AP Human Geography AP Human Geography ReviewReview

Theories and ModelsTheories and Models

The Demographic Transition Model

Stage One

High birth rates High death rates Slow population growth

Stage Two

Falling death rates Continuing high birth rates Population increases rapidly

Stage Three

Birth rates slow

Population growth rate slows down

Stage Four

Low birth rates Low death rates Low rate of natural increase.

Stage Five? Population

decrease? Such low birth

rates that there are actually negative population growth rates in countries that have fallen below replacement TFR.

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Ravenstein's Laws of MigrationRavenstein's Laws of Migration Ravenstein came up with his "laws" of migration in the 1880s Ravenstein came up with his "laws" of migration in the 1880s

based on studies carried out in the UK. based on studies carried out in the UK. The laws are as followsThe laws are as follows

• The greatest body of migrants travel short distances. The greatest body of migrants travel short distances. • This produces currents directed towards large commercial centres. This produces currents directed towards large commercial centres. • Each current has an off-setting counter-current in the opposite Each current has an off-setting counter-current in the opposite

direction. direction. • Both currents display similar characteristics Both currents display similar characteristics • Long distance movements are directed towards large commercial Long distance movements are directed towards large commercial

centres. centres. • People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural areas. People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural areas. • Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more

over short distances. over short distances.

Additions to These LawsAdditions to These Laws• Most migrants are between 20-34 years of age. Most migrants are between 20-34 years of age. • People mainly move for economic reasons. People mainly move for economic reasons. • Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of

migrants so ghettoes/shanties are formed.migrants so ghettoes/shanties are formed.

Agriculture Theory

• With increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe.

Gravity ModelGravity Model

This theory states that larger towns are This theory states that larger towns are more attractive to immigrants than smaller more attractive to immigrants than smaller towns.towns.

Push-Pull TheoryPush-Pull Theory Any migration is as a result of push forces at Any migration is as a result of push forces at

the origin and pull forces at the destination.the origin and pull forces at the destination.• Examples of push forces are famine, war and Examples of push forces are famine, war and

poverty. poverty. • Examples of pull forces are availability of food, Examples of pull forces are availability of food,

peace and wealth.peace and wealth.

Consequences of MigrationConsequences of Migration Demographic Consequences: Demographic Consequences:

• Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed. region are changed.

• Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people.Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people. Social Consequences: Social Consequences:

• Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts. Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts. • Migration however also creates understanding between Migration however also creates understanding between

different groups of people.different groups of people.• Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes in cities.Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes in cities.

Economic Consequences: Economic Consequences: • This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the

economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc. skills, age, educational attainment, health etc.

• In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land. reduces the pressure on the land.

• In under-populated areas, emigration may slow down In under-populated areas, emigration may slow down development.development.

Dispersal HypothesisIndo-European languages first moved from the hearth eastward into present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.

From Anatolia diffused Europe’s languagesFrom the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused North

Africa and Arabia’s languagesFrom the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused Southwest

Asia and South Asia’s languages.

Renfrew Hypothesis:Proto-Indo-European began in the Fertile Crescent, and then:

Development ModelsDevelopment ModelsModernization ModelModernization Model Walt RostowWalt Rostow’’s model assumes all s model assumes all

countries follow a similar path to countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development, through five stages of development, climbing a ladder of development.climbing a ladder of development.

- traditional- traditional- preconditions of takeoff- preconditions of takeoff- takeoff- takeoff- drive to maturity- drive to maturity- high mass consumption- high mass consumption

Rostow’s Ladder of Development

Dependency TheoryThe political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.

-Economic structures make poorer countries dependent on

wealthier countries.

-Little hope for economic prosperity in poorer countries.

-Relates to neocolonialism

Von Thünen Model

Von Thűnen Model

Von Thunen’s model is the beginning of location economics and analysis (1826)

World-Systems TheoryWorld-Systems Theory

Immanuel WallersteinImmanuel Wallerstein’’s World-Systems Theorys World-Systems Theory states:states:

1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labour.

2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.

3. The world economy has a three-tier structure.

Construction of the World Construction of the World EconomyEconomy

CapitalismCapitalism – people, corporations, and – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. with the goal of achieving profit.

CommodificationCommodification – the process of – the process of placing a price on a good and then placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. buying, selling, and trading the good.

ColonialismColonialism – brought the world into – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.interdependent global economy.

The Three Tier StructureThe Three Tier Structure

Core Core Processes that incorporate Processes that incorporate

higher levels of education, higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more higher salaries, and more technology.technology.

Generate more wealth in the Generate more wealth in the world economy world economy

Semi-periphery Semi-periphery Places where core and Places where core and

periphery processes are both periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. exploit the periphery.

Serves as a buffer between Serves as a buffer between core and periphery core and periphery

Periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate Processes that incorporate

lower levels of education, lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less lower salaries, and less technology technology

Generate less wealth in the Generate less wealth in the world economyworld economy

World Systems TheoryWorld Systems Theory

RatzelRatzel’’s organic theory of the s organic theory of the statestate

The Germans were instrumental in The Germans were instrumental in developing the field of Geopolitics developing the field of Geopolitics ((GeopolitkGeopolitk). ).

In 1897, the German geographer Friedrich In 1897, the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel developed his "organic theory". Ratzel developed his "organic theory". This theory contend that the state is like This theory contend that the state is like an organism attached to the earth that an organism attached to the earth that competes with other states to thrive. competes with other states to thrive.

Like all living organisms, the state needs Like all living organisms, the state needs lebensraumlebensraum - living space. - living space.

MackinderMackinder’’s Heartland Theorys Heartland Theory Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British

geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called "The Geographical Pivot of History." He suggested that control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as:• Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland• Who rules the Heartland commands the World-

Island• Who rules the World-Island commands the world

Mackinder's Heartland the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia). Asia).

MackinderMackinder’’s Heartland Theorys Heartland Theory

Location Theory

Location Theory – seeks to predict where businesses or industries will or should be located.

Considers:- Variable costs- Friction of distance

Location ModelsLocation Models

Weber’s Model

Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least (least cost theory)

Theory:

Least Cost Theory

Costs: Transportation, Labour, Agglomeration

Hotelling’s Model

Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.

Theory:

Locational interdependence

Losch’s Model

Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit.

Theory:

Zone of Profitability

Losch’s Model

Central Place TheoryWalter Christaller developed a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed.Christaller assumed that:• surface is flat with no physical barriers• soil fertility is the same everywhere• population and purchasing power are evenly

distributed• region has uniform transportation network • from any given place, a good or service could be

sold in all directions out to a certain distance

Hexagonal HinterlandsHexagonal Hinterlands

C = city

T = town

V = village

H = hamlet

Modelling the North American Modelling the North American CityCity

Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)

Sector model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy

Harris and Edward Ullman)

Three Classical Models of Urban Three Classical Models of Urban StructureStructure

Each realm is a Each realm is a separate separate

economic, economic, social and social and

political entity political entity that is linked that is linked

together to together to form a larger form a larger

metro metro framework.framework.

Urban Realms ModelUrban Realms Model

Latin Latin AmericaAmerica

n City n City (Griffin-(Griffin-

Ford Ford model)model)

The African The African CityCity

(de Blij model)(de Blij model)

Southeast Southeast Asian City Asian City

(McGee (McGee model)model)