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Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 1
Measurement and simulationMeasurement and simulation
of the neutron response and detection efficiencyof the neutron response and detection efficiency
of a Pb – scintillating fiber calorimeterof a Pb – scintillating fiber calorimeter
A. FerrariA. Ferrari Fondazione CNAO (Milano)Fondazione CNAO (Milano)
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 2
The KLOE Pb-scintillating fiber calorimeterThe KLOE Pb-scintillating fiber calorimeter
1.2 mm1.35 mm
1.0 mm
Active material: •1.0 mm diameter scintillating fiber (Kuraray SCSF-81, Pol.Hi.Tech 0046), emitting in the blue-green region: Peak ~ 460 nm.• Core: polystyrene, =1.050 g/cm3, n=1.6
High sampling structure:• 200 layers of 0.5 mm grooved lead foils (95% Pb and 5% Bi).• Glue: Bicron BC-600ML, 72% epoxy resin, 28% hardener.• Lead:Fiber:Glue volume ratio = 42:48:10
Designed and put in operation as e.m. calorimeter
Good performance in time and energy response:
(E)/E = 5.7 %/√E(GeV) (t)= 54 ps/√E(GeV)
and high photon efficiency see NIMA 482 (2002) 364-386
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 3
Why looking for neutron detection efficiency ?Why looking for neutron detection efficiency ? Detection of neutrons of few to few hundreds of MeV is traditionally performed with organic
scintillators (principle of operation: elastic neutron scattering on H atoms, with production of
protons detected by the scintillator itself) efficiency scales with thickness ~1%/cm
see C. Birattari, A.Ferrari, M.Pelliccioni et al., NIMA 297 (1990) 250-257, NIM A 338 (1994) 534-543
On the other hand, the extended range rem countersextended range rem counters used in radiation protection are based on a structure scintillator/medium-high Z material, which enhances the neutron efficiency
an intense Monte Carlo study has been performed with the FLUKAFLUKA code, which is well validated for the hadronic physics, till the low energy region
an experimental test has been carried out with the neutron beam
of the The Svedberg Laboratory of Uppsala (October 2006) [with TARI program support]
an intense Monte Carlo study has been performed with the FLUKAFLUKA code, which is well validated for the hadronic physics, till the low energy region
an experimental test has been carried out with the neutron beam
of the The Svedberg Laboratory of Uppsala (October 2006) [with TARI program support]
An estimate with KLOE data ( n are produced by K- interactions in the apparatus walls) gave:
for low energy neutrons (Ekin ≤ 20 MeV) , confirmed by KLOE MC (expected: 10% )
- Measurement of the neutron e.m. form factors in the time-like region (DANTE)
- Search for deeply bounded kaonic nuclei
(AMADEUS)
n are importantfor the DANE-2 program @ LNF
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 4
The neutron beam line at TSLThe neutron beam line at TSL
A quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam is produced in
the reaction 7Li(p,n)7Be. 42% of neutrons at the max energy The absolute neutron flux in the peak is measured
after the collimator by 2 monitors of the beam
intensity.
Accuracy: ~ 10%
5.31 m
KLOE calorimeter moduleKLOE calorimeter moduleKLOE calorimeter moduleKLOE calorimeter module
EKIN (MeV)
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 5
(1)
(3)
(2)
3 large data sets collected with different
beam intensities: 1.5 kHz/cm2, 3.0 kHz/cm2
and 6.0 kHz/cm2
The experimental setup and the data setThe experimental setup and the data set
( 2 ) Beam position monitor: array of 7 scintillating counters, 1 cm thick.
( 1 ) Old prototype of the KLOE calorimeter: 60 cm long, 3 x 5 cells (4.2 x 4.2 cm2), read out at both ends by Hamamatsu/Burle PMTs
( 3 ) Reference counter: NE110, 10×20 cm2, 5 cm thick
A rotating frame allows for: - vertical positions (data taking with n beam) - horizontal positions (calibration with cosmic rays)
n
YX
Z
For each configuration, several scans with different trigger thresholds Typical run: 0.5-1.5 Mevents, 1.7 kHz DAQ rate Cosmic rays run (beam off) for calibrations with MIPs.
last plane not integrated in the acquisition system
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 6
The measurement of the global efficiencyThe measurement of the global efficiency
RNEUTRON: from beam monitor via neutron
flux intensity measured by TSL.
RTRIGGER: use coincidence between sides.
