad w hik hk guardwhih alm m vr h muh. Hwvr,h hlm lf h k vulrabl ad

wa riuly umfrabl ad havy(sdgra 56). thr wa lil paddiggraly rrid vii, ad ar hl. thwarr wa parially blidd ad praially

daf wh h wr h hlm. thi hald m auhr pula whhr hppulariy f h crihia Hlm ffivlyppd h ivi f balfild aia mmuiai h balfild waalm raily impibl (Ha 71).

A addiial iu wih h crihia Hlmwa h . crihia Hlm had bmad pifially fr ah ldir (sdgra59). If h hlm did fi ighly vr hldir had, h a glaig blw uldur h hlm i bal ad mpllyblid h ldir (Ha 72). thi d fra xa fi ma ha h hlm uld b pad hrugh famili r rvrd frmbalfild. I Ai Gr, ldir had purha hir w quipm ad mm mu hav h h hapr IllyriaHlm r mayb v a lahr alraiv.


Left: A later Illyrian helmet with hinged cheek guards [Credit: Author]; Right: Corinthian style helmetfrom Sparta [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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Corinthian helmet dating to c.500 BCE, with a ridge around the peak of the head, but stillmissing ear holes [Credit: Wiki Commons]


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By h d f h 6h ury Bce, hcrihia Hlm had b adapd addr i df. th hk guard adh bak f h hlm wr xdd r h warr huldr. thi addiivrd h k ad hra ad diipadh hlm wigh. A ridg wa adddabv h frhad irlig h pak fh hlm whih allwd xra paddig adaddiial pri frm glaig blw.Fially, larg ar hl wr u i h idf h hlm allw fr mmuiai h balfild (sdgra 94). thi lidifidh hlm ppulariy i Gr bu, by hd f h 5h ury Bce, h irduif balfild ai ad ragy haduragd h Grk ldir prfr mrp hlm wih br viibiliy.

A h bgiig f h 6h ury Bce, hchalidia Hlm bga appar. thihlm ampd addr h viibiliyad mfr iu f h crihia Hlmwhil ill prvidig adqua prifr h fa. th chalidia Hlm had arudd guard ad w larg ruddhk guard. th yhl wr lighlylargr ad w l wr lf p bhid

h hk pi fr h ar. A fir glah hlm lk lik a rudd ad lighfrm f h crihia Hlm ad may havb ivd wih ha ii (sdgra70).

Lik h Illyria Hlm, h chalidiaHlm had a miladig am. I wa amdfr i ppulariy i ar frm h iy fchali. Hwvr, h hlm fir appardi uhr Ialy ad m hav bivd by Grk li (sdgra70). th lr dd a rg hlmha wuld abl hm dfa h lighifary ad avalry f h lal Ialia. thchalidia hlm may hav giv hm hviibiliy hy dd whil maiaiig hpriv hap f h crihia Hlm

th hlm wa ppularizd h mailadby h Ahia wh md prfr lighhlm wih mr viibiliy (sdgra 70).

A h d f h 6h ury Bce, a crihiaHlm bam l burdm, a whlm wa irdud h wr af mdr day turky. th rgi wa alldIia ad wa idrd Grk. th Iiawr kw mbi ar ad wr


Front and sideview of Chalcidian type helmets [Credit: Wiki Common]


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radii ra hybridizd hlgy,ad h Iia Hlm wa xpi. Ihad a dii k guard ad higd hkpi. Addiially, h frhad had alarg fla pla fr xra pri. th

hk guard uld b id h pak fh maiv frhad guard, hrby lavigh fa irly p, r id ghr a hhi. thugh h ab f a guard rhra guard lf h fa l prd, haddiial frhad guard ad k guardmay hav b rai a diffr ylf mba (sdgra 65).

th Iia rvd i ar armi amrari ad brugh Grk mba

ar balfild (Hrdu II.152). Ah im, bal i h Middl ea rlidmuh mr havily miil wap adl frmai. Iia armurr may havaddd h hik frhad guard prh par f h hlm ha d u abvh Grk warrir hild, ad h k guard prvid vr frm miil mig frmabv ad bhid h ldir. nvrhl,h hik rudd hk guard ampd maiai h uful hap f h arlirchalidia hlm.

