ANNALSOF . EDITOR:FRANCISR.PACKARDM.D.Philadelphia,Pa. ASSOCIATE EDITORS HORACEMANCHESTERBROWN,M.D. HARVEYCUSHING,M.D. CHARLESL.DANA.M.D. GEORGEI>0CK.M.D.. FIElDINGH.GARRISON,M.D.. HENRYBARTONJAQ)BS,M.D. HOWARDA.KEILY,M.D.. TIIOMASMcCRAE. LEWISSTEPHENPILOIER,M.D.. DAVIDRIESMAN,M.D JOHNRUHRAH,M.D. CHARLESSINGER,M.D. EDWARDCSTREETER,M.D. CASEYA.WOOD,M.D. VOLUMEIll NEWYORK . .Milwaukee .Boston .New York .St. Louis Washington . Baltimore .Baltimore .Philadelphia .Brooklyn .Philadelphia .Baltimore ..Orlord .Boston Cbicaao PAULB.HOEBER,PUBLISHER 67-69EASTJ9thSTREET COPYRIGHT,r g ~I Js\0PAUL B. HO'E'BER ''o.S' AL/3 774t41 c,~I.., /t- , .. I1 ,...... .., ' i. ANNALS OF MEDICAL. HISTORY VOLUMEIll CONTENTSSPRINGNUMBER PoRTRAITOFVIEUSSENS THECoLLEcrioNoFTHEBosToNPHRENOLOGICAL SociETY-ARETROSPEcr.J. CollinsWarren ANANCIENTEGYPTIANMEDICALPRESCRIPTION FORHYSTERIA.I sador H.Coriat. ELIZABETHFRY,PASTORFLIEDNERANDFLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.HenryBaTtonJacobs . LEoNARDODAVINCIASASciENTISTJobn C. HemmeteT. SIRWILLIAM0sLER,.D. A. Webb SHAKSPEREANDTHEPRAcriCEOFMEDICINELemuel Mattbews Grijfilbs ANAssYRo-BABYLONIANTREATISEONDISEASES OF THE MALE URINARY ANDGENITAL ORGANS.EdwardPodolsky. ONTHEGIVINGOFMEDICALDEGREESINTHE MIDDLEAGESBYOTHERTHANACADEMIC AUTHoRITYHarryFrieclenwald THE SciENTIFICLIFEOFTHOMASBARTHOLINJobnH.Ska,lem. EDITORIALS STAUNTONA.FRIEDBERG. APPOINTMENTOFDR.MENETRIER PREMIERCoNGREsDEL'HISTOIREDEL'ARTDEGUERIR THEFRENCHDRAMAANDMEDICALToPICS. HisTORICALNoTES THEPoRTRAIToF VIEussENS ATTHEFACULTYoF MEDICINE ATMoNTPELLIER. THEDEACONOFRous FROMTHELITERATURE CoRRESPONDENCE HENRYBENcEJoNEsANDSIRBENJAMINBRODIE BooKREVIEws THEPROCEEDINGsoFTHECHARAKACLUB,VoLUMEV. DucLAux.PASTEUR-THEHisTORYoFAMIND Fox,DR.JoHNFoTHERGILLANDHisFRIENDS;CHAPTERSINEIGHTEENTH-CENTURYLIFE. STERNBERG.GEORGEMILLERSTERNBERG V PAGE C01JeT I 12 17 26 45 .;o 86 87 88 8g 93 g6 CONTENTS SUMMERNUMBER PoRTRAIToFJEROMBCARDAN MoNTAIGNEANDMEDICINE,PARTI.. THESTORYOFAGREATCoNSULTATION.. ANUNRECOGNIZEDANGLo-SAXONMEDICALTEXT. THEFIRSTSciENTIFICWoRKoNSPECTACLES. CHARLESCALDWELL,ABIOGRAPHICSKETCH.. LAFAYETTEHouGHTONBuNNELL,M.D.,Discov-EREROFTHEYosEMITE EDITORIALS oR.Wn.uAMMACMicHAEL. EDITORIALNOTES HISTORICALNOTES ...... J.S.Tay/qr.. Charles L. Dana.... Charlesand Dorothea Singer. Casey- A.Wood.... WilliamShainlineMiddleton HowordA.KeUy. MACHIAVELLIONTUBERCULOSIS..... SIR HENRYHALFORD's AccoUNT OFTHE OPENINGOF THE ToMBOF CHARLESI CoRRESPONDENCE PAGE Cowr 97 122 136 1,50 1,56 179 .194 .195 lg6 Jg6 PRocEEDINGsOFTHEDUTcHSoctETYoFTHEHISTORYoFMEDICINE,PHvstcs ANDMATHEMATICS199 BooKREviEws CoLLINS.IDLINGINITALY... KELLYANDBURRAGE.AMERICANMEDICALBIOGRAPHIES HARINGTON.THEScHOOLOFSALERNUM. FAlL NUMBER PoRTRAIToFHERMANLuowiGFERDINANDvoNHELMHOLTZ. GIDEONHARVEY.SIDELIGHTSONMEDICALLIFE FROMTHERESTORATIONTOTHEENDOFTHE XVIICENTURY..H.A.ColweU. ANoTEoNTHELAsTILLNESSANDTHEPosT-MORTEMExAMINATIONOFMARCELLUSMAL-PIGHJ..... ACHRISTIANSciENCECuREINTHESIXTEENTH CENTU'RY ABRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARYOF THE TREATMENT OFTRACHOMA,WITHSPECIALREFERENCETO THBARABIANScHOOLANDTHEWRITINGOF AuIBN-EL-AissA(JEsuHALl) JoHNSHAw-A MEDICALPoET OFMARYLAND. MoNTAIGNEANDMEDICINE,PART11.... WILLIAMRAwuNsBEAuMoNT,F.R.C.S.(ENG.) (18o3-1875) EDITORIALS JohnDonley. HoraceManchesterBrown. CharlesGreeneCumston. JohnRuhrllb. J.S.Taylor. M.Charlton. DR.STREETER'sExHIBITOFEARLYMEDICALTEXTS. MoNUMENTOFCRAWFORDW.LoNG. HERMANNLUDWIGFERDINANDVONHELMHOLTZ. FINIENS0RBISMEDICIAsklepiados. VI .202 .203 .204 CONT 205 CONTENTS PAGE ColREsPONDENCE DR.D.FRASERHAmus ONALATINTRANSLATIONOFTHECoMPLETEWoRKS oF GALEN292 BooKREviEWs CHouLANT.HisTORYANDBIBLIOGRAPHYoFANATOMICILLusTRATION...29; NICHOLSON.HISTORICAL SouRcES OFDEFoE's JouRNAL oF THEPLAGUEYEAR.2g6 STILLMAN.THEOPHRASTusBoMBASTusvoNHoHENHEIM,CALLEDPARACELSus.297 SINGER.STUDIESINTHEHISTORYANDMETHODOFSCIENCE.299 WINTERNUMBER PoRTRAIToFDR.JoHNBARD.Com-TAOISTIDEASOFHuMANANATOMY.E.V.Cowdry.301 THELIBRARYOFTHOMASLoRKYN....C.Sayle..310 THERowOFBooKSOFNicHoLAsGIBBARDoF OxFoRD......R.T.Guntber.324 MoNTAIGNEANDMEDICINE(Concluded)J.S.Taylor.327 JoHNFERRIAR...JobnRubr4b.349 THEINTERPRETATIONOFAviCENNA....0.C.Gruner.354 EMERODS,MICEANDTHEPLAGUEOFISAMUEL, CHAPTERVI..........D.FraserHarris.359 THREEELECI'ROTHERAPISTSOFTHEEIGHTEENTH CENTURY:JoHNWESLEY,JEANPAULMARAT ANDJAMESGRAHAM...W.J.Turrell.361 THE HISTORY oF THE TREATMENT oF THE SuRGICAL AFFECTIONSOFTHELAcHRYMALAPPARATUSCharlesGreeneCumston368 THEFoRERUNNERSoFEMPEDOCLESANDTHE NATUREPHILOSOPHERS....JonatbanWrigbt..374 ANINTERESTINGFRIENDSHIP-THoMAsHoooKIN, M.D.,ANDSIRMosEsMoNTEFIORE,BARTJacobRosenbloom381 DR.ERASMUSDARWIN,THEAUTHOROF"Zoo-NOMIA".WilliamAbbau387 THEJoHNKEARSLEYS.WilliamS.Middleton.391 THaPsYCHOLOGYOFMEDICALSATIREIso.dorH.Coriat.403 EDITORIALS LECAoucb.408 BooKREVIEWS Two DiscouRSES DEALING WITH MEDICAL EDuCATION IN E.\RLY NEW YoRK4IO MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY(LEGISLATIVE ANDADMINis-TRATIVEHISTORY)DuRINGTHEPERIODOFTHEREVOLUTION(I776-1786).410 ANNALSOF MEDICAL HISTORY PUBLISHEDQUARTERLY EDITOR FRANCISR.PACKARD,M.D.,PHILADELPHIA,PA. ASSOCIATEEDITORS HORACE1\.fANCHESTERBROWN,HARVEYCUSHING,M.D. CHARLESL.DANA,M.D.. GEORGEDOCK,M.D. FIELDINGH.GARRISON,M.D. HENRYBARTONJACOBS,rvLD. HOWARDA.KELLY,.M.D.. THOMASMcCRAE LEWISSTEPHENPILCHER,M.D. DAVIDRIESMAN,M.D.. JOHNRUHRAH,M.D.. CHARLESSINGER,l\LD. . EDWARDC.STREETER,.MD.. CASEYA.WOOD,M.D.. VolumeIll SPRING March,I92I (SerialNumber9) NEWYORK Milwaukee .Boston NewYork St.Louis Washington Baltimore .Baltimore .Philadelphia .Brooklyn Philadelphia Baltimore Oxford Boston Chicago NumberI PAULB.HOEBER,PUBLISHER 67-69-7 rEAST59thSTREET COPYRIGHT,19:U BvPAULB.HOEBER ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY CONTENTS PoRTRAITOFVI EUSSENs THECoLLECTIONoFTHEBosToNPHREN-OLOGICALSociETY-ARETROSPECT.J.CoLLINSWARREN,M.D. ANANCIENTEGYPTIANMEDICALPRE-SCRIPTIONFORHYsTERIA.lsADORH.CoRIAT,M.D. ELIZABETHFRY,PASTORFLIEDNERAND FLORENCENIGHTINGALEHENRYBARTONJACOBS,M.D. LEONARDODAVINCIAsASciENTISTJoHNC.HEMMETER,M.D. SIRWILLIAM0sLERD.A.WEBB,M.D. PAGE Cover I2 I7 26 45 SHAKSPERE AND THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINELEMUELMATTHEWSGRIFFITHS,M.D.50 ANAssYRo-BABYLONIANTREATISEoNDis-EASEsOFTHEMALEURINARYAND GENITALORGANS.EDWARDPoDOLSKY62 ONTHEGIVINGOFMEDICALDEGREESIN THEMIDDLEAGESBYOTHERTHAN ACADEMICAUTHORITY.HARRYFRIEDENWALD,M.D. THE SciENTIFic LIFE oF THoMAs BARTHOLINJoHNH.SKAVLEM,M.D. EDITORIALS STAUNTONA.FRIEDBERG,M.D.. APPOINTMENTOFDR.MENETRIER PREMIERCoNGRESDEL'HisTOIREDEL' ARTDEGuERIR THEFRENCHDRAMAANDMEDICALToPics HisTORICALNoTES THEPoRTRAIToFVIEUSSENSATTHEFAcULTYoFMEDICINEATMoNTPELLIER86 THEDEACONoFRous87 FROMTHELITERATURE88 CoRRESPONDENCE HENRYBENCEJoNEsANDSIRBENJAMINBRODIE.89 BooKREVIEWS THEPROCEEDINGsoFTHECHARAKACLuB,VoLUMEV90 DucLAUX.PASTEUR-THEHISTORYOFAMIND92 Fox.DR.JoHNFoTHERGILLANDHrsFRIENDs;CHAPTERSINEIGHTEENTH-CENTURYLIFE93 STERNBERG.GEORGEMILLERSTERNBERG96 OriginalarticlesarepublishedonlywiththeunderstandingthattheyarecontributedexclusivelytotheANNALSOF l\1EDICAL HISTORY.Manuscriptsofferedforpublication,booksforreview,andallcorrespondencerelatingtotheeditorial management should be addressed to the Editor, Dr. Francis R.Packard,302 South19th Street, Philadelphia,Pa. Communications regarding subscriptions,reprints,andallmattersregardingthebusinessmanagementof theANNALSOF MEDICALHISTORY should be addressed to the Publisher,Paul B.Hoeber, 67-69-71East 59th Street, New York City. TheANNALSOFMEDICALHISTORYispublishedquarterly,thefourissuescomprising one volume.The subscription price is $8.oo per year.Single numbers $2.50. Entered as second class mntter, June 2,1917, at thePost Office,NewYork, New York,under the Act of March ], 1879. Copyright,1921,by Paul B. Hoeber. ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY VoLUMEIllSPRING1921NUMBERI THE COLLECfiONOF THE BOSTONPHRENOLOGICAL SOCIITY-ARETROSPECf ByJ.COU.INSWARREN,M.D. BOSTON,MASS. formidablearray ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ofplastercastsof ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ } ~theheadsof allsorts andc o n d it i o n sof men which decorated therailingsurround-ingthe gallery of the AnatomicalMuseum is ~ o n eof myearliestrecollectionsofthe HarvardMedicalSchoolinitsoldhome attheheadofNorthGroveStreetnear theMassachusettsGeneralHospital.Here wasafriezeof startling,realisticappear-ancedepictingallthevagariesof Nature's humanoffspring.Thebustsoftheintel-lectualCiceroandCresarandthedeath maskof the greatNapoleonstoodliterally cheek byjowl with those of degenerates and celebrated criminals. It was not ahaphazard collection of materialbut a seriesof casts of the heads of well-known individuals carefully selected andduly cataloguedby the Boston Phrenological Society many yearsbefore. Few of itsspecimensaretobe foundon exhibitionontheshelvesoftheMuseum today,andthetheorieswhichitwasin-tended to illustrate have long since been set asideintheadvanceof ourknowledgeof anatomy and physiology. YettheworkofGallandofhispupil Spurzheim,overacenturyago,exerteda stronginfluenceuponthe researchesof the period-a periodof rapidadvance inmedi-calscience-andleftamarkbehindwhich time hasnot succeededinobliterating. It ispartly forthe purpose of preserving oneoftheoldtraditionsoftheHarvard Medical School and forreviewing an almost forgottenmedicaltheorythatthisbrief accountof the history of the collection and itsrelationtotheMedicalSchoolhasbeen prepared. John Gaspar Spurzheim was born Decem-ber3 I,I 776,atLongvick,Germany,near thecityof Treves onthe Moselle river.He waseducatedattheUniversityof Treves and when inI799 that part of Germany was invaded by the French he went to Vienna to studymedicine.Herehecameincontact with one with whomhisname wasdestined 2 AnnalsofMedicalHistory tobeperpetuallyassociated.Dr.F.J. GaiPhadgraduatedfromthemedical departmentoftheUniversityin1785.A pioneerinthestudyoftheanatomyand physiology of the brain,he was,at the time ofhis1 pupil'sarrivalinVienna,promul-gating his theory of the seats of the intellec-tualfacultiesinthebraininwhichhehad establishedalistoftwentydifferentlo-calities. His lectures, based as they had been onanatomicalstudyandextensiveclinical experienceinhospitalsandasylums,had arousedgreatinterest,notonlyinthe medicalworld,butamongthelaityat large also. Itmustberememberedthatatthat periodthe time-honouredviewsof the clas-sicalauthorshadplacedthesoulorthe "sentientzone"intheheartandthe stomachaswellasinthe pinealglandand thecerebellum.Hisradicalviewscauseda greatsensationatthetimeand,regarded asdangeroustoreligion,ledfinallyto Gall'sdeparturefromViennain1805. Spurzheim,asafaithfuldisciplewould, accompaniedthemastertoexpoundthe newdoctrine to the world. There seemstobe little doubt that Gall, andSpurzheimalso,weregoodanatomists andhadmade acarefulstudy of the struc-tureofthebrainandhadobtainedan insightintothe distributionof nervefibres tothedifferentregionswhichwasdis-tinctlyinadvance of the time. Studyingatthesametimethemental peculiaritiesofindividuals,bothnormal andinsane,Gallsoughttoharmonizethe physiology of the brain withitsanatomical structure.Hegraduallycametothecon-clusionthat the external peculiarities of the headcorrespondedmoreorlessaccurately withintellectualendowmentsandmoral qualities.Alsothat the seat of these various functionsof the brainbeingmappedout,a meanswasthusobtainedofdetermining : 1 Bornat Baden in1758; died inMontrouge,near Paris,in1838. thosequalitieswhichgotomakeupthe characterofanindividualbytheimpress which the development of the different organs of the brain had left uponits outer covering. Consideringthe stateof knowledge at that timeit isnotsurprisingthattheworkof a pioneer should have confused what we now describeas"cerebral localization"withthe science of psychology. Inspiredneverthelesswithgreatcon-fidenceinthecorrectnessoftheirtheories thesetwo observers started out to convince ascepticalworldandplannedalecture tourthroughcontinentalEurope,finally reachingPariswhereGallestablishedhim-self asapractitioner. Liketwophilosophersofanearlierage they travelled fromplace to place preaching theirdoctrineandobtainingthewhere-withalforfuturelaboursbycoursesof lectureswhichdoubtlessservedasabasis forextensiveclinicalstudyandpractice. Dr.Spurzheim,afterremaininginParis severalyearswithhischief,subsequently extendedthefieldofhislabourstoGreat Britain.Herehebecame,inLondonand EdinburghandDublin,thecentralpoint of aheatedcontroversy,Dr.JohnGordon ofEdinburghbeingoneoftheprominent opponentsofhisviewsandDrs.George andAndrewCombehisenthusiasticsup-porters.Failingtoobtainpromotionin Englandto professorial honours he returned toPariswiththeintentionofremaining therepermanentlywithhisFrenchwife. But he also failed to obtain scientific support thereandfollowingherdeath,heyielded topressinginvitationsfromAmericato crosstheAtlantic.In1832hesailedfor theUnitedStates,arrivinginNewYork August 4,1832.Accordingtothe Hon.Na-humCapen2 hisliteraryrepresentative and friend,hiscareer beganunderfavourable 2 NahumCapenwasbornatCanton,Massa-chusetts,April1,1804.PostmasterofBoston 1857-1861;publisher(Marsh,Capen&Lyons); diedinBostonJanuary4,1886. CoLLECTIONOFTHEBosTONPHRENOLOGICALSociETY 3 ausprcesandattractedtheattentionof prominentcitizensinthevarioustowns and citieshevisited.But it was destinedto beashortone,forhefellillanddiedof whatappearstohavebeentyphoidfever, inBoston,NovemberIO,1832.Helies buriedatMt.Auburn,almostthefirst occupantofthatcemeterywhichhad Portrait of SPURZHEIMby A! van Fisher. (HarvardMedicalSchool.) recentlybeenfoundedby some of Boston's most prominent physicians. At thetimeof his arrival in this country, theworkofGallandSpurzheimwas familiar to allthe scientistsof the day and theirfamesurvived another generation,for Iwell remember the frequent quotations of the writings of these worthies in the lectures and literature of my student days,andtwo quarto volumesinmypossessionaqualityofworkwellupto,rfnotm advance of,the standards of the period. s 1Gall, F. J., et Spurzheim, G.: Anatomieet physi-ologiedusystemnerveuxengeneralet ducerveau enparticulier.Paris,181o(2 vol., numerous plates). The scienceof phrenologyasexpounded by'themhadmetwithmuchopposition but it also had many enthusiastic supporters andthevalueofmuchoftheirscientific workwasgenerallyrecognized.Spurzheim wasmoreoveramanof attractiveperson-ality,if wemayjudgefromhisportrait by Fisher,and thereisampletestimonyto his engaging manners and unassuming demeanor. Hewasreceivedwithmuchenthusiasm bymanyoftheadvancedthinkersofthe daywhosenamesweresoprominenta featureof NewEnglandlife of that period. 4 Themedicalprofessionappearstohave beencourteousandopen-mindedbutcau-tious inits endorsement of the new doctrine ofphrenology.Thisfeatureofthework ofGallandSpurzheimseemstohave thrownintoobscuritymuchofthepains-takingandscientificlabouroftheseob-servers,whichreallyentitlesthemtoa place amongthe pioneersinresearchwhich leduptothemodernconceptionsofthe functionsof thebrain. 4 InaletterdatedNovember16,1832,from NathanielI.BowditchtohisbrotherDr.HenryI. Bowditch,thenamedicalstudentinParis,some accountisgivenof the deathandfuneralof Spurz-heim.Amongthosewhoattended ameeting at his residence to make arrangements forthe funeralwere Hon.JosiahQuincy,presidentof HarvardCollege andthepresident of the AmericanAcademy. Nathaniel Bowditch, the writer of this letter, says: "Every one of usfeels a pride and pleasure to be able to express inany wayhisregard and esteemforthe deceasedandhisregretforhissuddenandmelan-cholydeath.But afewmonthssinceDr.S.came among us astranger knownonly byreputation,yet inthisshort intervalhemademorecordialfriends thanmanycouldhavedoneinawholelife.The course of lectures inBoston was attended by amore brilliantandselectcompanythaneverbefore listenedhereto any other lecturer upon any subject whatever-without perhaps in any instance inspiring afullbelief inhis favorite theory hewas admitted to possessremarkaoletalentsforlecturing.Theacute and accurate observation of nature,his philanthropy andhismoralphilosophywereadmiredbyall." (Publicationof the Colonial Society,x,77.) (CommunicationofMr.H.H.Edes.) .... 