•Scintillator: T1 trig = Side 1×Side 2•Calorimeter: use the analog sum of 12 PMs/side (first four planes)
T1 trig = A×B
Global efficiency measurementGlobal efficiency measurementintegrated on the full spectrum
I. The methodI. The method
fLIVE: live time fraction : for preliminary measurement, assume full acceptance and no background
= RTRIGGER
RNEUTRON × fLIVE ×
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 7
II. The scintillator efficiencyII. The scintillator efficiency The measurement of the scintillator efficiency gives a cross calibration of the measurement method and of the beam monitor accuracy, with small corrections due to the live time fraction
The energy scale was calibrated with a 90Sr source. 10% accuracy for horizontal scale (threshold) and the vertical one ()
Threshold (MeV e equiv. energy)
(%
)
Results agree with “thumb rule” (1%/cm): 5% for 5 cm thick scintillator (with a threshold of 2.5 MeV electron equivalent energy)
Agreement within errors with previous published measurements in the same energy range, after a rescaling of them to our thickness
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 8
III. The calorimeter efficiencyIII. The calorimeter efficiency
Energy scale setting done by MIP calibration of all channels, and using the MIP/MeV scale factor used in KLOE
10% uncertainty on both horizontal and vertical scales
Stability wrt very different run conditions: a factor 4 variations of both live time fraction (e.g. fLIVE=0.2 0.8) and beam intensity (1.5 6.0 kHz/cm2).
Very high efficiencyVery high efficiency, about 4 times larger than the expected if only the amount of scintillator is taken into account: ~ 8% for 8 cm of scintillating fibers.
Very high efficiencyVery high efficiency, about 4 times larger than the expected if only the amount of scintillator is taken into account: ~ 8% for 8 cm of scintillating fibers.
(%
)
Compare with our scintillator efficiency measurement, scaled by the scintillator ratio factor 8/5
Thr (MeV e equiv. energy)
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 9
The neutron spectrum from ToFThe neutron spectrum from ToF
n
Correct raw spectra for T0
and convert into ns
Since the trigger is phase locked with the RF ( time structure: 45 ns), rephasing is needed for neutrons with Ekin < 50 MeV (5.3 m far from
the target)
ToF (ns)
From ToF spectrum obtain of the neutron Assuming neutron mass, obtain Ekin
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 10
Energy vs ToFEnergy vs ToF
Energy released vs ToF Energy released vs ToF
ToF (ns)
Ene
rgy
(MeV
eq.
el.)
Energy (MeV eq. el.)
threshold: 15 mV
Charge response Charge response
The collected charge is here expressed as the energy of an electron that gives the
same charge response
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 11
LEAD
GLUEFIBERS
base module
replicas
200 layers
Using the FLUKA tool LATTICEthe fiber structure of the whole calorimetermodule has been designed.
In the base module the calorimeter is simulated in detail, both under the geometrical point of view and with respect to the used materials
The calorimeter simulation with FLUKAThe calorimeter simulation with FLUKA
All the compounds have been carefully simulated. - for the fibers, an average density between cladding and core has been used : ρ = 1.044 g/cm3 - glue: 72% epoxy resin C2H4O, =1.14 g/cm3,
+ 28% hardener, =0.95 g/cm3
Polyoxypropylediamine C7H20NO3 90%
Triethanolamine C6H15NO3 7%
Aminoethylpiperazine C6H20N3 1.5%
Diethylenediamine C4H10N2 1.5%
hardener composition
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 12
The readout simulation The readout simulation
The simulation of the Birks effectThe simulation of the Birks effect
Fluka gives energy deposits in the fiber.
The light is propagated by hand at the end of the fiber taking into account the attenuation.
The energy read-out has been simulated by including: the generation of photoelectronsthe generation of photoelectrons the constant fraction distribution the constant fraction distribution the discriminator threshold.the discriminator threshold. No trigger simulation is included at the moment.
dL/dx = k dE/dx / [ 1 + c1 dE/dx + c2 (dE/dx)2] c1 = 0.013c2 = 9.6×10-6
The energy deposits are computed in Fluka taking into account the Birks effect, that is
the saturation of the light output of a scintillating material when the energy release is high, due to the quenching interactions between the excited molecules along the path of
incident particles:
In literature and in GEANT:
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 13
Proton beam
Li target
n 5.5°
The simulation of the beam lineThe simulation of the beam line
Z(cm)
Y(c
m)
Shielding(concrete and steel)
Calorimeter
7Li Target
Gaussian angular distribution(Journal of Nuclear Scienceand Technology, supplement 2(2002), 112-115)
At the Li-target
At the calorimeter
Ekin(MeV)
The beam line has been simulated starting from the neutrons out of the Litium target
At the entrance of the
beam monitor
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 14
Neutron interactions in the calorimeterNeutron interactions in the calorimeter
Each primary neutron has a high probability to have elastic/inelastic scattering in Pb
target Pel(%)
Pinel(%)
Pb 32.6 31.4
fibers 10.4 7.0
glue 2.3 2.2In average, secondaries generated in inelastic interactions are 5.4 per primary neutron,counting only neutrons above 19.6 MeV.
