AP BIO BIG IDEA REVIEW-DNA Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information...

AP BIO BIG IDEA REVIEW-DNA

Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/section_22/a7fb0b8d8bd87a23d5e3d86f5452a2dc.jpg

Label the 3’ and 5’ ends of this strand of DNA

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

5’

3’

Image from: http://scitechdaily.com/images/Four-stranded-quadruple-helix-DNA-structurein-human-cells.jpg

Which molecules make up the rungs of the ladder”in a DNA molecule?

Nitrogen bases


TEMPLATE strand = REDstrand from which the RNA is actually transcribed.

CODING (SENSE) strand = BLACKstrand whose base sequence specifies the amino acid sequence.(IT MATCHES THE mRNA MESSAGE EXCEPT IT HAS T’s instead of U’s)

mRNA

IDENTIFY the CODING and TEMPLATE strands in the above diagram.

3.A.1.c.1 The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

Which type of bonds are found where? HYDROGEN BONDS COVALENT BONDS

Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together.

Bonds between sugars and phosphate groups in theDNA backbone.

Hydrogen bonds


Covalent

Image from: http://www.astrochem.org/sci_img/dna.jpg

Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Name the 3 processes that make uptranslation

anticodon

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA

Initiation, elongation, termination

Name the pieces of pre-mRNA that are NOT edited out and are expressed

Where does this editing happen?

EXONS

Image by Riedell

In nucleus in eukaryotesEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: .2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA in prokaryotes includes:

Uptake of naked DNA from viruses or bacteria _________________________

Transfer of DNA from one bacteriumto another during viral infection ___________________

Cell-to-cell transfer via sex pili _____________________sometimes called “bacterial sex”

transformation

transduction

Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1.B.3]✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

conjugation

How many nucleotides make up an m-RNA codon?

3

Each codon in an m-RNA represents_____ amino acid(s).1

3.A.1.c. 4 ii. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons. iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

Image from: http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/7447898/EssGen1-5_Codons-to-AA-V2.jpg

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNAv. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.

https://o.quizlet.com/W.Lm3klKdYPBYHXwkN7HwA_m.jpg

EXPLAIN THE ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING DURING TRANSLATION

A site:

P site:

E site: tRNA’s exit here

receives incoming tRNA

with the correct amino acidholds the growing polypeptide chain

Mutations involving only one base pair are called ________ mutations

Explain why a frameshift mutation at the beginning of a gene is more harmful than at the end.

point

Frameshifts cause everything after themutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.

3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype

The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial cells that can form sex pili is called ____________________


conjugation

Image from: http://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=5129

Where does translation happen in prokaryotic cells?

Where does translation happen in eukaryotic cells?

On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Enzyme that adds complementary deoxyribonucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain during replication

DNA polymerase III

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.

Animation from; http://www2.samford.edu/~djohnso2/_graphics/AnDNARepl.gif

Enzyme that adds complementary ribonucleotides to a template strand of DNA during transcription

RNA polymerase

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

3.C.1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3] ]

https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/9/97/Trisomy21female.jpg

Identify the genetic disorder shown in thiskaryotype

Down syndrome/Trisomy 21(3 #21 chromosomes)

Enzyme that removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

nucleotides during replication

DNA polymerase I

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

Animation from; http://www2.samford.edu/~djohnso2/_graphics/AnDNARepl.gif

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously is called the __________ strand leading

Image from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim.PNG

3.A.1. a..5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3.3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

The DNA strand that is synthesized in short fragments is called the __________ strand lagging



Name the small segments labeled c in the diagram below.

Okazaki fragments



EXPLAIN the purpose of the red dots in the diagram below

DNA polymerase can’tstart a new DNA chain.So primase adds a shortsegment of RNA nucleotides (primers) tostart the chain and give DNA polymerase something to add onto.



EXPLAIN what happens to the primers (red dots) in the diagram below

Primers are removed by DNA polymerase I andreplaced with DNAnucleotides.