4 AnnalsofMedicalHistory Spurzheim'sshortperiodofactivityin Americalefthimlittlemorethanan opportunityforanintroductiontothe medicalprofessioninthiscountrybut hisfamehadgonebeforehimandhis faithfuladherents,ofwhomMr.Nahum Capen,publisherandpublicist,wasa conspicuousmember,unitedtofoundthe PhrenologicalSocietywithaviewtopro-moting the newdoctrines. TheBostonPhrenologicalSocietywas foundedontheeveningoftheI 7thof November,1832,thedayofSpurzheim's funeral.A meeting was heldforthis purpose inthebuildingofMarsh,Capenand Lyons,atwhichtheRev.Dr.Tuckerman presidedandNahumCapenwaschosen secretary.Thefirstofficersofthesociety elected December 31,1832,were the follow-ing:Rev.JohnPierpont,president;Dr. JonaBarber,vicepresident;Dr.Samuel G.Howe,correspondingsecretary;Nahum Capen,recordingsecretary;S.P.Clark, treasurer. The society continued in activity for about tenyearsandnumberedonehundredand forty-fourmembers.Duringitsperiodof existencethesocietydulyobservedthe birthdayofSpurzheim,thedayofits anniversary,bysuitableservices.Onthese occasionsformaladdressesweregivenby prominentcitizens,amongwhommaybe mentionedDr. Samuel G. Howe, who seems tohavetakenaprominentpartinthe workofthesociety.Duringthisperiod GeorgeCombeofEdinburghvisitedthis countryandgavelecturesinNewYork, PhiladelphiaandBostononthescienceof phrenology. Apiece of silver plate was duly presentedtohimby friendsof the society. The societycontinued in active operation untilthe year1842.The novelty of the new science was then wearing away.Other topics of interest were coming fonvard and occupy-ing:aprominentplaceandasMr.Capen suggestivelyputsit,"In asocietyof nearly onehundredandfiftymemberstherewill alwaysbesomewhoinjurethecauseof scientificinvestigationbytheirweakness, theirwantof sense,andbytheirtedious dissertationsuponsubjectstheydonot understand."6 Butalthoughthesocietyceasedtoexist andtheridiculewhichhadbeenheaped uponitsteaching,sofarasthelocationof Localization of the Organs of Feeling and Intellect. (Fromapublicationwbicbwasprobablyissuedby tbePbrenologicalSociety.) thedifferentfunctionsofthebrainwas concerned,hadbecome atradition,wefind aslate asI 879, apaper on the brainby the Hon.GeorgeH.Calvert of Newport,R.I., inwhichthe followingsignificant statement wasmade-"Fromthediscoveriesof Gall legitimatedeductionsarethat the brainis the instrumentof the mind: that the brain isnotasingleorganbutacongeriesof organs,thefunctionofeachbeingto 6 Capen,Nahum,LLD.:ReminiscencesofDr. Spurzheim.NewYork,1881. CoLLECTIONOFTHEBosTONPHRENOLOGICALSociETY 5 manifestaprimitivementalpowerof feelingor of intellect,etc." Alittlevolume of the societyliesbefore me,thetitlepageof whichisasfollows: "ACatalogueofPhrenologicalSpecimens belongingtotheBostonPhrenological Society.Boston.PrintedbyJohnFord 1835."It contains alist of 416 specimens or casts.A selectionof one or two samples will serve to illustrate the character of the work attempted by the society.The list opens with No.1,Dr.J.F.Gall,No.2,G.Spurzheim, No. 6, Napoleon Bonaparte, No.10,William Pitt,etc.,allwithoutspecialdesignation. Furtheronunder"Amativeness"6 wefind 6 TheFacultiesaredividedintotwoorders;viz. Order of Feelingsand Order of Intellect. ORDEROFFEELINGS I.Genus.Propensities: having theorgans of I.Amativeness,or physicallove. 2.Philoprogenitiveness,or loveof offspring. 3Inhahitiveness-in animals the dispositionto determinetheplaceofdwelling-inman love of country. 4Adhesiveness,ordispositiontoformat-tachments. 5Combativeness,ordispositiontoquarrel and fight. 6.Destructiveness,ordispositionto destroy. 7Constructiveness, or disposition to build, etc. 8.Acquisitiveness,ordispositiontoobtainor acqUire. 9Secretiveness,or dispositionto conceal. 11.Genus. Sentiments: havingtheorgansof 1 o.Self-esteem,orself-love. r I.Love of approbation, or desire of applause. I 2.Cautiousness,or circumspection. I3Benevolence,or kind affection. I4.Veneration,or tendency to adore. I5.Hope,or inclinationto expectandbelieve. I6.ldeality,orpoeticandenthusiastictend-ency. I7.Consciousness, or sense of justice and duty. 18.Firmness,or resolutenessof character, etc. ORDEROFINTELLECT I.Genus.KnowingFaculties:havingtheorgansof Ig.Individuality, or faculty of knowing external objects. "No.150,AmativeFortune Teller who de-ceivedalmostallthenobilityofVienna. Shekepttwogentlemen.Cerebellumvery large." "Inbabitiveness. A.R. W., a lady, who feelspleasure in contemplating a certainty of herremainingathome;largeinhabitive-nessNo.28o."Contrastingwiththeabove is:"No.290,IrishTravelercelebratedfor hisgreatdesiretovisitforeigncountries. Hespendsnotimeinanyplacewhichhe visitsbutmerelypassesthroughthem. Organ of Locality very large." Under the title "Sculls or Casts ofSculls"7 (sic) we find"No. 341, the Austrian General Wurmser.HecommandedtheAustrian 20.Form, the power of considering forms. 21.Size,faculty of contemplating size. 22.Weight and momenta,etc.; faculty by which ideasof weight,etc., are acquired. 23.Colouring, faculty of perceiving the harmony andrelationof colours. 24.Locality,facultyofcontemplatingplaces, situations, spaceetc. 25.Order,facultyof conceivingorder,method, etc. 26.Time,facultyof attending to the succession of events; duration. 27.Number,facultyof calculating,etc. 28.Tune,facultyofperceivingmelodym sounds;musicalgeniusdependsonit. 29.Language,facultyofacquiringandusing arbitrary signs. 11.Genus:ReflectingFaculties: havingtheorgansof 30.Comparison, faculty of findingresemblances, using examples,etc. 31.Causality,facultyofexaminingc ~ u s e sand relations;metaphysicalgenius. 32.Wit,facultyoftheludicrousingeneral; gaiety. 33Imagination,facultyof copying or mimicing the actions,manners,etc.of others. Addenda-Wonder, or feeling of the marvellous. NoTEs.-No. 2Iand22,conjecturedto besituated near No.20,Form,inthe internal angle of the orbit oftheeye.Language,No.29,seatedaboutthe middleof the orbit soaswhenconsiderable togive prominencetotheeyes. 7 Acatalogue of PhrenologicalSpecimens.Belong-ingtotheBostonPhrenologicalSocietyBoston, 1835 6 Annalsof MedicalHistory ArmyinItaly andwas defeated by General Bonaparte.Hewasendowedwithpro-digious courage. This and attachment to his friendsformedprominenttraitsinhis character.TheorgansofCombativeness and Adhesiveness are remarkablylargeand Cautiousness small." "No.342,TimidFemale.Dr. Spurzheim usedtoshowthisincontrastwiththat of Wurmser.Theorganof Combativeness beingsmallandCautiousnesslargelyde-veloped." "No.416,Dr.BerijaminRush.Intellec-tualorgansandloveofapprobationvery large.Seereport on file." ThemostnotablespecimensoftheSo-ciety'scollectionweretheskullandheart andbrainofSpurzheim. whichhadbeen placedinthefireproofbuildingofthe MastodonMuseum. 8 TheskullofDr. Robertonwasanothernotablespecimen: AScotchphysician,hewasanoldresident of ParisandwasPresidentof theAnthro-pologicalSociety,aninstitutionfounded bySpurzheim.Mr.Capeninhis"Rem-iniscences"describedameetingwithDr. RobertoninParisandrecallsthefactthat thisdevotedfriendleft inhiswill directions thathiscollectionandhisskullshouldhe presentedtothePhrenologicalSocietyand shouldhe placedforeverby the sideof the skullof hismaster. WhentheMedicalFacultymovedfrom theoldbuildingintoitsnewquarterson BoylstonStreetin1 88o,thiscollectionof castswasleftbehindandremainedfor manyyearsstoredinthebasement.After theDentalFaculty,whichhadoccupied thebuildinginitsturnmovedawaytoits newquarters on Longwood Avenue,the old schoolbuilding remainedemptyforawhile and wasthenpulleddowntomake wayfor thenewadministrativeentrancetothe Massachusetts GeneralHospital.Whenthe workmenwerebeginningtheprocessof 8 92ChestnutStreet("TheWarrenMuseumof NaturalHistory".) demolitionthe warningvoiceof Dr.R.H. Fitzcalledthewriter'sattentiontothe danger of the destructionof thiscollection. Stepswereimmediatelytakentotransfer what hadbeenleft to their present quarters intheAdministrativeBuildingofthe HarvardMedicalSchoolwheretheynow Skull of SPuRZHEIM. (WarrenAnatomical Museum.) liesafefrominjuryandawaiting some new prophettobringabouttheirresurrection. MeanwhiletheskullsofSpurzheimand Roberton lie side by side as they would have wishedinthe Warren AnatomicalMuseum. TheskullofDr.Spurzhcimhasbeende-scribedbyDr.NathanielB.Shurtleff,by whomitwaspreparedforthecraniology collectionof the Museum.It isconspicuous, with its idealfacialangle as an example of a highlycultivatedandintellectualtype. Thevirileandsalientoutlinesof theskull ofhisfriendmakeitafittingcompanion. Inthisconnectionit maybe appropriate tosayawordaboutthe