th Iia Hlm wa pially ppulari Ah, bu a h d f h 6h uryBce h Ahia bga dvlp hirw vri, h Ai Hlm. th hlmrigially appard arii rpraif Aha, bu wa vually frgd aduilizd i bal (sdgra 69). I h uryfllwig h arii irdui f h Ai

Hlm, h Ahia miliary dd avidpihd bal. I h Plpia War, 431Bce 404 Bce, h Ahia havily rlid aval gagm ad aal raidig, bhf whih wuld hav rquird lighr, mrvrail quipm. I may way, h AiHlm wa a irprai f h dfivu f h chalidia Hlm wih haial bfi ad ylii ppulariy f hIia Hlm. thi iabl imilariy

h Iia Hlm ad h chalidia Hlmha ld may hlar argu ha i huld b rgizd a a dii yl (evr132).

th Ai Hlm wa lighr ha m Grk


Above: Warrior head vase from Ephesusor Rhodes representing an Ionian helmet;[Credit: Penn Museum] Below: Attic Helmetwith ornamental forehead guard [Credit:

Thefakebusters]


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hlm ad lf h fa mplly p.th k guard wa hrr ha h IiaHlm ad lf a igifia amu f pafr h ar. th hk guard wr higdad mim hy wr v mpllydahabl (sdgra 69). Addiially,h hk pi wr f fid ahidividual ldir fa. thi w ylprvidd adqua pri ad mrviibiliy wih a lighr guard. thr wa afrhad guard, hugh i wa mallr hah guard h Iia Hlm. I fa,h frhad guard m hav grallyl i praial appliai i favur f adraiv . A warfar bga rly mrad mr balfild ai ad rp

mauvr, hlm bam lighr adlighr. th Ai Hlm maagd urvivhi im f raii ad bam a rgularprfr amg lar ldir, iludigh Rma (evr 135).

A h bgiig f h 5h ury Bce, aw yl f hlm appar hav bbrugh i Gr frm h rh. ththraia Hlm i amd fr i imilarii

a ppular yl f ha i thra, h rgialg h rhrm a f h Agasa. thi imilariy alg wih h im fi irdui ha ld vral hlar ugg ha h hlm, r mayb ju h

yl, wa brugh Gr by thraiamrari i h ivadig Pria Army(sdgra 104).

th thraia Hlm had a dii brim vh fa ad y. thi prbably rvd axra pri frm miil wap whihbga rappar Grk balfild ah d f h 5h ury Bce. Higd adfid hk guard prd h fa whilill lavig ply f pa fr h y ad

ar. th hk guard thraia Hlmwr uually lgad i rdr prvidaddiial pri fr h k ad hra(sdgra 104-105). Addiially, h hkguard wr aahd wih lahr rap ahig udr h brim f h hlm. thi wuldhav prd h hig whil allwig i b igifialy lighr (evr 139).


A Thracian helmet [Cred it: Thefakebusters]

A remarkably decorated Thracianhelmet with a Phrygian styled peak

[Credit: Thefakebusters]


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thugh h thraia Hlm wa pri 5h ury Bce Gr, i wa appular a h hr hlm, uh a hlar crihia Hlm ad h Ai Hlm.Afr h Pria War, warfar i Gr

hagd radially. th par f lighigh ifary paply, whih had b lwmvig vr h uri, rahd i paki h 5h ury ad by h middl f h4h ury Bce m ldir wr alm armur ad arrid lighr, mallr hild.thi iabl rd i armur iidwih hug lap i h udradig fbalfild ai, rp pializai, ad audd ir i miliary prfialim.

Afr Philip II miliary rfrm i h 4hury Bce, arly vry ldir i hMadia Army wr a thraia Hlm.ev Alxadr h Gra i aid havwr a labraly drad ir thraiaHlm (sdgra 118). th miliary mida hi im xplai h imm ppulariyf h thraia Hlm ad Ai Hlmwhih prvidd gd vii, harig, adpri frm miil.

