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Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme

Report - RP046/A/2016

April 2016

ii Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme

We are the Environment Agency. We protect and improve the environment and make it a better place for people and wildlife.

We operate at the place where environmental change has its greatest impact on people’s lives. We reduce the risks to people and properties from flooding; make sure there is enough water for people and wildlife; protect and improve air, land and water quality and apply the environmental standards within which industry can operate.

Acting to reduce climate change and helping people and wildlife adapt to its consequences are at the heart of all that we do.

We cannot do this alone. We work closely with a wide range of partners including government, business, local authorities, other agencies, civil society groups and the communities we serve.

Published by: Environment Agency Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way Orton Goldhay, Peterborough PE2 5ZR Email: [email protected] www.environment-agency.gov.uk © Environment Agency 2016 All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency.

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Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme iii

Acknowledgements

Programme partners:

North East Lincolnshire Council

East Lindsey District Council

Boston Borough Council

South Holland District Council

Borough Council of King’s Lynn and West Norfolk

North Norfolk District Council

Great Yarmouth Borough Council

Waveney District Council

Suffolk Coastal District Council

Colchester Borough Council

Tendring District Council

Maldon District Council

Southend Borough Council

iv Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme

Contents 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Anglian Coastal Monitoring programme 1

1.2 2015/16 surveys 1

2 Aerial photography survey 4

3 LIDAR survey 7

4 Hydrographic surveys 9

5 Topographic surveys 11

6 Hydrodynamics monitoring 12

7 Survey coverage maps 14

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Monitoring cells (or survey schemes) and associated IDs 2 Table 2.1: Flight dates and polygon numbers of achieved coverage from the summer 2015 vertical aerial photography

survey. 6 Table 3.1: LIDAR data coverage, flight dates and polygon IDs. 8 Table 4.1: Hydrographic survey coverage off the Norfolk coast in summer 2015. 10 Table 6.1: Table of current wavebuoy deployments 12

List of Figures Figure 1.1: Extent of survey monitoring cells along the coast (regional extents are shown landward of the coastline and

the individual cells within each region are shown on the seaward side). The red outlines denote partnering authority boundaries. 3

Figure 3.1: Example LIDAR image from the 2015-16 survey in Essex. 7 Figure 6.1: Location of deployed wavebuoys and associated met stations as part of the ACM project. 13 Figure 7.1: Aerial photography coverage of the Lincolnshire coast in summer 2015. 14 Figure 7.2: Aerial photography coverage of the Wash in summer 2015. 15 Figure 7.3: Aerial photography coverage of the North Norfolk coast in summer 2015. 16 Figure 7.4: Aerial photography coverage of the Norfolk coast in summer 2015. 17 Figure 7.5: Aerial photography coverage of the Suffolk coast in summer 2015. 18 Figure 7.6: Aerial photography coverage of the Essex coast in summer 2015. 19 Figure 7.7: Aerial photography coverage of the Essex coast in summer 2015. 20 Figure 7.8: LIDAR coverage of the North Norfolk coast. 21 Figure 7.9: LIDAR coverage of the Norfolk coast. 22 Figure 7.10: LIDAR coverage of the Suffolk coast. 23 Figure 7.11: LIDAR coverage of the Suffolk coast. 24 Figure 7.12: LIDAR coverage of the Essex coast. 25 Figure 7.13: LIDAR coverage of the Essex coast. 26 Figure 7.14: Hydrographic survey coverage of the North Norfolk Coast. 27 Figure 7.15: Hydrographic survey coverage of the North Norfolk Coast. 28 Figure 7.16: Hydrographic survey coverage of the North Norfolk Coast. 29 Figure 7.17: Spot height survey from Theddlethorpe to Skegness. 30 Figure 7.18: Spot height survey from Hunstanton to Heacham. 31 Figure 7.19: Spot height surveys at five areas at Holme dunes. 32 Figure 7.20: Spot height survey from Overstrand to Winterton. 33 Figure 7.21: Spot height survey along Felixstowe. 34

