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ANP 313 COURSE GUIDE

ANP 313

POULTRY PRODUCTION

Course Developer/Writer Dr. (Mrs) C.D. uleu!

A!i"#l Nutritio! Dep#rt"e!t

U!iversit$ o% A&ri'ulture

M#uri* Ni&eri#

Pro&r#""e +e#er Pro%essor A. Ae,#!-o

N#tio!#l Ope! U!iversit$ o% Ni&eri#

Course Coori!#tor Dr. N.E. Mu!i


NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

ii

COURSE

GUIDE

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e#u#rters

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CONTENTS PAGE

I!trou'tio!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@... 1

Course Ai"s@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. 1

Course O,-e'tives@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. 1

Wori!& t2rou&2 t2is Course @@@@@@@@@@@@ ;

Course M#teri#l@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. ;

Stu$ U!its@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ;

et,oos #! Re%ere!'es@@@@@@@@@@@@... 3

2e Assi&!"e!t Bile@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0

Assess"e!t @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.. 0

utor7M#re Assi&!"e!t @@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0

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Introduction

ANP 313 Poultr$ Prou'tio!8 2is is # ; u!it 'ourse to ,e t#e! i! o!e

se"ester. It is ivie i!to %our "oules :it2 Moules 1 #! ;

'o!sisti!& o% t2ree u!its e#'2 :2ile Moules 3 #! 0 'o!sist o% %ouru!its e#'2.

Poultr$ prou'tio! is o!e o% t2e 'ourses liste %or stue!ts i!te!i!& to

o,t#i! # #'2elors e&ree i! A&ri'ultur#l S'ie!'e to o%%er :it2 # vie: o%

"#i!& t2e" 2#ve # 2olisti' u!erst#!i!& o% i!te&r#te #&ri'ulture.

2e Course Guie provies $ou :it2 #''ess to ,rie% i!%or"#tio! o!

poultr$ prou'tio! #! 2us,#!r$ te'2!iues* :2#t $ou #re epe'te to!o: i! e#'2 u!it* :2#t 'ourse "#teri#ls $ou !ee to use #! 2o: $ou

'#! s$ste"#ti'#ll$ &o t2rou&2 t2ese "#teri#ls. 2e stu$ o% poultr$ prou'tio! is ,ot2 o% #'#e"i' #! pr#'ti'#l i"port#!'e i! vie: o% t2e

role o% poultr$ i! protei! "#l!utritio! #llevi#tio!. 2e Course Guie

#lso s2o:s t2e !ee %or tutor7"#re #ssi&!"e!ts.

Course Aims

2e 'ourse o! poultr$ prou'tio! sees to provie $ou :it2 !o:le&e

o! esse!ti#l ,uili!& #! euip"e!t* i!'u,#tio! o% e&&s* 2#t'2er$

"#!#&e"e!t* pri!'iples %or su''ess%ul prou'tio!* ,rees #! ,reei!&*

,rooi!& o% '2i's #! "#!#&e"e!t te'2!iues* 2o: to re#r '2i's*t#,le e&& #! "e#t prou'tio!* pro'essi!& #! "#reti!&* #! prou'ts*

2e#lt2 "#!#&e"e!t pr#'ti'es* ise#ses #! p#r#sites* #! e'o!o"i'

i"pli'#tio! o% t2ese ise#ses.

Course O!ecti"es

2e 'e!tr#l o,-e'tive o% t2is 'ourse is to si"pli%$ t2e v#rious

'o"po!e!ts o% poultr$ prou'tio! i! # "#!!er to #rouse t2e i!terest o%

t2e stue!t i! t2e pr#'ti'#l r#isi!& o% poultr$. Burt2er"ore* t2e i%%ere!t

u!its (10 i! #ll) '#rr$ spe'i%i' o,-e'tives esi&!e to provie #s$ste"#ti' stu$ o% e#'2 "oule. 2e u!it o,-e'tives #re st#te #t t2e

,e&i!!i!& o% e#'2 u!it. Atte!tio! s2oul ,e &ive! to t2ese o,-e'tives i!

t2e 'ourse o% $our stu$ to ev#lu#te t2e pro&ress $ou #re "#i!&. At t2e

'o"pletio! o% e#'2 u!it* $ou #re epe'te to loo #t t2e u!it o,-e'tives

#i! to e!sure t2#t $ou 2#ve 'overe t2e e!u"er#te o,-e'tives .

A%ter &oi!& t2rou&2 t2is 'ourse* $ou #re epe'te to u!erst#! t2e

%ollo:i!&8

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ANP 313 POU+R PRODUCION

• 2e !ee %or poultr$ ,uili!&* its %e#tures #! euip"e!t

!e'ess#r$ %or r#isi!& poultr$

• 2e role o% 2#t'2er$ i! "oer! poultr$ prou'tio!

• 2e i%%ere!t %#'ets i! t2e "#!#&e"e!t o% poultr$

•

o: to pro'ess poultr$ "e#t #! e&& to "eet #''ept#,lest#!#rs

• Str#te&ies i! "#reti!& o% poultr$ #! its prou'ts %or

pro%it#,ilit$.

#or$in% t&rou%& t&is Course

o 'o"plete t2is 'ourse* it is i"port#!t t2#t $ou re# t2e stu$ u!its #ll

t2rou&2 i! #itio! to '2e'i!& o! t2e re%ere!'es %or %urt2er re#i!&s

#! re# #lso ot2er relev#!t "#teri#ls t2#t "#$ ,e provie ,$ t2e

!#tio!#l Ope! U!iversit$ o% Ni&eri# (NOUN) to #i $our le#r!i!& pro'ess. E#'2 o% t2e u!its 2#s sel%7#ssess"e!t eer'ises :2i'2 #t 'ert#i!

poi!ts i! t2e '#use o% &oi!& t2rou&2 t2e 'ourse $ou #re to su,"it.

T&e Course '(teri()s

ou :ill ,e provie :it2 t2e %ollo:i!& 'ourse "#teri#ls81. 2e Course Guie

;. Stu$ U!its

3. Ot2er relev#!t re%ere!'es "#teri#ls

0. 2e Assi&!"e!ts %ile

Stud* Units

2is 'ourse 'o!t#i!s 10 stu$ u!its &roupe #s %ollo:s8

'odu)e 1 F(ci)ities +or Pou)tr* Production

U!it 1 uili!& #! Euip"e!t

U!it ; I!'u,#tio!

U!it 3 #t'2er$ M#!#&e"e!t o% Poultr$ E&&s

'odu)e , Fund(ment()s +or Success+u) Pou)tr*

Production

U!it 1 Pri!'iples %or Su''ess%ul Poultr$ Prou'tio!

U!it ; Nutrie!t Reuire"e!ts o% Poultr$

U!it 3 rees #! reei!&

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'odu)e 3 R(isin% o+ Pou)tr* to Ot(in Pou)tr* Products

U!it 1 rooi!& o% C2i's

U!it ; Re#ri!& o% C2i's

U!it 3 Prou'tio! o% E&& #! roilersU!it 0 Pro'essi!& #! M#reti!& o% Poultr$ #! Poultr$ Prou'ts

'odu)e - Pou)tr* '(n(%ement. Dise(ses (nd E++ects

U!it 1 e#lt2 M#!#&e"e!t Pr#'ti'es i! Poultr$

U!it ; Dise#ses o% Poultr$

U!it 3 Nutritio!#l Dise#ses o% Poultr$

U!it 0 E'o!o"i' I"pli'#tio! o% Dise#ses o% poultr$

E#'2 u!it 'o!t#i!s so"e sel%7tests (eer'ises) :2i'2 #re "e#!t to 2elp$ou ev#lu#te $our u!erst#!i!& o% :2#t $ou 2#ve -ust le#!t :it2 # vie:

to #ssessi!& $our pro&ress. o&et2er :it2 t2e tutor7"#re #ssi&!"e!ts*

t2ese eer'ises :ill #ssist $ou i! #'2ievi!& t2e st#te le#r!i!& o,-e'tives

%or t2e 'ourse #! t2e i!iviu#l u!its.

Te/too$s (nd Re+erences

2e %ollo:i!& tet,oos #! re%ere!'es "#$ ,e o% 2elp to $ou8

Olu$e"i* . A. #! Ro,erts* B.A. (;>3). Poultry Production in Hot

Climate Zone. Ne: Del2i +u2i#!&8 6#l$#!i Pu,lis2er.*

Ri'e* . E. #! . E. ots%or (1>5>). Practical Poultry Management

(t2 e) Ne: or F +o!o!8 o2! Wile$ #! So!s* I!'. Pp. 11= 13=.

Gillespie* .R (1>>;). Modern Livestock and Poultry Production (0t2 e.)

Del"#r Pu,lis2i!& I!'.* pp 11.

Olo"u* .M. (1>>5). Monogastric Animal Nutrition. Pri!'iples #!

Pr#'ti'es. (1st e). #'2e" Pu,li'#tio!. Pp ?7?0.

S"it2* A. . (1>>

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#!er-ee* G.C. (1>?). Poultry. Ne: Del2i8 O%or F I Pu,lis2i!&

Co.* P4 +t.

Wo!&* G. roiler Production !or the "outh Paci!ic. A e#'2ers Guie.

CA. +o"e Co!ve!tio!.

Us"#!* S.. #! M#!#s#* .S.(;

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Course Coe ANP 313

Course itle Poultr$ Prou'tio!

Course Developer/Writer Dr. (Mrs) C.D. uleu!

A!i"#l Nutritio! Dep#rt"e!t

U!iversit$ o% A&ri'ulture

M#uri* Ni&eri#

Pro&r#""e +e#er Pro%essor A. Ae,#!-o


Course Coori!#tor Dr. N.E. Mu!i


NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

v

'AIN

COURSE

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e#u#rters

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Wuse II* A,u-#

Ni&eri#.

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UR+8 :::.!ou.eu.!&

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CONTENTS PAGE

'odu)e 1 F(ci)ities +or Pou)tr* Production 2 1

U!it 1 uili!& #! Euip"e!t@@@@@@@@@@@.. 1U!it ; I!'u,#tio!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@@@ 13

U!it 3 #t'2er$ M#!#&e"e!t o% Poultr$ E&&s@@@@..@. ;<

'odu)e , Fund(ment()s +or Success+u) Pou)tr* Production ,

U!it 1 Pri!'iple %or Su''ess%ul Poultr$ Prou'tio!@@@@. ;>

U!it ; Nutrie!t Reuire"e!ts o% Poultr$@@@@@@@.@ 3=

U!it 3 rees #! reei!&@@@@@@@@@@@@.@ 00

'odu)e 3 R(isin% o+ Pou)tr* to Ot(in Pou)tr* Products 22 43

U!it 1 rooi!& o% C2i's@@@@@@@@@@@@@.. 53

U!it ; Re#ri!& o% C2i's@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ;

U!it 3 Prou'tio! o% E&& #! roilers@@@@@@@.@.. ?<

U!it 0 Pro'essi!& #! M#reti!& o% Poultr$ #!

Poultr$ Prou'ts@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.. =3

'odu)e - Pou)tr* '(n(%ement. Dise(ses (nd E++ects22 ,

U!it 1 e#lt2 M#!#&e"e!t Pr#'ti'es i! Poultr$@@@@.... >;U!it ; Dise#ses o% Poultr$@@@@@@@@@@@@..@ 1

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'ODULE 1 FACILITIES FOR POULTRY

PRODUCTION

U!it 1 uili!& #! Euip"e!t

U!it ; I!'u,#tio!U!it 3 #t'2er$ M#!#&e"e!t o% Poultr$ E&&s

UNIT 1 5UILDING AND E6UIP'ENT

CONTENTS

1.< I!trou'tio!

;.< O,-e'tives

3.< M#i! Co!te!t3.1 De%i!itio! o% uili!&/ousi!&

3.; $pes o% Poultr$ ouses

3.3 Site Sele'tio! #! +#$7Out o% Poultr$ uili!&

3.0 Be#tures o% Poultr$ ouses

3.5 Poultr$ Euip"e!t

3.5.1 $pes o% Poultr$ Euip"e!t

0.< Co!'lusio!

5.< Su""#r$

.< utor7M#re Assi&!"e!t

?.< Re%ere!'es/Burt2er Re#i!&s

1.< INTRODUCTION

Ge!er#ll$ spe#i!&* t2e i!te!si%i'#tio! o% poultr$ %#r"i!& 2#s ,ee!

to:#rs l#r&e 'o""er'i#l %lo' prou'tio!. Wit2 t2is tre! 2#s 'o"e #!

i!'re#se i! 'o!%i!e"e!t 2ousi!& %or poultr$* 2e!'e t2e i!vest"e!t !ees

i! ter"s o% ,uili!&s #! euip"e!t. Poultr$ ,uili!&s or 'o!stru'tio!s

e!t#il provii!& s2es or e!viro!"e!t %or #''o""o#ti!& ,irs #!

store roo"s (%ees #! euip"e!t). 2e ete!t to :2i'2 t2ese ,irs #re

epose to t2e e!viro!"e!t (su!s2i!e* r#i!* :i!) is eter"i!e p#rtl$ ,$ t2e s$ste" o% "#!#&e"e!t #! t2is i!'lues t2e esi&! o% t2e

2ousi!& use %or ,irs. I!ee* t2e ,irs #re u!liel$ to per%or"

s#tis%#'toril$ i% t2e 2ousi!& is poor* t2ere%ore 'orre't 2ousi!& "ust ,e

provie to "eet t2e opti"u" reuire"e!ts %or ,est ,irs per%or"#!'e

eit2er t2rou&2 &ro:t2 or e&& prou'tio!. 2e 2ousi!& "ust ,e suite to

t2e 'li"#ti' 'o!itio!s o% t2e e!viro!"e!t #! poultr$ 2ouses i%%er

isti!'tl$ ,et:ee! t2e te"per#te #! t2e tropi'#l 'ou!tries.

1

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,27 O58ECTIVES

$ t2e e! o% t2is u!it $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• e!sure s#tis%#'tor$ per%or"#!'e o% t2e ,irs t2rou&2 t2e provisio! o%

#eu#te 2ousi!&

• epl#i! t2e e!viro!"e!t#l 'o!itio!s i!%lue!'i!& t2e 'o!stru'tio! o%

t2e poultr$ 2ouses

• ie!ti%$ #! epl#i! t2e 'o""o!l$ use euip"e!t i! poultr$

prou'tio! "#!#&e"e!t

• epl#i! :2#t 2#ppe!s :2e! poultr$ ,uili!&s #re :ro!&l$ site.

327 'AIN CONTENT

321 De+inition o+ 5ui)din%9:ousin%

2ese #re 'o!stru'tio!s 'o!siere esse!ti#l to prote't t2e ,irs %ro"

tur,ule!t :i!s* ust* 'ol* ire't su! li&2t* r#i! #! pre#tors.

uili!&s #re #lso provie to #''o""o#te %ees #! %#r" euip"e!t.

