Angola - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/13/2019 Angola - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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11/27/13 Angola - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola

Republic of Angola

Repblica de Angola(Portuguese)

Repubilika ya Ngola(Kikongo / Kimbundu/ Umbundu)

Flag Emblem

Anthem:Angola Avante! (Portuguese)Forward Angola!

Capital

and largest cityLuanda850S 1320E

Official languages Portuguese

Recognisednational languages

KikongoChokweUmbunduKimbunduGanguelaKwanyama

Ethnic groups(2000) 36% Ovimbundu

AngolaFromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola(Portuguese:Repblica de Angola: publika de an'la; Kikongo,

Kimbundu, Umbundu:Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country inSouthern Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, theDemocratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambiaon the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean andLuanda is its capital city. The exclave province of Cabindahas borders with the Republic of the Congo and theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.

The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola, from the 16th

to the 19th century, interacting in diverse ways with thepeoples who lived there. In the 19th century, they slowly andhesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angolaas a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territorywas not established before the end of the 19th century, and"effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference(1884) was achieved only by the 1920s after the Mbundaresistance and abduction of their King, Mwene Mbandu ILyondthzi Kapova.[5]Independence was achieved in 1975,after a protracted liberation war. After independence, Angola

was the scene of an intense civil war from 1975 to 2002.Despite the civil war, areas such as Baixa de Cassanjecontinue a lineage of kings which have included the formerKing Kambamba Kulaxingo and current King DianhengaAspirante Mjinji Kulaxingo. The country has vast mineral and

petroleum reserves, and its economy has on average grownat a double-digit pace since the 1990s, especially since theend of the civil war. In spite of this, standards of living remainlow for the majority of the population, and life expectancyand infant mortality rates in Angola are among the worst in

the world.[6]

Angola is considered to be economicallydisparate, with the majority of the nation's wealthconcentrated in a disproportionately small sector of the

population.

Angola is a member state of the African Union, theCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries, the LatinUnion and the Southern African Development Community.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola 2

25% Ambundu13% Bakongo22% other African2% Mestio1% Chinese1% European

Demonym Angolan

Government Unitary presidentialrepublic

- President Jos Eduardo dos Santos- Vice President Manuel Vicente

Legislature National Assembly

Independence

- from Portugal 11 November 1975

Area

- Total 1,246,700 km2(23rd)

481,354 sq mi- Water (%) negligible

Population

- 2009 estimate 18,498,000[1][2]

- Density 14.8/km2(199th)38.4/sq mi

GDP(PPP) 2012 estimate- Total $128.288 billion[3](64th)

- Per capita $6,346[3](107th)

GDP(nominal) 2012 estimate- Total $118.719 billion[3](61st)

- Per capita $5,873[3](91st)

Gini(2009) 42.7[4]

medium

HDI(2013) 0.508low148th

Currency Kwanza (AOA)

Time zone WAT (UTC+1)- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+1)

Drives on the right

Calling code +244

ISO 3166 code AO

Internet TLD .ao

Contents

1 Etymology2 History

2.1 Early migrations and political units2.2 Portuguese colonization2.3 Independence and civil war2.4 Ceasefire with UNITA

3 Geography3.1 Climate

4 Politics4.1 Military4.2 Police

5 Administrative divisions5.1 Exclave of Cabinda

6 Economy6.1 Transport7 Demographics

7.1 Languages7.2 Religion7.3 Largest cities

8 Culture9 Health10 Education11 Sports

12 See also13 References14 External links

Etymology

The nameAngolacomes from the Portuguese colonial nameReino de Angola (Kingdom of Angola), appearing as early

as Dias de Novais's 1571 charter.[7]The toponym wasderived by the Portuguese from the title ngolaheld by thekings of Ndongo. Ndongo was a kingdom in the highlands,

between the Kwanza and Lukala Rivers, nominally tributaryto the king of Kongo but which was seeking greaterindependence during the 16th century.

History
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View from Ilha de Luanda to the bayof Luanda, Angola's capital city andeconomic and commercial hub, 2008.

Main article: History of Angola

Early migrations and political units

Khoisan hunter-gatherers are the earliest known modern human inhabitants of the area. They were largely absorbeand/or replaced by Bantu peoples during the Bantu migrations, though small numbers remain in parts of southernAngola to the present day. The Bantu came from the north, probably from somewhere near the present-day

Republic of Cameroon and Sudan.[8]

The establishment of the Bantu took many centuries and gave rise to variousgroups who took on different ethnic characteristics.

During this time, the Bantu established a number of political units ("kingdoms", "empires") in most parts of whattoday is Angola. The best known of these is the Kingdom of the Kongo that had its centre in the northwest ofcontemporary Angola, but included important regions in the west of present day Democratic Republic of the Congand Republic of Congo, and in southern Gabon. It established trade routes with other trading cities and civilizationup and down the coast of southwestern and West Africa and even with the Great Zimbabwe Mutapa Empire, butengaged in little or no transoceanic trade.[9]

Others include the Mbunda, whose Kingdom was established in the fifteenth century

[10]

at the confluence of Kwiland Kasai rivers, in the south of present day Democratic Republic of the Congo, after a misunderstanding in Kola,also known as the origin of the Lunda and the Luba Kingdoms. The Mbunda trace their origin from Sudan,[11]

trekking southwards through Kola where they came in contact with the Luba and Ruund Kingdoms. They reachedwhat is now Angola in the sixteenth century, where they encountered the Khoisan, Bushmen and other groupsconsiderably less technologically advanced than themselves, whom they easily dominated with their superiorknowledge of metal-working, ceramics and agriculture. The Mbunda Kingdom in Mbundaland, southeast of thenow Angola endured until late nineteenth century, one of the oldest and biggest ethnic grouping in SouthernAfrica.[12]

Portuguese colonization

Main articles: Colonial history of Angola and Angola (Portugal)

The geographical areas now designated as Angola entered into contactwith the Portuguese in the late 15th century, concretely in 1483, whenPortugal established relations with the Kongo State, which stretched fromodern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. In thiscontext, they established a small trade post at the port of Mpinda, inSoyo. The Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda

1575 as "So Paulo de Loanda", with a hundred families of settlers andfour hundred soldiers. Benguela, a Portuguese fort from 1587 whichbecame a town in 1617, was another important early settlement they founded and ruled. The Portuguese wouldestablish several settlements, forts and trading posts along the coastal strip of current-day Angola, which relied onslave trade, commerce in raw materials, and exchange of goods for survival. The Atlantic slave trade provided alarge number of black slaves to Europeans and their African agents. For example, in what is now Angola, theImbangala economy was heavily focused on the slave trade.[13][14]
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Queen Nzinga in peace negotiationswith the Portuguese governor inLuanda, 1657.