List of Photos

Photo 2.1: Aerial photograph of Gorleston-On-Sea from the summer 2015 survey. 4 Photo 4.1: Sentry III survey vessel. 9 Photo 5.1: Topographic survey being carried out on the Suffolk coast during the summer. 11 Photo 6.1: A waverider buoy deployed at Felixstowe. 12

Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Anglian Coastal Monitoring programme

The Anglian Coastal Monitoring (ACM) project has undertaken strategic and risk-based monitoring of the Anglian coast since 1991. The rationale behind the programme of surveys is to assist the implementation of appropriate and sustainable works and management on the coast, whether these are works undertaken by the Environment Agency (EA) or coastal protection partners, for the purpose of flood and erosion risk management. In addition to supporting operational activities a further output is the assessment of coastal dynamics to inform long-term strategic plans for the coastline.

Survey data gathered as part of the ACM is available from the project team and can be requested by emailing [email protected].

1.2 2015/16 surveys

This is the fifth year of Phase 8 of the Anglian Coastal Monitoring programme of surveys, which ran from 2011 to 2016. 2011-12 was considered to be a baseline year for aerial photography and topographic survey coverage, and 2012-13 a baseline for LIDAR surveys.

This document provides an overview of survey data collected during 2015-16. The following surveys were carried out as part of the programme this year:

aerial photography;

aerial LIDAR;

continuous hydrodynamic monitoring;

hydrographic multibeam surveys;

topographic transect and spot height surveys.

Alongside descriptions of data types and survey extents, this report provides information on data resolution and quality control (QC) of the datasets described therein.

The Anglian Coastal Monitoring project is one of six national ‘regional coastal monitoring programmes’. The coast from Grimsby to Canvey Island is monitored on a strategic basis, consisting of five regions (Lincolnshire, The Wash, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex) that align with the Shoreline Management Plan boundaries on the Anglian coast. Due to the dynamic nature of the coast and the associated risk management, monitoring on a more local scale varies on an annual basis; therefore, the Anglian coast is divided into a series of monitoring cells. These monitoring cells allow for different surveys (or intensity of surveys depending on coastal risk, project and management activity or areas of geomorphological interest requiring particular attention) to be undertaken on a localised basis. These divisions help with programme planning, data management and allows for flexibility in the monitoring programme. Monitoring cells referred to in this document are listed in Table 1.1 (overleaf).


2 Anglian Coastal Monitoring 2015/16 programme

Monitoring cell / scheme ID Monitoring cell / scheme ID

Aldeburgh AL Kelling Hard - Cromer KC

Bawdsey BW LINCOLNSHIRE L

Benacre Broad BB Lowestoft LW

Blakeney Point BP Mablethorpe - Skegness MB

Brancaster Bay BR Maplin Sands MS

Clacton - Jaywick CJ Mersea Island MI

Cley CY Minsmere MM

Covehithe CV Mundesley - Happisburgh MH

Cromer - Mundesley CM Nene - Wolferton NW

Dengie Flats DF NORFOLK N

Donna Nook DN North Hunstanton NH

Dunwich DW Orford Ness ON

Easton Broad EB Saltfleet - Theddlethorpe ST

ESSEX E Scolt Head SH

Felixstowe FX Scroby Sands SS

Felixstowe Ferry FF Seawick SK

Gibraltar Point GP Sizewell SZ

Gorleston - Corton GO Slaughden SL

Great Yarmouth - Gorleston GG Southend-on-Sea SE

Grimsby - Cleethorpes GC Southwold SW

Hamford Water HAM SUFFOLK S

Happisburgh - Winterton HW Tendring - Holland TH

Harwich HR Thorpeness TN

Holbeach HO Walberswick WL

Holkham Bay HK Walton-on-the-Naze WN

Hollesley Bay HL WASH W

Holme HM Wash Banks WB

Hunstanton - Heacham HH Wells - Stiffkey WS

Table 1.1: Monitoring cells (or survey schemes) and associated IDs


Figure 1.1: Extent of survey monitoring cells along the coast (regional extents are shown landward of the coastline and the individual cells within each region are shown on the seaward side). The red outlines denote partnering authority boundaries.