3.C.1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3] ]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/45,X.jpg

Identify the genetic disorder shown in thiskaryotype

Turner syndrome/XO(females with only one X chromosome)

Describe some processes involved in sexual reproduction in eukaryotes that result in genetic recombination.

Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. c. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involving gamete formation, including crossing-over during meiosis and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and fertilization serve to increase variation. Reproduction processes that increase genetic variation are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by various organisms. [See also 1.B.1, 3.A.2, 4.C.2, 4. C3]✘✘ The details of sexual reproduction cycles in various plants and animals are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam. However, the similarities of the processes that provide for genetic variation are relevant and should be the focus of instruction.

DURING MEIOSIS: CROSSING OVER- exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes during prophase I SEGREGATION-separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during anaphase I INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT- mixing up of maternal and paternal chromosomes in different combinations during anaphase IRANDOM FERTILIZATION-any possible sperm can combine with any possible egg

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide

Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate


Image from: http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch05/05_26Nucleotide.gif

3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]

Using repressor proteins to “turn off” thetranscription of genes is an example of __________________ control.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

NEGATIVE

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.

Small self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance or conjugation are called___________.PLASMIDS

?

Image from: http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids

Plasmids can be found in which kinds oforganisms?

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.

Frequent in prokaryotesRarer in eukaryotes (Ex: yeast)

Image from: http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids

Purines are nitrogen bases like adenine and guanine with _____ ring(s)TWO

Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA

nucleotide


The pieces of pre-mRNA that are edited out are called __________

Where does this editing happen?

INTRONS

Image by Riedell

In nucleus in eukaryotesEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: .2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

A= _________

B= _________

C= _________

D= ___________

F= _____________

G = __________________

Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

NUCLEUS

m-RNAamino acid

ribosome

t-RNA

codon

Amino acidLO 3.4 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic information is translated into polypeptides. [See SP 1.2]

Describe the processing of pre-mRNA’s before they leave the eukaryotic nucleus

Spliceosomes remove introns & splice together exonsAddition of 5’ GTP capAddition of 3’ poly-A tail

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.

c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: .2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Addition of a poly-A tail

• Addition of GTP cap

• Excision of introns

Allows the same DNA to be used to make avariety of different messages and thereforeproteins.

Image from: http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch19/19_08AltRNASlicing.jpg

Explain the advantage to eukaryotes using alternative splicing

3A.a.c..2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together

Name the 3 components that make up a nucleotideNucleic acid (DNA & RNA)

http://www.yellowtang.org/images/structure_of_nucleo_c_la_784.jpg

3.A.1.b.1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

5 carbon sugar,nitrogenous base,phosphate

Name the molecule(s) that carry the genetic code found in all living things.

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Genetic information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules and, in some cases, RNA molecules.

1232 34

DNA or RNA

Which of these is found in retrovirusesRNA

EXPLAIN why DNA fragments will move toward the positive pole during gel electrophoresis.

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA

Image from http://www.nslc.wustl.edu/courses/bio2960/labs/07DNA/Gel/f22.gifhttp://www.discoveryandinnovation.com/BIOL202/notes/images/DNA_doublestrand.jpg

Phosphate groups in the DNA backbone have a negative charge which causes it to beattracted to the positive pole.

EXPLAIN the relationship between fragment size and distance moved on a gel during RLFP analysis.


Image http://dna-fingerprinting.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig.jpg

The smaller the fragment,the farther it moves on the gel.

EXPLAIN some uses for RFLP analysis.


Image http://dna-fingerprinting.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig.jpg

Crime scene analysisPaternity testingDetermining evolutionary relationships between organismsDiagnosis of genetic disorders

Who’s the daddy?EXPLAIN your reasoning.


•Image http://click4biology.info/c4b/4/gene4.4.htm#five

Child inherits half of DNA from mother; and half from father.If a band appears in the child’s lane, it must also be found in EITHER the mother’s or father’s lane.

Child has red circled bands not found in mom’s lane. These must come from dad. . . . male 2 doesn’t have these. Male 1 does.

Identify this type of RNA.

What is its function duringtranslation?

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. .