King Mwene Mbandu I LyondthziKapova, the 21st Monarch ofMbundaland

Portuguese troops heading forAngola, during World War I.

European traders would export manufactured goods to the coast of Africa where they would be exchanged forslaves. Within the Portuguese Empire, most black African slaves were traded to Portuguese merchants who boughthem to sell as cheap labour for use on Brazilian agricultural plantations.This trade would last until the first half of the 19th century. According toJohn Iliffe, "Portuguese records of Angola from the 16th century showthat a great famine occurred on average every seventy years;accompanied by epidemic disease, it might kill one-third or one-half ofthe population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation andforcing colonists back into the river valleys".[15]

The Portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip during the 16thcentury by a series of treaties and wars, forming the Portuguese colony ofAngola. Taking advantage of the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutchoccupied Luanda from 1641 to 1648, where they allied with local

peoples, consolidating their colonial rule against the remaining Portugueseresistance. In 1648, a fleet under the command of Salvador de S retookLuanda for Portugal and initiated a conquest of the lost territories, which restored Portugal to its former possession

by 1650. Treaties regulated relations with Kongo in 1649 and Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo in

1656. The conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last major Portuguese expansion from Luanda outwards,as attempts to invade Kongo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Portugal also expanded its territory behind thecolony of Benguela to some extent, but until the 19th century the inroads from Luanda and Benguela were verylimited, and Portugal had neither the intention nor the means to carry out a large scale territorial occupation andcolonization.

The process resulted in fewgains until the 1880s.Development of the hinterland

began after the Berlin

Conference in 1885 fixed thecolony's borders, and Britishand Portuguese investmentfostered mining, railways, andagriculture based on variousforced-labour systems. FullPortuguese administrativecontrol of the hinterland did notestablish itself until the beginning of the 20th century, after the Mbundaresistance and abduction of their King, Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi

Kapova,[5]eventually dislodged the Mbunda Kingdom extendingAngolan territory over Mbundaland.[12]In 1951 the Portuguesegovernment designated the colony as an overseas province of Portugal,called the Overseas Province of Angola.

Portugal had a minimalist presence in Angola for nearly five hundredyears, and early calls for independence provoked little reaction amongst

the population. More overtly political organisations first appeared in the 1950s and began to make organiseddemands for self-determination, especially in international forums such as the Non-Aligned Movement.

Get recommendations from your friends : Facebook
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The Portuguese regime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armedconflict that started in 1961 when black guerrillas attacked both white and black civilians in cross-borderoperations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal

protagonists included:

the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)), founded in 1956the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966

After many years of conflict that led to the weakening of all the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence o11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'tat in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regimeheaded by Marcelo Caetano.

Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home and acceptedindependence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between thethree nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000destitute Portuguese refugeesthe retornados.[16]The new Portuguese government tried to mediate anunderstanding between the three competing movements, and succeeded in agreeing, on paper, to form a common

government, but in the end none of the African parties respected the commitments made, and military forceresolved the issue.

Independence and civil war

Main articles: Angolan War of Independence and Angolan Civil War

Further information: 1980s in Angola and 1990s in Angola

After independence in November 1975, Angola faced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades and

claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees.[17]

Following negotiations held in Portugal, itself under sevesocial and political turmoil and uncertainty due to the April 1974 revolution, Angola's three main guerrilla groupsagreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975.

Within two months, however, the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA were fighting each other and the country was well oits way to being divided into zones controlled by rival armed political groups. The superpowers were quickly drawinto the conflict, which became a flash point for the Cold War. The United States, Zaire (today's DemocraticRepublic of the Congo) and South Africa supported the FNLA and UNITA. [18][19]The Soviet Union and Cubasupported the MPLA.

In the beginning of the Civil War, most of the half million Portuguese that lived in Angola and accounted for themajority of the skilled work in the public administration, agriculture, industries and trade fled the country leaving itsonce prosperous and growing economy to a state of bankruptcy.[20]

During most of this period, 19751990, the MPLA organised and maintained a socialist regime.[21]

Ceasefire with UNITA

Main article: 2000s in Angola
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Coatinha beach in Benguela, Angola Miradouro da Lua (watchpoint of themoon), situated at the coast40 kilometers south of Luanda,Angola

On 22 March 2002, Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA, was killed in combat with government troops. A ceasefire was reached by the two factions shortly afterwards.[22]UNITA gave up its armed wing and assumed the roleof major opposition party, although in the knowledge that in the present regime a legitimate democratic election isimpossible. Although the political situation of the country began to stabilize, regular democratic processes were noestablished before the Elections in Angola in 2008 and 2012 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Angola in2010, all of which strengthened the prevailing Dominant-party system. MPLA head officials continue e.g. to begiven senior positions in top level companies or other fields, although a few outstanding UNITA figures are given

some shares in the economic as well as in the military share.

[23]

Among Angola's major problems are a serious humanitarian crisis (a result of the prolonged war), the abundance ominefields, the continuation of the political, and to a much lesser degree, military activities in favour of theindependence of the northern exclave of Cabinda, carried out in the context of the protracted Cabinda Conflict bythe Frente para a Libertao do Enclave de Cabinda, but most of all, the dilapidation of the country's rich mineralresources by the regime. While most of the internally displaced have now settled around the capital, in the so-calle"Musseques", the general situation for Angolans remains desperate.[24]

Geography

Main article: Geography ofAngola

At 481,321 square miles(1,246,620 km2),[25]Angola isthe world's twenty-third largestcountry (after Niger). It iscomparable in size to Mali andis nearly twice the size of the

US state of Texas, or fivetimes the area of the UnitedKingdom. It lies mostly

between latitudes 4 and 18S, and longitudes 12 and 24E.

