Senegal - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Republic of Senegal

République du Sénégal (French)

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (French)

"One People, One Goal, One Faith"

Anthem:

Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons

Everyone strum your koras, strike the balafons

Location of Senegal (dark blue)

– in Africa (light blue & dar k grey)– in the African Union (light blue)

Capital

and largest city

Dakar

14°40′N 17°25′W

Official languages French

Recognised

regional languages

Wolof · Soninke · Serer · Fula ·

Maninka · Diola

Ethnic groups

( )

43.3% Wolof

23.8% Fula14.7% Serer

3.7% Jola

3.0% Mandinka

1.1% Soninke

1.0% European / Lebanese

9.4% others

Demonym Senegalese

Government Semi-presidential republic

- President Macky Sall

- Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye

Legislature Parliament

- Upper house Senate

- Lower house National Assembly

SenegalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Senegal i / ̩sɛnɨˈɡɔəl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the

Republic of Senegal ( République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy

seneɡal]), is a country in West Africa. It owes its name to the

Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is

externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritaniato the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the

south; internally it almost completely surrounds the Gambia,

namely on the north, east and south, except for Gambia's short

Atlantic coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000

square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population

of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the

dry season and the rainy season.

Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip

of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres

(300 mi) off the coast lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th

and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts belonging to variouscolonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St.

Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique

occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in

1902. Dakar became its capital in 1960 at the time of

independence from France. The country is part of The Economic

Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Integrated with

the main bodies of the international community, Senegal is also a

member of the African Union (AU) and the Community of Sahel-

Saharan States. Since 2 April 2012, the country's president has

been Macky Sall.

Contents

1 Etymology2 History3 Politics4 Geography

4.1 Climate5 Administrative divisions

5.1 Major cities

6 Economy7 Demographics

7.1 Largest cities7.2 Ethnicity7.3 Health7.4 Religion

8 Culture8.1 Education8.2 Hospitality8.3 Motorsport8.4 Football

9 See also

10 References11 Further reading12 External links

[1]

egal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal

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Slave traders in Gorée, 18th

century.

Colonial Saint Louis c. 1900.

Europeans and Africans on the Rue

Lebon.

In the mid-15th century, the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline, followed by other countries including the

French.[12] Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area

from the 15th century onward, until in 1677, France ended up in possession of what had become a minor slave trade

departure point—the island of Gorée next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring

chiefdoms on the mainland.[13][14]

French colonialists progressively invaded and took over all kingdoms except Sine and

Saloum under governor Louis Faidherbe.[8][15]

European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the Casamance in the 19th

century. An emblematic figure of Casamance is Aline Sitoe Diatta, a woman who led the

resistance movement against European colonialists.[16]

It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland (by

now rid of slavery and promoting abolitionist doctrine),[17] adding native chiefdoms such

as Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. Senegalese chiefs' resistance to the French expansion

and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel of Cayor,

and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, the Maad a Sinig of Sine, resulting in the

Battle of Logandème.

On 4 April 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which

became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of the independence and the

transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation

broke up on 20 August, when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) proclaimed independence.

Léopold Senghor was proclaimed Senegal's first president in September 1960. Senghor was a very well read man,

educated in France. He was a poet, a philosopher and personally drafted the Senegalese national anthem, "Pincez tous

vos koras, frappez les balafons". He was very pro-African, and also advocated a brand of African socialism.[18]

In 1980, President Senghor decided to retire from politics, and he handed power

over in 1981 to his handpicked successor, Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia ran for

reelection in 1983 against Diouf but lost. Senghor moved to France where he

later died at the age of 96.

Senegal joined with the Gambia to form the nominal confederation of

Senegambia on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989.

Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the Casamance region had

clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has had a long

history of participating in international peacekeeping.[1]

Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader

political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and

widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion

spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the

Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Abdou Diouf served four

terms as president.