By i high, h thraia Hlm dd hav a mr frward rudd pak, i hPhrygia yl. oaially, a hrhair rdrad h p f h hlm, hughr i gral had bm igifialyl mm by h 4h ury Bce. ththraia Hlm iud b ppularamg walhir Grk uil h ivaif h Rma (sdgra 118).

A h d f h 5h ury Bce, hBia Hlm wa irdud. Ardig Xph, h Bia Hlm wah b hlm availabl fr a avalryma(Xph XII, 3). thi lirary rfr hald may arhalgi lud ha hBia Hlm wa rigially ivd a aavalry hlm. Lik h thraia Hlm, hBia Hlm wa amd fr i imilariy a ppular yl f ha (sdgra 94). I had

b a mm imag i ar fr uri, aa fl vri wa f wr by Hrm,h gd f rad ad ravl (sdgra 95).th Bia Hlm wa f h lighad impl mal hlm i Gr. Ivrd h p f h had ad had a largall mpaig brim, bu uually did hav hk guard r a k guard.

th Bia Hlm wa ligh ad f fiilyprd h warr frm miil. Bylavig h fa irly p, a ldir uldurvy h balfild quikly ad wihudiffiuly. H uld frly mmuia wihhi mpai ad b hidrd by hhlm wigh. thugh m avalrymmay hav rappd h hlm hir had prv i frm fallig ff, h gral lakf ari mad i igifialy airad far fr a ldir prpar fr bal.

Hwvr, f h m igifia bfif h Bia Hlm wa i lw .

th Grk miliary ym uually rlid lf-fudd rp frm h p ir f hfiaial hirarhy. A h uri padad warfar bam mr advad, armibam biggr ad mr mapwr warquird. th walhy arira had l fa pr i h miliary, ad a wr


A Boeotia n helmet [Cred it: Thefakebusters]


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frd rrui frm ad rly hir prriizry. th iflux f lwr la ldir, adh aial a fudd miliia, rad ahug dmad fr quipm ha wa bhffii ad rlaivly hap.

Afr Alxadr h Gra prad Grkulur ad warfar ar h Middl ea,h rgi wa grippd by larg-al warbw maiv mpir wih hug armif lwr la iiz. thi prid i kwa h Hllii ra ad lad frm h df h 4h ury Bce h ivai f hRma i h 2d ad v 1 uri Bce.Maiv, lly pakd ifary dmiadh balfild ad hi w yl f warfarrquird v lighr ad hapr hlm.A hi im, h Bia Hlm bam

ppular amg ifary bau f i lw (sdgra 95). th thraia Hlm adh ligh frm f h Ai Hlm wr illppular, bu h m mm mal hlmi Gr wa arguably h impl.

Lik may f h lar hlm, h Pil Hl-m wa imply a mal vri f a ppularha. th Pil wa a briml ravllig apmm hrughu Gr. I h 5h -

ury Bce, a brz vri bga apparad durig h Hllii ra i wa a ppular ifary hlm. Lik h thraia Hlmh Pil Hlm aially had a hrhair, hugh r wr grally uuual a

h im (evr 136).

th impliiy f h hlm may m lika rag lui h vlui fh Grk hlm, bu vral xplaaihav b prpd. sm argu ha hadvam f balfild ai rquirdha ifary hav full vii ad mbiliy(evr 135). Ahr hry ugg hah lwr la ldir lid a h imuld affrd h full paply ad

gld h hlm i favur f a urdyhild ad wap (evr 136). Ahargum ugg ha h hlm waadpd bau f a ulural mpiiiigad by h spara.

th fir widprad adpi f h PilHlm urrd i spara a h d fh 5h ury Bce. Apparly, wh hyadpd h hlm hy aud ha

hy had hig hid, far r paii hir fa (Ld 63). Bfr h PilHlm wa adpd i spara, hy hadprdmialy ud h crihia Hlmwhih wuld hav ffiily aldhir faial xpri (Ld 53). thspara argud ha by adpig h PilHlm hy wr xmplifyig hir bravrysm hlar argu ha hi ba puial prur hr Grk mmuiiially frig hm adp h Pil

Hlm (Ld 63).

th Pil Hlm prvidd uhidrdmmuiai, urrid vii, mbiliyad a hap alraiv mprary mahlm. A warfar bam mr mplxad phiiad i wa h lgial x pi h vlui f h hlm. Hlliimba rlid ighly pakd grupwrkig i ui; idividual pri wa


A Pilos helmet [Cred it: Wiki Commons]


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idlid i favur f rp mauvrabiliy.Bal had grw frm igl lah fmall mmuii mplx gagmf hug mpir.