I! t2e tropi'#l e!viro!"e!t* #! ie#l poultr$ 2ouse s2oul !ot ,e #

'o"pletel$ 'lose stru'ture. It s2oul ,e :ell ve!til#te* r$ 'le#!e

#! sp#'ious. It s2oul ,e o% lo: 'ost "#e %ro" lo'#ll$ #v#il#,le

,uili!& "#teri#ls.

32, T*;es o+ Pou)tr* :ouses

2ere #re "#!$ t$pes o% 2ouses use ,$ poultr$ %#r"ers* ,ut o!l$ %our

t$pes t2#t #re 'o""o!l$ use s2#ll ,e is'usse 2ere.

12 T&e Fu))0Sided #()) Pou)tr* :ouse

• 2is is 'o""o! i! t2e te"per#te re&io!s :2ere t2e te"per#tures #re

etre"el$ lo:.

• I! t2e tropi's* t2is t$pe o% 2ouse is use %or ,rooi!& #$7 ol '2i's.• 2e 2ouse is 'o"pletel$ i!sul#te ,$ ,uili!&7up t2e ,ri's/,lo's

to t2e 2ei&2t o% t2e 2ouse.

• S"#ll :i!o:s/#ir sp#'es #re 're#te to #llo: %ree %lo: o% #ir

(ve!til#tio!).

,2 T&e O;en0Sided Pou)tr* :ouse

• It is 'o""o!l$ %ou! i! t2e tropi'#l :orl.

• It is re'o""e!e t2#t i! # 2ot e!viro!"e!t :2ere t2ere is 2i&2

2u"iit$ #! te"per#ture* t2e poultr$ 2ouse s2oul ,e t2e ope!7sie t$pe to #llo: %ree %lo: o% #ir. Bloors s2oul ,e "#e o%

;

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'o!'rete. W#lls #re r#ise to #,out 1" 2i&2 #! t2e re"#i!i!& upper

p#rt o% t2e :#ll is 'o"plete :it2 1.;5'" 2e#&o!#l :ire "es2. It is

use %or re#ri!& #ult ,irs. It '#! ,e use %or $ou!&er ,irs

provie t2e ope!7sies #re 'overe :it2 pl#sti' or -ute "#teri#ls to

'o!serve 2e#t.

32 T&e Port()e Co)on* C(%e

• 2is t$pe o% 2ouse is '2e#p to "#e. It '#! ,e roo%e :it2 Ji!' or

#s,estos :it2 e!ou&2 over72#!&s to prote't r#i! %ro" spl#s2i!& i!to

t2e '#&es #! t2e sies 'overe :it2 :ire !et. I! orer to e!sure

'ool!ess #t #ll ti"es* port#,le 'olo!$ '#&es s2oul ,e pl#'e u!er

s2#e trees i! se'ure pl#'e. A 'olo!$ '#&e "e#suri!& 0" lo!&*

1.5" :ie #! 1.=" 2i&2 '#! #''o""o#te < ,roilers or 0< l#$ers.

I% it is "#e o% pl#!s* t2e :ooe! le&s s2oul ,e prote'te #i!stter"ites #! #!ts.

-2 T&e Fo)d Unit

• 2is is 'o""o!l$ use to 2ouse lo'#l '2i'e!s or '2i'e! re#re o!

t2e r#!&e. It is "#e o% :ire "es2 -ust lie t2e t:o sl#!ti!& sies.

2ese u!its #re usu#ll$ pl#'e ire'tl$ o! &r#sse &rou!. 2is

e!#,les ,irs to e#t &r#sses #! t2e u!it '#! ,e "ove %ro" o!e

pl#'e to #!ot2er o! re&ul#r ,#sis. o:ever t2ere is # &re#t restri'tio!

to "ove"e!t o% ,irs i! t2e %ol u!it. 2e %ol s$ste" #lso prote'ts$ou!& '2i's #i!st pre#tors #! loss %ro" ites.

323 Site Se)ection (nd L(*0Out o+ Pou)tr* 5ui)din%s

• 2is is # ver$ i"port#!t poi!t to ,e 'o!siere ,e%ore est#,lis2i!& #

'o""er'i#l poultr$ %#r".

• 2e sitti!& o% 2ouses s2oul t#e #v#!t#&e o% topo&r#p2i'#l %e#tures

:2i'2 :ill %#vour #ir "ove"e!t.

• Re'ors o% lo'#l :i! spees #! ire'tio! s2oul ,e stuie to

e!sure t2e ,est orie!t#tio! to t#e #v#!t#&e o% prev#ili!& :i! i.e.t2e 2ouse s2oul %#'e #:#$ %ro" t2e ire'tio! o% t2e prev#ili!&

:i!s #! stor"s i! orer to #voi r#i! #! :i! rou&2t.

• Sites s2oul ,e pl#!!e to #voi o,stru'tio!s o% #ir "ove"e!t ,$

ot2er ,uili!&s.

• Avoi #re#s :2ere t2ere is 2e#v$ 'o!'e!tr#tio! o% livesto' #'tivit$.

I% t2is is !ot possi,le* '2oose # pl#'e s:ept ,$ t2e prev#ili!& :i!s

,e%ore t2e l#tter re#'2 ot2er %#r"s.

• 2e ,est lo'#tio!s #re reserve i! es'e!i!& orer %or8 l#$er ,reeer

sto'* %uture l#$i!& pullets* l#$ers #! ,roilers.

3

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• Avoi sites pro!e to :#ter lo&&i!&K 2ouses "ust ,e o! # &rou! 2i&2

e!ou&2 to provie r#i!#&e #! s2oul ,e prote'te #i!st t2e

#!&er o% %loos* i.e. t2e$ s2oul ,e lo'#te o! :ell7r#i!e sites.

• 2e site s2oul ,e #''essi,le %ro" #! #ll se#so!K "otor#,le ro#s to

e!2#!'e eliver$ o% %eesK re"ov#l o% poultr$ prou'ts #! :#stes.

• A ste#$ sour'e o% :#ter #! ele'tri'it$ s2oul #lso ,e 'o!siere.

32- Fe(tures o+ Pou)tr* :ouses

Bor poultr$ %#r"ers 'o!stru'ti!& 2ousi!& u!er tropi'#l e!viro!"e!t#l

'o!itio!s* 'ert#i! reuire"e!ts "ust ,e "et i% t2e 2ouse is to provie

#! #eu#te e!viro!"e!t. Co!sier#tio!s %or t2e %ollo:i!& %#'tors :ill

#voi pit %#lls l#ter.

12 Found(tion o+ :ouse

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• 2e 2ouses 'oul ,e "#e :ier i% 'eili!& %#!s or #ir 'o!itio!ers

#re i!st#lle.

32 Len%t& o+ :ouse

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• Wit2 #ll t$pes o% roo%s it is i"port#!t to provie # &oo roo%

over2#!& o% #,out " (3%t). 2is is !e'ess#r$ to preve!t r#i! %ro"

e!teri!& t2e 2ouse t2rou&2 t2e ope! sies o% t2e :#ll.

• 2e over 2#!& "#$ ,e lo!&er o! t2e sie o% t2e ,uili!& %#'i!& t2e

r#i! ,e#ri!& :i!.• i&2er roo% te! to "#e t2e 2ouse 'ooler espe'i#ll$ :2ere # 'eili!&

is !ot provie.

• Roo%i!& "#teri#ls su'2 #s 'orrute #s,estos* 'orrute iro!

s2eets or #lu"i!u" s2eets :it2 2#r:oo supports #re ur#,le #!

:ill l#st lo!&er t2#! t2#t'2e roo% ,ut t2e$ 'ost "ore.

• Iro! s2eets i!'re#se te"per#tures i!sie t2e 2ouse uri!& t2e 2ot

"o!t2s o% t2e $e#r u!less ple!t$ o% s2#e trees #re prese!te7

i!sul#tor #i!st 2e#t %i&ure.

. Doors o% 2ouse s2oul ,e :ie e!ou&2K !ot less t2#! "

• 2is is to %#'ilit#te e#s$ "ove"e!t o% st#%%* euip"e!t* ,irs #!

"#!ure i! #! out o% t2e 2ouse #%ter epopul#tio!.

• A %oot,#t2/epressio! #t t2e oor step is !eee #t t2e %oot o% e#'2

oor.

• 2e %oot,#t2 "#$ ,e ,uilt i! #t t2e oorstep or it "#$ ,e i! #

"ov#,le 'o!t#i!er.

=2 Stor(%e S;(ce

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324 Pou)tr* E>ui;ment

Poultr$ euip"e!t is "#e up o% i!stru"e!ts or tools use %or #

p#rti'ul#r -o, or #'tivit$ i! poultr$ prou'tio! "#!#&e"e!t.

Poultr$ 2ouses '#! !ot %u!'tio! s#tis%#'toril$ u!less t2e$ #re properl$euippe #! supplie :it2 #ppli#!'es. 2ese #re t2e ,#si' reuire"e!ts

%or t2e su''ess%ul "#!#&e"e!t o% %o:ls. Poultr$ euip"e!t v#r$ %ro"

t2e si"ple to t2e 'o"ple #! %ro" t2e "ost ele"e!t#r$ to t2e "ost

#v#!'e ele'tro!i' evi'es.

Poultr$ euip"e!t '#! ,e ,ro#l$ &roupe i!to t2ose %or &e!er#l

#ppli'#tio!s #! t2ose %or spe'i%i' #ppli'#tio!s. 2ose %or &e!er#l

#ppli'#tio!s #re use #t #ll post7!#t#l st#&es o% &ro:t2K t2ese 'o!sist

"#i!l$ o% %eeers* ri!ers #! 'r#tes. 2ose %or spe'i%i' st#&es o%

&ro:t2 i!'lue ,rooers %or '2i's7,rooi!& #! !ests %or l#$ers.

32421 T*;es o+ Pou)tr* E>ui;ment

12 Feeders

• Beeers #re #ppli#!'es use to suppl$ %ee to t2e ,irs.

• 2e 'o!stru'tio! o% %eeers s2oul ,e su'2 #s to #voi :#ste* to

preve!t %ouli!& o% %ee :it2 roppi!&s #! litter* to %#'ilit#te

'le#!i!& or :#s2i!& #! s2oul ,e 'o!stru'te %ro" ur#,le

"#teri#ls.• I% ti",er is use %or 'o!stru'tio!* preserv#tives lie soli&!u" s2oul

,e use to preve!t %u!l or i!se't7#"#&e.

• Beeers #re "ostl$ trou&2s or 2oppers.

• 2e trou&2 %eeer 'o"es i! # v#riet$ o% siJes #! esi&!s.

• 2e le!&t2 '#! ,e #,out

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• A spi!!er "ou!te o! top o% t2e %eeer &ives su%%i'ie!t #''ess to

%ee #! preve!t %ouli!& #! :#st#&e o% %ee ,$ t2e ,ir.

u,e %eeers or 2#!&i!& %eeers8 2ese #re "et#l %eeers :2i'2 #re

'$li!ri'#l i! s2#pe* #! :it2 # pi! i!to :2i'2 %ee %lo:s %ro" t2e "#i!

,o$ i! :2i'2 reserve %ee is 'o!t#i!e.

• 2e$ v#r$ %ro" #,out & to 10& i! t2e u#!tities o% %ee t2#t t2e$

'#! 2ol.

• ei&2t o% %eeer s2oul #l:#$s ,e set level :it2 t2e ,#' o% t2e ,ir.

• So"e o% t2e" 2#ve 'overs #t t2e top e!.

• A!ot2er t$pe o% tu,e %eeer 2#s slopi!& sies* :ier #t t2e ,#se t2#!

#t t2e top.

• Auto"#ti' %eeers "#$ ,e'o"e i"port#!t :it2 t2e i!'re#si!& 'ost o%

l#,our i! "#!$ tropi'#l #re#s.

• O!e %or" istri,utes %ee %ro" t2e %ee72opper t2rou&2 # '2#i! t2#tis ele'tri'#ll$ rive! #! oper#te ,$ # ti"e s:it'2.

• It #'tiv#tes %ee #! reu'es 'ro:i!& ,ut it is epe!sive.

Co!i'#l ri!ers

,2 Drin$ers

2e 'o""o!est %or" o% ri!er i! Ni&eri# is t2e :#ter %ou!t#i!* :2i'2

"#$ ,e "#e o% lv#!iJe iro!* #lu"i!u"* pl#sti' or 'l#$.

• 2e$ #re usu#ll$ 'o!i'#l or p#rtl$ '$li!ri'#te.

• 2e$ v#r$ i! '#p#'it$ %ro" ; to or = litres.

• 2e s2#pe s2oul %#'ilit#te ui' #! t2orou&2 :#s2i!&.

• So"e ri!ers #re trou&27s2#pe.

Spi!!er (#!le)

Beei!& rou&2

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• 2e$ #re "#e o% lv#!iJe #!&le iro!.

• #rs sp#'e #t ?.5'" preve!t %ouli!& o% t2e :#ter.

• 2e trou&2 "#$ ,e %ille "#!u#ll$ or ,$ #! #uto"#ti' evi'e ,#se

o! # spri!&7lo#e ,#ll7v#lve #tt#'2e to t2e suppl$ pipe.

• 2e ,#se o% t2e ri!er s2oul 2#ve # &roove t2#t 'o!trols t2e :#ter

%lo: to t2e surrou!i!&.

32 Perc&

2is euip"e!t is !e'ess#r$ i! eep litter 2ouses.

• It provies resti!& or roosti!& pl#'es

• It is "#e o% "et#l* :oo* or pl#sti'

• It is o% "oer#te 2ei&2t* to "i!i"iJe e&& ,re##&es.

-2 Nests

• 2is euip"e!t is pe'uli#r to t2e "#!#&e"e!t o% l#$ers #! ,reeers.

• Nests #re 'o"p#rt"e!ts i! :2i'2 e&&s #re l#i.

• 2e 'o"p#rt"e!ts "#$ ,e su'2 t2#t '#! ,e use ,$ o!e or "ore

,irs #t # ti"e.

• So"e !ests #re si!&le or ope!7%ro!te !ests :2ere i"e!sio!s #re

;573

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2e t:o7tier si!&le !est

2e si!&le l#$i!& !est

42 Cr(tes

2ese #re per%or#te or :ell ve!til#te ,oes %or t2e tr#!s%er o% #ult

%o:ls #! so"eti"es &ro:ers.

• 2e 'r#tes 'oul ,e "#e o% li&2t :oo or pl#sti'. %r#"e:or o!

iro!.• 2e$ 'oul ,e use to 'o!ve$ 157;5 ,irs #t # ti"e epe!i!& o!

t2eir #&e #! siJe.

• Cor!ers o% 'r#te s2oul !ot ,e s2#rp* preve!t pilli!& #! su%%o'#tio!.

