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Anionic polyacrylamides – soil conditioners
Jozef Kollár
Polymeric soil conditioners, were known since the 1950s. These polymers were developed to improve the physical properties of soil in view of:
increasing their water holding capacity
increasing water use efficiency
enhancing soil permeability and infiltration rates
reducing irrigation frequency
stopping erosion and water runoff
reduce fertilizer and pesticides losses
Reasons: most of the studies with polymers were performed in the laboratory without consideration for the economics at the production level in large scale agriculturecomplexity of application and poor distribution in the soil
Wide commercial application failed even though the scientific basis for their use was quite well established.
The most commonly used water-soluble synthetic soil-conditioning polymers included:
O* *n
*
*
OH
n
**
n
COOR
**
n
CONH2
* n
OO O
*m
CO2CH3
*
OO O
*n
poly(ethylene glycol) poly(vinyl alcohol) polyacrylates polyacrylamide
poly(isobutylene maleic anhydride)poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate)
Gel forming polymers or insoluble water absorbing polymers were first introduced for agricultural use in the early 1980’s. These polymers do not possess linear chain structures as described previously but the chains are rather crosslinked to form a three dimensional network.
Gel forming polymers
Advantages
Great water absorbing properties
Amount of crosslinker influenced a mechanical properties of hydrogels
Reduce water stress of plants
Hydrogels are also claimed to reduce fertilizer leaching
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is one of the most widely employed soil conditioner
ONH2
n
**
Advantages
Low toxicity
Safe
Inexpensive
Relatively stable
PAM
More recently, polyelectrolytes such as acrylamide/acrylate copolymers have attracted much attention as they have been shown to be most effective in improving the properties of soils.
* n
m
NH2 O OO
*
poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)
Reduce surface sealing
Increase seedling emergence
Reduce runoff and erosion
Reduce fertilizer and pesticides losses
PAM as soil conditioner
Principle of adhering PAM molecule to soil
particles
The adsorption of PAM to soil particles depends on both the polymer and the soil properties. PAM differ with respect to molecular weight, charge density and charge type.
Polyacrylamide Types
Emulsion
Granular
Solid
PAM can be used in furrow or sprinkler irrigation
furrow irrigation sprinkler irrigation
PAM in furrow and sprinkler irrigation
Reduces soil loss
Prevent the loss of nutrients
Increase infiltration
Improvement of aggregate stability
Increase quality of soil as well as water
PAM treated furrow following irrigation
Untreated furrow following irrigation
Synthesis of poly(acrylamide-co-tulipalin) hydrogels with crosslinker BIS
O
NH2O O
OO
OH
Na+
* n
m
NH2 O OO Na+
OH
*+
α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone also known as Tulipalin A, is present in white tulips and is identified as a substance with fungitoxic activity.
Swelling capacity in water
dry hydrogel swollen hydogel
Swelling capacity in water
Rheology of hydrogelsRheology is study of deformation and flow of material
prediction of viscoelastic properties of polymers.