Image from: http://chemistry.umeche.maine.edu/CHY431/Nucleic/tRNA5.jpg

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Match its ANTICODON to thecodon on the mRNA and drop off the amino acid it is carrying

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Image from: https://http://www.facultystore.co.uk/catalog/images/plattaq.jpg

Explain why Taq polymeraseis used to amplify DNA withPCR

It was isolated from thermophilic archaebacteriaso it can withstand the high temps of the PCR processwithout denaturing.

covalent

Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

Type of bond between sugars and phosphates that hold the back bone together.

hydrogen ionic covalent

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular the sugar phosphate backbone.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html

Name the woman scientist whose X-rayimages of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick figure out the structureof DNA

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Wilkins and Franklin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rosalind_Franklin.jpg

Tell 3 ways DNA is different from RNA

DNA RNADouble stranded Single strandedDeoxyribose sugar Ribose sugarA,T,C,G A,U,C,GNo Uracil No thymineContains genetic code Carries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm

Helps with protein synthesis

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose)ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNAiii. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html

Name the two scientists who received theNobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNAJAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Watson and Crick

Name 3 kinds of RNA involved in translation

_________________RNA Combines with proteins to form

ribosomes

_________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correctamino acids during protein synthesis

_________________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes

RIBOSOMAL

TRANSFER

MESSENGER

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. i. mRNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome. ii. tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence .iii. rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes.

Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumoniaexperiment but used enzymes todestroy different kinds ofmolecules in heat killed bacteria before injecting them into the mice.

Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur?

What was the significance of this experiment?

http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/A/Z/_/ccaaaz~.jpg

DNA

Showed that DNA was the genetic code moleculeEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: ii. Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiments

Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA

If this was going to make DNA whatsugar would be used?

Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?

Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDE

ribose

THYMINEEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.

Which of the following is true:In a DNA moleculeA. purines always bind with purinesB. pyrimidines always bind with pyrimidinesC. Purines always bind with pyrimidines

C.

3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)

RNA polymerase only works in onedirection so the DNA molecule is always READ in the _________ direction.

3’ to 5’

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

Image from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/transcription/startrans.gif

NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME

Adds nucleotide subunits continuously to leading strand

______________________

Removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

__________________

DNA POLYMERASE III

DNA POLYMERASE I

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.

Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA

If this was going to make DNA whatsugar would be used?

Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?

Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDE

deoxyribose

URACILEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.

http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/123/dna-base-pairing-structure.jpeg

The two DNA strands are said to be_________________because their 3’ and 5’ ends run in opposite directions.

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The basic structural differences include: iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality.

ANTIPARALLEL

Name the two scientists whosebacteriophage-blender experiment helpedto show that DNA was the molecule that carried the genetic code

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg

ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.

Hershey and Chase showed that DNA was the genetic code molecule by labeling phage ______with radioactive32P and _______ with radioactive 35S and following where these molecules ended up when phages infected bacteria.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY.gif

DNA protein


Essential knowledge 3.C.3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation in the hosts.b.1 . Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3.]

Pyrimidines

C

T

Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.©

3.A.1.b. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)ii. Pyrimidines (C, T and U) have a single ring structure.

What was the significance of Hershey and Chase’s blender experiment with radioactively labeled bacteriophages?


Watch a video about itif you don’t knowShowed that DNA

was the genetic codemolecule


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGViDFQ4Zjk

Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg

Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder)in a DNA molecule?

Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphates


How is translation different in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.

ProkaryotesTranslation and transcription are coupled

EukaryotesTranslation and transcription happen in different places

Describe the central dogma of biology which explains how information is passed in cells.

How do retroviruses display an alternate flow of information?

What enzyme allows retroviruses to do this?

DNA→ RNA→ proteins → trait

RNA→ DNA

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 6. Genetic information in retroviruses is a special case and has an alternate flow of information: from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that copies the viral RNA genome into DNA. This DNA integrates into the host genome and becomes transcribed and translated for the assembly of new viral progeny. [See also 3.C.3]

reverse transcriptase

Purines

A

G

Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. ©

3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.