?2 Too)s

It is &oo to ,e :ell euippe :it2 tools ,e'#use it e!'our#&es Lo it

$oursel% #ttitue* :2i'2 e!'our#&es i!!ov#tio! #! sel% relev#!'e.

E#"ple8 pliers* s2ovels* :2eel ,#rro:* 'utl#sses* 2oles* r#es* 2#""er*

s#:* s're: rivers* s'oops* et'.

=2 5rooders

rooers provie 2e#t %or $ou!& ,irs %or t2e %irst %e: :ees o% li%euri!& :2i'2 t2e$ #re u!#,le to re&ul#te t2eir o:! ,o$ te"per#ture.

• rooer &u#rs restri't t2e $ou!& ,irs to :it2i! t2e vi'i!it$ o% 2e#t

#! %ee suppl$.

• rooer &u#rs '#! ,e "#e %ro" %lei,le "#teri#ls su'2 #s 'eili!&

,o#rs '#r,o#r or :ire !etti!&.

• rooer t$pes i!'lue '2#r'o#l or :oostoves* erose!e l#"p or

stoves* ele'tri'it$ 2e#ters or ,ul,s #! ,rooer 2e!s.

4e!t %or t2e eit o% 2ot #ir

Bloor ,rooer :ooe!

1

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Wooe! '#!op$

SELF ASSESS'ENT E@ERCISE

1. De%i!e poultr$ euip"e!t.

;. W2#t #re t2e i%%ere!t t$pes o% poultr$ 2ouses

3. +ist t2e %e#tures o% # poultr$ 2ouse.

-27 CONCLUSION

Aeu#te poultr$ 2ousi!& is !eee to prote't ,irs %ro" r#i!* ire't

su!li&2t* 2e#t* 'ol* tur,ule!t :i!s* ust et'. I! t2e tropi'#l

e!viro!"e!t* #! ie#l poultr$ 2ouse s2oul ,e :ell ve!til#te* r$* 'le#!

#! sp#'ious. It s2oul ,e #''essi,le %or &oo p#tro!#&e. Bi!#ll$*

poultr$ 2ouses '#!!ot %u!'tio! s#tis%#'toril$ u!less t2e$ #re properl$

euippe #! supplie :it2 #ppli#!'es.

427SU''ARY

I! t2is u!it* :e 2#ve ,ee! #,le to elve i!to t2e esse!ti#ls o% poultr$

,uili!&s #s t2e$ rel#te to 2ousi!& o% ,irs #! euip"e!t. Co!sier#,le

%#'tors %or sitti!& #! l#$i!& out o% ,uili!&s to #voi pit %#lls l#ter :ere

eu#ll$ #resse. Also* i%%ere!t t$pes o% 2ouses #! euip"e!t %oroper#tio!#l #'tivities i! # poultr$ prou'tio! "#!#&e"e!t s$ste" 2#ve

,ee! epl#i!e.

?27 TUTOR 'ARBED ASSIGN'ENT

1. W2#t #re t2e pre7reuisites %or sitti!& # poultr$ 2ouse

;. +ist t2e spe'i%i' #! !o!7spe'i%i' poultr$ euip"e!t.

=27 REFERENCES9FURT:ER READINGS

Olu$e"i* . A. #! Ro,erts* B.A. (;

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G#!i$u* O. (;

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3.;.0 Ot2er M#!#&e"e!t Pr#'ti'es o! Bertile E&&s i! t2e

I!'u,#tor

3.;.5 C#uses o% E",r$o!i' De#t2

0.< Co!'lusio!

5.< Su""#r$.< utor7M#re Assi&!"e!t


127 INTRODUCTION

I!'u,#tio! is es'ri,e #s t2e "#!#&e"e!t o% # %ertiliJe e&& to e!sure

t2e s#tis%#'tor$ evelop"e!t o% t2e e",r$o i!sie i!to # !or"#l '2i' or

poult or eet.

I!'u,#tio! "#$ ,e #'2ieve ,$ t2e !#tur#l "et2o :it2 # 2e! sitti!& o!t2e e&&s* or #rti%i'i#ll$ ,$ usi!& spe'i#l "#'2i!es '#lle i!'u,#tors. 2e

i!'u,#tors #re pl#'e i! spe'i#ll$ 'o!stru'te ,uili!&s !o:! #s

2#t'2eries. Arti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio! re%ers to t2e use o% "e'2#!i'#l

euip"e!t to repl#'e # ,rooi!& 2e! %or t2e i!'u,#tio! o% e&&s. 2e use

o% i!'u,#tors 2#s %ree t2e ,reei!& 2e! %ro" i!'u,#ti!& e&&s #!

e!#,les 2er to :or L%ull7ti"e uri!& t2e $e#r to reprou'e %ertile e&&s.

2is is ,e'#use t2e reprou'tive '#p#'it$ o% t2e 2e! 'oul !ot ,e use or

#tt#i!e :it2out #rti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio! o% e&&s. 2e evelop"e!t o% t2e

i!'u,#tor is t2e %ou!#tio! o% t2e "oer! poultr$ i!ustr$ #llo:i!&

l#r&e !u",ers o% !e:l$ 2#t'2e '2i's to ,e prou'e o! e"#! ,$t2e poultr$ prou'ers. 2e prou'tio! o% %ertile e&&s t2#t :ill prou'e

stro!& vi#,le '2i's is t2e e$ %#'tor i! # su''ess%ul 2#t'2er$ oper#tio!.

,27 O58ECTIVES

At t2e e! o% t2is u!it* $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• &ive t2e re#so!s %or t2e evelop"e!t o% t2e i!'u,#tor #! its

%u!'tio!s

• 2i&2li&2t t2e &e!er#l pr#'ti'es i! #! i!'u,#tor

• epl#i! 2o: to "#!#&e %ertile e&&s i! t2e i!'u,#tor.

327 'AIN CONTENT

321 T&e 5(c$%round o+ Incu(tion

13

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Arti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio! is #! #!'ie!t o''up#tio!. ot2 t2e C2i!ese #! t2e

E&$pti#!s #re 'reite :it2 ori&i!#ti!& #rti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio! pro'eures

#s %#r ,#' #s 3

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32,2, Incu(tion Periods o+ t&e E%%s o+ V(rious 5irds

Di%%ere!t spe'ies o% ,irs #! eve! t2e str#i!s o% ,irs l#$ e&&s t2#t 2#ve

i%%ere!t i!'u,#tio! perios. Alt2ou&2 so"e spe'ies 2#ve t2e s#"e

perio o% i!'u,#tio!* "ost o !ot 2#ve t2e s#"e. So :2et2er it is !#tur#l

or #rti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio! t2#t is use* t2e e&&s "ust st#$ i! t2e i!'u,#tor

%or t2e reuire perio o% ti"e ,e%ore t2e$ #re %i!#ll$ 2#t'2e i!to

'2i's or poults.

2ese i!'u,#tio! perios '#! o!l$ ,e ept stri'tl$ :2e! 'o!itio!s

:it2i! #! outsie t2e i!'u,#tors #re %#vor#,le %or t2e e&&s. U!er

'ert#i! situ#tio!s eve! #%ter t2e perio is el#pse t2e '2i's or poults #re

!ot 2#t'2e #! :2e! t2e$ eve!tu#ll$ 2#t'2* 2#t'2#,ilit$ is ver$ lo:.

E#"ples o% i!'u,#tio! perio o% e&&s o% v#rious ,irs8

S;ecies D(*s

o, :2ite u#il* p2e#s#!ts ;0

#p#!ese u#il* pi&eo!s 171>

C2i'e!s ;17 ;;

Du' ("us'ov$)* s:#! 35

Ostri'2 0;

C#!#r$ 13

Du' (Pei! #! "#ll#r)* &oose* ;=

Gui!e# %o:l #! ture$

32,23 Incu(tion Pr(ctices

2e su''ess o% i!'u,#tio! pr#'ti'es st#rts :it2 t2e u#lit$ o% e&&s vi# t2e

,reei!& sto'. 2e ,reeer %lo' "ust ,e 2e#lt2$ #! %ree o% #ll

p#t2o&e!s. #t'2#,le e&&s "e#!t %or setti!& i! t2e i!'u,#tor s2oul ,e

2#!le :it2 ut"ost '#re. Bertile e&&s s2oul ,e 'olle'te #t le#st t2ree

ti"es # #$. 2is is !e'ess#r$ to e!sure t2#t t2e$ #re !ot soile #! '#!

,e 'oole %#ster. Miss2#pe! siJe* t2i! or 'r#'e s2ells or t2ose t2#t #re

e'essivel$ ,i& s2oul ,e re-e'te. 2e e&&s :ei&2i!& 55< &r#"s #re

ie#l %or 2#t'2i!&. O!'e t2e$ #re sele'te* t2e$ s2oul ,e %u"ite:it2 # suit#,le #&e!t su'2 #s %or"#le2$e* rie* 'le#!e or ippe or

:#s2e i! :#r" s#!itiJi!& #&e!t.

32,2321 T&e Incu(tion En"ironment9En"ironment()

Conditions inside t&e Incu(tor

Bor su''ess%ul #rti%i'i#l i!'u,#tio!* t2ere #re 'ert#i! ele"e!ts i! t2e

#t"osp2ere :2i'2 #re 'o!u'tive to i!'u,#tio! t2#t !ee to ,e provie

%or e%%i'ie!t %u!'tio!i!& o% t2e i!'u,#tor. 2e "oer! i!'u,#tor is

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esi&!e to oper#te :it2i! spe'i%i' li"its o% #! e!viro!"e!t :2ere

te"per#ture* 2u"iit$ #! #ir %lo: #re 'o!trolle.

12 Incu(tor Room Tem;er(ture

E",r$o!i' evelop"e!t is i!iti#te :2e! t2e e&& is epose to #

te"per#ture o% ;. ;>.0

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ot2er !oious su,st#!'es #risi!& per2#ps %ro" t2e spoil#&e o% so"e

e&&s.

32,2- Ot&er '(n(%ement Pr(ctices in t&e Incu(tor

12 E%% Se)ection

E&&s t2#t :ei&2 ,et:ee! 55< &r#"s #re sele'te %or i!'u,#tio! to

#voi #! u!eve! istri,utio! o% 2e#t* rel#tive 2u"iit$ #! o$&e!.

,2 C(nd)in%

C#!li!& is # pro'ess o% e#"i!i!& %ertile e&&s #i!st # stro!& ,e#" o%

li&2t pre%er#,l$ e"er&i!& t2rou&2 # s"#ll 2ole or # !#rro: slit. 2e test

is 'o!u'te i! # #r roo". I! t2is pro'ess t2e li&2t re#'2es t2e e$e o%t2e o,server #%ter p#ssi!& t2rou&2 t2e e&&* t2ere,$ "#i!& t2e 'o!te!t

%#irl$ visi,le. 2is test "#$ ,e 'o!u'te #t 5 t2 to ?t2 #$ #! 1=t2 #$ o%

i!'u,#tio!* i! orer to eli"i!#te t2e i!%ertile or 'le#r e&&s #t t2e e#rl$

st#&e o% e",r$o!i' &ro:t2 #! t2e e# i! s2ell l#ter i! li%e.

32 Turnin%

ur!i!& o% t2e e&&s uri!& t2e i!'u,#tio! pro'ess is #,solutel$

!e'ess#r$ i! orer to preve!t #2eri!& o% t2e e",r$os to t2e s2ell

"e",r#!es uri!& t2e e#rl$ st#&es o% evelop"e!t. It #lso 2elps i! provii!& u!i%or" e!viro!"e!t %or t2e i!'u,#ti!& e&&s #! t2e &ro:i!&

e",r$os. Depe!i!& o! t2e t$pe #! '#p#'it$ o% t2e i!'u,#tor* t2e e&&s

"#$ ,e tur!e "#!u#ll$ or "e'2#!i'#ll$ #t re&ul#r i!terv#ls o% 5 to ?

ti"es # #$. 2e e&&s "ust rest ,et:ee! tur!i!&s. Co!st#!t ,#' #!

%ort2 "otio! is ,# %or t2e 2#t'2. 2e tur!i!& #!&le s2oul ,e #t le#st

05

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Cert#i! %e#tures #re usu#ll$ #sso'i#te :it2 t2e i%%ere!t '#uses o%

e",r$o!i' "ort#lit$ or poor "#!#&e"e!t oper#tio!s8

1. B#ilure to 2#t'2 %ollo:i!& pipi!& "#$ ,e ue to i!su%%i'ie!t"oisture.

;. #t'2i!& too soo! #! "#l%or"e '2i's "#$ #rise %ro"

e'essivel$ 2i&2 te"per#ture.

3. We# '2i's "#$ result %ro" over2e#ti!& o% t2e i!'u,#tor.

0. LMus2$ '2i's "#$ ,e '#use ,$ too lo: #! #ver#&e

te"per#ture #! poor ve!til#tio! o% i!'u,#torK t2e '2i's &et

:e#* ro:s$ #! pu%%e up #! e#t2 o''urs s2ortl$.

5. loo ri!&s i! ,roe!7out s2ells su&&est e#rl$ e",r$o!i' e#t2

#! "#$ ,e ue to eit2er 2i&2 or too lo: #! i!'u,#tor

te"per#ture* i!'orre't %u"itio! or :ro!& stor#&e o% e&&s.


1. O% :2#t i"port#!'e is t2e i!'u,#tor to t2e poultr$ i!ustr$

;. W2#t is t2e i!'u,#tio! perio o% e&&s o% t2ese spe'ies o% poultr$

(#) C2i'e! (,) Ostri'2 (') o,:2ite u#il

() ure$ (e) S:#!

-27 CONCLUSION

2e #i" o% i!'u,#tio! is to e!sure t2e s#tis%#'tor$ evelop"e!t o%

%ertiliJe e&&s eit2er !#tur#ll$ or #rti%i'i#ll$ i!to !or"#l '2i's. 2is

u!it epl#i!s t2e "#!#&e"e!t o% e!viro!"e!t#l %#'tors t2#t '#! #%%e't

t2e su''ess%ul evelop"e!t o% t2e e",r$o i! #! i!'u,#tor. It #lso s2o:s

t2#t t2e u#lit$ o% t2e 2#t'2 is #lso epe!e!t o! tur!i!&* '#!li!& #!

positio!i!& o% e&&s i! t2e i!'u,#tor.

427 SU''ARY

I! t2is u!it $ou 2#ve ,ee! i!trou'e to t2e 'o!'ept o% i!'u,#tio!* t$pes

o% i!'u,#tors #! t2e i%%ere!'es ,et:ee! t2e". Su''ess%ul #rti%i'i#l

i!'u,#tio! epe!s o! t2e i!'u,#tor e!viro!"e!t* t2e u#lit$ o% t2e

e&&s #! ot2er "#!#&e"e!t pr#'ti'es i! t2e i!'u,#tor. ou 2#ve #lso

,ee! i!trou'e to t2e %e#tures t2#t #re liel$ to ,e #sso'i#te :it2

i%%ere!t '#uses o% e",r$o!i' "ort#lit$.