In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and

fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one

political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the

separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005,

but the results have not yet yielded a resolution.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Senegal

Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2001, previously being seven

years, by adult voters. The first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a poet and writer, and was the first African

elected to the Academie Francaise. Senegal's second president, Abdou Diouf is the current general secretary of the


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Macky Sall, current president

of Senegal (2012-)

Abdoulaye Wade, president of

Senegal (2000-2012)

Landscape of Casamance

Organisation de la Francophonie. The third president was Abdoulaye Wade, a lawyer.

The current president is Macky Sall, elected in March 2012.

Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The bicameral parliament consists of the

National Assembly, which has 120 seats, and the Senate, which has 100 seats and was

reinstituted in 2007.[1] An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's

highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court

of justice, members of which are named by the president.

Currently, Senegal has a quasi-democratic political culture, trying to be one of the more

successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are

appointed by, and responsible to, the president. The marabouts, religious leaders of the

various Senegalese Muslim brotherhoods, also exercise a strong political influence in the

country especially during Wade's presidency. In 2009, however, Freedom House

downgraded Senegal's status from 'Free' to 'Partially Free', based on increased

centralisation of power in the executive.

In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African

Governance.[19] The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance

(limited to sub-Saharan Africa until 2008), based on a number of different variables

which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods totheir citizens. When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009,

Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt

and Morocco placing themselves ahead of Senegal). As of 2012, Senegal's rank in the

Ibrahim Index has decreased another point to 16 out of 52 African countries.

On 22 February 2011, it was reported that Senegal has severed diplomatic ties with Iran,

saying Tehran supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops.

On 26 February 2012, Senegal held presidential elections which were perceived as

controversial due to President Wade's candidacy. The controversy stemmed from the fact

that although the Senegalese constitution did not allow a president to serve more than

two terms, President Wade amended the constitution last year which allowed him to run

for a third term. Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and Y'en a Marre,

emerged in June 2011 to contest the amendment. In the end, Macky Sall of the Alliance for the Republic won, and Wade

conceded the election to Sall. This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the

EU[20] as a show of "maturity".

On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the senate to save an estimated $15 million dollars.[21]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Senegal

Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. It lies between latitudes

12° and 17°N, and longitudes 11° and 18°W. it has a short coastline on the

Atlantic Ocean.

The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the

western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's

highest point, an otherwise unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha at 584 m

(1,916 ft). The northern border is formed by the Senegal River, other rivers

include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the

Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa.

The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometres (350 mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap-Vert ("Cape Green") is a

maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles", a 105-metre (344 ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap-Vert

peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the

westernmost point in Africa.


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Regions of Senegal

Major cities in Senegal

Climate

Main article: Climate of Senegal

The local climate is tropical with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and

southwest summer winds. The dry season (December to April) is dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind.[1] Dakar's

annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 °C

(86.0 °F) and minimums 24.2 °C (75.6 °F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) and

minimums 18 °C (64.4 °F).[22] Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average dailytemperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) respectively, compared to

Dakar's 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) ),[23]

and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm (59.1 in) annually

in some areas. In the far interior of the country, in the region of Tambacounda, particularly on the border of Mali,

temperatures can reach as high as 54 °C (129.2 °F).

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Senegal, Departments of Senegal, and

Arrondissements of Senegal

Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions,[24] each administered by aConseil Régional (Regional Council) elected by population weight at

the Arrondissement level. The country is further subdivided by 45

Départements, 103 Arrondissements (neither of which have

administrative function) and by Collectivités Locales, which elect

administrative officers.[25]

Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions:

DakarDiourbelFatick KaffrineKaolack KédougouKolda

LougaMatamSaint-LouisSédhiouTambacoundaThièsZiguinchor

Major cities

See also: List of cities in Senegal

Senegal's capital of Dakar is by far the largest city in Senegal, with overtwo million residents.[26] The second most populous city is Touba, a de

ure communaute rurale (rural community), with half a million.[26][27]


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Grand Market in Kaolack

Graphical depiction of Senegal's

product exports in 28 color-coded

categories.