2 Aerial photography survey An aerial photography survey covering the coastline is flown every summer, during Low Water tidal windows. The photography is 4-band colour and infra-red (RGBi) imagery delivered as .ecw files. The photography is orthorectified to tie the imagery to real-world coordinates. This allows photographs to be displayed as a continuous image mosaic in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

The 2015 vertical aerial photography survey (PM_1622) was captured over fourteen sorties from the 17th May to the 3rd July 2015. The coast was captured through surveys of discrete frontages; the assigned polygon numbers for these sections are detailed in Table 2.1. Data were captured across 27 survey polygons P_10116 to P_10143 which have been collated and supplied as regional frontages of Essex, HECAG (Lincolnshire), North Norfolk, Norfolk, Suffolk and The Wash. The individual image files cover 1 km tiles and are available at a 1:5 and 1:15 compression ratios.

The imagery was captured at a ground sample distance of 0.20 m using a Leica RCD30 multi-spectral camera. Synchronous LIDAR is captured for orthorecification of the imagery using information from Optech Gemini instruments controlled by an ALTM-NAV flight management system and the simultaneously gathered DEM (Digital Elevation Model). For instrument and flight specifics and data processing refer to the QC report (Report_ortho_PM_1622_20150307and ORTHO_meta_EnvironmentAgency20150703 requested from [email protected]). Aerial photography coverage for 2015-16 is shown in Figures 7.1 to 7.7 and further details are given in Table 2.1 (overleaf).

Photo 2.1: Aerial photograph of Gorleston-On-Sea from the summer 2015 survey.



Frontage Monitoring cell

Project No. Polygon nos.

Date of flight

Grimsby to Mablethorpe

L, GC,DN, ST, MB

PM_1622 P_10126 30/06/2015

Mablethorpe to Gibraltar Point

L, MB, GP PM_1622 P_10135 04/06/2015

Wash Banks to Fosdyke Bridge including Boston Haven

W, WB,

PM_1622 P_10138, P_10141

30/06/2015

River Welland to Snettisham Scalp

W, HO, NW

HH

PM_1622 P_10137

11/06/2015

Snettisham Scalp to Old Hunstanton

W, N, HH, NH, HM

PM_1622 P_10136

29/06/2015

North Norfolk,

Holme to Walcott

N, HM, BR, SH, HK, WE, WS, BP, CY, KC, CM, MH

PM_1622 P_10134 30/06/2015

North East Norfolk

Happisburgh to Caister-on-Sea

N, HW, SS PM_1622 P_10133 30/06/2015

Great Yarmouth

(West Caistor to Lowestoft)