?27 TUTOR'ARBED ASSIGN'ENT

1=

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1. W2#t is i!'u,#tio!

;. Di%%ere!ti#te ,et:ee! t2e %l#t #! '#,i!et i!'u,#tor.

3. rie%l$ epl#i! t2e e!viro!"e!t#l 'o!itio!s t2#t :ill e!'our#&e

&oo e",r$o evelop"e!t.


Ae$i!#* I. A. #! Aut#* . . (;

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3.1.; B#'tors Reuire %or M#i!t#i!i!& Proper #t'2er$

$&ie!e

3.1.3 B#'tors I!%lue!'i!& Su''ess%ul #t'2er$

Oper#tio!s

3.; Sitti!& o% #t'2er$3.3 #t'2er$ uili!&

3.0 #!li!& o% #t'2er$ E&&s

3.5 M#!#&e"e!t o% #t'2er$ E&&s i! t2e #t'2er

3. Provii!& t2e est #t'2er$ E!viro!"e!t

3..1 e"per#ture

3..; Rel#tive u"iit$

3..3 4e!til#tio!

3..0 ur!i!& o% E&&s

3..5 Positio! o% t2e E&&s

0.< Co!'lusio!

5.< Su""#r$


?.< Re%ere!'es/Burt2er Resour'es

127 INTRODUCTION

A 2#t'2er$ is # pl#'e :2ere e&&s #re 2#t'2e i!to '2i's* poults or eet

,$ #rti%i'i#l "e#!s (i!'u,#tor). 2e 2#t'2i!& o% '2i's #s # ,usi!ess 2#s

lo!& ,ee! #! i"port#!t p#rt o% t2e poultr$ i!ustr$ i! t2e :2ole :orl.

#t'2er$ "#!#&e"e!t ,e&i!s eve! ,e%ore t2e e&&s to ,e 2#t'2e #rrive#t t2e 2#t'2er$. It i!volves t2e lo'#tio! o% t2e 2#t'2er$* t2e t$pe o%

euip"e!t #! t2e sille l#,our !e'ess#r$ i! t2e 2#t'2er$ et'. 2e

2#t'2er$ "#!#&er "ust !o: e#'tl$ :2#t i!s o% "#teri#l #re ,ei!&

put i!to t2e setters. 2e #'tu#l pro'ess o% 2#t'2i!& # '2i' is

'o"pli'#te #s t2ere #re "#!$ %#'tors #%%e'ti!& it. 2e e!viro!"e!t i!

:2i'2 t2e e&&s #re i!'u,#te #! t2e e!viro!"e!t#l %#'tors i! t2e setters

#! 2#t'2er$ provie t2e proper 'o!itio!s %or e",r$o evelop"e!t. I%

t2e 2#t'2er$ is !ot per%or"i!& up to t2e 2#t'2#,ilit$ st#!#r

re'o""e!e ,$ t2e ,reeer supplier* t2ere is # pro,#,ilit$ t2#t

i!#eu#te ve!til#tio! 'oul ,e t2e pro,le".

,27 O58ECTIVES

At t2e e! o% t2is u!it* $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• #vi'e #! i!ustrious %#r"er :2ere to lo'#te # 2#t'2er$

• 2i&2li&2t t2e perti!e!t reuire"e!t %or su''ess%ul 2#t'2er$

oper#tio!s

• es'ri,e 2o: # 2#t'2er$ e!viro!"e!t '#! ,e 'o!trolle %or ,etter

2#t'2#,ilit$.

;

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327 'AIN CONTENT

321 :(tc&er* Pr(ctices

It s2oul ,e !ote t2#t t2e 2e#lt2 st#tus o% t2e ,reei!& %lo' is ver$i"port#!t %or t2e prou'tio! o% 2i&2 u#lit$ 2#t'2er$ e&&s. Also

i"port#!t i! t2is rer is t2e "#ti!& r#tio :2i'2 is usu#ll$ ? "#les to

1

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t2e sur%#'e o% t2e s2ell '#! ui'l$ pe!etr#te t2e". e'#use o% t2is* t2e

e!viro!"e!t %ro" t2e !est ,o o!:#rs is ver$ 'ru'i#l. Nests "ust

t2ere%ore ,e supplie :it2 %res2 litter "#teri#l to eep t2e e&&s #s 'le#!

#s possi,le.

2e %ollo:i!& steps :ill e!sure # reu'tio! o% 'o!t#"i!#!ts o! t2e

%ertile e&&s8

• Colle't e&&s %reue!tl$ %ertile e&&s s2oul ,e 'olle'te 0 to 5 ti"es

# #$.

,2 Fumi%(te t&e E%%s

Do t2is :it2 p#r#7%or"#le2$e :it2i! 0 2ours o% l#$i!& o! t2e %#r"sK

spe'i#l '#,i!ets #! "i!i %u"itors #re #v#il#,le %or t2is purpose.Ie#ll$ irt$ e&&s s2oul !ot ,e p#sse i!to t2e 2#t'2er$. 2ese e&&s #re

so"eti"es su,-e'te to v#r$i!& tre#t"e!ts i!'lui!& i!e%%e'tive

:#s2i!& :2i'2 2#s # is#strous e%%e't o! '2i' u#lit$. A%ter %u"itio!

e&&s "ust ,e store #! tr#!sporte to t2e 2#t'2er$ i! ,oes* tr#$s*

trolle$s #! ve2i'les :2i'2 "ust 2#ve ,ee! previousl$ s#!itiJe :it2 #

2e#v$ ut$ eter&e!t s#!itiJer. I% possi,le is'#r %i,re tr#$s #%ter usi!&

o!'e* ot2er:ise e!sure t2e$ #re t2orou&2l$ %u"ite.

32 Ensure t&(t t&e Setter is C)e(n

Multi7st#&e setters #re usu#ll$ %reue!tl$ 'le#!e #! s#!itiJe si!'e

t2e$ #re !ot e"ptie %or # perio o% up to t:o $e#rs. I! #! #tte"pt to

'o!trol t2e ,uil up #! tr#!s%er o% i!%e'tio! %ro" eploi!& e&&s*

%o&&i!& :it2 isi!%e't#!ts is # st#!#r pr#'ti'e. M#!$ o% t2e prou'ts

use %or %o&&i!& setters #re e",r$o'i#l #! 2#ve # ver$ #verse e%%e't

o! 2#t'2#,ilit$. Avoi %u"itio! o% e&&s i! t2e setters %ro" ;0 to >

2ours #%ter setti!&. So# setter tr#$s ,et:ee! uses i! # pressure :#s2er.

S'ru, setter roo" %loor t:i'e # :ee usi!& # suit#,le isi!%e't#!t.

-2 Use A;;ro;ri(te Deter%ent S(nitier to C)e(n t&e :(tc&ers

o reu'e t2e !u",er o% "i'ro7or!is"s i! t2e li"e s'#le* o! t2e

%loors #! :#lls o% t2e 2#t'2ers #s :ell #s t2e trolle$s #! ot2er

euip"e!t to #! #''ept#,le level o% 1

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M#!$ 2#t'2eries %o& t2e tot#l 2#t'2er$ e!viro!"e!t o! # #il$ ,#sis.

2e prou'ts use v#r$ %ro" %or"#li! to pi!e7isi!%e't#!ts. u#ter!#r$

#""o!iu" t$pe isi!%e't#!t is ver$ suit#,le.

?2 Ot&er Gener() F(ctors

• All e"plo$ees s2oul :#s2 2#!s %reue!tl$ espe'i#ll$ ,et:ee!

oper#tio!s. Provie :#s2 2#!s ,#si!s* &er"i'i#l so#p #! p#per

to:els.

• Prote'tive 'lot2i!& s2oul !ot ,e #"#&e ,et:ee! oper#tio!s.

• Avoi st#%% "ove"e!t :it2i! t2e 2#t'2er$. U!er !o 'ir'u"st#!'es

s2oul* # st#%% "ove %ro" t2e 2#t'2er$ roo" to t2e e&& 2#!li!&

roo".

• Duri!& '#!li!& #! tr#!s%er* #!$ ,roe! e&&s or eploe e&&s

s2oul ,e i""ei#tel$ pl#'e i! # 'o!t#i!er o% isi!%e't#!t #!'o"pletel$ su,"er&e. 2e #re# s2oul ,e %o&&e %ollo:i!& su'2 #!

eplosio!.

• 2e 'olle'tio! ve2i'le #! '2i' tr#!sporters s2oul ,e 'le#!e

re&ul#rl$ #! %u"ite.

• At #ll 'osts preve!t ,#' tr#'i!& i! t2e 2#t'2er$. 6eep oors 'lose

#t #ll ti"es* ,$ t2e use o% #uto"#ti' evi'es.

• Routi!e ,#'teri#l "o!itori!& s2oul ,e u!ert#e! to '2e' over#ll

2$&ie!e.

32123 F(ctors In+)uencin% Success+u) :(tc&er* O;er(tions.'(n(%ement o+ 5reeder F)oc$ (nd :(tc&in% o+ E%%s

12 Diet (nd :e()t& St(tus o+ F)oc$

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&ro:i!& perio to preve!t i!%e'tio! #! e&& tr#!s"issio! uri!&

t2e l#$i!& perio (e.&. #vi#! e!'ep2#lo"$elities* (CRD)* tests #!

re"ov#l o% '#rriers or sl#u&2ter o% i!%e'te lo's (e.&. pulloru"

#! %o:l t$p2oi).

-2 Pre"entin% E%% S&e)) ,or!e ise#ses8 Sever#l pro'eures #re

use to over'o"e s2ell 'o!t#"i!#tio! :2i'2 #rises %ro"

i!testi!#l 'o!te!ts #! ot2er e!viro!"e!t#l sour'es. Co!trol

i!volves preve!ti!& s2ell 'o!t#"i!#tio! or estro$i!& t2e

or!is"s ,e%ore t2e$ pe!etr#te t2e s2ell. 2is 'oul ,e #'2ieve

t2rou&28

• Prou'i!& 'le#! 2#t'2i!& e&&s

• Bu"itio!

•

W#s2i!& i! :#ter o% 3=

o

C or liui steriliJ#tio! (soiu" pe!t#'2lorop2e!#te).

32, Sittin% o+ :(tc&er*

It is %u!#"e!t#l t2#t t2e 2#t'2er$ s2oul ,e lo'#te #:#$ %ro" eisti!&

%#r"s* %#r" 2ouses #! e!sel$ popul#te #re#s/2u"#! settle"e!ts.

2ere s2oul ,e e#s$ suppl$ o% ele'tri'it$* 2$&ie!i' :#ter #! ope! #ir.

#t'2er$ "ust ,e :ell 'o!!e'te :it2 t2e ro#s #! e&& prou'tio!

'e!tres. 2e i""ei#te surrou!i!& o% t2e 2#t'2er$ s2oul ,e properl$

'le#!e #! ept 2$&ie!i' #t #ll ti"es. #t'2er$ :#ste s2oul ,e properl$ ispose o% #! t2e euip"e!t s#!itiJe.

323 T&e :(tc&er* 5ui)din%

2e i"e!sio!s o% t2e 2#t'2er$ ,uili!& :ill epe! o! t2e !u",er #!

siJe o% t2e "#'2i!e to ,e #''o""o#te* :2i'2 i! tur! :ill epe! o!

t2e !u",er o% '2i's reuire to ,e 2#t'2e i! # &ive! perio o% ti"e.

2e l#$ out pl#!* 2o:ever* "ust "eet ,#si' 2#t'2er$ pre"ises pl#!.

12 T&e E%% Recei"in% Room

• It s2oul ,e lo'#te #t t2e outset o% 2#t'2er$ pre"ises. 2e e&&s

%ro" ,reeer %#r" "#$ ,e re'eive 2ere pre%er#,l$ t2rou&2 t2e

:i!o: #! t2e perso! ,ri!&i!& t2e" s2oul !ot ,e #llo:e toe!ter t2e 2#t'2er$ ,uili!&.

,2 T&e Disin+ection. Fumi%(tion (nd :o)din% Room

• Bu"itio! roo" s2oul ,e 'o!!e'te to t2e e&& re'eivi!& roo" #!#%ter isi!%e'tio!/%u"itio! e&&s "#$ ,e s2i%te to t2e 'ol stor#&e/

;0

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2oli!& roo". 2e e&& 2oli!& roo" s2oul ,e 'o!!e'te to

t2e %u"itio! roo".

32 T&e E%% Settin% Room

• 2is s2oul ,e uite sp#'ious so t2#t su%%i'ie!t :ori!& sp#'e

%ur!is2e :it2 :or ,e!'2es et'. #re #v#il#,le %or t2e :orers to o

t2e -o, e%%e'tivel$* ,esies #''o""o#ti!& t2e reuire !u",er o%

i!'u,#tors.

-2 T&e C(nd)in% Room

• Evie!tl$* t2e '#!li!& '2#",er s2oul ,e #r #! 'o!!e'te to t2ee&& setti!& #s :ell #s 2#t'2i!& roo"s. It s2oul ,e euippe :it2

%ertilit$ testi!& l#"ps or "#ss '#!ler. 2e e&&s #re '#!le %or

i!ter!#l e&& u#lit$ prior to lo#i!& i! t2e i!'u,#tors lo'#te i! t2esetti!& roo".

42 T&e :(tc&in% Room

• #t'2ers s2oul pre%er#,l$ ,e ept i! # sep#r#te roo". 2is p#rt o%t2e ,uili!& s2oul spe'i%i'#ll$ ,e ie#ll$ 'le#!e #! :ell

ve!til#te %or t2e prou'tio! o% l#r&e !u",ers o% 2e#lt2$ '2i's.

?2 T&e C&ic$ Se/in% Room

• 2is roo" "#$ ,e #tt#'2e to 2#t'2i!& roo" #s :ell #s t2e '2i'

2oli!& roo". 2e roo" s2oul ,e 'lu,,e :it2 #ppropri#te li&2t

sour'e (;

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A &(tc&er* ;)(n n(tur() "enti)(tion

3.0 Stor(%e Tem;er(ture o+ :(tc&()e E%%s

o e!2#!'e proper 2#t'2#,ilit$* it is &e!er#ll$ re'o""e!e t2#t

2#t'2#,le e&&s s2oul ,e store i! #ir 'o!itio!e roo" #t # te"per#ture

r#!&e o% ,et:ee! 131

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O!l$ t2rou&2 tri#l #! error '#! t2e 'orre't #"ou!t o% ve!til#tio! ,e

eter"i!e t2rou&2 eperi"e!t#tio!. 2e %ollo:i!& #re so"e 2elp%ul

%i&ures8

• I! t2e 2#t'2er

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Ae$i!#* I. A. #! Aut# . . (;

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CONTENTS

1.< I!trou'tio!