City Population (2005)

Dakar (Dakar proper, Guédiawaye, and Pikine[27]) 2,145,193[26]

Touba (Touba Mosquee[27]) 475,755[26]

Thiès 240,152[26]

Kaolack 181,035[26]

M'Bour 170,875

[26]

Saint-Louis 165,038[26]

Rufisque 154,975[26]

Ziguinchor 153,456[26]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Senegal

After its economy contracted by 2.1 percent in 1993 Senegal instigated a major

economic reform program with the support of international donors. This reform

began with a 50 percent devaluation of the country's currency (the CFA franc).

Government price controls and subsidies were also dismantled. As a result,

Senegal's inflation went down, investment went up, and the gross domestic

product rose approximately 5 percent per year between 1995 and 2001.[1]

The main industries include food processing, mining, cement, artificial fertilizer,

chemicals, textiles, refining imported petroleum, and tourism. Exports include

fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate. The principal

foreign market is India at 26.7 percent of exports (as of 1998). Other foreign

markets include the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom.

As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU),

Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external

tariff. Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of

Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[28]

Senegal realized full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in

information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82

percent of its GDP.[citation needed ] On the negative side, Senegal faces

deep-seated[citation needed ] urban problems of chronic high unemployment,

socioeconomic disparity, and juvenile delinquency[citation needed ].

Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include USAID, Japan, France and China.

Over 3000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.[29]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Senegal

Senegal has a population of over 12.5 million,[2] about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas

varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre (200 /sq mi) in the west-central region to 2 per square kilometre

(5.2 /sq mi) in the arid eastern section.

According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal

has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007. The majority of this

population (20,200) is from Mauritania. Refugees live in N'dioum, Dodel, and small settlements along the Senegal River

valley.[30]


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Girls in Saint LouisPopulation in Senegal, 1962–2004

A street market in Malem-Hodar

Largest cities

Ethnicity

Main article: Ethnic groups in Senegal

See also: Languages of Senegal

Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic

groups and, as in most West Africancountries, several languages are widely

spoken. The Wolof are the largest single

ethnic group in Senegal at 43 percent; the

Fula[31] and Toucouleur (also known as Halpulaar'en, literally "Pulaar-speakers")

(24%) are the second biggest group, followed by the Serer (14.7%),[32] then

others such as Jola (4%), Mandinka (3%), Maures or (Naarkajors), Soninke,

Bassari and many smaller communities (9%). (See also the Bedick ethnic group.)

About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese[33] as well as smaller

numbers of Mauritanians and Moroccans[citation needed ] reside in Senegal, mainly

in the cities. The majority of Lebanese work in commerce.[34] Also located

primarily in urban settings are small Vietnamese communities as well as a

growing number of Chinese immigrant traders, each numbering perhaps a few

hundred people.[35][36] There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, primarily in the country's

north.[37]

French is the official language, used regularly by a minority of Senegalese educated in a system styled upon the

colonial-era schools of French origin (Koranic schools are even more popular, but Arabic is not widely spoken outside of

this context of recitation). Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the

lingua franca[citation needed ]. Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur. The Serer language is widely spoken by both

Serers and non-Serers (including president Sall, whose mother and wife are Serers); so are the Cangin languages, whose

speakers are ethnically Serers.

Portuguese Creole is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor, regional capital of the Casamance, where some

residents speak Kriol, primarily spoken in Guinea-Bissau. Cape Verdeans speak their native creole, Cape Verdean Creole,

and standard Portuguese.

French, the only official language in the country, is facing a backlash as a consequence of a rising Senegalese linguistic

nationalist movement, which supports the integration of Wolof, the common vernacular language of the country, into the

national constitution.[38]

Health

Main article: Health in Senegal

Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 percent of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 percent.[39]

Health expenditure was at US$72 (PPP) per capita in 2004.[39] The fertility rate was at about 5.2 in the early 2000s

(decade).[39]

There were 6 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).[39]

Infant mortality was at 77 per

1,000 live births in 2005.[39] Malaria is the largest cause of infant mortality, but rates are dropping, thanks to the support

of the President's Malaria Initiative.