devotedadherent and admirer, Mr. Nahum Capen. Personally Ihadbutoneinterviewwithhimshortly beforehisdeathmany yearsago andfound himkeenly,almostaggressively,interested inthefutureof thePhrenologicalSociety's collection and the finaldisposition of Spurz-h.eim'sskull.TheFacultywasatthetime CoLLECTIONoFTHEBosToNPHRENOLOGICALSociETY 7 movingintothenewbuildingonBoylston StreetandIwasabletoassurehimthat theskullhadbeentransferredtobetter quartersandwasplacedbesidethatof Dr. Roberton. I could see from his demeanour andearnestnessthatthishadbeentohim alifelongdutyandIwasdulyimpressed withthespiritof aveteranof anold-time campaignwhichhadbeenwagedfearlessly againstaworldwidegroupofopponents. OnthisoccasionMr.Capenleftwithme a copy of his "Reminiscences" (I 88 I) which, withabiographyofSpurzheim,dated I833,belongingtoDr.J.MasonWarren, furnishmanyvaluableandinterestingde-tails of hishero'shistory. In delving among some oldfamilymanu-scripts recently I came across the correspond-encerelativetothesaleofthecollection ofthesocietyandtheirpurchaseforthe HarvardMedicalSchool.Underdateof SeptemberI I,I832,isacommunication fromacommitteeconsistingofWinslow Lewis,Jr.,J.GreelyStevensonandJ. D.Fisheraskingpermissiontousethe AnatomicalTheatreforacourseoffour lecturesby Dr.Spurzheimonthe anatomy ofthebrain.OnOctober26,1832,an anxiousinquiryfromNahumCapenrefers to areport that the theory of Dr. Spurzheim includinghisanatomyofthebrainwas regarded by him, Dr. Warren, as a complete systemofquackeryandunworthyofthe attentionandstudyofintelligentmen. Thereisnocopyof areplytothisquery butonNovemberI 1followingSpurz-heim's illness and death we finda communi-cationfrom"thefriendsofthelateDr. Spurzheim"appointingDr.Warrenchair-manofacommitteeconsistingofDrs. Warren,.Jackson,Shattuck,Channing, Parkman, Ware,Reynolds, Robbins,Lewis, Stevenson,Fisher,Grigg,andHoweto administer the examination and embalming ofthecorpseandthetakingof acastof thehead.AlsoarequestonNovember13 fromMayorQuincytothiscommittee totakechargeofthefuneralservicesin the OldSouth Churchand"tothebodyfromthechurchtoitsfinal deposit accompaniedby such other citizens as may choose to attend." It seemsquite clearfromthiscorrespon-dencethatDr.Spurzheimatthetimeof hisdeathwasregardedwithrespectby theleadingmembersoftheprofessionof thecityofBostonandthatopportunity hadbeengivenhimtoexpoundhisnew theoriesinregardtotheanatomyand functionofthebrain.Inthesucceeding yearsitisevidentthatDr.Warrenused many of the preparations of the Phrenologi-calSocietyinhislecturesandthat alarge Skullof SPURZHEIM'sfriend DR.RoBERTON,wholeft direction in4 hiswillthathisskullbepresentedtothePhrenological Society and placed forever by the side of that of his master. (WarrenAnatomicalMuseum.) numberofskullsandcastswereloaned tohimbythesocietyforthispurpose. During this period phrenology was receiv-edby themedicalworldwithmuchscepti-cism,itsfollowersandopponentsbeing dividedintotwocamps.It isevidentthat thewholesubjectattractedgreatinterest andthere are lettersshowing awidespread participation inthe discussions of its merits. OfDr.Warren'sviewswegainaninsight fromhisbiographical 'Warren,E.:LifeofJohnCollinsWarren. Boston,r86o,ii,ro. 8AnnalsofMedicalHistory At the timeIwasinParisintheyears180I and1802 the new system of craniognomy,asit wascalled,attractedsomeattention.Gallof Viennawasthefounderofthisdoctrine:but at the timeImentionhedidnotexcitegreat attentioninParis.Soonafter,however,Gall endeavoured to place the phrenologica Isystem on scientificfoundationsandpresentedhisclaims ofimprovementtotheInstitutebywhoma commissionwasappointedtoinvestigatethe subject. Theheadof thiscommissionwasCuvier who,insteadof throwingridiculeuponthe matter,wentintoathoroughinvestigation oftheclaimsofGallandlaidareport beforetheInstitute. FormanyyearsafterthisDr.\V arrcn devotedhimself to astudyof the structure of thebrainaslaiddownbyGallwiththe correctionsof Cuvier. Some years agoDr. Spurzheim, the coadjutor ofGall,broughtmelettersfromfriendsin FranceandIendeavouredto showhimall the attentionduetoascientificstranger.He examinedallmycrania.Hegavefourorfive lecturesat the Medical College andafterwards gaveacourseoflecturesonphrenologyto a promiscuousassemblyof ladies and gentlemen. Spurzheim'scareerinBostonwasunfor-tunatelybuttoobriefandinafewweeks wasbroughttoacloseaswehave seenby typhoidfever.Dr.Warrengoesontosay: His body being carried to the Medical College I made a public examination of it in the presence of acrowdedtheatre andprecededthe demon-stration part of the discoursebyanaccountof the investigations and improvements andother Iaborsofthisdistinguishedandphilanthropic gentleman.Inconsequenceofthelecturesof Dr.SpurzheimaPhrenologicalSocietywas constituted. As wehave seenthe decline of interest in the work of the society led to its subsequent dissolutionandthepurchaseofitscol-lectionbyDr.\Varrenin1847.Thecor-respondencereferredtoabovegivessome interestingdetailsofthistransaction.The transfertookplacein1849andthecol-lection, consisting of more than five hundred andfiftyarticles,wasremovedtothe "MastodonRooms"onChestnutStreet whereafireproofbuildingpreservedthe skeletonoftheMastodon,theZeuglodon andmanyotherinterestingandvaluable contributionstonaturalhistory.Here the collectionfoundatemporaryhomewhile thetransfertothenewbuildingofthe MedicalSchoolinNorthGroveStreet was arranged. In view of the controversy in regard to the so-calledscienceofphrenologywagedat thatperiod,itisinterestingtonoteDr. Warren'sviewofthesubject.Writing in 1847he says:10 Theimportanceofphrenologyisderived, according to my view,fromthe fact that it leads to the development of the anatomy and physiol-ogyof the nervous system:andalsothestudy oftheformsof thecraniaenableusinsome measure to understand the degree ofintellectual powerpossessedbyindividuals. ReferringtoavisitofDr.Combeof Edinburghandhisbrother,Mr.Combe,to this country,he states: Thesegentlemendinedatmyhouseand Mr.Combeafterwardslectured onthe subject ofphrenologyinvariousparts of the country. IneverattendedhislecturesforIfoundthat inallofthephrenologicalcourseswhichIat-tendedtheprincipalobjectofphrenological lectures wasnot to exposethe ground and basis ofphrenologybuttointerweaveitwithpopu-larandinterestingtopics.Howeverjudicious thismightbeit wasof course not calculated to givemetheinformationIdesired. At thetime of thetransferof thecollec-tionfromthePhrenologicalSocietytothe MedicalSchoolitappearstohavebeen storedintheInstitutionfortheBlindat SouthBostonunderthechargeofDr. SamuelG.Howe.Thefollowingpapers 10 Lifeof J.C.Warren,ii,13. CoLLEcnoNOFTHEBosTONPHRENOLOGICALSociETY 9 givesomeinterestingdetailsastothe changeof ownershipeffectedat that time. Boston, June 25,'49. Dr. J. C. Warren. Dear Sir: Youmade a proposition last year to take the cabinetattheBostonPhrenologicalSociety. Somedifficultieswhichthenexistedtothe acceptanceofyourpropositionarenowre-moved:Ishouldbepleased .toknowwhether youarenowdisposed to take the cabinet upon the terms then proposed. Dear Sir: Very truly yours, (Signed)S.G.HowE. Boston, June 27,'49. The debt of the Phrenological Society is only about$125.The cabinetwasstowedawayin anatticchambermanyyearsago.ItisI presume in a tolerably good state of preservation thoughIhave notexamined it.Ihardly know how to find a catalogue. According to the best of myrecollectionthereareabout25skulls(of whichDr.Spurzheim'sisone)andbetween three and fourhundred casts. The cabinetcouldbeeasilysoldto someof thesoi-disantphrenologistswhopeddletheir wares about the country for more than the sum namedabove,buttheSocietyisnotdisposed tosell it.Whoever takesit howeverwillprob-ably hold' possession,forthe Society has been so longdoanantthatitisnotlikelyeverto revive.Very truly yours, (Signed)S.G.HowE. Boston,September,1849. It is herebyagreedbetweenS.G.Howeand SamuelDownen,Jr.,representingtheBoston PhrenologicalSocietyonthefirstpart,and Dr.J. C.Warrenonthe secondpart,that the cabinetandcollectionofthesaidSociety shallbegiveninto thepossessionof said J.C. Warren,intrust,forthe said Societyuponthe followingterms:viz.,saidJ.C.Warrenshall pay one hundred and fifty dollars into the hands of the Treasurer of the Society. Heshallagreetopreservethecabinetand collectionand let it beaccessible at reasonable times to the members of the Society. He shall agree to deliver back the cabinet and collection,ingoodcondition,to the Societyor its agentsif it shouldbecalledforat any time withinfiveyearsfromthisdate:sixmonths' noticebeinggivento himandthe sumof one hundredandfiftydollarsrepaidto him. Boston,Feb.4th,185o. Iherebyacknowledgeto havereceivedfrom theBostonPhrenologicalSociety,throughthe handsofDr.S.G.Howe,thecraniumand brain of the late Dr.Spurzheim and the cranium ofthelateDr.Roberton,asapartofthe collection of said Society lately receivedby me: andIdoagreetoreturnthesaidcraniaof Drs.SpurzheimandRobertonandbrainof Dr. Spurzheim, but not the rest of the collection, whichissubjectto differentconditions,when-ever the said craniaand brain shallbeapplied forandreclaimedby the authorityof the said Phrenological Society.