;.< O,-e'tives

3.< M#i! Co!te!t3.1 Bees #! Beei!& i! Poultr$ Prou'tio!

3.1.1 De%i!itio! o% er"s

3.; Cl#ssi%i'#tio! o% Bee I!&reie!ts

3.;.1 C#r,o2$r#tes

3.;.; Protei!

3.;.3 B#ts

3.;.0 Mi!er#ls

3.;.5 4it#"i!s

3.;. W#ter

3.3 A!ti Nutritio!#l B#'tors

3.0 Beei!& Pr#'ti'es

3.0.1 Bee Prese!t#tio!

3.0.1.12e U!restri'te Beei!& Pro&r#""e

3.0.1.;2e Restri'te Beei!& Pro&r#""e

3.0.; Bor"s o% Bees

3.5 ips to A'2ievi!& i&2 Bee E%%i'ie!'$

0.< Co!'lusio!

5.< Su""#r$



127 INTRODUCTION

2e tr#!s%or"#tio! o% pl#!ts* #!i"#ls #! "i!er#l "#tters i!to %or"s

2i&2l$ priJe #s # sour'e o% %oo %or "#! is t2e pri"#r$ ,#sis %or t2e

poultr$ i!ustr$. Bro" t2e !utritio!#l st#! poi!t* t2e !utrie!ts

'o!t#i!e i! # poultr$ %ee #re #s use%ul to "#! #s to # l#$i!& 2e!.

o:ever* #s e&&s or poultr$ "e#t* t2ese !utrie!ts #re i! # "u'2 "ore

p#l#t#,le %or". Bor pro%it#,le poultr$ prou'tio!* t2e 'o!versio! o%

%ee to e&&s #! "e#t "ust ,e o!e e%%i'ie!tl$ #! e'o!o"i'#ll$. o%or"ul#te r#tio!s t2#t :ill o t2is* it is !e'ess#r$ to !o: so"et2i!& o%

t2e %oo !utrie!ts #! t2eir use ,$ t2e poultr$.

,27 O58ECTIVES

At t2e e! o% t2is u!it $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• epl#i! t2e ,#si' pri!'iples o% %ees #! %eei!&

• st#te ,rie%l$ t2e purpose o% %eei!&

• sele't %ee i!&reie!ts to 'o"pou! iets %or poultr$• outli!e t2e %or"s o% %ee prese!t#tio! to poultr$.

;>

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327 'AIN CONTENT

321 Feeds (nd Feedin%s in Pou)tr* Production

Poultr$ %eei!& is # "#-or ite" o% 'ost i! poultr$ prou'tio!. It is

esti"#te to #''ou!t %or ,et:ee! < to =< per 'e!t o% t2e tot#l 'ost o%

prou'i!& e&&s #! poultr$ "e#t.

Aeu#te !utritio! is esse!ti#l i! pro%it#,le '2i'e! prou'tio!

e!terprises. W2e! '2i'e!s #re provie :it2 2i&2 u#lit$ %ee #t t2e

reuire u#!tit$* it pro"otes ,o$ "#i!te!#!'e* &ro:t2* i"proves e&&

prou'tio!* #! it &ives e!er&$* &oo 2e#lt2 #! vi&our.

M#i!te!#!'e o% t2e ,o$ is t2e %irst 'o!sier#tio! i! &oo %eei!&.U!er !or"#l 'o!itio!s* prou'tio! %ollo:s #%ter t2e ,o$ !ees #re

supplie. Co!sier#,le %ee is reuire to ,uil #! "#i!t#i! t2e ,o$

to t2e poi!t o% prou'tio!. A'tu#l prou'tio! o% e&&s reuires ,ut #

'o"p#r#tivel$ s"#ll #"ou!t o% %oo i! #itio!. Pro%it 'o"es %ro"

&ro:t2 or prou'tio! o% "e#t or e&&s. A,out t2ree7%ourt2 o% t2e tot#l

%ee 'o!su"e is use %or "#i!te!#!'e :2e! # %o:l is i! l#$i!&

'o!itio!.

32121 De+inition o+ Terms

2ere #re # !u",er o% ter"s :2i'2 s2oul ,e e%i!e ,e%ore t2e

pri!'iples o% %eei!& #re is'usse %urt2er.

Nutrient is #!$ %ee 'o!stitue!t or &roup o% %ee 'o!stitue!ts o% t2e

s#"e &e!er#l '2e"i'#l 'o"positio! or # pure '2e"i'#l 'o"pou! t2#t

#is i! t2e support o% li%e. 2ese 'o!sist o% '#r,o2$r#tes* protei!*

"i!er#ls* vit#"i!s #! :#ter.

Feedstu++ is s$!o!$"ous :it2 %ee* %oo or %oer #lt2ou&2 it is

,ro#er* 'overi!& #ll "#teri#ls i!'lue i! t2e iet ,e'#use o% t2eir!utritio!#l properties. It i!'lues !#tur#l %ees o% #!i"#l ori&i!*

s$!t2eti' #! ot2er pure !utrie!ts :2i'2 #re #e i! t2e !#tur#l %ees.

Feed is # "iture o% %eestu%% ,le!e/pro'esse i! # %or" :2i'2 is

#''ept#,le to #!i"#ls. It is "erel$ t2e '#rrier o% !utrie!t #! pote!ti#l

e!er&$ i! # r#tio!.

Su;;)ement is # %ee/%ee "iture use :it2 #!ot2er %ee to i"prove

t2e !utritive ,#l#!'e o% tot#l r#tio! #! it is i!te!e to ,e %e u!ilute

#s # supple"e!t to ot2er %ees. It 'oul ,e8

3

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• O%%ere %ree '2oi'e :it2 ot2er p#rts o% t2e r#tio!s sep#r#tel$

#v#il#,le

• Burt2er ilute #! "ie to prou'e # 'o"plete %ee.

A r(tion is #! #llo:#!'e o% %ee &ive! to #! #!i"#l over # spe'i%ie perio o% ti"e* e.&. #il$ r#tio! or :eel$ r#tio!. It s2oul %ur!is2 t2e

e!tire !utrie!t reuire i! #eu#te #"ou!t.

Diet 'o!!otes # %ee :2i'2 is o%%ere to #! #!i"#l over # !o!7spe'i%ie

perio o% ti"e. It is %or"ul#te %or spe'i#l purposes eperi"e!t#tio!*

spe'i#l p2$siolo&i'#l 'o!itio!s (si'* prou'tio!)K # r#tio! is p#rt o% #

iet.

Dr* m(tter is "#e up o% i!or!i' #! or!i' su,st#!'es. 2e i!7

or!i' "#tter is 'o"pose o% "i!er#ls or #s2. 2e or!i' su,st#!'es'o!sist o% 'o",usti,le "#teri#l* su'2 #s sur* st#r'2* %#t* protei! #!

%i,er.

As& is #! i!or!i' 'o!stitue!t prese!t i! s"#ll u#!tities i! #ll %ees

#! i! #ll p#rts o% t2e ,o$. It is # !o! 'o",usti,le "#teri#l.

Nitro%en +ree e/tr(ct is "#e up "ostl$ o% st#r'2es #! surs. It is

use ,$ t2e ,o$ %or %uel :2i'2 %ur!is2es e!er&$ #! 2e#t.

Protein0ener%* r(tio "e#!s t2e #"ou!t o% protei! i! t2e %ee or &roupo% %ees #s 'o"p#re :it2 t2e 'o",i!e '#r,o2$r#tes #! %#t. W2e!

:e s#$ # r#tio! 2#s # protei! e!er&$ r#tio o% 1 to 5* :e "e#! t2#t it

'o!t#i!s o!e p#rt o% protei! to ever$ %ive p#rts o% '#r,o2$r#tes #! %#t.

32, C)(ssi+ic(tion o+ Feed In%redients

I! is'ussi!& t2e "#!$ i!&reie!ts :2i'2 "#$ ,e use%ul i! poultr$ iets/

r#tio!s* it see"s lo&i'#l to &roup t2e" o! t2e ,#sis o% t2e !utrie!ts

:2i'2 t2e$ 'o!t#i!. 2e 'l#ssi%i'#tio! use 2ere :ill ,e (1)

'#r,o2$r#tes* (;) protei!* (3) %#ts* (0) "i!er#l* (5) vit#"i! #! ()

:#ter.

32,21 C(ro&*dr(tes

C#r,o2$r#tes :2i'2 #re t2e "#-or sour'e o% e!er&$ i! poultr$ iets

i!'lue8

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2e &r#i!s "#iJe* &ui!e# 'or!* "illet* :2e#t #! ,roe! ri'e. Cere#l

,$7prou'ts "#iJe ,r#! or o%%#l* :2e#t ,r#! or o%%#l* ri'e ,r#! or o%%#l

#! &ui!e#7'or! o%%#l.

St#r'2 roots #! tu,ers '#ss#v# %lour* '#ss#v# '2ips #! s:eet pot#to.2e iet#r$ i!'lusio! o% 3

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vit#"i!s. 2ese i!'lue $e#st* %#t solu,les* istillers solu,les* liver

"e#l* #l%#l%# "e#l #! "il ,$7prou'ts. All t2e %#t solu,le vit#"i!s (A*

D* E* #! 6) #re supplie ,$ %#ts #! oils.

32,2? #(ter

So"e :#ter is #v#il#,le i! t2e %ee itsel% ("et#,oli' :#ter)* ,ut t2e ,ul

o% it "ust ,e sep#r#tel$ provie i! ri!i!& '#!s. Cool* 'le#! :#ter

s2oul ,e provie #t #ll ti"es. 2e :#ter s2oul ,e %ree %ro" t2e

e'ess s#lt :2i'2 "i&2t 2#ve # l##tive e%%e't.

323 Anti Nutrition() F(ctors

2e !utrie!t pote!ti#ls o% so"e i!&reie!ts #re li"ite ,$ t2e prese!'e

o% toi!s* !ot#,le e#"ples o% :2i'2 is &ui!e# 'or! 'o!t#i!i!& t#!!i!*#! 'otto! see 'o!t#i!i!& &oss$pol. Diets 'o!t#i!i!& 'otto! see '#e

t2ere%ore reuire supple"e!t#tio! :it2 %errous sulp2#te* #p#rt %ro"

l$si!e* %or ,#l#!'i!& #"i!o #'is. Grou!!ut '#! evelop Asper&illus

%l#vus :2i'2 prou'es #%l#toi! t2#t #"#&es t2e liver. So$# ,e#!s

'o!t#i! tr$psi! i!2i,itor # &ro:t2 epress#!t* "e#ls prou'e %ro"

u!pro'esse ,e#!s s2oul !ot ,e %e to poultr$ o% t2e #verse e%%e'ts.

32- Feedin% Pr(ctices

32-21 Feed Present(tion

2e su''ess o% r#isi!& poultr$ epe!s ver$ "u'2 o! #eu#te %eei!&

o% t2e ,irs. Bee is o%%ere to poultr$ #t #ll ti"es (ad li&itum) or

'o!trolle (restri'te).

32-2121 T&e Unrestricted9ad Libitum Feedin% Pro%r(mme

Bee "ust ,e #v#il#,le to t2e ,irs #t #ll ti"es. 2is pr#'ti'e is

'o""o!l$ re%erre to #s ad li&itum %eei!&. 2is "et2o o% %eei!&

#llo:s t2e poultr$ to 'o!su"e %ee to #ppetite or :#!t. irs r#ise %or"e#t (,roilers) #re pre%er#,l$ %e ad li&itum.

Ad"(nt(%es

• More u!i%or" ,o$ :ei&2t #tt#i!"e!t #t "#turit$.

• Bee "#!#&e"e!t te'2!iue is less 'o"pli'#te #s 'o"p#re to

%eei!& re&i"e! i! %ee restri'tio! pro&r#""es.

• irs t2#t %ee t2e"selves #t :ill #re less stresse up.

Dis(d"(nt(%es

33

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• irs overe#t #! i!'re#se %ee 'ost uri!& t2e re#ri!& perio.

• Me#t t$pe (,roiler) ,reeers te! to overe#t #! &ro: e'essivel$*

t2us 'o"pro"isi!& prou'tio! e%%i'ie!'$ #! pro%it#,ilit$ ("ore

s"#ll/pee:ee e&&s prol#pse et').

• Over:ei&2t ,roiler ,reeers #re pro!e to prol#pse* reu'e %ertilit$*

2#t'2#,ilit$ #! reprou'tive %#ilures.

32-212, T&e Restricted9Contro))ed Feedin% Pro%r(mme

Bee is supplie to t2e ,irs i! li"ite u#!tit$ #!/u#lit$. 2e str#i!s

o% ,irs "ust ,e &ro:! o! t2e 'o!trolle %eei!& pro&r#""e to li"it

:ei&2t* p#rti'ul#rl$ :it2 ,roiler ,reeer str#i!s. 2e %e"#le %ee i!t#e

"#$ ,e #-uste to el#$ e&& #t seu#l "#turit$ to "#i!t#i! esire

,o$ :ei&2t #! reu'e prol#pses. I% t2e ,irs #re over:ei&2t* so"e

%or" o% %ee restri'tio! "#$ ,e i"pose. It is #vis#,le to st#rt t2erestri'te %eei!& pro&r#""e %ro" :ees o% #&e* #lt2ou&2 so"e

,reeers re'o""e! e#rlier #&es (;3 :ees o% #&e).

Ad"(nt(%es

• Reu'tio! i! t2e 'ost o% %eei!& t2e ,irs uri!& t2e &ro:i!& perio.

• Bee restri'tio! results i! l#ter "#turi!& ,irs t2#t l#$ l#r&er e&&s #t

t2e i!iti#l perio.

• 2e ,irs #re less %#t* t2us prote'ti!& t2e ,irs %ro" ,reei!&

pro,le"s ue to e'ess %#t.• It le#s to t2e prou'tio! o% "ore 2#t'2#,le e&&s uri!& t2e l#$i!&

$e#r.

Dis(d"(nt(%es

• M#!#&e"e!t o% t2e restri'te %eei!& pro&r#""e is "ore'o"pli'#te t2#! ad li&itum %eei!&.

• irs "#$ ,e "ore u!eve! i! ,o$ siJe "#i!l$ ,e'#use o% t2e

i%%ere!ti#l %ee i!t#e o% L,oss vs Lti"i ,irs.

• It is "ore trou,leso"e to %ee t2e ,irs ,e'#use t2e$ %i&2t #"o!&

t2e"selves i! # ,i to &et #t t2e %ee.

• I!'re#se i! '#!!i,#lis" #! "ort#lit$ pro,le"s.