neutrons
above 19.MeV
62.2%
photons 26.9%
protons 6.8%
He-4 3.2%
deuteron 0.4%
triton 0.2%
He-3 0.2%
Typical reactions on lead:
n Pb x n y Pb
n Pb x n y p + residual nucleus
n Pb x n y p + residual nucleus
In addition, secondaries created in interactions of low energy neutrons (below 19.6 MeV) are - in average - 97.7 particles per primary neutron.
neutrons 94.2%
protons 4.7%
photons 1.1%
Simulated neutron beam: Ekin = 180 MeV
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 15
A typical inelastic processA typical inelastic process
n
Z(cm)
p
n1
n2
n3
n4
X(c
m)
primary vertex
En = 175.7 MeV En (p) = 126 MeV
The enhancement of the efficiency appears to be due to the huge inelastic production of neutrons on the lead planes. These secondary neutrons: - are produced isotropically; - are produced with a non negligible fraction of e.m. energy and of protons, which can be detected in the nearby fibers; - have a lower energy and then a larger probability to do new interactions in the calorimeter with neutron/proton/γ production.
The enhancement of the efficiency appears to be due to the huge inelastic production of neutrons on the lead planes. These secondary neutrons: - are produced isotropically; - are produced with a non negligible fraction of e.m. energy and of protons, which can be detected in the nearby fibers; - have a lower energy and then a larger probability to do new interactions in the calorimeter with neutron/proton/γ production.
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 16
Neutron yield inside the calorimeterNeutron yield inside the calorimeter
X(c
m)
Z(cm)
beam
Neutron fluence
Ekin (MeV)
(
E)
cos(θ)
dN/d
Ω (
n sr
-1 p
er p
rim
) 1° plane
4° plane
Isotropic angular distributions
from inelastic scattering
Energy distributionEnergy distribution
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 17
The proton yield inside the calorimeterThe proton yield inside the calorimeter X
(cm
)
Z(cm)
beam
Proton fluence
(
E)
Ekin (MeV) cos(θ)
dN/d
Ω (
prot
sr-1
per
pri
m)
Protons are mainlyconcentrated alongthe direction of the primary beam
Energy distribution Energy distribution Angular distribution Angular distribution
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 18
A key point: the high sampling frequencyA key point: the high sampling frequency
The energy deposits of the ionizing particles (protons and excited nuclei) are distributed mainly in the nearby fibers: the high sampling frequency is crucial in optimizing the calorimeter
Z depo
sit –
Z prim
.ver
t(c
m)
Xdeposit -Xprim.vert (cm)
neutron lateral profile neutron lateral profile proton lateral profile proton lateral profile
Interaction vertex Interaction vertex in leadin lead (protons and res nuclei) (protons and res nuclei)
Interaction vertex Interaction vertex in leadin lead (protons and res nuclei) (protons and res nuclei)
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 19
Ekin (GeV)
Protons
Neutrons
E.m. energyOthers
E(r
il)/E
(tot
)(ril)
Particle contribution to the energy responseParticle contribution to the energy response
EE(tot)(tot) (ril) (ril) = = ΣΣ E Epp(ril)(ril) + + ΣΣ E Enn
(ril)(ril) + + ΣΣEEemem(ril)(ril) + + ΣΣEEresnucresnuc
(ril)(ril)
Particle contribution to the energy released in the fibers:Particle contribution to the energy released in the fibers:
Evaluating the particle contribution to the energyresponse, we have to take into account:
- the contribution of the highly ionizing particles: protons and excited nuclei; - the contribution of the e.m. energy
The neutron contribution is not to take into account in general, because the neutrons transfer energy to the nuclei of the fibers basically as invisible energy. We don’t know if at least a part of this energy can produce somehow scintillating photons.
For this reasons, we evaluate first the efficiency without taking into account the neutron energy deposits, then we do the exercise to re-calculate the efficiency also including the neutron contribution, as a superior limit to the true value.
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 20
Integrated efficiency: 50% Integrated efficiency: 50%
The simulated efficiency vs energyThe simulated efficiency vs energy ε
(%)
Ekin (MeV)
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
No cut in released energy!
No trigger simulation Simulation of the discriminator threshold applied only at the cell level not at the cluster level
By taking into account neutron
energy deposits: ε ≈ 56%
To be read as a superior limit !!