(J. C.W.) AletterfromDr.WinslowLewisdated Junes,18so,andaddressedtohisven-eratedfriendandpreceptorgivesinterest-inginformationregarding the finaltransfer of therelicsof Spurzheim.Itopensthus: " Isend youthe heart of Spurzheim:it has beeninmypossessionsincehisdeath." ItwillberememberedthatDr.Lewis assistedat the autopsy of Spurzheim. That thecollectionwasconsideredavaluable additiontotheMuseumoftheMedical Schoolmaybeinferredbythefollowing letterfromDr.OliverWendeDHolmes.It wouldbeinterestingtoknowwhat was the attitudeof theyoung professor of anatomy to the new science as embodied in alecture givenby him at that time. 8 Montgomery Place,Feb. 28th,1850 My dear Sir, Tomorrow(Friday)atmyusualhour (Io'clock)Ishallgivealecturetotheclass upon the subject of phrenology.Imention it in compliancewithasuggestionof your own,but by no means to domore than assureyou that I shallbehappytoseeyouif convenient,and 10Annalsof MedicalHistory asknoreasonforyour absence if otherwise.I can truly say that thelimitedtime andatten-tion, which the hurry soapt to attend the close oflectureshasallowedme,renderitvery difficultinapproaching the subject at all,and especiallysointhepresence of one who,how-ever lenient in his judgment, could hardly avoid seeing the imperfections whichmust attend my brief glance at the subject. I am, my dear Sir, Yours very respectfully, (Signed)0. W.HoLMES. And soit came about that the collection of the Phrenological Society founda resting place withinthe wallsof the newlyerected building of the Harvard Medical Schoolon NorthGroveStreet(1846).Wehaveseen that apostmortem examinationwasmade attheMedicalSchoolandthatDrs. NathanielB.Shurtleff andWinslowLewis weretheassistantsof Dr.Warrenonthat occasion,andalsothat ayear or two later theheartofSpurzheimwaspresented to Dr. Warren by Dr. Lewis and probably also the skullwhichwasespeciallypreparedby Dr.Shurtleff.Be that as it may it is evident thatatthetimeit wasnot deemed appro-priatetomingletheserelicsofadistin-guishedscientistwiththesomewhat mis-cellaneouscollectionofthePhrenological Society, and they were eventually placed for safekeepingintheprivatecollectionof Dr.Warren on Chestnut Street. Afterthedeathof Dr.JohnC.Warren thiscollectionwasplacedinthecareof hisson,Dr.J.MasonWarren,andfrom himthe present writer heard many interest-ingstatementsaboutSpurzheim'scareer. Dr.MasonWarren,whileastudentin Europe, had already had his attention called tothenewscienceofphrenology.Under date of Paris,December17,1832,he wrote to hisfather: In your last letter youmentionthe deathof themuchadmiredSpurzheim.Justafterits receiptIwasbuyingforyouafinelymarked Caucasianheadphrenologicallymappedout. WhenIspokeof thesadeventtotheshop-keeper,atfirsthewouldnotbelieveme;but whenIgavehimtheparticularshecould scarcely keepfromcrying and said, "Cest une tres grande perte." The next day he came up to Bowditchwiththesecretaryof thePhrenolo-gicalSocietyinorder to learnfurtherdetails whichBowditch had receivedfromhisbrother. DuringDr.MasonWarrensperiodof serviceascuratoroftheMastodonCol-lectiontherelicsof Spurzheimoccupieda prominent place inthe collection.Tothem wasaddedaportrait byFisher,purchased by Dr. Warren and finally hung on the walls of the Museum. InfollowinguptheSpurzheimcorres-pondence,wefindit continuedat periods up to almost the day of Dr. Mason Warren's deathin 1867. The loyal friend, Mr. Nahum Capen, did not lose sight of these memorials. Amongthepapersreferredto,Ifindthe copyof anelaborate statement of the facts concerning Spurzheim's arrival in this coun-try,hisdeath and burial at Mount Auburn prepared by him and with the endorsement evidently of Dr.Warrenplacedamongthe recordsof the cemetery. Amonumenterectedtothememoryof Spurzheimthroughtheliberalityofa prominentcitizenofBoston,theHon. WilliamSturgis,marksthesiteofhis grave.It standsnearthemainentrance, aclassicpilewiththesimpleinscription: Spurzheim. Hisheart,brainand skull, after remain-ingmany yearsinthe MastodonMuseum, werebequeathedbyDr.MasonWarren totheHarvardMedicalSchool.The sub-sequent history of the Phrenological Society collection is comprised in that of the Medical School. IntheWarrenMuseumofAnatomy which,duringthe periodreferredto inthis account,has occupiedthree separate domi-ciles,mayhefoundthefinalrestingplace of theskullsof SpurzheimandRoherton. CoLLECTIONOFTHEBosTONPHRENOLOGICALSociETY 11 Inagalleryof theSchoolnearbyhangs the distinguishedportraitof Spurzheimby Fisher.11 Asthechangingfortunesofscientific theoriesandresearchvaryfromtimeto time,itisnotbeyondthebounds of possi-bilitythatthehiddenportionof theold collectionmayreturntooccupyamore conspicuouspositionandrejointhestand-ard bearers. The skulls are,at all events for 11 AlvanFisher, horn at Needham, Massachusetts, Augustg,1792,diedinDedham,Massachusetts, February14.1863."He produced many satisfactory and gracefullikenesses:that of the lamented Spurz-heim,takenpartlyfromrecollection,immediately afterhisdeathinBoston,washighlyvalued.'' (HenryT.Tuckermanin"BookofArticles ..). The portrait was purchased by Dr. J. Mason Warren inMarch,1863. thetimebeing,in safe and reverent hands, memorialsof aninterestingepisodeinthe scientificawakeningofmedicineofthe nineteenth century. 12 11 Sincewriting thisarticleIfindinthe London SpectatorforDecember13,191g,referencetoa complimentary dinner givento Dr.MariaMontes-sori,atwhichSirJamesChrichton-Browne,after referringtosuchauthoritiesasPlato,Rousseau, Pestalozzi,Lancaster,Frmbeland Herbert Spencer asthe forerunners of the wonderful scheme of juve-nilepolity, added that he would put in a claim fora bodyof menwhoseservicesto educational progress hadbeentoomuchignored,thephrenologists. "Thephrenologistswerewrong,but they werethe firstto insist ahundred years ago on localization of functioninthebrainandontheserialexercise intheyoungof theseparatesensorymotorand mental powers. SALICETOONRENALDROPSY (Deduritieinrenibus) Thisdiseaseeitherbeginsinsidiously afteraninflammation,orcomesofitself. Signs:Decreaseofurine,heavinessand slightpainintheregionofthespineand kidneys,followedbydropsy.Treatment (variouspoultices and inunctions,the com-positionof whichneednotdetainus) : Let himdrinktwicedailybeforedinnerand supperoxymelandbarley-water,orde-coction of mallowseedswithhoney,which isbetter.Heshouldtakeasapurgeonce aweekadecoctionofrhubarb,etc.His dietshouldberegulatedasinthechapter on inflammation of the kidneys(i.e., chieffy milkflavouredwithhoneyorsugar,with rice and oatmeal cooked in milk of almonds or goat's milk).