32-2, Forms o+ Feeds

2e i%%ere!t i!s o% '2i'e! %ees #re #ll #v#il#,le #s 'o""er'i#ll$ or2o"e "#!u%#'ture %ees. Co""er'i#l %ees i! "ost '#ses :ill 'o"e

30

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i! t2e %or" o% # r$ "iture '#lle "#s2 #! so"eti"es pellets or

'ru",les. W2et2er 'o""er'i#l or 2o"e7"ie* %ees "ust "#t'2 t2e

i%%ere!t protei! !ees o% '2i's* &ro:er* ,roiler #! l#$ers. It is t2e

protei! 'o!te!t :2i'2 isti!&uis2es :2#t %ee s2oul ,e &ive! to t2ese

i%%ere!t #&es #! t$pes o% '2i'e!. A"o!& t2e :#$s o% %eei!&'2i'e!s #re8

1. 2e #ll "#s2 s$ste"8 It is t2e use o% # 'o"plete &rou! %ee. It is

:ell ##pte to use :it2 t2e "e'2#!i'#l %eei!& s$ste".

( #et '(s& C2i'e! usu#ll$ e#t "ore :et "#s2 t2#! r$

,e'#use t2e$ e!-o$ its 'o!siste!'$. o:ever* :et "#s2es*

p#rti'ul#rl$ i! 2ot :e#t2er* &o ,# ver$ ui'l$* 2e!'e o!l$ #!

#"ou!t :2i'2 :ill ,e 'o!su"e :it2i! t:o 2ours s2oul ,e %e.

Dr* m(s& :2e! it is :ell ,#l#!'e #! store properl$* r$

"#s2 usu#ll$ is t2e ,est :#$ o% %eei!& 'o!%i!e '2i'e!s. It

is 'o""er'i#ll$ sol :it2 t2ese esi&!#tio!s8

• C2i' "#s2 'o!t#i!s ;< per 'e!t protei!

• Gro:er "#s2 'o!t#i!s 1 1? per 'e!t protei!

• roiler "#s2 %ee 'o!t#i! ;< ;3 per 'e!t protei!

• +#$er "#s2 'o!t#i!s 15 1? per 'e!t protei!.

,2 Pe))ets or Crum)es

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1. Aeu#te %eei!& sp#'e s2oul ,e provie #t #ll ti"es* e!suri!&

t2#t #,out ?5H o% t2e ,irs '#! %ee #t t2e s#"e ti"e.

;. Beeers s2oul ,e :ell esi&!e :it2 lips to preve!t %ee

:#st#&e.

3. Beeers s2oul ,e %ille to !ot "ore t2#! %ull '#p#'it$.0. Beeers s2oul ,e properl$ 2u!&* e!suri!& t2#t t2e level o%

%eeers 'orrespo! to t2e ,#' o% t2e '2i'e! #! #'tiv#te t2e

%ee i! t2e %eeers re&ul#rl$ :it2 t2e 2#!s.

5. o #voi %ee 'o!t#"i!#tio! #! :#st#&e* r#t popul#tio! s2oul

,e 'o!st#!tl$ ept lo:.

. Atte!#!ts s2oul "i!i"iJe %ee spill#&e uri!& t2e pro'ess o%

servi!& %ee to reu'e :#st#&e.

?. Do !ot store %ees %or too lo!& or i! #"p pl#'es* ot2er:ise t2e$

'#! ,e'o"e "oul$.

I% t2ere is #!$ !ee to '2#!&e %ro" o!e t$pe o% %ee to #!ot2er it s2oul

,e o!e &r#u#ll$ ,e'#use '2i'e!s respo! #versel$ to #! #,rupt

s:it'2 over %ro" o!e t$pe o% %ee to #!ot2er. 2is '#! ,e o!e

sp#!!i!& # perio o% #,out %our #$s. 2e '2#!&e '#! ,e e%%e'te ,$

&r#u#ll$ i!'re#si!& t2e u#!tit$ o% t2e !e: %ee to ,e '2#!&e to :2ile

t2ere is 'orrespo!i!& e're#se i! t2e u#!tit$ o% t2e %ee 'urre!tl$ i!

use.


1. +ist t2ree 'o""o! sour'es o% protei! %or poultr$ r#tio!s.

;. +ist t2ree %or"s i! :2i'2 'o""er'i#ll$ "#!u%#'ture '2i'e!%ees "#$ ,e pur'2#se.

3. W2#t #re t2e #v#!t#&es o% ad li&itum %eei!&

-27 CONCLUSION

2is u!it s2o:s 2o: $ou '#! r#ise poultr$ su''ess%ull$ ,#se o! %eei!&

pri!'iples. It #lso is'usses 'o""o! ter"s use i! poultr$ %eei!&* t2e

roles o% %ee i!&reie!ts i! poultr$ r#tio!s #! t2e %or"s o% %ee o%%ere

to t2e ,irs. ips to #'2ievi!& 2i&2 %ee e%%i'ie!'$ #re eu#ll$

#resse.

427 SU''ARY

ou #re epe'te to 2#ve le#r!t t2e %ollo:i!&8

• Pri!'iples o% %ees #! %eei!& i! poultr$ prou'tio!

3

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• De%i!itio!s o% ter"s use i! %ees #! %eei!&

• Bee i!&reie!t 'l#ssi%i'#tio! ,#se o! !utrie!t suppl$

• 2e i%%ere!t t$pes o% %eei!& pro&r#""es #!

• 2e i%%ere!t %or"s o% %ee prese!t#tio!.

?27 TUTOR0'ARBED ASSIGN'ENT

1. Cl#ssi%$ %ee i!&reie!ts i!to v#rious '#te&ories o% !utrie!t

suppl$.

;. De%i!e t2ese 'o!'epts i! poultr$ %eei!&.

(#) Nutrie!t (,) Bees (') Supple"e!t

() R#tio! (e) Diet

3. rie%l$ outli!e t2e is#v#!t#&es o% poultr$ %eei!& pro&r#""es.

=27 REFERENCES AND FOR FURT:ER READINGS

O&u!ipe* S. O. (1>>;). Management o! Laying (lock . I! Rev#"pi!&

Poultr$ Prou'tio! M#!#&e"e!t #! Beei!&. r#i!i!& M#!u#l.

Pro'eei!&s o% NAPRI Poultr$ Wors2op.

Olu$e"i* . A. #! B. A. Ro,erts (;5>). Practical Poultry Management

(t2 e). Ne: or F +o!o!8 o2! Wile$ #! So!s* I!'. Pp. 11=

13=.

3?

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UNIT , NUTRIENT RE6UIRE'ENTS OF POULTRY

CONTENTS

1.< I!trou'tio!;.< O,-e'tives

3.< M#i! Co!te!t

3.1 Nutrie!t Reuire"e!ts o% Poultr$

3.1.1 E!er&$ Reuire"e!ts

3.1.; Protei! Reuire"e!ts

3.1.3 Mi!er#l Reuire"e!ts

3.1.0 4it#"i! Reuire"e!ts

3.1.5 W#ter Reuire"e!ts3.; Nutrie!t Reuire"e!ts #! B#'tors A%%e'ti!& 2e"

0.< Co!'lusio!5.< Su""#r$



127 INTRODUCTION

2e reuire"e!t %or #!$ !utrie!t "#$ ,e e%i!e #s t2e #"ou!t o% t2#t

!utrie!t :2i'2 "ust ,e supplie i! t2e iet to "eet t2e !ees o% t2e

!or"#l 2e#lt2$ #!i"#l* &ive! #! ot2er:ise 'o"pletel$ #eu#te iet i!

#! e!viro!"e!t 'o"p#ti,le :it2 &oo 2e#lt2. Su'2 # level o% !utrie!t"ust ,e '#p#,le o% "eeti!& t2e reuire"e!ts %or "#i!te!#!'e* opti"u"

&ro:t2 #! reprou'tive pote!ti#l o% t2e #!i"#l.

Si"pl$ e%i!e* !utrie!t reuire"e!t is t2e #"ou!t o% # &ive! !utrie!t

reuire ,$ t2e #!i"#l to "#i"iJe per%or"#!'e ,ut !ot !e'ess#ril$

"#i"iJe pro%it. M#i"u" per%or"#!'e "#$ 2o:ever o''ur #t i%%ere!t

!utrie!t levels epe!i!& o! t2e respo!se 'riteri# ,ei!& 'o!siere* e.&.

# spe'i%ie r#te o% &ro:t2* or # st#te level o% prou'tio!. 2e !utrie!t

levels or reuire"e!ts #re epresse i! t2e #"ou!t o% !utrie!t per

ilo&r#""e o% #ir r$ %ee (i.e. %ee #s %e) or i! ter"s o% per'e!t#&eso! #s %e ,#sis (#ir r$ ,#sis).It s2oul ,e e"p2#siJe t2#t t2e

re'o""e!#tio!s #re "erel$ &uieli!es #! 'ir'u"st#!'es o! i!iviu#l

%#r"s "#$ reuire #-ust"e!ts.

,27O58ECTIVES

A%ter stu$i!& t2is u!it $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• st#te 'le#rl$ !utrie!t reuire"e!ts o% poultr$

• list #! st#te 'le#rl$ t2e !utrie!t reuire"e!ts o% '2i'e!s.• ie!ti%$ %#'tors #%%e'ti!& !utrie!t reuire"e!ts.

3=

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327 'AIN CONTENT

321 T&e Nutrient Re>uirements o+ Pou)tr*

2is topi' :ill ,e is'usse u!er t2e %ollo:i!& %ive su,72e#i!&s8

1. E!er&$ reuire"e!ts

;. Protei! reuire"e!ts

3. Mi!er#l reuire"e!ts

0. 4it#"i! reuire"e!ts

5. W#ter reuire"e!ts

32121 Ener%* Re>uirements

2e l#r&est si!&le iet#r$ !ee o% #! #!i"#l is %or # sour'e o% e!er&$.E!er&$ is reuire %or #ll pro'esses o% li%e. Wit2out e!er&$ ,irs '#!!ot

"ove* e#t* i&est* &ro:* "#i!t#i! ,o$ te"per#ture #!* i! t2e '#se o%

l#$ers prou'e e&&s. 2e reuire"e!ts %or e!er&$ '#!!ot ,e st#te #s

pre'isel$ #s t2e reuire"e!ts %or protei!* #"i!o #'is* "i!er#ls #!

vit#"i!s. 2is is ,e'#use &oo &ro:t2 #! e&& prou'tio! '#! ,e

#'2ieve :it2 # :ie r#!&e o% e!er&$ levels. Most '2i'e!s 2#ve t2e

#,ilit$ to #-ust %ee i!t#e i! orer to o,t#i! t2e !e'ess#r$ e!er&$

reuire %or opti"u" per%or"#!'e.

C2i's #&e #$7ol to 0 :ees #re 2o:ever !ot #,le to #-ust %eei!t#e to iet e!er&$ v#ri#tio!s #! t2us te! to 'o!su"e sli&2tl$ "ore

e!er&$ #s t2e e!er&$ level o% t2e iet i!'re#ses. Not #ll e!er&$ e#te! ,$

t2e '2i's is use. 2e e!er&$ t2#t is use is '#lle "et#,oliJ#,le

e!er&$ (ME) #! is "e#sure i! ter"s o% ilo'#lories or ilo-oules.

Ot2er e!er&$ is re-e'te i! %#e'es. 2e e!er&$ levels re'o""e!e %or

,roiler '2i'e!s (3

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"#i!te!#!'e #re rel#tivel$ lo:* #! t2ere%ore t2e reuire"e!t epe!s

pri"#ril$ o! t2e #"ou!ts !eee %or prou'tive purposes. o properl$

"eet t2e protei! reuire"e!ts* t2e esse!ti#l #"i!o #'is "ust ,e

supplie i! t2e proper #"ou!tsK #! t2e tot#l level o% !itro&e! i! t2e iet

"ust ,e 2i&2 e!ou&2 #! i! t2e proper %or" to per"it s$!t2esis o% t2e!o!7esse!ti#l #"i!o #'is.

O!'e t2e "i!i"u" #"ou!t o% protei! reuire supporti!& "#i"u"

&ro:t2 r#te or e&& prou'tio! is supplie* #itio!#l protei! is oiiJe

%or e!er&$. 2e 'rue protei! reuire i! # l#$ers iet 2#s ,ee! reporte

to v#r$ %ro" 15 to 1= per 'e!t :2i'2 is lo:er t2#! t2e reuire"e!t %or

pullet '2i's (;

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3212- Vit(min Re>uirements

4it#"i!s #re or!i' 'o"pou!s reuire i! etre"el$ s"#ll u#!tities

,ut esse!ti#l %or !or"#l &ro:t2* 2e#lt2 #! prou'tivit$. U!lie protei!*

vit#"i!s #re usu#ll$ supplie to poultr$ %ees i! e'ess o% t2eir

"i!i"u" reuire"e!ts. o:ever* i% o!l$ "i!i"u" levels #re provie*

v#ri#tio!s o% epe'te %ee 'o!su"ptio! "ust ,e 'o!siere* #! ver$

2i&2 e!er&$ r#tio!s "ust ,e "ore li,er#ll$ supplie :it2 vit#"i!s t2#!

lo: e!er&$ r#tio!s. Reuire"e!ts #re epresse i! i!ter!#tio!#l u!its

(I.U) :2i'2 #re t2e s#"e #s U!ite St#tes P2#r"#'opoei# u!its (U.S.P.).

Most reuire"e!ts %or poultr$ #re pre'isel$ !o:!* p#rti'ul#rl$ %or

t2ose vit#"i!s liel$ to ,e e%i'ie!t i! pr#'ti'#l r#tio!s. R#tio!s %or

$ou!& st#rti!& '2i's #! st#rti!& ,roilers #re usu#ll$ ver$ li,er#ll$

supplie :it2 supple"e!t#l vit#"i!s. Diet#r$ vit#"i!s pre"i i!'lusio!

is #t t2e r#te o% ;.

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'2oi'e). o put it #!ot2er :#$* over # :ie r#!&e o%

"et#,oliJ#,le e!er&$ (ME) 'o!'e!tr#tio! per u!it :ei&2t o% #

,#l#!'e iet* #! i% %e ad li&itum* "ost poultr$ :ill liel$

#-ust %ee i!t#e i! orer to provie %ie ME 'o!su"ptio!.

2us ME 'o!su"ptio! is "ore liel$ to ,e 'o!st#!t t2#! tot#l%ee i!t#e. C2i'e!s %e lo: e!er&$ iets :ill e#t "ore %ee

t2#! t2ose %e 2i&2 e!er&$ iets. 2ere%ore* t2e #"ou!t o%

reuire !utrie!ts i! poultr$ r#tio!s "ust ,e #-uste i! rel#tio!

to t2e e!er&$ level i! t2e r#tio! i! orer to e!sure t2#t t2e ,irs

'o!su"e t2e ri&2t #"ou!t o% !eee !utrie!t.

32 Producti"e St(te o+ t&e Anim()

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1. +ist %#'tors t2#t #%%e't t2e level o% !utrie!ts reuire"e!t o% poultr$

;. Co""e!t o! t2e :#ter i!t#e o% l#$ers uri!& 2ot :e#t2er

'o!itio!s.