CHARGAFF’S RULES say that ?

A = T G = C

Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.

Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for

_____________= A

_____________ = G

_____________ = C

______________ = T

______________ = U

ADENINEGUANINECYTOSINETHYMINEURACIL

3.A.1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)

Fill in the complementary DNA strand using the template below

A T C G G A C T A G

T CA CG T G A T C

3.A.1.a.5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

Use the DNA strand to make an mRNA message

A T C T G A C T A G

U AA CG U G A U C

3.A.1.B.4.c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________

http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm

BACTERIOPHAGE

3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3]

What was the significance of Meselson and Stahl’s heavy/light nitrogen experiment?


Images from: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/106/unit01/6.dnareplicationmodels.html

Provided evidence for semi-conservative model for DNA replication Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

Image: © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.

How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES?

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSingle chromosomeMany chromosomesCircular (loop) Rod-shaped bundlesIn cytoplasm In nucleus (no nucleus) Histones attachedNo histones

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Noneukaryotic organisms have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic organisms have multiple linear chromosomes, although in biology there are exceptions to this rule

COMPARE REPRESSIBLEOPERONS

INDUCIBLEOPERONS

EXAMPLE you learned about

Make enzymes used incatabolic/anabolic pathways?

Repressor produced in an active or inactive form?

What conditions are necessary for the repressor protein to become ACTIVE?

THIS OPERON IS AN EXAMPLE OF POSTIVE OR NEGATIVE CONTROL?

lactrp

ANABOLIC CATABOLIC

INACTIVE ACTIVE

PRESENCE OF TRYPTOPHAN

NO LACTOSE AVAILABLE

NEGATIVENEGATIVE

Growth

Growth

Replication fork

DNA polymerase

New strand

Original strand DNA

polymerase

Nitrogenous bases

Replication fork

Original strand

New strand

The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________replication forks

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.

Identify the 3 models of DNA replicationshown in the diagram below

semi-conservative

Which of these did Meselson and Stahl’s experiment provide evidence for?

conservative

dispersive

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

semi-conservative

Tell an amino acid with4 FOUR codons

Tell a STOP codon

Which codon is always 1st in a message?This puts which amino acid in the firstposition in every polypeptide chain?

Serine, glycine, alanine,proline,arginine, threonineValine

UGA, UAG, UAA

methionine

AUG

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:iii. Many amino acids have more than one codon.

Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for:

C C A =___________

C G U = __________

U U C = __________

G C A = __________

U A G = __________

proline

arginine

phenylalanine

STOP

alanine

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis.

Use what you know about the sickle cell mutation to EXPLAIN why the gel patterns in these people might show different numbers and lengths of fragments on a gel.

SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.6.2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140318210158-phpapp01/95/biotechnology-4-61-638.jpg?cb=1395195168

Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so restrictionenzyme does not recognize that spot as a cut site.Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spotso produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments.

SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.6.2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices


MAKE A PREDICTION about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cellallele might look like.

SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.


Heterozygotes have one sickle cell allele and one wild type (normal) allele… so they have the band seen in the sickle cell lane AND the bands seen in the wild type lane.

SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories.6.1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.


Barbara McClintock discovered segments of DNA that can move between chromosomes called ________________or “jumping genes” which result in newgenetic recombinations.

TRANSPOSONS

Image from: http://blog.carolinampulido.es/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/McClintock2.jpg

NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZMEAdds RNA primer to start copying a DNA

segment ______________________

Joins Okazaki fragments_________________

Unwinds the DNA strand ____________

Releases the strain caused by the uncoiling strand _________________

PRIMASE

LIGASE

HELICASE

TOPOISOMERASEEssential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~ The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

What modification is added to the 3’ end ofan edited m-RNA which may promote exportfrom nucleus and protect it from degradation

Image from: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/molecular_bio/problem_sets/mol_genetics_of_eukaryotes/graphics/01t.gif

Poly-A tail

2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Addition of a poly-A tail

Fill in the complementary DNA strand using the template below

A T C G G A C T A G

T CA CG T G A T C

3.A.1.a.5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

Use the DNA strand to make an mRNA message

A T C T G A C T A G

U AA CG U G A U C

3.A.1.B.4.c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________

http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm

BACTERIOPHAGE

3.C.3.A.6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1.B.3]

Bond that holds amino acid subunitstogether make a polypeptide

peptide bond3.A.1.b.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.