Wh h Rma ivadd ad ulimalyqurd Gr, hy brugh pa h ara. th r f miliary advammvd Ialy, ad may Grk hlmwr phad u i favur f lighr ad

rgr Rma hlm. nvrhl, hlgay f h Grk hlm bam a ymblf h hlgial ad ulural upririyf claial Gr.

***

Further Reading

evr, tim. Warfare in Ancient Greece. srud:su Pub., 2004. Pri.

Ha, Vir D. The Western Way of War. nwYrk: oxfrd UP, 1990. Pri.

Hrdu. The Histories. tra. Aubry Dsliur. Ld: Pgui, 2003. Pri.Hmr. The Iliad. tra. Rbr Fagl. nwYrk, n.Y., U.s. A.: V ikig, 1990. Pri.

Ld, J. e. Soldiers and Ghosts. nw Hav,ct: Yal UP, 2006. Pri.

sdgra, Ahy M. Arms and Arm our of theGreeks. Ihaa, nY: crll UP, 1967. Pri.

Xph. On Horsemanship. tra. H. G.Daky. clai Radr. Blakdg Mdia, 27 Mar.2003. Wb.


Frontage of a bronze Corinthian helmet depicting the dispute of Heracles and Apollofor the Ceryneian Hind, beginning of the 5th century BCE, attributed to a workshop in

Vulci [Credit: Bibi Saint-Pol/Wiki Commons]


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Stories of travelling in the

Peloponnese

th ilad f Plp, h dark-fad kig whbam a play-hig fr h olympia, i a21,439 quar kilmr ara f myh ad fa,whih ak r bak i arly prhiry u-grw h laial wrld ad dfi h aurf mdr Hllim. srab (Geographica, VIII)ad Pauaia (Description of Greece, II-VIII), ila aiquiy, wr h fir amp a y-mai dripi f h hirial ladap.th Chronicle of the Morea, wri i h 14h

ury, affd h prpi f h Wvr Mdival Gr. th 15h ury Ialiahlar ciria d Pizzilli ad sigimdPadlf Malaa, ramid hir divri

f aiquaria ir, ifuig h piri f hRaia. I h 17h ury, evliya lbia turkih hrgraphr ravl xivlyhrughu h Plp. Brard Radlphi 1671-79, wa h fir eglihma rrd himmir f h Plp. th Frh ir wa uiad by Frai Puquvill adf ur by Frai-R d chaaubriadad uivly ulmiad (f wih pliiaaiai) i arly h 19h ury (Ja Alx

S o u v e n i r f r o m t h e P e lo p o n n e s e

By Aikaterini Kanatselou

The brain wave o this article was a recent trip around the

Peloponnese, a weekly sally o a small group o archaeologists.

Its aim is to picture a random choice o exciting Peloponnesian

sites and places rom dierent periods (Palaeolithic to Byzantine), areas

(six out o the seven regional units) and natural landscapes (coasts, bays,

peninsulas, plains, hills, caves). The subjective structure and the personal

narration relect a diary-like content, marking the diversity o the

Peloponnesian historical landscape, open to the adventurous individual

with a labyrinth o choices. You can ollow the group day by day, either

visiting popular destinations such as Mycenae and Olympia or just chasing

the brown road-signs o the motorway which lead to less popular, hidden

sites all over the place. Welcome to the Moreas!

A m o d e r n t o u r i n l a n d s c a p e a n d h i s t o r y

P a r t O n e


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adr Buh, i Furm, edgar Qui,Hri Bll). I h rialiig 19h ury, hBriih aiquaria ir i h Plpwa aligh, bh rmaially ad praial-ly (Lrd elgi, Lrd Byr, William Gll, WilliamMari Lak, chriphr Wrdwrh, William

Grg clark, Iabl Armrg). o Maguv saklbrg, a Ruia-eia i rigi,udid ad xavad i h Plp. thumbr f mdr udi i aumulaig,ah pializig i diffr ap f h hi-rial ladap (rgi, ra, marial ulur,um, dial, lifyl .). A h amim, umru uri guid pr a implrvri f h Plpia pa, uraild frh ak f h hurrid viir.