-27CONCLUSION

Nutrie!t reuire"e!ts #re !o:! "ore pre'isel$ %or poultr$. 2is 2#s

'o"e #,out ,e'#use o% t2e e'o!o"i' i"port#!'e o% t2e poultr$ i!ustr$.

Proper poultr$ r#tio!s '#! ,e evise o!l$ ,$ #ppli'#tio! o% t2e

!utritio!#l i!%or"#tio! !o:! #,out t2e 'l#ss o% poultr$ to ,e %e. 2e

#ppli'#tio! o% t2is i!%or"#tio! to poultr$ %eei!& reuires t2e!o:le&e o% !utrie!ts* t2e %eestu%%s to suppl$ t2ese !utrie!ts* #! t2e

#"ou!t o% !utrie!t !eee %or t2e p#rti'ul#r prou'tive purpose.

427SU''ARY

I! t2is u!it :e 2#ve ,ee! #,le to e%i!e !utrie!t reuire"e!t #!

e#"i!e t2e i"port#!'e o% !utrie!ts i! pro"oti!& ,o$ "et#,olis"

#! prou'tivit$. We #lso e#"i!e %#'tors #%%e'ti!& t2e level o%

!utrie!t reuire"e!ts %or opti"u" per%or"#!'e o% poultr$.

?27TUTOR0'ARBED ASSIGN'ENT

1. De%i!e !utrie!t reuire"e!t.

;. +ist t2e !utrie!ts 'o""o!l$ reuire i! # '2i'e! r#tio!.

3. W2#t %#'tors #%%e't t2e !utrie!t reuire"e!t o% poultr$

=27REFERENCES9FURT:ER READINGS

Gillespie* . R. (1>>;). Modern Livestock and Poultry Production (0t2

e.) Del"#r Pu,lis2i!& I!'.* pp 11.

Olo"u* . M. (1>>5). Monogastric Animal Nutrition' Principle and Practices. (1st e). #'2e" Pu,li'#tio!s. Pp ?7?0.

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UNIT 3 5REEDS AND 5REEDINGS

CONTENTS

1.< I!trou'tio!

;.< O,-e'tives

3.< M#i! Co!te!t

3.1 De%i!itio! o% ree

3.; #rsti's %or ree Re'o&!itio!

3.3 rees o% Do"esti' Poultr$

3.0 Pri!'iples o% reei!&

3.5 Av#!t#&es o% reei!&

3. r#its o% E'o!o"i' I"port#!'e

3.? M#!#&e"e!t o% reei!& Sto'

0.< Co!'lusio!5.< Su""#r$



127 INTRODUCTION

rees o% poultr$ to#$ #re ,etter t2#! t2e$ :ere o!e 2u!re $e#rs #&o.

2e$ 2#ve i"prove e&& !u",ers* e&& :ei&2t* %ertilit$* 2#t'2#,ilit$

&ro:t2 r#te* ,o$ 'o!%or"#tio!* "e#t $iel* e&& #! "e#t u#lit$ #!

v#ri#,ilit$ t2#t "#i"iJe t2e e%%i'ie!'$ o% prou'tio! #! i!'re#se pro%it#,ilit$. Mu'2 o% t2is pro&ress i! poultr$ e%%i'ie!'$ is t2e result o%

t2e use o% &e!eti's. Goo ,reei!& pro&r#""es #re ,#se o! #!

#ppli'#tio! o% t2e pri!'iples o% &e!eti's. Poultr$ ,reeers use t2is to

sele't ,irs %or ,reei!& t2#t :ill prou'e o%%spri!& :it2 esir#,le

'2#r#'teristi's.

,27 O58ECTIVES

A%ter stu$i!& t2is u!it* $ou s2oul ,e #,le to8

• e%i!e # ,ree

• epl#i! 2o: &e!eti's rel#tes to i"prove"e!t i! poultr$ prou'tio!

• ie!ti%$ #! es'ri,e t2e p2$si'#l #ppe#r#!'e o% t2e i%%ere!t ,rees

o% poultr$

• st#te ,rie%l$ t2e pri!'iples o% ,reei!&.

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327 'AIN CONTENT

321 De+inition o+ 5reed

A ,ree is # &roup o% rel#te i!iviu#l (poultr$) t2#t possesses t2e s#"e#!'estr$ #! ,rees true %or # !u",er o% '2#r#'teristi's t2#t ie!ti%$ t2e

,ree. ree re'o&!itio! is 'o!%erre ,$ # re'o&!iJe ,reeers

#sso'i#tio! t2#t re&isters t2e ,ree.

32, Y(rdstic$s +or 5reed Reco%nition

1. S2#pe is &e!er#ll$ #''epte #s t2e "#i! $#rsti' i! ,ree

re'o&!itio!* t2e ,l#' le&2or! #! t2e #!'o!# i%%er !ot i! s2#pe

,ut i! # si!&le &e!e :2i'2 '#uses "ottli!& i! t2e l#tter.

;. 4#riet#l i%%ere!'es eist i! plu"#&e 'olour #! 'o", t$pe:it2i! ,rees.

3. e# #! le& '2#r#'teristi's o% "e!eli#! i! 2erit#!'e.

0. S2ell 'olour is # ,ree '2#r#'teristi' #! #ppe#rs to ,e ue to t2e

i!ter#'tio! o% sever#l &e!es.

5. o$ :ei&2t li&2t #! 2e#v$ ,rees.

. Si! 'olour $ello: #! :2ite.

?. Ori&i! ,rees '#! ,e '2#r#'teriJe to # &re#t ete!t t2rou&2

t2eir pl#'es o% ori&i!.

323 5reeds o+ Domestic Pou)tr*

1. C&ic$en 5reeds

( #&ite Le%&orn

• 2e ,est l#$er o% :2ite e&&s

• Plu"#&e :2ite u!i%or"l$

• Well7evelope :#ttle #! 'rest ('o",)

• 2e 'rest is ere't i! "#les #! roop$ i! 2e!s

• 2e le&2or! 2e! r#rel$ e'ees ;.5& #! t2e 'o's ;.573.5&.

• Bles2 is "e#&re

• e# #! s2#! :2ite 're#"$ 'olour

,) #&ite #*(ndotte

• Plu"#&e 'olour is :2ite

• e# #! s2#! #re $ello:is2

• Crest is triple

•

Bles2 is $ello:is2• +#$ l#r&e ,ro:! e&&s

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• It is # 2#r$ ,ree

• Its # 2e#v$ ,ree (370&)

c R&ode Is)(nd Red

• It 2#s ,rilli#!t plu"#&e t2#t is #r re

• Wit2 "#2o!$ ,ro:! %le's o! t2e 'oll#r

• 2e :i!&s* t#il #! si'le %e#t2ers #re ver$ #r* ,l#' or &ree!is2

• Beet #re $ello:is2

• Bles2 is $ello:is2

• e!s :ei&2ts #,out 3& #! "#les 0.5

• It is # 2#r$ ,ree

• +#$s ti!te/,ro:! e&&s.

• e# ,l#' to ,ro:!

d 5(rred P)*mout& Roc$

• It 2#s stre#s o% &re$ #! :2ite plu"#&e &ivi!& # ,luis2 stripe

#ppe#r#!'e

• It 2#s triple 'rest

• It 2#s $ello: %eet

• It :ei&2s ,et:ee! 3.

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• +#$s ti!te e&&s

• M#les :ei&2t #,out 0& #! %e"#les #,out 3&

• Bles2 :2ite to 're#"$

• It is # '#l" ,ree

% :(rco R I R2 /2 5(rred P)*mout& Roc$

• M#le e!tirel$ ,l#' :it2 "#2o!$ 'oll#r :2ile %e"#le &re$ #!

:2ite

,2 5reeds o+ Tur$e*

( T&e 5ro(d 5re(sted 5rone

• l#' plu"#&e #! #r'oloure pi! %e#t2ers• Be"#les 2#ve :2ite tips o! t2e ,l#' ,re#st %e#t2ers.

• 2e ,e#r is ,l#' i! "#les

• Be"#les !or"#ll$ o !ot 2#ve ,e#rs

• S2#!s #! %eet #re pi!is2

• 2e ,e# is li&2t #t t2e tip #! #r #t t2e ,#se

• It is t2e l#r&est o% t2e ture$ v#rieties* st#&s ;;& %e"#les 1= &.

• Be:er e&&s :it2 lo: %ertilit$ #! 2#t'2#,ilit$

• Arti%i'i#l i!se"i!#tio! is &e!er#ll$ use 2e#v$ "#les #re !ot &oo

,reeers.

T&e 5ro(d 5re(sted L(r%e #&ite

• Develope %ro" 'rosses o% t2e ,ro# ,re#ste ,ro!Je #! t2e :2ite

oll#!.

• Plu"#&e 'olour is :2ite

• M#les 2#ve # ,l#' ,e#r

• So"e %e"#les 2#ve ver$ s"#ll ,e#rs

• 2e s2#!s* %eet #! t2e ,e# #re :2ite to pi!is2 :2ite

•#s # &oo ,o$ 'o!%or"#tio!

c Nor+o)$ 5)(c$

• Goo "e#t 'o!%or"#tio!

• Meiu" siJe ,irs* st#&s ?7=&* 2e!s 075&*

• Plu"#&e is ,l#'

• l#' uill i! si!* lo: '#r'#ss v#lue

• Ni!et$ e&&s/$e#r

0?

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32 5reeds o+ Duc$s

2e :il "#ll#r ( Anas &oschas) is &e!er#ll$ rere #s t2e #!'estor o%

#ll o"esti' ,rees o% u's ( Anas platyrhynchos). 2e ,est ,rees o%

u's %or "e#t prou'tio! #re t2e :2ite pei!* A$les,ur$ #! "us'ov$.Ot2er "e#t prou'i!& ,rees i!'lue t2e roue!* '#$u* S:eis2 :els2

2#rle&ui!s #! '#ll. 2e ,est e&& l#$i!& ,rees #re t2e 2#i

'#"p,ells #! I!i#! ru!!ers.

( T&e #&ite Pe$in

• Ge!er#ll$ use %or 'o""er'i#l "e#t prou'tio!

• Ori&i!#te %ro" C2i!# #! ,rou&2t to U. S.

• Re#'2es "#ret :ei&2t #t = :ees (3.;&)

•

2e$ 2#ve :2ite %e#t2ers• Or#!&e $ello: ,ills

• Reis2 $ello: s2#!s #! %eet #! $ello: si!

• E&&s #re ti!te :2ite

• Poor setters (:ill !ot sit o! # !est o% e&&s) selo" r#ise # ,roo

• 2e ,ree !ervous

T&e A*)esur*

• Ori&i!#te %ro" E!&l#!

• 2e s#"e siJe #t t2e :2ite pei! (373.5&)• #ve :2ite %e#t2ers* si!%les2* 'oloure ,ills

• +i&2t or#!&e le&s #! %eet

• E&&s #re ti!te :2ite

• Do !ot set :ell.

• Selo" r#ise # ,roo

c B&($i C(m;e))

•

Ori&i!#te i! E!&l#!• E'elle!t e&& prou'ers (35 e&&s/ u' / $e#r)

• 2e r#e is 2#i 'oloure :it2 # ,ro:!is27,ro!Je lo:er ,#'* t#il*

'o!vert* 2e# #! !e'.

• 2e ,ill is &ree!

• +e&s #! toes #re #r or#!&e

• 2e %e"#les #re 2#i 'oloure :it2 se#l ,ro:! 2e#s #! !e's.

• 2e %e"#les ,ill is &ree!is2 ,l#' #! t2e le&s #! toes #re ,ro:!.

• At = :ees o% #&e %e"#le (1.=&) "#le (;.

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• Ge!eri' !#"eK Cairina moschata

• Ori&i!#te i! Sout2 A"eri'#

• 2e uite "us'ov$ is t2e ,est "e#t u' o% t2e "us'ov$ v#rieties

•

W2ite plu"#&e #! si!• 2e #ult r#e (0.5&) #! #ult u' (3.;&)

• 2e$ #re &oo setters #! 2#t'2es :ell.

-2 5reeds o+ Geese

( Emden

• W2ite ,ree

• Ori&i!#te %ro" Ger"#!$

• It is t2e l#r&est o% t2e utilit$ ,irs• Prou'es # %i!e '#r'#ss %or t2e t#,le

• Ault !er :ei&2s #,out 1.=&

• 2e #ult &oose :ei&2s #,out >.1&

• Prou'es %e:er e&&s (0< e&&s/ se#so!)

• #ve or#!&e ,ills

• P#lereis2 s2#!s #! %oes

T&e Tou)ouse

• Ori&i!#te %ro" Br#!'e

• It is # #r &re$ :it2 # :2ite #,o"e!

• It 2#s l#r&e %ol o% si! (e:l#p) t2#t 2#!&s o:! %ro" t2e t2ro#t o%

t2e upper #! o% t2e !e'

• #s # p#le or#!&e ,ill

• Deep reis2 or#!&e s2#!s #! toes

• Ault !er 11.

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• Is &re$ :it2 # ,ro:! s2#e

• It 2#s # !o, o! its ,e# #! 2#s # e:l#p

• 2e !o, #! ,ill #re ,l#'

•

2e 2e# is li&2t ,ro:!• Ault !er :ei&2s >.1&

• Ault &oose :ei&2s =.;&

42 T&e Guine( Fo)

Numid( 'e)e(%ris

• #si'#ll$ :il ,irs

32- Princi;)es o+ 5reedin%

2e %u!#"e!t#l pri!'iples o% s'ie!ti%i' ,reei!& #re8

1. reei!& s2oul ,e purpose%ul8 t2e ,reeer s2oul 2#ve # 'le#r

%o'us #,out t2e tr#its to :2i'2 t2e #!i"#ls #re to ,e ,re e.&. e&&

prou'tio! or :ei&2t o% ,roiler.

;. P#re!ts to ,e use %or ,reei!& purposes "ust ,e #s !e#rl$

pure,re #s possi,le i! orer to ,e #,le to ,ree true.

3. Sele'tio! "ust ,e '#rrie out 'o!ti!u#ll$ #! '#re%ull$* ,ot2 i!

rer to "#ti!& #! 'ulli!& o% i!%erior pro&e!$. Sele'te

#!i"#ls to ,e'o"e p#re!ts i! t2e !et &e!er#tio! #! t2e !u",er

o% pro&e!$ t2e$ :ill ,e #llo:e to 'o!tri,ute.

0. reei!& s2oul ,e o!e %ro" p#re!ts t2#t 'o!%or" #s 'losel$ #s

possi,le to t2e reuire st#!#r. 2is is ,e'#use t2e o,-e'tive o%

sele'tio! %or per%or"#!'e or u#lit#tive tr#it is to i!'re#se t2e

%reue!'$ o% t2e 'o",i!#tio!s o% &e!es t2#t per"it t2e #!i"#l

t2#t is "ost suit#,le %or t2e &ive! e!viro!"e!t.