N, GG, GO, LW

PM_1622 P_10132 , 07/06/2015

Lowestoft to Benacre Ness

S, LW, BB PM_1622 P_10131 06/06/2015 21/05/2015

Benacre Broad to Minsmere

S, BB, CV, EB, SW, WL, DW, MM,

PM_1622 P_10130 21/05/2015

Minsmere to Aldeburgh

S, SZ, TN, AL, PM_1622 P_10129 21/05/2015

Slaughden to Hollesley

S, SL, ON, PM_1622 P_10128 17/05/2015

Shingle Street to Bawdsey Manor

S,HL, BW PM_1622 P_10127 21/05/2015

Felixstowe Ferry and The Knolls

S, FF, FX PM_1622 P_10117, 21/05/2015

Felixstowe S, FX PM_1622 P_10118 21/05/2015

Harwich Harbour to Walton-on-the-Naze including Hamford Water

E, HR, HAM, WN,

PM_1622 P_10140

04/06/2015

Walton-on-the-Naze pier to Seawick

E, WN, TH, CJ, SK

PM_1622 P_10119

04/06/2015

St Osyth Beach to Brightlingsea

E, SK PM_1622 P_10120

03/07/2015


Fingringhoe Wick, River Colne

E, PM_1622 P_10143 04/06/2015

Mersea Island, River Blackwater

E, MI PM_1622 P_10139 03/07/2015

Dengie Flats

Sale Point to Holliwell Point

E, DF PM_1622 P_10121 03/07/2015

Holliwell Point and Foulness Point banks

E, DF,MS PM_1622 P_10122 29/06/2015

Maplin Sands, Foulness Point - Shoeburyness

E, MS, SE PM_1622 P_10123, P_10142

06/06/2015

29/06/2015

Southend-on-Sea E, SE PM_1622 P_10124, P_10125

17/06/2015, 11/06/2015

Thames

Oil Refinery, Hole Haven to East Tilbury, Mucking Flats

PM_1622 P_10116 11/06/2015

Table 2.1: Flight dates and polygon numbers of achieved coverage from the summer 2015 vertical aerial photography survey.


3 LIDAR survey A LIDAR baseline survey covering the Anglian coast was carried out in the winter of 2012-13 (PM_1155). Surveys in 2015-16 (PM_1664) focused on soft cliff areas and specific project identified frontages. The coverage is similar to that carried out in 2011-12 and again in 2013-14.

Data were collected during Low Water tidal windows over the winter season in November 2015 and March 2016. Surveys were carried out using the Environment Agency’s ALTM Orion and Galaxy LIDAR instruments mounted on the aerial survey aeroplane. Ground control using a RTK ground survey and quality checks of the data are carried out in-house by the Geomatics team. Full details of this process are contained in the QC report.

Data are delivered as unfiltered DSM (Digital Surface Model) ASCII files of 1 km x 1 km tiles. XYZ cloud point (.las) datasets are also provided. The LIDAR is at 1 m horizontal resolution with a positional accuracy of +/- 40 cm and elevational accuracy of +/- 15 cm, with 6 cm being achievable. All ground-truthing and DSM quality control was carried out by the Environment

Agency Geomatics team. Table 3.1 lists LIDAR data coverage, including monitoring cells and capture dates, Figures 7.8 – 7.13 show the survey coverage polygons.

Figure 3.1: Example LIDAR image from the 2015-16 survey in Essex.



Project No. Polygon No. Date of flight

Hunstanton W, HH, NH PM_1664 P_10282 11/11/2015

Holkham Bay – Blakeney Point

N, HK, WE, WS, BP, CY

PM_1664 P_10283 11/11/2015

Weybourne - Cromer

N, KC, CM PM_1664 P_10284 11/11/2015

Cromer - Ostend

N, CM, MH PM_1664 P_10285 26/01/2015

Ostend – Horsey

N, MH, HW PM_1664 P_10286 23/11/2015

Horsey - California

N, HW, SS PM_1664 P_10287 23/11/2015

Gorleston-on-Sea - Lowestoft

N, GO, LW PM_1664 P_10288 23/11/2015

Lowestoft - Benacre

S, LW, BB PM_1664 P_10289 23/11/2015

Benacre - Southwold

S, BB, CV, EB, SW

PM_1664 P_10290 23/11/2015

Walberswick - Minsmere

S, WL, DW, MM

PM_1664 P_10291 23/11/2015

Sizewell - Aldeburgh

S, SZ, TN, AL PM_1664 P_10292 23/11/2015

Bawdsey Beach S, HL, BW PM_1664 P_10293 12/11/2015

River Deben S, BW, FF PM_1664 P_10294 28/11/2015

Shoeburyness – Canvey Point

E, MS, SE PM_1664 P_10296 25/11/2015

Rivers Colne and Blackwater including Mersea Island and Virley Channel

E, MI PM_1664 P_10326 08/03/2016, 24/03/2016

Table 3.1: LIDAR data coverage, flight dates and polygon IDs.


4 Hydrographic surveys In previous phases of the Anglian Coastal Monitoring project singlebeam hydrographic surveying has been carried out on a rolling basis, with one region surveyed each year ensuring coverage of the coast within a five year period. For Phase 8, the intention was to collect multibeam bathymetry from the Low Water to 1 km offshore for the majority of the coastline. Less variable sea beds within monitoring cells will continue to be surveyed with singlebeam echo sounders. These surveys are along transects that are a seaward extension of the topographic surveys. Within this phase, in addition to the open coast, the majority of estuaries in Essex and Suffolk will be surveyed. Table 4.1 lists the areas surveyed in 2015 and Figures 7.14 to 7.16 show the survey output and achieved coverage.