-Withington's translation of "Liber in scientia medicinali,''1476, eh.140. ANANCIENTEGYPTIANMEDICALPRESCRIPTION FORHYSTERIA ByISADORH.CORIAT,M.D. BOSTON,MASS. IN the "Daily Life Room" of the ancient Egyptians,attheMetropolitanMu-seumof Art in NewYork,there isan irregular piece of limestone measuring about7centimetersby6centimeters,on which is written upon both sides, one of the oldestprescriptionsknowninthehistory ofmedicine.Thelimestonespecimenis termedan"ostracon,"whichseemsto havebeenacheapsubstituteforpapyrus. Thisinscriptionisinhieratic,acurious formof writingusedchieflyon sacredand medicalpapyriandonwoodencoffins. Concerning these ostraca, Maspero states in "Egyptian Art," that theEgyptianartists oftenusedfragmentsof limestone fortheir preliminary studies and sketches. AfewyearsagotheJournalofthe AmericanMedicalAssociation called atten-tion to this ostracon in an editorial entitled "TheOldestPrescriptioninAmerica" without,however,furnishingatranslation otherthantostatethattheprescription seemedtoheacopyanditsingredients weremainlypreciousstonestoheground upandusedforfumigation.Theeditorial goesontostate,"ProfessorvonOefele, an authority on ancient Egyptian medicine, suspectsthecasewasoneofhysteria, though there isnoindication of this onthe prescriptionitself.Groundpreciousstones werefavoriteremediesforhystericalmani-festations.Theywereusedforfumigation whenever the hall in the throat (our globus hystericus)wasaprominentsymptom. This wassupposed to he due to acrowding of the organs by adislocationof the uterus upward." Thisprescriptiondatesfromabout1.500 B. C. or about one hundred years later than 12 the date of that most important of medical papyri knownasthe EhersPapyrus,which isoneoftheoldestsystematicmedical compilationsintheworld.Thisfixationof the date of the prescription on the ostracon isimportantinthelight of the statement ofProf.W.MaxMilllerofPhiladelphia, whohascontributedashortpaperonthe suhject.1 He states-"The ostraconisevi-dently amere writing exercise.The writing exercisebegan with acoherent prescription taken fromsomemedical book.It isdifficult todeterminethenatureofthatprescrip-tion.Inoticedthatlapis-Iazuliappearsin Ehers'(papyrus)exclusivelyinprescrip-tions forthe eye." According to this statement, the prescrip-tionseemstoheacopy.Prof.MO.ller's translation of one side of the ostraconis as follows: Lapis-Lazuli Green stone Ki-bu(for fumigating) Ssyt (plant fromKosi) Raisin(Nubian kind?) Wine Two particles Two particles One (particle) One(particle) One {particle) One Kobe(jug) Buck in "Growth of Medicine/'referring tothemedicineofancientEgypt,states, "Theprescriptionswerewritteninvery muchthe samemannerasthoseof today, that is,they contained the fundamentalor importantdrugs,certainaccessoryma-terials,andsomethingwhichwasintended tocorrecttheunpleasanttasteofthe mixture.Egypt exerted a powerful influence in the beginnings of medicine in Greece and upon Jewishmedicine." Ananalysisoftheprescriptionshows 1_ Recueil tUTra110ux,:uii,rgoo,IO]-IOj. ANANCIENTEGYPTIANMEDICALPRESCRIPTIONFORHYSTERIA I3 thattheimportantingredientsconsisted mainly of precious stones to be usedeither forfumigationorinternaladministration. Ground precious stones were familiar reme-diesamongancientEgyptiansforhys-tericalmanifestationsandwereemployed inthe treatment of globushystericus.The internalevidencealsoshowsthat thepre-scriptionwastobeusedforfumigating. Theraisinsmayhavebeenaddedfor flavoring purposes. The" jug of wine" has a familiarsound,asthevirtueofmany modernpatentmedicinesseemedinthe past to depend upon their alcoholic content. VonKleinstates'"Medicinesare directed tobeadministeredinternallyintheform ofdecoctions,infusions,injections,pills, tablets,troches,capsules,powders,potions and inhalations,andexternally,aslotions, ointments,plasters,etc.Theyaretobe eaten, drunk, masticated or swallowed, to be takenoften,onceonly-oftenformany days-andthetimeisoccasionallydesig-nated-to betakenmornings,evenings,or atbedtime.Formulastodisguisebad-tastingmedicamentsare alsogiven."This particular prescriptionforhysteria,resem-blestherefore,theusualfeaturesof Egyp-tian medicine. Theuseof preciousstonesinthetreat-ment of nervous and mental diseases seems tohavefollowedthecourseofmedicine downthecenturies.A portionof Johannis de Cuba's"Hortus Sanitatis," published in 1491,isdevotedtotheuseofprecious stonesinmedicine,oneofitsquaintly illustratedpagesshowingateacherina doctor's gowninstructing apupil in the use of precious stones, and below it, are depicted customers buying these precious stones in a lapidary-apothecary's shop.With an added characteristic touch of humour, Chaucer has asimilar referenceinhisdescription of the Doctourof Phisyk,inthePrologueto the Canterbury Tales- TheMedicalFeaturesofthePapyrusEbers, J.A.M.Ass.,zliv,No.26. For goldin phisik isacordial, Therefore he lovede golde inspecial. Inthatmarvelouscompendiumof seven-teenthcenturypsychiatrybyRobert Burton,knownasuTheAnatomyof Melancholy," precious stones are frequently mentionedasmethodsoftreatmentfor "phantastickillusionswhichproceedfrom melancholy"whilelapis-lazuliisstatedto beofsuchvirtue,thatallmelancholy passionsmightbecuredby it.As"melan-choly"ispopularlytermedthe"blues," thetherapeuticuseoflapis-Iazuliinthis conditionfurnishesaninstanceof similia similibuscurantur,inthe same way that at onetimepowderedbonefromthehuman skullwasusedasanunfailingremedyfor epilepsy.Infact,the oldanatomicalname for a Wormian bone was osantiepilecticum. 1 Thisprimitiveconceptionofhysteria anditstreatmentwithpreciousstonesby internaladministration,fumigationor inhalation,forthe purpose of driving down themisplaceduteruswhichwassupposed to produce the globushystericus, is practic-ally identical with the physical treatment of hysteriabydrugs.Suchdrugsasvalerian andasafretida are often mentionedinmod-erntextbooksasbeingefficaciousinthe treatmentofhysteria,infact,onewell-knowntextbookofmedicinestatesthat "perhapsthepreparationsof valerianare themostusefulinconditions .of hysterical excitement." Severalmoderntextbooks of pharmacol-ogyrefertovalerianand asafretida either asantispasmodic aromatics or as hysterical sedatives or antispasmodics.Butler states, 1 "It isprobablyuponthecentralnervous system that these drugs (camphor, valerian, Fletcher,Robert:OnPrehistoricTrephining and Cranial Amulets, Washington, 1882, Gov. Print. Oft'. Strumpell,Adolf.:Atextbookof medicinefor students and practitioners, N. Y.,1911. 1 Butler,G.F.:Atextbookofmateriamedica. therapeutics and pharmacology,Phila.,18g6. ...Annalsof MedicalHistory asaf u t h19th Street. Philadelphia.Pa. Communications regardins subecriptions. reprints. and aDmattera regarding the business management of the ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISI'ORY shouldbe addre..ed to the Publisher.PaulB. Hoeber.~Ea.st5_9thStreet,New York City. TbeANNALSOFMEDICAL HISI'ORYiapublishedquarterly. fourissuescomprisingone volume.No advertiain& ia carried.The aubecriptionprice ia$8.00 pe!' ;>:ear.Sinale numbera ufar uavailable. $2.50 per copy. British Repreaentatives:Bailliere. Tmdall & Coz, 81-lenrietta St., Covent Garden, London, W. C. a.Sublcription in Great Britain.a. 21 per volume. Entered aa second c:laa matter, June a,1917. at the Post Office. New York. New York. under the Act of March 3.1879. Copyright,1921,by Paul B. Hoeber. VoLUMEIllWINTER1921NuMBER4 TAOISTIDEASOFHUMANANATOMY E.V.COWDRY,PH.D. * PEKING,CHINA ~ ~ ~ f f i ~ ~ ~ H EWhiteCloud Temple,situated abouthalfamile outsidetheHsiPian GateofPeking,con-tainsby far the most completelibraryof Taoistmedicaland literarybooks,buttostudythemis noeasymatter.Itisnecessaryinthe firstplace,tofindafriendoftheHigh Priesttoactasgo-between.Fortunately Mr.MaKiam,whohashelpedme throughoutinthemostgenerousway, was abletosecureintroductionthroughthe kindnessandcourtesyofMr.HsuSeng YuoftheDepartmentofEducation. Nevertheless,whenallwasinreadiness,a messagewasreceivedsayingthatthe HighPriestwasobligedtopayavisit tothe WesternHillsandcouldnot seeus; sothenextSundayplansweremadeto visitthetempleintheafternoon.Another messagecamethattherewereservicesin the afternoon and that wemust come in the AnatomicalLaboratory,PekingUnionMedical College. JOI morningornot at all.We securedamotor car,onaveryfewminutesnotice,andset out. WithcommendableforesightMr.Hsu broughtwithhimafineoldChinesebook eulogizingthememoryofthefirstHigh PriestoftheTemplewholivedanddied manyhundredyearsago.Thistickledthe fancyofthepresentincumbentmightily. Whenwecamethesecondtime,after goingthroughtheusualpreliminariesof drinkingteawiththejuniorpriestsand thenwiththeChiefhimself,wepresented himwithaphotographwhichpleasedhim stillmore,andforaverysingularreason. Thephotographishereshown(Fig.I) anditwillbeseenthatthesunisshining brightlyuponthefrontoftheblacksilk hatwhichheiswearing.Thisbrightness he declares to be the fire of his own intellect ("hisinwardflame"),andwealonehave thusfarsucceededinphotographingit. Hehasaskedformanycopiestosendto hisfriendsandwehaverisensohighinhis