5. E!viro!"e!t#l 'o!itio!s pl#$ #! i"port#!t p#rt i! ,reei!&.

Co!itio!s t2#t #re #s !e#r t2e ie#l #s possi,le s2oul ,e 're#te

i! respe't o% 2ousi!&* %eei!&* 2e#lt2 #! &e!er#l '#re.

324 Ad"(nt(%es o+ 5reedin%

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C2i'e! provies o!e o% t2e ,est "oels to test t2eor$ #! pr#'ti'#l o%

t2e pri!'iples o% ,reei!&. So"e o% t2e #v#!t#&es #re8

1. reei!& pr#'ti'es #i" #t &e!eti' i"prove"e!t o% t2e poultr$t2rou&2 su''essive &e!er#tio!.

;. Poultr$ ,reei!& i"proves t2ose u#lities t2#t 2#ve # e%i!ite

"#ret v#lue* su'2 #s i!'re#se e&& prou't #! e&& :ei&2t et'.

3. reei!& 'o!'e!tr#tes o! t2e #!i"#l8 :2#t it re#ll$ is* :2#t it

re'eive %ro" its pro&e!itors #! :2#t it :ill p#ss to is o%%spri!&.

0. It s2orte!s &e!er#tio! i!terv#ls.

5. It i!volves so"e "oi%i'#tio!s o% t2e #!i"#ls eter!#l

e!viro!"e!t (!utritio!* 2e#lt2 #! 2us,#!r$ s$ste"s).

32? Tr(its o+ Economic Im;ort(nce

• E&& prou'tio! (l#$ers)

• E&& :ei&2t (l#$ers)

• o$ siJe #! 'o!%or"#tio! (,roilers)

• Bee e%%i'ie!'$ (roilers #! +#$er)

• Bertilit$/ 2#t'2#,ilit$ (,roilers l#$ers).

32= '(n(%ement o+ 5reedin% Stoc$

2e su''ess o% # ,roiler %lo' "#!#&e"e!t st#rts %ro" t2e sele'tio! o%t2e ,ree* str#i! or v#riet$ o% ,irs to re#r. 2e prev#ili!& "#ret !ees

"ust ,e 'o!siere i! sele'tio! #! #tte"pts "ust ,e "#e to "eet

t2ese !ees usi!& t2e ,irs sele'te #s e'o!o"i'#ll$ #s possi,le. 2e

e"#! %or ,ro:! versus :2ite e&&s* e%%i'ie!'$ o% %ee utiliJ#tio!* r#teo% e&& prou'tio! #! t2e liv#,ilit$ o% t2e t$pe o% ,irs* #re so"e o% t2e

p#r#"eters to ,e 'o!siere. 2e ,reeers %lo' "ust ,e ept 2e#lt2$

#! provie :it2 # ,reeer iet #eu#te to suppl$ t2e %ertile e&& :it2

#ll t2e !utrie!ts !e'ess#r$* !ot o!l$ %or e",r$o!i' evelop"e!t* ,ut #lso

to "#i!t#i! t2e o%%spri!& i! # 2e#lt2$ 'o!itio! u!til it 'o!su"es

#eu#te %ee.

reeer 2e!s t2#t #re i! poor 2e#lt2 %reue!tl$ eit2er %#il to suppl$ t2e

e",r$o :it2 so"e vit#l !utritio!#l %#'tors or per2#ps p#ss so"e toi'

"#teri#l to t2e e&&K t2us t2e 2#t'2 is poor or t2e '2i's #re o% poor

u#lit$ #! "ust ,e 'ulle. reeer %lo' "ust ,e v#''i!#te uri!& t2e

&ro:i!& perio to preve!t ise#se o''urre!'e #! o!:#r e&&

tr#!s"issio! uri!& t2e l#$i!& perio.

I!7,reei!& "ust ,e #voie ,$ usi!& stus or 'o's s2oul ,e less t2#!

te! "o!t2s #! t2e 2e!s s2oul !or"#ll$ ,e i! t2eir se'o! $e#r o% l#$i! orer to i!'re#se %ertilit$ #! 2#t'2#,ilit$.

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1. +ist t2e e'o!o"i' tr#its to ,e 'o!siere i! # poultr$ ,reei!&

pro&r#""e.;. N#"e %ive (5) ,rees o% '2i'e!.

-27 CONCLUSION

We 2#ve e%i!e ,ree #! t2e $#rsti's %or ,ree re'o&!itio!. 2e

u!it #lso reve#le to us t2e #v#!t#&es o% ,reei!&* t2e &e!er#l

'2#r#'teristi's o% ,rees o% poultr$ #! tr#its o% e'o!o"i' i"port#!'e.

427 SU''ARY

2e "#i! poi!ts i! t2is u!it #re8

• W2#t t2e e%i!itio! o% ,ree is

• #rsti's %or ,ree re'o&!itio!

• Ge!er#l '2#r#'teristi's o% poultr$ ,rees

• Bu!#"e!t#l pri!'iples o% s'ie!ti%i' ,reei!& #! tr#its o% e'o!o"i'

i"port#!'e.

?27 TUTOR0'ARBED ASSIGN'ENT

1. Outli!e %ive '2#r#'teristi's e#'2 o% t2e ,rees o% o"esti'#te

&eese.

;. W2#t #re t2e pri!'iples o% ,reei!&

3. +ist t2e #v#!t#&es o% ,reei!&.

0. W2#t #re t2e tr#its o% t2e e'o!o"i' i"port#!'e i! # poultr$

,reei!& pro&r#""e


A,u,##r* . #! O!i* O.O.(;

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U!it 1 rooi!& o% C2i's

U!it ; Re#ri!& o% C2i's

U!it 3 Prou'tio! o% E&& #! roilers

U!it 0 Pro'essi!& #! M#reti!& o% Poultr$ #! Poultr$ Prou'ts

UNIT 1 5ROODING OF C:ICBS

CONTENTS

1.< I!trou'tio!

;.< O,-e'tives

3.< M#i! Co!te!t

3.1 rooi!&

3.1.1 rooi!& Met2os3.1.; 2e rooer

3.1.;.12e Surrou! or Gu#r rooer

3.1.;.;2e #tter$ rooer

3.1.;.32e ier rooer

3.1.3 Prep#r#tio! %or t2e Arriv#l o% C2i's

3.1.0 #!li!& o% C2i's o! Arriv#l

3.1.5 M#!#&e"e!t o% C2i's i! t2e rooer

0.< Co!'lusio!

5.< Su""#r$

.< utor7M#re Assi&!"e!t?.< Re%ere!'es/Burt2er Re#i!&s

127 INTRODUCTION

Poultr$ eepi!& is #! #&e7lo!& tr#itio! o% Ni&eri#! %#r"ers. Most

%#r"i!& %#"ilies i! rur#l #re#s #! #! #ver#&e per'e!t#&e o% 2ouse2ols

i! to:!s #! 'ities #'ross t2e 'ou!tr$ eep %lo's o% '2i'e!s* ture$s*

&ui!e# %o:ls* u's #! # %e: ot2er poultr$ spe'ies #s # sour'e o% etr#

i!'o"e* %or "eeti!& so"e so'i#l e"#!s or #s s#'ri%i'i#l #!i"#ls.

o:ever* i! t2e p#st %our e'#es* t2e poultr$ i!ustr$ i! Ni&eri# 2#s:it!esse # si&!i%i'#!t tr#!s%or"#tio! %ro" tr#itio!#l poultr$ re#ri!&*

usi!& lo'#l '2i'e!s to t2e #ppli'#tio! o% "oer! prou'tio! te'2!iues

o! t2e eoti' str#i!s o% '2i'e! :2i'2 #re "ore prou'tive. 2is 2#s

resulte i! t2e e"er&e!'e o% # !u",er o% 'o""er'i#l %#r"s :it2 # vie:

to "#i!& t2e poultr$ i!ustr$ # si&!i%i'#!t 'o!tri,utor to t2e #!i"#l

protei! pool o% t2e !#tio!. I! spite o% t2e re"#r#,le &ro:t2 o% t2e

poultr$ i!ustr$ t2e prou'tio! e%%i'ie!'$ o! "ost %#r"s is ver$ lo:

&ivi!&* '#use %or 'o!'er! o! 2o: to "#e t2e i!ustr$ oper#te

opti"#ll$. A 'riti'#l %#'tor ie!ti%ie %or t2e is"#l per%or"#!'e o% t2e

i!ustr$ 2#""ers o! %#ult$ prou'tio! #! "#!#&e"e!t str#te&ies. 2is

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u!it t2ere%ore* %o'uses o! t2e vit#l i!%or"#tio! t2e poultr$ %#r"er !ees

to 2#ve #t 2is %i!&ertips to e!#,le 2i" r#ise '2i's su''ess%ull$.

,27 O58ECTIVES

$ t2e e! o% t2e u!it* $ou #re epe'te to ,e #,le to8

• epl#i! 2o: to ,roo '2i's

• ie!ti%$ !e'ess#r$ euip"e!t #! %#'ilities %or su''ess%ul ,rooi!&

• epl#i! #! e"o!str#te 2o: to prep#re %or t2e #rriv#l o% '2i's

• isti!&uis2 ,et:ee! routi!e #! perioi' "#!#&e"e!t pr#'ti'es.

327 'AIN CONTENT

321 5roodin%

rooi!& is t2e pro'ess o% '#ri!& %or $ou!& '2i's %ro" #$7ol to si

:ees o% #&e. It e!t#ils esse!ti#ll$* t2e provisio! o% %#'tors lie 2e#t*li&2t* 2u"iit$* ve!til#tio!* %ee* :#ter #! ise#se 'o!trol "e#sures %or

t2e surviv#l #! r#pi &ro:t2 o% '2i's. It is t2e e%%i'ie!t 'o",i!#tio! o%

t2ese %#'tors t2#t eter"i!es t2e level o% p2$si'#l #! p2$siolo&i'#l

evelop"e!t #! t2e "ort#lit$ o% t2e '2i's. A ,rooer or # ,rooi!&

u!it is esi&!e to 2ouse '2i's %ro" #$7ol u!til t2e$ !o lo!&er !ee

supple"e!t#r$ 2e#t ,et:ee!

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#) C2i's "#$ ,e re#re #t #!$ ti"e o% t2e $e#r.

,) 2ous#!s o% '2i's "#$ ,e ,rooe #t o!'e epe!i!& o! t2e

'#p#'it$ o% t2e %#r"er.

') S#!it#r$ 'o!itio!s "#$ ,e 'o!trolle.) e"per#ture "#$ ,e re&ul#te #!

e) Beei!& "#$ ,e 'o!trolle to "eet t2e prou'tio! o,-e'tive.

3212, T&e 5rooder

A ,rooer 'o!sists o% # sour'e o% 2e#t #! t2e #re# u!er t2e ,rooer

:2ere $ou!& '2i's #re r#ise. It is ,uilt #! pl#'e i!sie # '2i'e!

2ouse #! t2e #re# is e!l#r&e till t2e '2i's re#'2 #,out ;1 #$s :2e!

t2e ,rooer is is"#!tle. Bor 2e#ti!& ,rooers* use o% 'o#l* erose!e*

s* ele'tri'it$ is e"plo$e epe!i!& o! t2e #v#il#,ilit$ o% t2ese"#teri#ls #! t2e '#p#'it$ o% t2e %#r"er.

2ere #re "#!$ t$pes #! siJes o% ,rooer u!its i! t2e "#ret. 2e

euip"e!t is r#te ,$ t2e "#!u%#'turer #''ori!& to t2e !u",er o%

'2i's t2#t it '#! #''o""o#te. 2e esse!ti#ls o% # &oo ,rooer #re8

• A epe!#,le "e'2#!is" %or 'o!trolli!& te"per#ture.

• Re&ul#r suppl$ o% %res2 #ir* r$!ess

• Aeu#te li&2t* sp#'e.

• E#s$ isi!%e'tio!.• Prote'tio! #i!st '2i' e!e"ies* s#%et$ %ro" %ire #!

• E'o!o"$ i! 'o!stru'tio!.

2e "ost popul#r t$pe o% ,rooer is pro,#,l$ t2e %loor ,rooer :it2 t2e

2over provii!& t2e 2e#t. 2is is '2#r#'teriJe ,$ # p$r#"i#l or 'o!i'#l

'#!op$ o% #lu"i!u" or lv#!iJe iro! "ou!te o! "et#l le&s. 2e'#!op$ re%le'ts 2e#t to t2e ,#' o% t2e '2i' #! s2oul ,e ept 'le#! o!

t2e u!er sur%#'e. All ,rooer ,oes s2oul ,e 'o!stru'te :it2 2oles #t

t2e top (#pe o% t2e ,rooer) to provie %or t2e es'#pe o% %u"esespe'i#ll$ :2e! erose!e l#"ps #re use. Dire'tl$ ,elo: t2e #pe o% t2e

,rooer or 'lose to it is t2e 2e#ti!& ele"e!t or t2e sour'e o% 2e#t.

3212,21 T&e Surround or Gu(rd 5rooder

I! %loor7,rooi!&* '2i's s2oul ,e restri'te to :it2i! # s2ort ist#!'e

o% t2e 2over u!til t2e$ #re %#irl$ %e#t2ere #! '#! lo'#te t2e sour'e o%

2e#t. 2e$ #re restri'te ,$ # 0

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,e "#!#&e i! t2is e!'lose #re# %or 1

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rou&2 %eeer

Surrou!

Bl#t %eeer

W#terer

(') 2e $pi'#l rooer u!it l#$out (%loor l#$out)

3212,2, T&e 5(tter* 5rooder

2is is i! t2e %or" o% # series o% r#:ers (usu#ll$ %our) "#i!t#i!e #t

i%%ere!t te"per#tures. 2e ,rooer is 2e#te ,$ ele'tri'it$ or 2ot :#ter

provies 2e#t u!i%or"l$ i! e#'2 'o"p#rt"e!t.

2e #v#!t#&es o% t2e ,#tter$ ,rooer #re8

• Its 'o!ve!ie!'e

• C2i's #re %ree %ro" 'o!t#'t :it2 litter

• C2i's '#! ,e 'losel$ o,serve

Its is#v#!t#&es #re8

• C2i's ,e'o"e over'ro:e le#i!& to '#!!i,#lis"

• Its o!l$ suit#,le %or st#rte '2i's.

• It oes !ot provie #''ess o% '2i's to 'ooler Jo!es 2e!'e t2e$

,e'o"e e!erv#te #! loosel$ %e#t2ere

3212,23 T&e Tier 5rooder

5?

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2e pro,le" o% !o #''ess to 'ooler Jo!es i! t2e ,#tter$ ,rooer is

eli"i!#te i! t2e tier ,rooer #s o!l$ # p#rt o% t2e ,rooer is 2e#te.

+ie t2e

Date post:	05-Jul-2018
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ANP 313 MAIN TEXT 2

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