Surveys in 205-16 (PM_1616) focused on the North Norfolk coast. The survey extended from Holkham Bay along Bob Hall’s Sand, Blakeney Point to Weybourne and fronting the Cley bank.

Photo 4.1: Sentry III survey vessel.

The Multibeam bathymetry was collected using a RESON Seabat 7101 multibeam sonar system. Sound velocity profiles were recorded using a Valeport Midas MiniSVP. The EA’s Sentry III vessel was positioned using post-processed Real Time Kinematics (RTK). A base station was used at OS Active stations and the vessel has an Applanix POSMV-320 system. Ground-truthing was carried out by the EA Geomatics team using Network RTK within the bathymetry survey polygon. The ground truth data are checked with overlaps in the survey as part of this processing. Quality control information is detailed within individual polygon QC reports produced by the EA Geomatics team. The estimated positional accuracy of the survey is +/- 40 cm with an elevational accuracy of +/- 20 cm.

Instrument calibration is in line with the EA National Survey Specification v.3.2 and equipment is recalibrated at each mobilisation.


Multibeam data are delivered as 0.5 m, 1 km x 1 km ASCII GRID files or a mosaic of the survey polygon area. This mosaic is also available as a 0.5 m geo tiff image.


Project ID

Polygon ID

Survey type

Survey days

West Sands, Holkham Bay

N, HK PM_1616 P_10157 Multibeam 1-3/08/2015

Burham Harbour, Holkham Bay

N, HK PM_1616 P_10158 Multibeam 3-5/08/2015

Bob Hall’s Sand, Well-next-The-Sea

N, HK PM_1616 P_10159 Multibeam 19/07 – 01/08 2015

West Sand, Stiffkey

N, WS PM_1616 P_10160 Multibeam 04/06 – 14/07 2015

Blakeney Harbour, Warham Hole

N, WS PM_1616 P_10161 Multibeam 25-27/08/2015

Bob Hall’s Sand, Well-next-The-Sea

N, WE PM_1616 P_10162 Multibeam 07-19/07/2015

Blakeney Point N, BP, CY PM_1616 P_10163 Multibeam 08-13/09/2015

Blakeney Point N, BP PM_1616 P_10164 Multibeam 22-27/09/2015

Salthouse Marshes

N, CY, KC PM_1616 P_10165 Multibeam 06-16/08/2015

Cley N, CY PM_1616 P_10166 Multibeam 16-26/08/2015

Table 4.1: Hydrographic survey coverage off the Norfolk coast in summer 2015.


5 Topographic surveys Topographic survey transects extend along the length of the Anglian coast. Every year transect lines spaced at 500 m intervals are surveyed in the summer and winter seasons. In addition to this more intensive surveying occurs on a monitoring cell basis, depending on the schemes and programmes, geomorphological interest, flood and erosion risk, or requests from project partners. Each year, more transects can be surveyed if required, or the spacing between transects within a monitoring cell reduced. At managed beaches, where renourishment is taking place and sediment is being deposited, transects are spaced at 50 m intervals. The minimum spacing across the Anglian coast is 500 m between transects. The number of times a transect is surveyed may also be increased. The monitoring cells covered by transect surveys are listed in Table 1.1.

To survey the beach, a team of surveyors walk the transect lines from a minimum of 20 m inland of the sea defence to the Mean Low Water Spring level, taking elevation measurements at every 10 m or every change in gradient or substrate. Surveyors also note the substrate type at each survey point and this is coded into the output text file.

In the summer campaign the surveyor will take three photographs at each transect line. The first looking inland towards the sea defence, another looking out to sea along the transect line, and a third photo across the transect, along the line of the defence. These photographs are delivered as .jpg images with the survey text files.