Angola is bordered by Namibia to the south, Zambia to the east, theDemocratic Republic of the Congo to the north-east, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west. The exclave ofCabinda also borders the Republic of the Congo to the north. Angola's capital, Luanda, lies on the Atlantic coast ithe northwest of the country.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Angola

Angola's average temperature on the coast is 60 F (16 C) in the winter and 70 F (21 C) in the summer. It hastwo seasons; dry season (May to October) and hot rainy season (November to April).

Politics

Main article: Politics of Angola
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Topographic map of Angola.

Embassy of Angola in Washington,D.C.

See also: List of political parties in Angola, Foreign relations ofAngola, and List of diplomatic missions of Angola

Angola's motto is Virtus Unita Fortior, a Latin phrase meaning "Virtueis stronger when united". The executive branch of the government iscomposed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the Council ofMinisters. For decades, political power has been concentrated in thePresidency.

Governors of the 18 provinces are appointed by the president. TheConstitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of governmentstructure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The legal systemis based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented,and courts operate in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities. ASupreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Courtwith powers of judicial review has not been constituted until 2010,despite statutory authorization.

After the end of the Civil War the regime came under pressure fromwithin as well as from the international environment, to become moredemocratic and less authoritarian. Its reaction was to operate a numberof changes without substantially changing its character.[26]

Angola is classified as 'not free' by Freedom House in the Freedom in theWorld 2013 report.[27]The report noted that the August 2012

parliamentary elections, in which the ruling Popular Movement for theLiberation of Angola won more than 70% of the vote, suffered fromserious flaws, including outdated and inaccurate voter rolls.[27]Voter

turnout dropped from 80% in 2008 to 60%.[27]

Angola scored poorly on the 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance. It was ranked 44 from 48 sub-SaharanAfrican countries, scoring particularly badly in the areas of Participation and Human Rights, Sustainable EconomicOpportunity and Human Development. The Ibrahim Index uses a number of different variables to compile its listwhich reflects the state of governance in Africa.[28]

The new constitution, adopted in 2010, further sharpened the authoritarian character of the regime. In the future,there will be no presidential elections: the president and the vice-president of the political party which comes outstrongest in the parliamentary elections become automatically president and vice-president of Angola.[29]Through

variety of mechanisms, the state president controls all the other organs of the state, so that the principle of thedivision of power is not maintained. As a consequence, Angola has no longer a presidential system, in the sense ofthe systems existing e.g. in the USA or in France. In terms of the classifications used in constitutional law, its regimis considered one of several authoritarian regimes in Africa.[30]

Military

Main article: Angolan Armed Forces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_legislative_election,_2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Angola_(Washington,_D.C.).JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_Topography.png


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Tazua Falls, Rio Cuango. One ofAngola's richest sources of gemdiamonds.

Map of Angola with the provincesnumbered

The Angolan Armed Forces (AAF) is headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense. There arthree divisionsthe Army (Exrcito), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA), and National Air Force (Fora Area

Nacional, FAN). Total manpower is about 110,000.[citation needed]Itsequipment includes Russian-manufactured fighters, bombers, andtransport planes. There are also Brazilian-made EMB-312 Tucano fortraining role, Czech-made L-39 for training and bombing role, Czech Zlinfor training role and a variety of western made aircraft such as C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Alouette III, etc. A small number of AAF

personnel are stationed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo(Kinshasa) and the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville).

Police

The National Police departments are Public Order, CriminalInvestigation, Traffic and Transport, Investigation and Inspection ofEconomic Activities, Taxation and Frontier Supervision, Riot Police andthe Rapid Intervention Police. The National Police are in the process of standing up an air wing, which will provide

helicopter support for operations. The National Police are developing their criminal investigation and forensiccapabilities. The force has an estimated 6,000 patrol officers, 2,500 taxation and frontier supervision officers, 182criminal investigators and 100 financial crimes detectives and around 90 economic activityinspectors.[citation needed]

The National Police have implemented a modernization and development plan to increase the capabilities andefficiency of the total force. In addition to administrative reorganization, modernization projects include procuremeof new vehicles, aircraft and equipment, construction of new police stations and forensic laboratories, restructuredtraining programs and the replacement of AKM rifles with 9 mm Uzis for officers in urban areas.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Angola, Municipalities of Angola,and Communes of Angola

Angola is divided into eighteen provinces (provncias) and 163municipalities.[31]The provinces are:

1. Bengo

2. Benguela3. Bi4. Cabinda5. Cuando Cubango6. Cuanza Norte7. Cuanza Sul8. Cunene9. Huambo

10. Huila

11. Luanda12. Lunda Norte13. Lunda Sul14. Malanje15. Moxico16. Namibe17. Uge18. Zaire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%ADge_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibe_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanje_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunda_Sulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunda_Nortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huila_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huambo_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunene_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuanza_Sulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuanza_Nortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_Cubangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguela_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengo_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKM_riflehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Force_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_Provinces_numbered_300px.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tazua.jpg


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Recently finished new development

area in Luanda Sul, 2009

Exclave of Cabinda

Main articles: Cabinda and Republic of Cabinda

With an area of approximately 7,283 square kilometres (2,812 sq mi), the Northern Angolan province of Cabindais unique in being separated from the rest of the country by a strip, some 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide, of theDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) along the lower Congo river. Cabinda borders the Congo Republic to thenorth and north-northeast and the DRC to the east and south. The town of Cabinda is the chief population center.

According to a 1995 census, Cabinda had an estimated population of 600,000, approximately 400,000 of whomlive in neighboring countries. Population estimates are, however, highly unreliable. Consisting largely of tropicalforest, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee, cocoa, crude rubber and palm oil. The product for which it is bestknown, however, is its oil, which has given it the nickname, "the Kuwait of Africa". Cabinda's petroleum productiofrom its considerable offshore reserves now accounts for more than half of Angola's output. [32]Most of the oilalong its coast was discovered under Portuguese rule by the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (CABGOC) from 1968onwards.

Ever since Portugal handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independence

groups (MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a focus of separatist guerrilla actionsopposing the Government of Angola (which has employed its military forces, the FAAForas ArmadasAngolanas) and Cabindan separatists. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces ofCabinda (FLEC-FAC) announced a virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda under the Presidency of N'Zita HenriqueTiago. One of the characteristics of the Cabindan independence movement is its constant fragmentation, into smalland smaller factions.