Religion

Islam is the predominant religion in the country. Islam is practiced by approximately 94 percent of the country'spopulation; the Christian community, at 5 percent of the population, includes Roman Catholics and diverse Protestant

denominations. One percent have animist beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country.[1] Some Serer

people follow the Serer religion.[40][41]


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The Mosquée de la Divinité in

Ouakam

The Dakar Cathedral

Islamic communities in Senegal are

generally organized around one of several

Islamic Sufi orders or brotherhoods,

headed by a khalif ( xaliifa in Wolof, from

Arabic khalī fa), who is usually a direct

descendant of the group’s founder. The

two largest and most prominent Sufi

orders in Senegal are the Tijaniyya, whose

largest sub-groups are based in the citiesof Tivaouane and Kaolack, and the

Mur ī diyya (Murid), based in the city of

Touba.

The Halpulaar (Pulaar-speakers), composed of Fula people, a widespread group found along the Sahel from Chad to

Senegal, and Toucouleurs, represent 23.8 percent of the population.[1] Historically, they were the first to become

Muslim. Many of the Toucouleurs, or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north, converted to Islam

around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam's propagation throughout Senegal. Success was gained among the

Wolofs, but repulsed by the Serers.

Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley, however, were not thoroughly Islamized. The Serer people stood

out as one of this group, who spend over one thousand years resisting Islamization (see Serer history (medieval era topresent)). Although many Serers are Christians or Muslim, their conversion to Islam in particular is very recent, who

converted on their own free will rather than by force, although force had been tried centuries earlier unsuccessfully (see

the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune).[42]

The spread of formal Quranic school (called daara in Wolof) during the colonial period increased largely through the

effort of the Tijaniyya. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic

studies, the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Other Islamic groups

include the much older Qādiriyya order and the Senegalese Laayeen order, which is prominent among the coastal Lebu.

Today, most Senegalese children study at daaras for several years, memorizing as much of the Qur'an as they can. Some

of them continue their religious studies at informal Arabic schools (majlis) or at the growing number of private Arabic

schools and publicly funded Franco-Arabic schools. A modern messianic sect in Islam, the Ahmadiyya MuslimCommunity is also present in the country.

Small Roman Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer, Jola, Mankanya and Balant populations, and in

eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui. The Protestant churches are mainly attended by immigrants but during

the second half of the 20th century Protestant churches led by Senegalese leaders from different ethnic groups have

evolved. In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese, Cape Verdean, European, and American

immigrant populations, and among certain Africans of other countries as well as by the Senegalese themselves. Although

Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a Catholic Serer.

Serer religion encompasses a belief in a supreme deity called Roog (Koox among the Cangin), Serer cosmogony,

cosmology and divination ceremonies such as the annual Xoy (or Khoye) ceremony precided over by the Serer Saltigues

(high priests and priestesses). Senegambian (both Senegal and the Gambia) Muslim festivals such as Tobaski, Gamo,Koriteh, Weri Kor , etc., are all borrowed words from the Serer religion.[43] They were ancient Serer festivals rooted in

Serer religion, not Islam.[43]

The Boukout is one of the Jola's religious ceremonies.

There are small numbers of adherents of Judaism and Buddhism. Judaism is followed by members of several ethnic

groups, while Buddhism is followed by a number of Vietnamese.[citation needed ] The Bahá'í Faith in Senegal was

established after `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place that should be more

broadly visited by Bahá'ís.[44] The first Bahá'is to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become

Senegal arrived in 1953.[45] The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar. [46] In

1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal. The most recent estimate, by theAssociation of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000.