Topographic surveys have a 10 mm vertical accuracy, and control is supplied by RTK base station sites at EA E1 High Order Control Network markers which are observed to E2 standard on each survey. EDI Surveys are responsible for the QC and processing of the data. More information on this process can be obtained from each survey report.

Data are delivered as individual (.txt) text files for each transect line. The files are in an EA Standard Format; detailing chainage, easting, northing, elevation and substrate. A Description of transect data document is available for more information on the formatting of the file and its collection.

At managed beaches, especially re-nourished sites, quad bikes have been used to collect continuous spot height measurements across an area allowing us to produce a DTM (Digital Terrain Model). Where the use of vehicles is restricted or not appropriate such as dune habitats, spot heights are collected by surveyors on foot. Foot surveys are also used to measure alongshore lines in order to tie in the spot heights with transect surveys. Foot surveyors will collect data close to groynes and on the lower and upper beach areas inaccessible to an ATV. The extent of areas surveyed by ATV or where walked spot heights have been collected are shown in Figures 7.17 - 7.21.

Photo 5.1: Topographic survey being carried out on the Suffolk coast during the summer.


6 Hydrodynamics monitoring The Anglian network of Directional Waverider (DWR) wavebuoys continued to log data throughout 2015-16. Real-time and archived wave data from the buoys is available from the WaveNet website at http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/wavenet.

Frontage Monitoring cell Wavebuoy name

Wavebuoy ID Deployment duration

Chapel St Leonards

L, MB Chapel Point LWB2 2011 – present

The Wash, Well Channel

W North Well WWB1 2006 – present

Blakeney Point N, BP Blakeney Overfalls

NWB1 2006 – present

Happisburgh N, MH, HW Happisburgh NWB2 2011 – present

Felixstowe S, FX Felixstowe EWB2 2011 – present

Table 6.1: Table of current wavebuoy deployments

Annual archived wave data is processed and quality checked by Gardline Environmental with the main wave parameters available directly from the project team in MS Excel spreadsheet format (.xlsx). These parameters include significant wave height (H0), mean period (Tz), peak period (Tp) and main direction (Mdir).

Photo 6.1: A waverider buoy deployed at Felixstowe

© Environment Agency

http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/wavenet


Figure 6.1: Location of deployed wavebuoys and associated met stations as part of the ACM project.


7 Survey coverage maps

Figure 7.1: Aerial photography coverage of the Lincolnshire coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.2: Aerial photography coverage of the Wash in summer 2015.


Figure 7.3: Aerial photography coverage of the North Norfolk coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.2: Aerial photography coverage of the Norfolk coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.5: Aerial photography coverage of the Suffolk coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.6: Aerial photography coverage of the Essex coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.7: Aerial photography coverage of the Essex coast in summer 2015.


Figure 7.8: LIDAR coverage of the North Norfolk coast.


Figure 7.9: LIDAR coverage of the Norfolk coast.


Figure 7.10: LIDAR coverage of the Suffolk coast.


Figure 7.11: LIDAR coverage of the Suffolk coast.


Figure 7.12: LIDAR coverage of the Essex coast.


Figure 7.13: LIDAR coverage of the Essex coast.


Figure 7.14: Hydrographic survey coverage of the North Norfolk Coast.






Figure 7.17: Spot height survey from Theddlethorpe to Skegness.


Figure 7.18: Spot height survey from Hunstanton to Heacham.


Figure 7.19: Spot height surveys at five areas at Holme dunes.

Anglian Coastal Monitoring Programme (Phase 8): Topographic Surveys


Figure 7.20: Spot height survey from Overstrand to Winterton.


Figure 7.21: Spot height survey along Felixstowe.


List of abbreviations Anglian Coastal Monitoring (ACM)

AllTerrain Vehicle (ATV)

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Digital Surface Model (DSM)

Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

Directional Waverider (DWR)

Environment Agency (EA)

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)

Ordnance Survey (OS)

Position and Orientation System (POS)

Quality Control/Check (QC)

Real Time kinematics (RTK)

Red Green Blue and Infra-red (RGBi)

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