Economy

Main article: Economy of AngolaAngola's financial system is maintained by the National Bank of Angolaand managed by Governor Jose de Lima Massano. Angola has a richsubsoil heritage, from diamonds, oil, gold, copper, and a rich wildlife(dramatically impoverished during the civil war), forest, and fossils. Sinceindependence, oil and diamonds have been the most important economicresource. Smallholder and plantation agriculture have dramaticallydropped because of the Angolan Civil War, but have begun to recoverafter 2002. The transformation industry that had come into existence in

the late colonial period collapsed at independence, because of theexodus of most of the ethnic Portuguese population, but has begun toreemerge (with updated technologies), partly because of the influx of newPortuguese entrepreneurs. Similar developments can be verified in the service sector.

Overall, Angola's economy has undergone a period of transformation in recent years, moving from the disarraycaused by a quarter century of civil war to being the fastest growing economy in Africa and one of the fastest in thworld, with an average GDP growth of 20 percent between 2005 and 2007.[33]In the period 20012010, Angolhad the world's highest annual average GDP growth, at 11.1 percent. In 2004, China's Eximbank approved a$2 billion line of credit to Angola. The loan is being used to rebuild Angola's infrastructure, and has also limited the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eximbankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_GDP_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondhttp://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_de_Lima_Massanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_de_Cabindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Enclave_of_Cabindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Cabindahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_housing_development_area.jpg


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Ovens to produce clay block bricks inAngola

influence of the International Monetary Fund in the country.[34]China is Angola's biggest trade partner and exportdestination as well as the fourth-largest importer. Bilateral trade reached $27.67 billion in 2011, up 11.5 percentear-on-year. Chinas imports, mainly crude oil and diamonds, increased 9.1 percent to $24.89 billion while

Chinas exports, including mechanical and electrical products, machinery parts and construction materials, surged38.8 percent.[citation needed]The overabundance of oil led to a local unleaded gasoline "pricetag" of 0.37 pergallon.[35]

The Economistreported in 2008 that diamonds and oil make up 60 percent of Angola's economy, almost all of thcountry's revenue and are its dominant exports.[36]Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production whichsurpassed 1.4 million barrels per day (220,000 m3/d) in late 2005 and was expected to grow to 2 million barrels

per day (320,000 m3/d) by 2007. Control of the oil industry is consolidated in Sonangol Group, a conglomeratewhich is owned by the Angolan government. In December 2006, Angola was admitted as a member of OPEC.[37

However, operations in diamond mines include partnerships between state-run Endiama and mining companies sucas ALROSA which continue operations in Angola.[38]The economy grew 18% in 2005, 26% in 2006 and 17.6%in 2007. However, due to the global recession the economy contracted an estimated 0.3% in 2009.[39]Thesecurity brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has led to the resettlement of 4 million displaced persons, thuresulting in large-scale increases in agriculture production.

Although the country's economy has developed significantly sinceachieving political stability in 2002, mainly thanks to the fast-risingearnings of the oil sector, Angola faces huge social and economic

problems. These are in part a result of the almost continual state ofconflict from 1961 onwards, although the highest level of destruction andsocio-economic damage took place after the 1975 independence, duringthe long years of civil war. However, high poverty rates and blatant socialinequality are chiefly the outcome of a combination of a persistent

political authoritarianism, of "neo-patrimonial" practices at all levels of the

political, administrative, military, and economic apparatuses, and of apervasive corruption.[40]The main beneficiary of this situation is a socialsegment constituted since 1975, but mainly during the last decades,around the political, administrative, economic, and military powerholders, which has accumulated (and continues accumulating) enormous wealth.[41]"Secondary beneficiaries" arethe middle strata which are about to become social classes. However, overall almost half the population has to beconsidered as poor, but in this respect there are dramatic differences between the countryside and the cities (wher

by now slightly more than 50% of the people live).

An inquiry carried out in 2008 by the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatstica has it that in the rural areas roughly

58% must be classified as "poor", according to UN norms, but in the urban areas only 19%, while the overall rate 37%.[42]In the cities, a majority of families, well beyond those officially classified as poor, have to adopt a varietyof survival strategies.[43]At the same time, in urban areas social inequality is most evident, and assumes extremeforms in the capital, Luanda.[44]In the Human Development Index Angola constantly ranks in the bottom group.[4

According to The Heritage Foundation, a conservative American think tank, oil production from Angola hasincreased so significantly that Angola now is China's biggest supplier of oil.[46]Growing oil revenues have alsocreated opportunities for corruption: according to a recent Human Rights Watch report, 32 billion US dollarsdisappeared from government accounts from 2007 to 2010.[47]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_civil_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALROSAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endiamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diamond_mineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonangol_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fornos_de_blocos_Uige.JPG


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Map of Angola

Women in Angola

emographics

Main article: Demographics of Angola

Angola's population is estimated to be 18,056,072 (2012).[51]It iscomposed of Ovimbundu (language Umbundu) 37%, Ambundu(language Kimbundu) 25%, Bakongo 13%, and 32% other ethnic group

(including the Chokwe, the Ovambo, the Mbunda, with the latter havingbeen replaced by Ganguela, a generic term for peoples east of theCentral Highlands,[52]which has a slightly derogatory meaning whenapplied by the western ethnic groups,[53]and the Xindonga) as well asabout 2% mestios(mixed European and African), 1.4% Chinese and1% European[54]The Ambundu and Ovimbundu nations combined forma majority of the population, at 62%.[55]The population is forecast togrow to over 47 million people to 2060, nearly tripling the estimated 16to 18 million in 2011.[56]The last official census was taken in 1970, andshowed the total population as being 5.6 million.[57]The first post-independence census is to be held in 2014.