A personal story of archaeologicaltravel

Day 1

Departure from Athens, destination: Nafplio

We depart from Athens early in the morning andhit the highway heading to Corinth. We take theexit to Loutraki and drive 20km westwards to theHeraion of Perachora.

The Heraion of Perachora

o h way h Hrai, rha ip f hi, h viir m ar h Fuai, i.. a

s i t e s a n d s o u n d s | g r e e c

Map of the Peloponnese, marked with the sites


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Heraion of Perachora


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ri f maiv ir ad rk-u bai habrugh war h i hrugh war hal.A arby ig lad h hapl f Agi nikla,whr a jy a magifi viw vr h

auary ad h crihia gulf. th auaryf Hra, iuad i a mall v f h gulf, i amplx f diffr ruur, iludig hmpl (Hra Limia ad Hra Akraia), h a,h apidal ir ad h baqu buildig. thi wa upid frm h 9h h 2d uriBce, rigially udr crihia iflu. tharhiural mplx ad i ladap, h ruralul prai, a wll a h variu fid (pry,rraa, brz, ivri) hav b udidad publihd maily by h Briih shl f

Ah.

As indicated on a panel at the Heraion, we decidedto visit the nearby Mycenaean necropolis at Skaloma,occupied from LH IIIA2/B1 continuing at least intoearly LH IIIC. Later, on the way back to Corinth, wemake a short stop at the Corinthian Canal.

The Corinthian Canal

th Grk wrd fr h crihia caal iIhmu (maig k ad rfrrig harrw f h lad ig h Plp- wih mailad Gr). si ai im,a hru wa rad av ba frm ail-ig rud h piula: a ramp alldh Dilk (7h . Bce). Dp grv wrrud whih allwd whld vhil drag h uladd hip vr h ar pr(Khrai) r h wr pr (Lhai). thyra Priadr (7h . Bce), Juliu caar ad

hi ur caligula, a wll a nr (1 . ce)ad Hrd Aiu (2d . ce) all ampd udy ad/r apply a pla f diggig a aal,bfr h aual mpli f h prj ih 19h ury (iiiaiv f Iai Kapdiria,xud by prim miir thrayvul Zaimiad Kig Grg I f Gr).

Instead of visiting the ancient city of Corinth, wehead to the sanctuary of Isthmia.



64/16064Isthmus of Corinth


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Isthmia

th auary f Pid i Ihmia wa f h m impra Pa-Hlli auarii h Grk wrld. Bgiig i 582 Bce, advry w yar hrafr, ahli ad muigam wr hld hr i hur f Pid.th mpl f h gd wa fir buil i h7h ury, rrud i mid-5h ury,bur i 390 Bce ad rpaird agai uili fial drui by h Rma i 146 Bce.Durig h rrui f crih i 44 Bce,i wa agai rvad ghr wih h rf h auary difi. Durig h Juiiara, a larg par f h auary buildigmarial wa ud fr h rui f hHxamili wall. oly h fudai ad afw arhiural lm wr prrvd adxavad by h Amria shl. Fragmf a arifiial alar wr rvald a f hmpl. th m impriv ruur aIhmia i h Palaimi (1 . ce). thimplx f buildig iludd a mall, irular

mpl Palaim, prr f h gam adfudr f a myial ul. nrhw frm h

Palaimi wa h ld adium (6h . Bce).A h im f Alxadr h Gra, wh crihwa h b h apial f h Grk wrld,a w adium wa buil, m 250m huha. th Ihmia fival wa prbably hm ppular f all h Pahlli lbrai,whil h priz f viry wa a impl wrah, afir mad f pi ad lar f wild lry.

Wondering if the location of the sanctuary wasprominent enough to be seen from the sea by

those sailing to Corinth, especially when the gameswere held, we carried on our journey, entering thehighway and heading to the Argolid. We follow awesterly route for 70km and arrive at the site of

Asine.