estimationthathehasordered someof his prieststoourhospitalformedicaltreat-ment.Heisindeedafineoldman,well 302AnnalsofMedicalHistory beyondtheaverageinheightandwitha beardcontainingjustseventeencarefully cultivatedhairs.Heisof theopinionthat tobehealthyonemustbehappyandhe livesuptoit. Afterabouttendays,hereturnedour callanditwasapleasuretoshowhim FJG.1.It willbe seenthat the sun isshining brightly upon thefrontoftheHighPriest'ssilkhat.Thisbrightnesshe declarestobethe fireof hisownintellect and compliments us on our successinphotographing it forthe firsttime. everythingandtolistentohiscomments. Hewaspleasedwiththedeferenceofour studentsanddeliveredhimselfofalittle impromptuaddress,inthedissectingroom, onhisideasof thecirculationof semenup thebackandthroughthethree"burning-spaces"(approximately,thorax,upperand lowerabdomen).It wasindeedaninterest-ingstudyincontrast,thiscourtlypriest inhisgorgeousbluesilkrobessurrounded byourwhite-dadstudentspressingdose andpouringeagerquestionsintohisdeaf oldears.Wepassedfrombuildingtobuild-ing.Thechangesinthecolorof thechem-icalindicatorsinMissEmbrey's laboratory seemedlikemagic.Heentered an elevator forthefirsttime,sawsomethingofthe marvelsofelectricityandattheendof twohourswasquitebewildered.Butnot oncedidhevoicetheusualcommentof Chinesevisitors:"Howskillfularethese Americansindevisingnewwaysof wasting money I"Heisapersonage,calmanddig-nified,liketheLamain"Kim"andnot poorinworldlygoods.Histempleissaid tobethelargestofitskindinChinaand wasgreatlyenrichedbythelateEmpress Dowager,throughtheTaoist,"Kow," whomshehonored.In1227A. D.,itwas calledthe"Tai ChiPalace"andwasmade theofficialresidenceoftheFirstHigh Priest(ChenChuChi)bytheEmperor Gengis of the Yuan Dynasty. The buildings aretrulyregalandhousetwohundred priests,who,accordingtothecanonsof theirfaith,areallowedtomarryandkeep families.TheHighPriestclaimsnotto availhimself of the privilege. ThefatherofTaoism,LaoTzu,wrote hisfamousbook,the"TaoTeChing," about sixcenturiesbefore Christ.Some say that he wasborn of a virgin "who conceived himatthesightofafallingstar."Afew shortquotationsfromGiles'translation 1 willindicatethe simplicity ofhismessage: Thereissomething,chaoticyetcomplete, whichexistedbeforeHeavenandEarth.Oh, how still it isand formless,standing alone with-outchanging,reachingeverywherewithout sufferingharm IItmustberegardedasthe Motherof theUniverse.Its nameIknownot. To designateit,Icallit Tao. T ao eludes the sense of sight, and is therefore calledcolorless.It eludesthesenseof hearing, andisthereforecalledsoundless.It eludesthe 1 Giles,Lionel.TheSayingsofLaoTzu.The Wisdomof theEastSeries.JohnMurray,London, 1917. TAoisTIDEASOFHuMANANATOMY senseoftouch,andisthereforecalledincor-poreal.Thesethreequalitiescannotbeappre-hendedandhencemaybemergedintounity. TaoproducedUnity;UnityproducedDual-ity;DualityproducedTrinity;andTrinity produced all existing objects. Thusit isthatTao,engenderingallthings, nourishesthem,developsthem,andfosters them;perfectsthem,ripensthem,tendsthem and protects them. Taoisthesanctuarywhereallthingsfind refuge,thegoodman'spricelesstreasure,the guardian and savior of himwhoisnot good. Whywasitthatthemenofoldesteemed this Tao sohighly?Isit not becauseit may be daily sought andfound,andcan remit the sins of the guilty? It isthe Wayof Heaventotakefromthose whohavetoomuch,andtogivetothosewho have toolittle. He whoexaltshimself doesnot risehigh. Hewhoovercomesothersisstrong,buthe whoovercomes himself ismightier still. Goodwordsshallgainyouhonorinthe market-place,butgooddeedsshallgainyou friendsamong men. TothegoodIwouldbegood;tothenot-goodIwouldalsobegood,inordertomake them good. Requite injury with kindness. Keepbehind,andyoushallbe put infront; keep out, and you shall be kept in. Whatmakesakingdomgreatisitsbeing like adown-flowingriver... or like the female throughout the world, who by quiescence always overcomesthemale.Andquiescenceisaform of humility. This gospelof kindlinesssoonunderwent themostunspeakabledegradationsothat KublaiKhanorderedallTaoistbooks, with the exceptionof the "Tao Te Ching," tobeburnt.Iliketothinkoftheold HighPriestasanexceptionprovingthat thereisalittlegoodineverything.But LaoTzu's"laissez-faire"philosophystill lingersandformsthestumblingblockof thewholeChinesenation.It maybeex-pressedinthewordsofGiles'translation as follows: Whoistherethatcanmakemuddywater clean?Butifallowedtoremainstill,itwill gradually become clear itself. Keepthemouthshut,closethe gatewaysof sense,and aslongasyouliveyouwillhave no trouble. Practice inaction, occupyyourself with doing nothing. FIG,2.Thebooksarekeptinaseriesof Chinesechests behindlargeimages.Someareshownonthe extremeright inthephotograph. Leave all things to take their natural course, and do not interfere. Everyassistancewasgiventousinthe examinationof thelibrarywithitsrecord ofthisphilosophy.AccordingtotheHigh Priest,wewerethefirstforeignerstobe admitted.The statementshould,however, betakenwithagrainof salt; it mayhave beenmadetopleaseus,orhemayhave beenmisinformed.Thelibrarycontains 5,485volumesprintedduringthereign oftheEmperorChengTung(1436-1449 A.D.).Someofthemarecopiesofold ChineseclassicswithoutTaoist tendencies. AllthebooksarekeptinChinesechests sealedupwithstripsof paperbecausethe libraryisasecretoneandisnotopento thepublic.Someofthesechestsmaybe seenbehindtheimagesintheillustration (Fig.2).Theyareboundquitedifferently Annalsof MedicalHistory fromthoseinthelibraryoftheBoyEm-peror,beingarrangedsothat eachvolume willunfoldtoalengthoffiftyoranhun-dredfeetlike asort of scroll.Oldtype used inprintingthecatalogueofthelibrary, whichwasdonequiterecentlyunderMr. FIG.3Old type usedinprinting the catalogue of the library is piledup between the minor shrines. Hsu'ssupervision,ispiledupbetweenthe minorshrines(Fig.3).Thebooksare uniqueandofgreatvalue,butnospecial care istakento guard them.They are kept onthesecondfloorofabuildingcon-structedalmostentirelyofwood.Perhaps the reasonwhytheyhavelastedsolongis thattheyhavebeensocompletelyforgot-ten. Certainly the foreign troops who looted Pekingin1900wouldhavepaidavisitto theWhiteCloudTemplehadtheyknown of thetreasuresthatit contains. TheHighPriest(ChenYuKuen)fully appreciatesthedesirabilityofhavingthe booksreprinted;butheisawiseoldman anddeclinedtheofferoftheCommercial PressinShanghaibecauseheknewthat ifthebookseverleftPekinghewould neverseethemagain.TheCommercial PressisnowopeninganofficeinPeking andPresident Hsuisreportedto be taking anactiveinterestinthenegotiations.The ideaistoprintonehundredcopiesof eachofthebooksat atotalcostof about $4oo,ooo,Mexican,or,atthepresentrate FIG. 4 A white tiger inhabitsFIG.5Aturtleandmake the lungs.,reside in the gall-bladder. ofexchange(March,1921),of$18o,ooo, United States currency.But plans miscarry inChinaandweshallhavereasontobe thankfulifthelibrarycontinuestobe sparedfromlootingandfromfire,and remainsaccessibletothosewhoreallycare to use it. We examinedthebooksinthe dimlight ofthetempleononeofthealtarsbefore theimages.Noneofthedrawingsisin-tendedasacupuncturechartsorasguides fortheapplicationofmoxa.Thecentral ideaof thispervertedTaoismisdemoniac. Greatattentionispaidtoanimals.The WhiteCloudTemple is,infact,an asylum foroldanddecrepitpigsandforcertain kindsofbirdswhicharekeptincomfort TAOISTIDEASOFHuMANANATOMY until they die.Each of the six organs of the humanbodyisthought toheinhabitedby acertainanimalasillustratedinabook of the Sung Dynasty, whose author has chosen toremainanonymous.Awhitetigerin-habitsthelungs(Fig.4),aturtleanda F1c. 6. A dragon has its homeF1c.7Apha:nixlivesin in the liver.the spleen. snakeresideinthe gall-bladder(Fig.5),a dragonhasitshomeintheliver(Fig.6), aphoenixlivesinthe spleen(Fig.7),ared birdintheheart(Fig.8),and adeerwith two heads in the kidneys(Fig.9). The"Nan Ching,"writtenby LiChung in the fifthyear of the Emperor Hsien Sung (1269A.o.),is,fromourpointof view,the mostvaluablehookinthecollection.It containsdiagramsofthevisceraviewed fromthefront(Fig.10)andfrombehind (Fig.11).Theanteriorviewshowsthe liver inblack on the left side(of the body), thelobulatedlungsabove,thestomachin themiddleandthespleenontheextreme right.Theotherdiagramshowsthesame arrangement and, inaddition(as one