It is estimated that Angola was host to 12,100 refugees and 2,900asylum seekers by the end of 2007. 11,400 of those refugees wereoriginally from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)who arrived in the 1970s.[58]As of 2008 there were an estimated400,000 DRC migrant workers,[59]at least 30,000 Portuguese,[60]andabout 259,000 Chinese living in Angola.[61]

Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelledfrom Angola.[62]Prior to independence in 1975, Angola had acommunity of approximately 350,000 Portuguese;[63]currently, there arabout 200,000 who are registered with the consulates, and increasingdue to the debt crisis in Portugal.[64]The Chinese population stands at

258,920, mostly composed of temporary migrants.[65]

The total fertility rate of Angola is 5.54 children born per woman (2012 estimates), the 11th highest in the world.[6

Languages

Main article: Languages of Angola

The languages in Angola are those originally spoken by the different ethnic groups and Portuguese, introducedduring the Portuguese colonial era. The indigenous languages with the largest usage are Umbundu, Kimbundu, andKikongo, in that order. Portuguese is the official language of the country.

Mastery of the official language is probably more extended in Angola than it is elsewhere in Africa, and this certainapplies to its use in everyday life. Moreover, and above all, the proportion of native (or near native) speakers of thlanguage of the former colonizer, turned official after independence, is no doubt considerably higher than in any
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Angolanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xindongahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganguelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbundahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovambo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokwe_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mbundu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angolan_women.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_Map.jpg


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Population pyramid of Angola in 2012from International Futures

Street scene with children, April 2009

other African country.[citation needed]

There are three intertwined historical reasons for this situation.

1. In the Portuguese bridgeheads Luanda and Benguela, whichexisted on the coast of what today is Angola since the 15th and16th century, respectively, Portuguese was spoken not only by thePortuguese and their mestiodescendents, butespecially in andaround Luandaby a significant number of Africans, althoughthese always remained native speakers of their local Africanlanguage.

2. Since the Portuguese conquest of the present territory of Angola,and especially since its effective occupation in the mid-1920s,schooling in Portuguese was slowly developed by the colonialstate as well as by Catholic and Protestant missions. The rhythm ofthis expansion was considerably accelerated during the latecolonial period, 19611974, so that by the end of the colonial

period children all over the territory (with relatively fewexceptions) had at least some access to the Portuguese

language.[67]

3. In the same late colonial period, the legal discrimination of theblack population was abolished, and the state apparatus in fieldslike health, education, social work, and rural development wasenlarged. This entailed a significant increase in jobs for Africans,under the condition that they spoke Portuguese.

As a consequence of all this, the African lower middle class which at that stage formed in Luanda and other citie

began to often prevent their children from learning the local African language, in order to guarantee that they learnePortuguese as their native language. At the same time, the white and mestio population, where some knowledgeof African languages could previously often been found, neglected this aspect more and more, to the point offrequently ignoring it totally. After independence, these tendencies continued, and were even strengthened, underthe rule of the MPLA which has its main social roots exactly in those social segments where the mastery ofPortuguese as well as the proportion of native Portuguese speakers was highest. This became a political side issueas FNLA and UNITA, given their regional constituencies, came out in favour of a greater attention to the Africanlanguages, and as the FNLA favoured French over Portuguese.

The dynamics of the language situation, as described above, were additionally fostered by the massive migrations

triggered by the Civil War. Ovimbundu, the most populous ethnic group and the most affected by the war,appeared in great numbers in urban areas outside their areas, especially in Luanda and surroundings. At the sametime, a majority of the Bakongo who had fled to the Democratic Republic of Congo in the early 1960s, or of theirchildren and grandchildren, returned to Angola, but mostly did not settle in their original "habitat", but in the citiesand again above all in Luanda. As a consequence, more than half the population is now living in the cities which,from the linguistic point of view, have become highly heterogeneous. This means, of course, that Portuguese as theoverall language of communication is by now of paramount importance, and that the role of the African languages isteadily decreasing among the urban populationa trend which is beginning to spread into rural areas as well.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_4591_(2).JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_Population_Pyramid_2012.png


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Ethnic groups of Angola 1970 (With

areas where the so-called anddisputed "Ganguela" name groups aredominant, marked in green)

The exact numbers of those fluent in Portuguese or who speak Portuguese as a first language are unknown,although a census is expected to be carried out in JulyAugust 2013.[68]Quite a number of voices demand therecognition of Angolan Portuguese as a specific variant, comparable to those spoken in Portugal or in Brazil.However, while there exists a certain number of idiomatic particularities in everyday Portuguese, as spoken byAngolans, it remains to be seen whether or not the Angolan government comes to the conclusion that these

particularities constitute a configuration that justifies the claim to be a new language variant.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Angola

There are about 1000 mostly Christian religious communities inAngola.[69]Islam has been banned on November 2013.[70]Whilereliable statistics are nonexistent, estimates have it that more than half ofthe population are Roman Catholics, while about a quarter adhere to theProtestant churches introduced during the colonial period: theCongregationalists mainly among the Ovimbundu of the Central

Highlands and the coastal region to its West, the Methodistsconcentrating on the Kimbundu speaking strip from Luanda to Malanje,the Baptists almost exclusively among the Bakongo of the Northwest(now massively present in Luanda as well) and dispersed Adventists,Reformed and Lutherans.[71]In Luanda and region there subsists anucleus of the "syncretic" Tocoists and in the northwest a sprinkling ofKimbanguism can be found, spreading from the Congo/Zaire. Sinceindependence, hundreds of Pentecostal and similar communities havesprung up in the cities, where by now about 50% of the population isliving; several of these communities/churches are of Brazilian origin. The

Muslims, practically all of them immigrants from West African and othercountries and belonging to the Sunnite branch, represent only about 1%;because of their diversity, they do not form a community. In 2011,according to the Islamic Community of Angola (Comunidade Islmica deAngola, COIA) there were more than 80 mosques serving about500,000 Muslims in Angola, and the number was growing.[72]On November 19, 2013, the Minister of Cultureannounced that "all mosques would be closed until further notice" after stating that Islam is not a religion but a cult[73]

In a study assessing nations' levels of religious regulation and persecution with scores ranging from 0 to 10 where 0

represented low levels of regulation or persecution, Angola was scored 0.8 on Government Regulation of Religion4.0 on Social Regulation of Religion, 0 on Government Favoritism of Religion and 0 on Religious Persecution. [74]