[47]

Culture


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See also: Senegalese cuisine, Languages of Senegal, List of Senegalese writers, List of Senegalese, and Music of

Senegal

Senegal is known across Africa for its musical heritage, due to the popularity of mbalax, which originated from the Serer

percussive tradition especially the Njuup, it has been popularized by Youssou N'Dour and others. Sabar drumming is

especially popular. The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations like weddings. Another instrument, the tama, is used

in more ethnic groups. Other popular international renown Senegalese musicians are Ismael Lô, Cheikh Lô, Orchestra

Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon Thione Seck, Viviane, Titi, Papiss Cisse, and Pape Diouf.

Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by griots, who have kept West

African history alive for thousands of years through words and music. The griot profession is passed down generation to

generation and requires years of training and apprenticeship in genealogy, history and music. Griots give voice to

generations of West African society.[12]

Education

Main article: Education in Senegal

Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.[48]

Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16.[48] The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school

system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year.[48] Illiteracy is high, particularly among

women.[39] The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of

the 2002–2005 GDP.

Further information: List of universities in Senegal

Hospitality

Hospitality, in theory, is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national

identity. The Wolof [49] word for hospitality is "teranga" and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national

football team is known as the Lions of Teranga.[12]

Motorsport

The country hosted the Paris-Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007.

Football

In recent times, the national team’s best played football tournaments were witnessed in 2002. The Lions of Teranga (Les

Lions de la Teranga) kicked off their near-successful run at the African Cup of Nations on 20 January 2002 when beating

Egypt 1-0 and subsequently leading their group overall with 7 points by 31 January 2002. Following a successful

knockout round beating Congo in the quarter-finals (2-0) and Nigeria in the semi-finals (2-1), The Lions went on to face

Cameroon in the finals on 10 February 2002. Marking their first time in the finals of an African Cup tournament, Senegallost in the penalty shoot-out round 3-2 making them the tournament’s runners-up (Copnall, 2002

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2002/feb/11/newsstory.sport3)). Tony Sylva, Senegal’s then goal-keeper won the

Goalkeeper of the Tournament award, and El-Hadji Diouf was one of two who won the Forward of the Tournament

award.

Senegal entered their first World Cup tournament the summer of the same year when it was held in South Korea and

Japan between 31 May 2002 to 30 June 2002. Their first match (which was also the opening game of the World Cup

tournament) shocked the world when defender Pape Bouba Diop scored Senegal’s only and winning goal beating the

defending champions, France, 1-0 (BBC, 2002 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart

/france_v_senegal/default.stm)). After ending up placing second in their group overall in 11 June 2002 with 5 points

(Denmark being the first with 7 points), Senegal went on to face and subsequently beat Sweden 2-1 on 16 June (Murray,2002 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2002/jun/16/minutebyminute.worldcupfootball2002)). This led the team to the

quarter-finals of the World Cup in 22 June 2002, the furthest point reached by Senegal’s national team. They faced and

lost to Turkey in the match’s extra-time due to İlhan Mansız’ golden goal (BBC, 2002 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3

/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/senegal_v_turkey/default.stm)). Senegal became one of only three African nations


12 12/05/2013 04:59 p.m.



to have reached the quarter-finals at the World Cup (the first being Cameroon in 1990, and Ghana subsequently followed

in 2010; the quarter-finals being the best stage reached by any African football team).

See also

Outline of SenegalIndex of Senegal-related articles

Agriculture in SenegalCheikh Anta Diop University University of DakarConfédération Sénégalaise du ScoutismeEducation in SenegalForeign relations of SenegalGeological maps of SenegalMilitary of SenegalMusic of SenegalSenegal national football teamTelecommunications in SenegalTransport in Senegal

References

^ a b c d e f g Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Senegal" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook /geos/sg.html). The World Factbook . Retrieved 10 January 2010.

1.

^ a b (French) ANSD (http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html) Retrieved 2012-05-11.2.

^ a b c d "Senegal" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=16&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=722&

s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April2013.