would expectinaposteriorview),thekidneys connectingwiththespinalcord.Whythe authorhastransposedeverything,placing theliverontheleftside and the spleen on the right,it is difficult to say. The drawings haveprobablyneverbeenexaminedcritic-F1c.8.Aredbird lives inF1c.9Adeerwithtwo the heart.heads lives in the kidneys. F1c.10.Viscerafromthe front. AnnalsofMedicalHistory allyenoughinthe last six hundred yearsto detect the mistake. Fig.I 2isacomposite drawingindicating howelaborate are the relationsof the vari-ousspiritsandgenii.Fig.I3directsatten-tion to the exact place where the pulse should befeltduringthetwenty-fourseasonsof theyear(inthe summer nearer the fingers, andinthewinter,fartherupthearm). Fig.14isdesignedtoillustratedifferences intemperatureindifferentpartsofthe body.Attheheadisabrokenlinebe-u - : t ~ " " ;q \J Jt:.,.ll' FIG.11.Viscerafromtheback. tweentwosolidlines,whichmeansfire, andatthefeetisasolidlinebetweentwo brokenones,whichmeanswater.Going upwardtowardtheheadthetemperature of thebodyincreases,whichisthoughtto explainthecircumstancethatclothingis notneededtoprotecttheheadfromcold. Theothersignsindicatecombinationsof maleandfemaleprinciples.The puremale principle(nothereshown)isrepresented bythreesolidlineswhichalsoindicate Heaven; the pure femaleprincipleby three brokenlineswhichalsosignifyEarth.A properassociationoftheseprinciplesIS essentialforlife andhappiness. The"NanChing"containsmanyother diagramsandaninterestingpictureofa discipleworshippingthreeBuddhasinthe familiarstorm-cloudsetting(Fig.15).It closeswitharepresentationofthespirit whichisheldresponsibleforitsprotection, whoislikewisesurroundedwithbillowy storm-cloudsandisarmedwithadouble headed axe(Fig.I6). Theseideasofanatomyhaveastrong flavor of Buddhism. They have been handed downfromantiquity,originatingperhaps FIG.u.Acompositedrawingindicatinghowdaborateare therelations of the various spirits and genii. inthestudyofanimalswithoccasional verificationatexecutionsbythemethod of"athousandcuts"(slicingprocess).: Witheachtransferencethe diagramshave becomelessandlesslike the organswhich theyaresupposedtorepresentsothat all(Figs.4---9),exceptthelungsandkid-neys,arequiteunrecognizablewithoutthe help of the Chinese text. Taoistsdonotcarryonanyactivein-structioninanatomy.Ideasaremerely traditionalanddiffusedfromthepriests to the laityingarbledform.Apparently no 2 Hsieh,E.T.AReviewofAncientChinese Anatomy.Anat.Rec.,Phila.,I9li, xx,97 TAOISTIDEASoFHuMANANATOMY newbooksarewritten.Howdifferentitis withtheconceptionsofanatomywhich underlietheartofneedling(oracupunc-ture) ITheseareactivelytaughtbythe apprenticemethod,andinsmallschools, tostudentsthroughout the great Republic. Itistheoldandfamiliardoctrineofthe circulationofhumorsoveragain.Lifeis thoughttodependuponanappropriate adjustmentbetweencirculatingmaleand femaleprinciples.Indisease,themalicious excessofoneortheotherisremovedby ---FJG.13.Attentionisdirectedto the exactplacewherethe pulseshouldbefeltduring thetwenty-fourseasons of the year. insertingneedlesofgreatvarietyintothe bodyincertainverydefinitelocalities.It isrecognizedinthe officeof ImperialPhy-sicians,wheretheofficialtextbook,called the"GoldenMirror,"publishedunder thepatronageoftheillustriousEmperor K'angHsi(1661-1722A.D. ),maybe seen. The anatomicaldrawingscontainedinthis bookare aconsiderableimprovement since mostofthemcanbeidentifiedwithout reading the text.It isunsafe to goveryfar inanattempttospecifyTaoistideasof anatomybecause the religionsof China are such awonderfulmixture. Wearetoldthatfortydifferentsectsof TaoistscanbecountedinPekingand its vicinity,buttheybecomelesspowerfulas onetravelstowardthesouthofChina. They all,however,havefundamentallythe sameideasandconstitutealargeandim-portantelementinthepopulation.They arenotsupposedtobelieveinhealingby relieving the body of the "malicious excess" FIG.14- Diagramindicatingincreases inbodytemperature asonepasses toward the head. ofmaleorfemaleprinciplesthroughneed-ling,thoughtheymaysometimespractice it.TheTaoistpharmacopeiaisrestricted entirelytomineralpreparations,allthe animalexcreta,"spiritpills,"madeof tapeworms soaked in children's urine,finger nails,etc.,beingomitted.Theyhavenot triedtodeviseconcoctionswhichwouldbe sodisgustingthattheoffendingdemons wouldfleeinterror.The priestssometimes attempttodistillmercury.Whenthedis-AnnalsofMedicalHistory tillinghasbeensuccessfullyrepeatednine times,theresultingsubstancewillbethe "Elixirof Life."Oneof thepriestsof the WhiteCloudTempleissaidtohavebeen killedbyanexplosionduringthesixth distillation.Theirpanaceaforallillsisto makethemindabsolutelyblankandto them.Onthe Chinese NewYear andother festaloccasionshetakesalongholiday, goesthroughtheceremonialandbuysa fewcoppers'worthofcheapincense.For-eignersarequicktonoticetheabsenceof anyexpressionofreverence.Thepriests speakinloudtonesanddonotactasif FIG.15.AdiacipleworshippingthreeBuddhas inthefamiliarstormcloud setting. remammotionlessinaccordancewiththe Master'steaching;butnocureshavere-centlybeenreported. Evidentlyoneof the prerequisitesto the introduction of modern medicine into China isareadjustmentof thehabitofmindof the people,whether they be Taoists,Budd-histsor Confucianists.It is safe to say that theaverageChinese,inordertobequite onthesafeside,espousesallthreefaiths inahalf-heartedway,andhasnoreally seriousconvictionregardinganyoneof theyweretreadinguponholyground.In the sanctuaryof the TaoistTempleof the Universe, Christian Bibles, printed inChin-ese,are quite openly offeredfor sale.Stacks of themmaybe seeninacloudof incense upononeofthesacrificialtablesimmedi-atelybeforethelargestimage.If Roman CatholicpriestsweretosellChineseidols underthedomeofSt.Peter's,weshould beinclinedtoaccusethemofinsincerity. AboutfivehundredyearsbeforeChrist, Confuciusbeggedthenationtobesincere I TAOISTIDEASOFHUMANANATOMY andtorefrainfromcontemplationof the supernatural:' Be sincere and men willtrust you. Makeconscientiousnessandsincerityyour main object. Idonotseehowamanwithoutsincerity can be good foranything. FaG.16. Thelpim whichisheldrapouible Cor pi'OtleC:tiDs the "Nan Chiu&.' Beforeweareableto doourstudybythe living,howcanwedoit bythespiritsof the dead? 1 Giles,Lionel.TheSayingsofConfucius.The Wisdomof the East Series.JohnMurray,London, 1912 Beforeweknowwhatlifeis,howcanwe know what death is? Absorptioninthe study of the supernatural is most harmful. Why, it may then be asked, do the people flyrightin the faceof the Master'steach-ing?The ignorantareperhapsinspiredby fear,theeducatedbyareluctancetolose face.Theirforefathershavebent theknee andofferedincenseforfortycenturies.It wouldbepresumptuousforthemto failin thepracticeandthustorepudiatethe actions of their longline of ancestors.More perhapsthananyothernationonEarth, theChinesetreasuretheirpast.Inthe Officeof ImperialPhysicians, 4 an image of Huangti,themythicalfatherofChinese medicine,isworshippedtwiceayearand the practice condoned by Chinese who have takentheirmedicaldegreesintheUnited Statesandwhoapparently seenothingin-congruousinit.Forthemitismerelyan appropriatememorialtothe gloriouspast, sanctioned by custom. Verylittleprogresscanbemadebefore thepeopleof thenationlearntolookfor-wardaswellasbackwardandtorealize thatthemostappropriateofferingthey canmaketotheirancestorsistobeper-fectlysincereinalltheirdealings,tohave donewithblindceremonialandto usethe brainswhichhavebeenhandeddownto themtotheverybestadvantage,reason-ingoutthesimplerfactsofexistencefor themselves."Youngmanknowthyself"-is acommand the utilitarian value of which iscertainlynot appreciatedinChina.Illit-erate childrenat homeknowmoreof their bodilymakeupthan the mostvenerable of Chinese sages.But with knowledge of anat-omy,apersistentyetunwelcomevisitor, superstition,withitscast-ironlimitations isboundtobecomelesspowerful. Cowdry,E.V.TheOfficeofImperialPhysi-cians,Peking. THE LIBRARY OF THOMASLORKYN By C.SAYLE CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND hasbeenadequatelydescribedinthattime.AndasyettherewasnoEnglish SINCEthelifeofThomf!SLorkynanyherbortree;suchwastheignoranceat the .. DictionaryofNationalBiog-butoneallofunlearnedcacog-raphy,"itwillbebesttoquoteraph1esandfalselynammgof herbs. the indexand