Asine

th ai arpli f Ai, al kw aKaraki, i lad i a aural pr f h Argli


The Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia


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gulf, vry l h mdr w f tl, ariagular ap-hill, 52m high. I i fir midi h Iliad, bu ha b upid i h5h millium. M vid m frmh Brz Ag (2600-1050 Bce), a wll a h

hirial im up abu 600 Bce. th rgprrvd frifiai wall ar dad arud300 Bce ad wr m prbably rud byDmriu I f Mad. th wall wr rpairddurig h arly Byzai prid (6h -7h .ce) ad al durig h im f h 2d Viarul (1686-1715). th fir xavai wrarrid u by a swdih arhalgial am(1922-1930) whih ivigad h arpli, hlwr w ad h Barbua hill. Durig h1970, rarh wa arrid by h swdih

Iiu f Arhalgy ad h 4h ephra fPrhiri ad claial Aiquii.

Brz Ag hu, a wll a Myaa mb,wr fud wihi h arpli ilf, whil alarg Myaa mry wa uvrd Barbua hill h rhw. svral hambrmb wr fud ai ampl grav gd,whih alm raily a mmrialaiviy bw Ai ad h Aga, crad cypru. thi wa furhr rrbrad durigh 1990, by h divry f a Myaahipwrk 14km a f h arpli, a capIria.

th La Gmri prid (8h . Bce) markAi m prpru pi, aivly radighrughu h cylad, a wll a wih Ahad h uhr Plp. Ardig Pauaia, Ai, a ally f spara, wa drydby i rival ighbur, Arg, arud 700 Bce

ad i habia migrad Miia Ai(mdr Kri).

After having climbed the acropolis, half of usfollowing the modern and the other half theancient path, we agree that it is not a rough climbat all. We conclude that the two smooth havenssurrounding the cape must have made it easier forinvaders to attack. Of course, the successive hillsbetween Asine and the Argive plain seem ideal


Bay of Asine, shot from the walls.


68/16068Fortification walls at Asine


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for the placement of fire-beacons which wouldhave served as an early warning system for thedefenders. Though we get inspired by the idea ofpossible future archaeological surveys in the north,

we carry on with a 60km southeast windy drive toFranchthi Cave.

Franchthi Cave

th av upi a rky lim hadladby h a, vrlkig h Argli Gulf. I i ahrizal avr 150m. i lgh, irmilyupid frm h Uppr Palalihi hpr, pially frm 30,000 5,000 BP.th ara uid h av ad alg h hrha rvald bh nlihi ad lar marial.Frahhi cav i udubdly f h mimpra arhalgial i i h Agawrld, ly bau f h upai lghad h ahrplgial vid i ha prvidd(ia burial, a wll a ilad huma bad h ard hrughu h i), bual fr h qualiy f prrvai f h fid(rma f aimal ad pla i h frm fb, hll, d, ad pll). Idd, h av

ha yildd a walh f ifrmai rigarly dmiai, agriulur, paralimad di i prhiri Gr. Addiially,bidia im frm h av hav b rad

h ilad f Ml (uhr cylad), whihidia lg-dia a ravl. Frahhicav wa iiially xavad i h la 1960ad arly 1970, by h Uivrii f Idiaaad Pylvaia ad h Amria shlf claial sudi a Ah. th xpialadard f h Frahhi fild-wrk hav m rv a a mdl fr prhiri xavai iGr.

A member of the group, particularly interested inthe early Iron Age, urges us to visit a fortified sitein Kranidi, Prophitis Elias. Following the indicationsand photos published in Sarah Wallaces work, andwith the assistance of the locals, we even-tually findthe site. Those of us who are still vigorous, despitethe already intense day, manage to climb up the hill.Later, we head north once again, to the summit ofMount Didimo. There, we enjoy a magnificent (andquite cool) sunset, overlooking the Argosaronicislands of Hydra, Dokos and Spetses. As the light


Franchthi Cave, entrance


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fades, inspired by our intriguing journey thus far,we head for the historical city of Nafplio, where westay overnight.

Day 2

Sightseeing in central Argolid

Nafplio

naf

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