MUTAGENSSubstances that can cause mutations are called _____________

Give some examples of mutagensCigarette smoke/chewUV lightX raysvirusesChemicals/pollutionThere are lots more!

Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype

a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:1.b Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.

_______________ are changes in the genetic material.MUTATIONS

Tell some ways that mutations can happen in DNA.

Errors in replication that aren’t repairedExternal factors can damage DNA UV light- T-T dimers X rays viruses- HPV Mutagens/Carcinogens- Chemicals/pollution

Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotypea. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:1.b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.

Tell the kind of mutation shown:

deletion

http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

Essential knowledge 3.C.1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotypea. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3.A.1]

Tell the kind of mutation shown:Segment flips and reattaches backwards

Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

INVERSION



SUBSTITUTION

http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

A T T C G A G C T

A T T C T A G C T

→


INSERTION/duplication




Tell the kind of mutation shown

Segment breaks off and joins a different

non-homologous chromosome


TRANSLOCATION


Mutation that causes a reaarangement in the reading frame and the code to be misread.

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved


How is the production of mRNA’s different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESIn cytoplasm/no nucleus in nucleus

translation immediate mRNA must pass out coupled to transcription of nucleus before

translation

No mRNA processing pre-mRNA is processed -introns removed

-poly-A tail/GTP cap 3.A.1.c.2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. 3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.

LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4] SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene

expression in the lac operon.

Which of the following shows the lac repressor when it isACTIVE?

Watch a video if you need help

If NO lactose is present there is no need to make lactose digesting enzymes. So the operon is “turned off” ~ repressor is in active form when LACTOSE IS NOT PRESENT.

http://highered.mheducation.com/olc/dl/120080/bio27.swf

LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4] SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively


expression in the trp operon.

Which of the following shows the trp repressor when it isACTIVE?


If tryptophan IS available there is no need to make the enzymes for tryptophan production So the operon is “turned off” ~ repressor is in active form when TRYPTOPHAN IS PRESENT.


LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]SP 6.4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.SP 1.4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively




The lac operon is INDUCIBLE. Explain what that means.

OPERON IS USUALLY OFF BUT CAN BE TURNED ON.Repressor is produced in active form.





The trp operon is REPRESSIBLE Explain what that means.

OPERON IS USUALLY ON AND CAN BE TURNED OFF.Repressor is produced in inactive form.



3.B.1.a.2. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA.LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]



What is the function of the regulatory gene located upstream from the trp operator and promoter?

Code for the repressor protein that turns this operonON or OFF

3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.LO 3.23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1.4]

You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the

lac operon.

Where does the repressor sit when the operon is “TURNED OFF”? OPERATOR SITE

3.B.1.b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function

Using regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and stimulate transcription or “turn on” genes is an example of __________________ control. POSITIVE NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

Image from: http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/health/biology/buckley/bi_571/control_prok_genes/img057.gif


You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the

lac operon.

Where does RNA Polymerase set down to start transcription when the operon is “TURNED ON”?

PROMOTER site RNAPolymerase




EXPLAIN how the presence of tryptophan affects the trp operon.

Tryptophan is a necessary amino acid. Most of the time the trp operon is “turned on” to make enzymes for tryptophan production. If TRYPTOPHAN IS AVAILABLE there is no need to make these enzymes. So presence of tryptophan activates repressor and THE OPERON IS “TURNED OFF”Watch a video

if you need help






EXPLAIN how the presence of LACTOSE affects the lac operon

Cells don’t need lactose digesting enzymes if there is no lactose available so the lac repressor is made in the active form and the operon is usually “turned off”. If LACTOSE IS PRESENT, the repressor protein is made inactive and the OPERON IS “TURNED ON”.


http://bio3400.nicerweb.net/bio1151/Locked/media/ch18/18_07LamdaLyticLysoCycle.jpg

Identify this virus life cycle in which the viralDNA is incorporated into the host chromosomeas a prophage.