Foreign missionaries were very active prior to independence in 1975, although since the beginning of the anti-colonial fight in 1961 the Portuguese colonial authorities expelled a series of Protestant missionaries and closedmission stations based on the belief that the missionaries were inciting pro-independence sentiments. Missionarieshave been able to return to the country since the early 1990s, although security conditions due to the civil war have

prevented them until 2002 from restoring many of their former inland mission stations.[75]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbanguismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tocoists&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Islam_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_Ethnic_map_1970.svg


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Yombe-sculpture, 19thcentury

The Roman Catholic and some major Protestant denominations mostly keep to themselves in contrast to the "NewChurches" which actively proselytize. The Roman Catholic as well as some major Protestant denominations providhelp for the poor in the form of crop seeds, farm animals, medical care and education.[76][77][78]

Largest cities

Culture

Main article: Culture of Angola

See also: Music of Angola and Angolan cuisine

In Angola, there is a Culture Ministry that is managed by Culture Minister RosaMaria Martins da Cruz e Silva.[79][80]Portugal has been present in Angola for400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over itfor about 50 years. As a consequence, both countries share cultural aspects:language (Portuguese) and main religion (Roman Catholic Christianity). The

ubstrateof Angolan culture is African, mostly Bantu, while Portuguese culture hasbeen imported. The diverse ethnic communities the Ovimbundu, Ambundu,Bakongo, Chokwe, Mbunda and other peoples maintain to varying degrees theirown cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more thanhalf of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonialtimes in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century. In this urban culture, thePortuguese heritage has become more and more dominant. An African influence isevident in music and dance, and is moulding the way in which Portuguese is spoken, but is almost disappearing frothe vocabulary. This process is well reflected in contemporary Angolan literature, especially in the works ofPepetela and Ana Paula Ribeiro Tavares.

Leila Lopes, Miss Angola 2011, was crowned Miss Universe 2011 in Brazil on 12 September 2011 making herthe first Angolan to win the pageant.

Health

Main article: Health in Angola

Epidemics of cholera, malaria, rabies and African hemorrhagic fevers like Marburg hemorrhagic fever, are commodiseases in several parts of the country. Many regions in this country have high incidence rates of tuberculosis and

high HIV prevalence rates. Dengue, filariasis, leishmaniasis, and onchocerciasis (river blindness) are other diseasescarried by insects that also occur in the region. Angola has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world andone of the world's lowest life expectancies. A 2007 survey concluded that low and deficient niacin status wascommon in Angola.[81]Demographic and Health Surveys is currently conducting several surveys in Angola onmalaria, domestic violence and more.[82]

Education

Main article: Education in Angola
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Lopes_(model)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Paula_Ribeiro_Tavareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepetelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbundahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokwe_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mbundu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovimbunduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_West_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yombe_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg


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Children in an outdoor "classroom" inBi, Angola

Training center in Luena, MoxicoProvince

Although by law education in Angola is compulsory and free for eight years, the government reports that apercentage of students are not attending due to a lack of school buildingsand teachers.[83]Students are often responsible for paying additionalschool-related expenses, including fees for books and supplies.[83]

In 1999, the gross primary enrollment rate was 74 percent and in 1998,the most recent year for which data are available, the net primaryenrollment rate was 61 percent.[83]Gross and net enrollment ratios are

based on the number of students formally registered in primary schooland therefore do not necessarily reflect actual school attendance.[83]

There continue to be significant disparities in enrollment between ruraland urban areas. In 1995, 71.2 percent of children ages 7 to 14 yearswere attending school.[83]It is reported that higher percentages of boysattend school than girls.[83]During the Angolan Civil War (19752002),nearly half of all schools were reportedly looted and destroyed, leadingto current problems with overcrowding.[83]

The Ministry of Education hired 20,000 new teachers in 2005 andcontinued to implement teacher trainings.[83]Teachers tend to beunderpaid, inadequately trained, and overworked (sometimes teachingtwo or three shifts a day).[83]Some teachers may reportedly demand

payment or bribes directly from their students.[83]Other factors, such asthe presence of landmines, lack of resources and identity papers, and

poor health prevent children from regularly attending school.[83]Althoughbudgetary allocations for education were increased in 2004, theeducation system in Angola continues to be extremely under-funded.[83]

According to estimates by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the adult literacy rate in 2011 was 70.4%.[84]82.9% of males and 54.2% of women are literate as of 2001.[85]Since independence from Portugal in 1975, anumber of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, polytechnical institutes, anduniversities in Portugal, Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites

Sports

Angola is the top basketball team of FIBA Africa, and a regular competitor at the Summer Olympic Games and thFIBA World Cup. The Angola national football team qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, as this was their fir

appearance on the World Cup finals stage. They were eliminated after one defeat and two draws in the groupstage. They won 3 COSAFA Cup and finished runner up in 2011 African Nations Championship. Angola hasparticipated in the World Women's Handball Championship for several years. The country has also appeared in thSummer Olympics for seven years and both compete and have hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup.Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art "Capoeira Angola" and "Batuque" which were

practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade.[86]

See also

Outline of Angola
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuque_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRS_Roller_Hockey_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_at_the_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Women%27s_Handball_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_African_Nations_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSAFA_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_national_football_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luena,_Moxico_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lwena_Moxico-Angola.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuito_class.jpg


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Indexof Angola-related articles

References

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2. ^Population Forecast to 2060 by International Futures hosted by Google Public Data Explorer(http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=n4ff2muj8bh2a_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&hl=en&dl=en#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&fdim_y=scenario:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=country:AO&hl=en&dl=en)

3. ^ abcd"Angola" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=614&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=53&pr.y=7). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April 2013.

4. ^"Gini Index" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/). World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.5. ^ abSee Ren Plissier:Les Guerres grises: Rsistance et revoltes en Angola (1845-1941), Montamets/Orgeval:

ditions Plissier, 19776. ^(English)Life expectancy at birth (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html) www.cia.gov (2009)7. ^Heywood, Linda M. & Thornton, John K. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the foundation of the

Americas, 15851660 (http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82),p. 82. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2007.

8. ^TheBantu in Ancient Egypt (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk/Bantu%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.htm)9. ^"The Story of Africa" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtml). BBC.