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 21
Data vs Monte CarloData vs Monte Carlo
The whole cluster algorithm procedure is under study
A first comparison at the cell level has
been made (in this example: threshold = 15 mV)
The agreement Data/MC is good, except for
the lower energy region
n
To be included in the simulation:
local shielding, metallic supports, …
to simulate the background due to the
neutrons scattered on the materials in the
experimental hall
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 22
Tcell(ns)
MC
● Exp
Ekin(MeV)
ε(%
)
A study on the detection efficiency vs energy A study on the detection efficiency vs energy A fast Monte Carlo procedure has been used to test the sensitivity of the time distribution to
the shape of the efficiency curve
n
• two efficiency functions (Fermi-Dirac) are used in Monte carlo generation
time distributions for the central cell in the first plane are calculated and
compared with the experimental data (threshold = 15 mV)
In this example:
Tcell(ns)
MC
● Exp
Ekin(MeV)
ε(%
)
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 23
ConclusionsConclusions
We think that this work is the starting point for the study and the development of a new, compact, cheap, fast and efficient neutron detector We think that this work is the starting point for the study and the development of a new, compact, cheap, fast and efficient neutron detector
A first comparison Data/Monte Carlo has been done and is satisfactory. Work is in progress to tune the Monte Carlo.
The first measurement of the detection efficiency of a high sampling
lead-scintillating fiber calorimeter to neutrons, in the kinetic energy range [20, 178] MeV
has been performed at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala .
The efficiency integrated over the whole neutron energy spectrum ranges between
40% and 50%, at the lowest trigger threshold used.
A detailed Monte Carlo study, carried out with FLUKA, showed that that the origin of a such enhancement is related both to an effect shower-like, due to the inelastic processes in the Pb-scintillating fiber structure of the calorimeter, AND to the high sampling fraction used of this detector.
New tests on neutron beam in different energy regions are in program
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 24
Some additional information…
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 25
Details on DAQDetails on DAQ
• Scintillator trigger: Side 1 – Side 2 coincidence (T1=S1×S2)• Calorimeter trigger: based on analog sum of the signals of the first 4 plan out of 5 (T1=A×B).• Trigger signal is phase locked with RF signal (T1 free).• Vetoed from retriggering by a 5-35 ms busy signal and by the DAQ busy.• The final trigger signal is: T2 = T1free.AND.NOT(BUSY).
• T1free, T2, and the n monitor signals are acquired by a scaler asynchronous from DAQ.• Fraction of live time: T2/T1free; essential for the efficiency evaluation.
T2/
T1 F
RE
E
Thr (mV)• Neutron rate proportional to neutron monitor via neutron flux intensity (I0) and peak fraction (fP)• An absolute rate calibration should be provided by scintillator counter.• Calorimeter scintillator efficiency rate is almost independent from beam monitor.
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 26
Time structureTime structure
4.2 ms
2.4 ms
40 ns41 ns
5 ns FWHM
RF Macro structure
Calorimeter Trigger signal
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 27
Test of phase lockingTest of phase locking
Beam RF
T1(Free)
Test done with a random trigger at 60KHz
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 28
S1(ADC counts)
Thr (mV)
1.15 count/mV
Trigger threshold calibration: mV to ADC counts
Scintillator calibrationScintillator calibration
source to set the energy scale in MeV: 90Sr endpoint 0.564 MeV; 90Y endpoint 2.238 MeV.Fit of the b spectrum, with ADC counts to MeV factor as a free parameter.
0.021 MeV/countS1
ADC counts
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 29
Calorimeter calibrationCalorimeter calibration
A 1.6 count/mVB 2.0 count/mV
AD
C c
ount
smV
• Cell response equalized: MIP peak at 600 ADC counts.• Trigger threshold calibration: - HP attenuators used for A and B not to exceed the dynamic range of the ADC; different attenuation factors: fA=2.0, fB=1.7. - Threshold in counts studied with different methods.• Energy scale set with MIPs using the conversion factor from KLOE: a MIP in a calorimeter cell corresponds to an electron of 35 MeV.
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 30
100 mV
40 mV
15 mV
TOF distributions with different trigger thresholds
Anna Ferrari VCI 2007, Wien, February 22nd, 2007 31
Simulation of the energy read-out
fiber (active material)
energy deposit given by FLUKA
The light is propagated by hand at the end of the fiber using the parametrization:
Kuraray
Politech
The number of photoelectrons generated by the light collected by each fiber is evaluated:
Attenuation
na , b
pe− fibgenerated according to a Poisson distribution
the constant fraction distribution is simulated (15% fr., 10 ns t.w.) to obtain the time
Ea,b(fib) = E(dep) ·[0.35 e-x(a,b)/50 + (1- 0.35) e–x(a,b)/430 ]
Ea,b(fib) = E(dep) ·[0.35 e-x(a,b)/50 + (1- 0.35) e–x(a,b)/330 ]
ta,b(fib) = t(dep) + X(a,b) /17.09
na,b (pe-fib) =E(fib)(MeV)(a,b) · 25t(a,b)
(p.e.) = t(a,b)(fib)
+ tscin+ 1ns (smearing)
na,b (pe-cell) = ∑ t(pe)<300ns na , b
pe− fib