3.C.3.b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection. These latent viral genomes can result in new properties for the host such as increased pathogenicity in bacteria.

lysogenic

Sequence where RNA polymeraseattaches and begins transcription

promoter

Promoter sequence in eukaryotic DNAcrucial in forming the transcriptioninitiation complex TATA box

Essential knowledge 3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.a. Both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression.

http://bio3400.nicerweb.net/bio1151/Locked/media/ch18/18_07LamdaLyticLysoCycle.jpg

Identify this virus life cycle in which the viralDNA is incorporated into the host chromosomeas a prophage.

3.C.3.a.2. Viruses replicate via a component assembly model allowing one virus to produce many progeny simultaneously via the lytic cycle..

lytic

Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation1352235811443.png

The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is incorporation into a bacterium is called ________________

Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]

TRANSFORMATION

Image from: https://www.withfriendship.com/images/i/40591/Bacterial-conjugation-wallpaper.jpg

The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is passed directly from one bacterium to another via a sex pillus is called ________________

Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3.C.2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA),transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1.B.3]

CONJUGATION

Mutation caused by UV light whichdistorts the shape of the DNA molecule

http://spot.pcc.edu/~jvolpe/b/bi234/lec/hw/thymineDimer.jpg

Thymine dimer

3.C.1. a.1. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.

Making a DNA copy = _____________

Using DNA code to

make an RNA = ___________________

Using an RNA messageto make a protein = _______________

replication

translation

transcription

Give some examples of products produced using genetic engineering tobenefit humans Genetically modified food EX: Golden riceTransgenic organisms EX: oil spill eating bacteriaPharmaceuticals EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone, insulin, blood clotting factorsAgriculture: EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn

3.A.1.f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include: • Genetically modified foods • Transgenic animals • Cloned animals • Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

Arrangement of multiple ribosomestranslating a prokaryotic mRNA at the same time

3.A.1. c. 3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

polyribosomes

Image from: https://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/file/view/polysome.gif/214477522/polysome.gif

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2006_9/Page1_files/image008.jpg

What happens to the incoming amino acid after the tRNA positions it in the A site?

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.

It is joined to the growing polypeptide chainby a peptide bond and transferred to the P site

Sequences of DNA that is NOT involved

in coding for a protein which are cut out

of the pre-mRNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes

Where does transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?

intron

nucleus

During the first step of translation the mRNA interacts with the small ribosomal subunit at the start codon. This is called ____________________

The AUG start codon always puts ______________

in the first position in a polypeptide chain.

http://www.proteinsynthesis.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/protein-synthesis-steps-initiation-300x170.jpg

INITIATION

3.A.1.c.4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include:i. The mRNA interacts with the rRNA of the ribosome to initiate translation at the (start) codon. iii.. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

METHIONINE

Image from:https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/27_11transduction_4-l-1492B329E510056FD0C.jpg

The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is moved from one bacterium to another via viral infection is called ________________

Essential knowledge 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell. [See also 1.B.3] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Transduction in bacteria

TRANSDUCTION

Enzyme that adds nucleotide subunits to an RNA primer during replication

DNA polymerase III

Another name for protein synthesis

translation

Name the TWO kinds of molecules that combine to make ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

Segments formed when the laggingstrand is copied Okazaki fragments

Complex made of snRNP’s and proteins that edits and removes introns spliceosome

Macromolecule made by joining aminoacid subunits together

protein

Small molecules made of RNA and proteins that recognize splice sites onpre-mRNA’s and combine with otherproteins to make spliceosomes

Small ribonucleoproteins (snRNP’s)

Scientists use PCR for what purpose?

Essential knowledge 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with Niemann Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make multiple copies of the DNA what needs to be part of the reaction mix that is added to the DNA.

Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA

DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase

Watch a video about PCR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HCWmD7Mv8U

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