Retrieved 27 June 2010.10. ^Almanac of African Peoples & Nations page 523, Social Science By Muammad Zuhd Yakan, Transaction

Publishers, Putgers - The State University, New Jersey, ISBN 1-5600-433-911. ^Terms of trade and terms of trust: the history and contexts of pre-colonial pages 104 & 105...By Achim vonOppen, LIT Verlag Mnster Publishers, 1993, ISBN 3894732466, 9783894732462

12. ^ abRobert Papstein, 1994, The History and Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke CulturaWriters Association, ISBN 99 820 3006X

13. ^Boahen, Adu Boahen. Topics In West African History. p. 110. ISBN 0-582-64502-6.14. ^Kwaku Person-Lynn. "Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071214124402/http%3A//www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htmArchived from the original (http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm) on 14 December 2007Retrieved 25 November 2007.

15. ^John Iliffe (2007)Africans: the history of a continent(http://books.google.com/books?

id=bNGN2URP_rUC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Cambridge University Press. p.68. ISBN 0-52168297-516. ^Dismantling the Portuguese Empire (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html),

TimeMagazine (Monday, 7 July 1975)17. ^TheDecolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie

MacQueen Mozambique since Independence: Confronting Leviathan by Margaret Hall, Tom Young Author ofReview: Stuart A. Notholt African Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 387 (Apr., 1998), pp. 276278 (http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-9909(199804)97%3A387%3C276%3ATDOPAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C), JSTOR

18. ^"Americas Third World War: How 6 million People Were killed in CIA secret wars against third world countries(http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm). Informationclearinghouse.info. 16 November 1981.Archived

htt ://web.archive.or /web/20100629015838/htt ://www.informationclearin house.info/article4068.htm from t
http://web.archive.org/web/20100629015838/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htmhttp://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-9909(199804)97%3A387%3C276%3ATDOPAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521682975http://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20071214124402/http%3A//www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-64502-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/998203006Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3894732466http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page45.shtmlhttp://www.kaa-umati.co.uk/Bantu%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.htmhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.htmlhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=614&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=53&pr.y=7http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=n4ff2muj8bh2a_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&hl=en&dl=en#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&fdim_y=scenario:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=country:AO&hl=en&dl=enhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdfhttp://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Angola-related_articles


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original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

19. ^"CIA & Angolan Revolution 1975 Part 1" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c35COXObeo8). YouTube.Retrieved 27 June 2010.

20. ^"The Economist: Flight from Angola" (http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340). 16August 1975.

21. ^M.R. Bhagavan,Angola's Political Economy 19751985, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1986.22. ^"Introduction:Angola" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html). Retrieved 1

June 2012.

23. În2006 a former UNITA general, Nduma, was appointed head of the general staff of the armed forces.24. ^Lari(2004), Human Rights Watch (2005)25. ^CIA The World Factbook Country Comparison :: Area (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html)26. ^See Didier Pclard (ed.), L'Angola dans la paix: Autoritarisme et reconversions, special issue ofPolitique

africains(Paris), 110, 2008.27. ^ abc"Angola" (http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/angola).Freedom in the World 2013.

Freedom House. Retrieved 27 July 2013.28. ^"MoIbrahim Foundation" (http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/). Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Archived

(http://web.archive.org/web/20100722010615/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/) from the original on 22 Jul2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

29. Înthis manner, Jos Eduardo dos Santos is now finally in a legal situation. As he had obtained a relative, but nothe absolute majority of votes in the 1992 presidential election, a second roundopposing him to Jonas Savimbiwasconstitutionally necessary to make his election effective, but he preferred never to hold this second round.

30. ^See Jorge Miranda,A Constituio de Angola de 2010, published in the academic journal O Direito(Lisbon),vol.142, 2010 1 (June).

31. ^"Virtual Angola Facts and Statistics"(http://web.archive.org/web/20071011135238/http%3A//www.angola.org.uk/facts_government.htm). Archivedfromthe original (http://www.angola.org.uk/facts_government.htm) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October2007.

32. ^"Angola profile" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732).33. Ângola Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A - Making Finance Work for Africa

(http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.html). MFW4A. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.34. ^"The Increasing Importance of African Oil" (http://www.pinr.com/report.php?

ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1). Power and Interest Report. 20 March 2006.35. ^Luanda, capital of Angola, retains title of world's most expensive for expats

(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.html). Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.

36. ^TheEconomist. 30 August 2008 edition. U.S. Edition. Page 46. Article on Angola, "marches toward riches anddemocracy?".

37. ^"Angola: Country Admitted As Opec Member" (http://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.html). Angola PressAgency. 14 December 2006.

38. ^http://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdf

39. ^https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html retrieved 24 October 201040. Ânti-corruption watchdog Transparency International rates Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the

world.41. ^Thisprocess is well analyzed by authors like Christine Messiant, Tony Hodges and others. For an eloquent

illustrating, see now the Angolan magazineInfra-Estruturas frica7/2010.42. ^SeeAngola Exameof 12/11/2010, online http://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid=.43. ^See Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, O Trabalho Dignifica o Homem: Estratgias de Sobrevivncia em Luanda,

Lisbon: Colibri: 2006.44. Âsan excellent illustration seeLuanda: A vida na cidade dos extremos, in: Viso, 11 November 2010.45. ^TheHDI 2010 lists Angola in the 146th position among 169 countriesone position below that of Haiti. See

Human Development Index and its components.
http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20100629015838/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htmhttp://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdfhttp://www.exameangola.com/pt/?det=16943&id=2000&mid=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_Internationalhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.htmlhttp://www.angolancentenary.com/press6.pdfhttp://allafrica.com/stories/200612140990.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8632811/Luanda-capital-of-Angola-retains-title-of-worlds-most-expensive-for-expats.htmlhttp://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1http://www.mfw4a.org/angola/angola-financial-sector-profile.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13036732http://www.angola.org.uk/facts_government.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20071011135238/http%3A//www.angola.org.uk/facts_government.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eduardo_dos_Santoshttp://web.archive.org/web/20100722010615/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/angolahttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c35COXObeo8http://web.archive.org/web/20100629015838/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm


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(http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf)46. Âlt, Robert. "Into Africa: China's Grab for Influence and Oil"

(http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFM). Heritage.org. Retrieved 27 June 2010.47. ^"Angola: Explain Missing Government Funds" (http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-

government-funds). Human Rights Watch. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.48. ^Louise Redvers, POVERTY-ANGOLA: Inter Press Service News Agency NGOs Sceptical of Govt's Rural