3.

^ "Gini Index" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/). World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.4. ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968)

ISBN 0-8047-0621-2

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^ Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation Sereer, Pangool, p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), ISBN

2-7236-1055-1

6.

^ Slavery (http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157). Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History.7.

^ a b Charles, Eunice A. Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890. African Studies Center, Boston University,

1977. p. 3

8.

^ Ham, Anthony. West Africa. Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. ISBN 1-74104-821-49.

^ Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin, p. 8. African and Afro-American Studies andResearch Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)

10.

^ Diop, Cheikh Anta & Modum, Egbuna P. Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development,

1946–1960, p. 28. Karnak House (1996). ISBN 0-907015-85-9

11.

^ a b c Eric S. Ross, Culture and Customs of Senegal, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2008 ISBN 0-313-34036-612.^ ""Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade", Philip Curtin, History Net, accessed 9 July 2008" (http://www.h-net.org/~africa

/threads/goree.html). H-net.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.13.

^ Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest (1958 ed.), p. 12314.^ Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. X

ISBN 0-8047-0621-2

15.

^ *Journées culturelles Aline Sitoé Diatta : Les étudiantes réclament les cendres de leur marraine (http://www.refer.sn

/article1229.html) in Le Quotidien 23 février 2004

16.

^ "Senegal in 1848 (http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/senegal.htm)" by Bruce Vandervort.17.

^ A Critical bibliography of French literature: in three parts. The Twentieth. Edited by David Clark Cabeen, Richard A.Brooks, Douglas W. Alden

18.

^ "The Ibrahim Index » Mo Ibrahim Foundation" (http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index).

Moibrahimfoundation.org. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012.

19.

^ "Macky Sall Senegal election win 'example for Africa' | Africa" (http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203 /83756.php). World.myjoyonline.com. 26 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-25.

20.

^ "SENEGAL VOTES TO DO AWAY WITH SENATE TO SAVE MONEY" (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-

do-away-senate-save-money). Associated Press. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

21.

^ "Dakar, Senegal Climate Information – ClimateTemp.info, Making Sense of Average Monthly Weather & Temperature Data22.


de 12 12/05/2013 04:59 p.m.



with Detailed Climate Graphs That Portray Average Rainfall & Sunshine Hours" (http://www.climatetemp.info/senegal/).Climatetemp.info. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

^ "Weather rainfall and temperature data" (http://www.worldclimate.com/). World Climate. Retrieved 2012-03-29.23.^ Statoids page on Senegal (http://www.statoids.com/usn.html) (noting that three new regions were split off on 10 September

2008).

24.

^ List of current local elected officials (http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32) from Union des Associations d’ Elus

Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal. See also the law creating current local government structures: (French)Code des collectivités

locales (http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf), Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.

25.

^ a b c d e f g h i j Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (2005). "Situation économique et sociale du

Sénégal" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080625002308/http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf) (PDF) (in French). Government of Senegal. Archived from the original (http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.

26.

^ a b c Forsberg, Jan. "Cities in Senegal" (http://popofcities.com/senegalCITY.htm). Retrieved 18 November 2008.27.^ "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" (http://www.ohada.com/index.php). Retrieved 22 March 2009.28.

^ "Peace Corps Senegal" (http://www.pcsenegal.org). Pcsenegal.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.29.^ "World Refugee Survey 2008" (http://www.refugees.org/survey). U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June

2008.

30.

^ French: Peul; Fula: Fulɓ e31.^ Gambia (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html). CIA. The World Factbook 32.^ Senegal (03/08) (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2862.htm), U. S. Department of State33.

^ com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce(http://www1.voanews.), By Naomi Schwarz, voanews.com, 10 July 2007

34.

^ Phuong, Tran (9 July 2007). "Vietnamese Continue Traditions in Senegal" (http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-07-09-

voa19.cfm). Voice of America. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

35.

^ Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (17 January 2008). "A troubled frontier: Chinese migrants in Senegal"(http://www.caitlinfitzsimmons.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/caitlin1.pdf). South China Morning Post . Retrieved 31

March 2009.

36.

^ "Boost for the reintegration of Mauritanian returnees" (http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/492d41584.html). UNHCR News.

26 November 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010.

37.

^ Pierre Cherruau (19 August 2012). "Le Sénégal est-il encore un pays francophone?" (http://www.slateafrique.com/21377

/linguistique-senegal-est-il-encore-un-pays-francophone). Retrieved 19 August 2012.

38.

^ a b c d e f "Human Development Report 2009 – Senegal" (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets /cty_ds_SEN.html). Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

39.

^ By Alice L. Conklin. "A mission to civilize: the republican idea of empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930."

Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2999-9 p. 27.

40.

^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International41.^ Hans Bressers; Walter A. Rosenbaum (2003). Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance Across

Social Scales (http://books.google.com/books?id=SvAGAeQNo7oC&pg=PA151). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 151–.ISBN 978-0-275-97802-0. Retrieved 11 May 2012.

42.

^ a b Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écritesconcernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B,

no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10)

43.

^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916–17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-8.html.iso8859-1)

(Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.

44.

^ Hassall, Graham (c. 2000). "Egypt: Baha'i history" (http://bahai-library.com/asia-pacific/country%20files/egypt.htm). Asia

Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 24 May 2009.

45.

^ Bahá'í International Community (28 December 2003). "National communities celebrate together"

(http://hfa01.news.bahai.org/story/283). Bahá'í International News Service.

46.

^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)" (http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp). QuickLists > Compare Nations >

Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 4 July 2009.

47.

^ a b c "Senegal". 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005 /tda2005.pdf). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). This article incorporates text from

this source, which is in the public domain.

48.

^ The word taranga (hospitality), jom (honour), etc., are all Serer from the Serer language, rooted in Serer values and serer

religion, not Wolof. See : (French) Gravrand, Henry, "L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER : VALEUR TRADITIONNELLED’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e

trimestre 1982 [1] (http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895)

49.

Further reading

Babou, Cheikh Anta, Fighting the Greater Jihad:

Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya

of Senegal, 1853–1913, (Ohio University Press,

2007)Behrman, Lucy C, Muslim Brotherhood and Politics

in Senegal, (iUniverse.com, 1999)Buggenhage, Beth A, Muslim Families in Global


e 12 12/05/2013 04:59 p.m.



Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame, (IndianaUniversity Press, 2012)Bugul, Ken, The Abandoned Baobab: The

Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman, (Universityof Virginia Press, 2008)Foley, Ellen E, Your Pocket is What Cures You: The

Politics of Health in Senegal, (Rutgers UniversityPress, 2010)

Gellar, Sheldon, Democracy in Senegal:Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa, (PalgraveMacmillan, 2005)Glover, John, Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal:

The Murid Order , (University of Rochester Press,2007)Kane, Katharina, Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia

and Senegal, (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009)

Kueniza, Michelle, Education and Democracy in

Senegal, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)Mbacké, Khadim, Sufism and Religious

Brotherhoods in Senegal, (Markus WienerPublishing Inc., 2005)Streissguth, Thomas, Senegal in Pictures,(Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009)Various, Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal, (APA

Publications Pte Ltd., 2009)Various, New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal:

Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and

Femininity, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)Various, Senegal: Essays in Statecraft , (Codesria,2003)Various, Street Children in Senegal, (GYAN France,2006)

External links

Country Profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm) from BBC NewsSenegal (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html) entry at The World Factbook

Senegal (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Senegal/) at the Open Directory ProjectWikimedia Atlas of Senegal

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegal&oldid=559642979"

Categories: Senegal Countries in Africa Member states of the African Union

Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean Economic Community of West African States G15 nations

French-speaking countries Least developed countries Member states of La Francophonie

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Republics States and territories established in 1960

Member states of the United Nations West African countries

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