Development Plans (http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123) retrieved 6 June 200949. ^See Manuel Alves da Rocha,Desigualdades e assimetrias regionais em Angola: Os factores da competitividade

territorial, Luanda: Centro de Estudos e Investigao Cientfica da Universidade Catlica de Angola, 2010.50. ^See "A fora do kwanza", Viso(Lisbon), 993, 15 May 2012, pp. 505451. ^"Angola Demographics Profile 2013" (http://www.indexmundi.com/angola/demographics_profile.html). Index

Mundi. Retrieved 22 March 2013.52. ^Jos Redinha,Etnias e culturas de Angola, Luanda: Instituto de Investigalo Cientfica de Angola, 197553. Âlvin W. Urquhart,Patterns of Settlement and Subsistence in Southwestern Angola, National Academies Press,

1963, p 10 (http://books.google.co.zm/books?id=RzArAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=luchazi&source=bl&ots=B5bLZmJ9D9&sig=xrMh4p5Ze5vGNJrrUsPwoccWRE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oT4uUY2-Hom10QWM_YGIBw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=luchazi&f=false)

54. ^See ethnic map and CIA The World Factbook Angola (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/geos/ao.html)55. Âsno reliable census data exist at this stage (2011), all these numbers are rough estimates only, subject toadjustments and updates.

56. ^Forecast provided (http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=n4ff2muj8bh2a_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=GDP&hl=en&dl=en#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&fdim_y=scenario:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=country:AO&hl=en&dl=en) byInternational Futures and hosted by Google's Public Data Explorer

57. ^"ANGOLA The National Archives (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ERORecords/HO/421/2/ind/ang4.htm58. ^[U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. "World Refugee Survey 2008". Available Online at:

http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?id=2117. pp.37]59. ^World Refugee Survey 2008 Angola

(http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCRI,,COD,456d621e2,485f50c0c,0.html), UNHCR. NB: This figureis highly doubtful, as it makes no clear distinction between migrant workers, refugees, and immigrants.60. Ângola (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6619.htm), U.S. Department of State. NB: Estimations in 2011 put th

number at 100,000, and add about 150,000 to 200,000 other Europeans and Latin Americans.61. ^"Angola: Cerca de 259.000 chineses vivem atualmente no pas" (http://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-259000-

chineses-vivem-atualmente-no-pais=f660830). Viso. 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2013-01-1362. ^"Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants (http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angol

to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/)". Inter Press Service. 21 May 201263. ^See the carefully researched article by Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder, Whites in Angola on the Eve of

Independence. The Poitics of Numbers, in:Africa Today, 21 (4), 1974, pp. 2327. Flight from Angola(http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340), The Economist, 16

August 1975 puts the number at 500,000, but this is an estimate lacking appropriate sources.64. ^Siza, Rita (6 june 2013). "Jos Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses so bem-vindos emAngola" (http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao

bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693).Pblico(Lisbon).65. ^"Chinese 'gangsters' repatriated from Angola

(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangsters-repatriated-from-Angola.html)", Telegraph

66. ^CIA - The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html)67. Ânillustration is Franz-Wilhelm Heimer, Educao e sociedade nas reas rurais de Angola: Resultados de um

inqurito, vol. 2, Anlise do universo agrcola (survey report), Servios de Planeamento e IntegraoEconmica de Angola, Luanda, 1974

^" "
http://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARIS21http://www.paris21.org/node/1176https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9500517/Chinese-gangsters-repatriated-from-Angola.htmlhttp://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-diz-que-trabalhadores-portugueses-sao-bem-vindos-em-angola-1596693http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Press_Servicehttp://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/http://visao.sapo.pt/angola-cerca-de-259000-chineses-vivem-atualmente-no-pais=f660830http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6619.htmhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCRI,,COD,456d621e2,485f50c0c,0.htmlhttp://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?id=2117http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ERORecords/HO/421/2/ind/ang4.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Data_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futureshttp://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=n4ff2muj8bh2a_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=GDP&hl=en&dl=en#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=POP&fdim_y=scenario:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=country:AO&hl=en&dl=enhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.htmlhttp://books.google.co.zm/books?id=RzArAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=luchazi&source=bl&ots=B5bLZmJ9D9&sig=xrMh4p5Ze5vGNJ8rrUsPwoccWRE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oT4uUY2-Hom10QWM_YGIBw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=luchazi&f=falsehttp://www.indexmundi.com/angola/demographics_profile.htmlhttp://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47123http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-fundshttp://www.heritage.org/research/africa/HL1006.CFMhttp://www.undp.org/publications/hdr2010/en/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf


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. . . . . .22 April 2013. "Angola has set dates for their population census: from 16 July to 18 August 2013"

69. ^See Ftima Viegas,Panorama das Religies em Angola Independente (19752008), Ministrio daCultura/Instituto Nacional para os Assuntos Religiosos, Luanda 2008

70. ^http://www.ibtimes.com/angola-bans-islam-dismantles-mosques-according-news-reports-148366071. ^Benedict Schubert:Der Krieg und die Kirchen: Angola 19611991. Exodus, Luzern/Switzerland, 1997;

Lawrence W. Henderson, The Church in Angola: A river of many currents, Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 198972. ÔPais,Surgimento do Islo em Angola (http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&det=23057), 2 September

2011, Pg 18

73. ^"African Globe, "[1] (http://www.africanglobe.net/africa/african-state-angola-bans-islam-mosques-destroyed/) November 2013

74. Ângola: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives(http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_3.asp) Brian J Grim and Roger Finke."International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation ofReligion". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.

75. ^"U.S. Department of State" (http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm). State.gov. 1 January 2004.Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20100528135031/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5511.htm) from toriginal on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

76. ^Culture and customs of Angola(http://books.google.com/?id=DeVqVy21g9sC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=presbyterian+church+in+angola). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood

Press.2007. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-33147-3. Retrieved 27 June 2010.77. ^[2] (http://foodsresourcebank.org/uploadedfiles/Designations%2520Public%2520View%252009-07-07lo.pdf)78. ^"International Grants 2005" (http://www.pcusa.org/hunger/downloads/2005intgrants.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 27

June 2010.79. Ângola Press - Leisure & Culture - Country needs modern, dynamic culture - minist

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