AP Psychology Test Review

Research Methods and Neuroscience

Name the five research methods. Advantages?Disadvantages?

Case Study Naturalistic Observations Survey Correlational Research Experimentation

Two Methods of Developmental Research Longitudinal Cross-sectional

Ethical Considerations

Informed Consent Coercion/Withdrawal Anonymity/Confidentiality Risk Debrief Animal Training Animal Humane Treatment

Three Measures of Central Tendency Mean Median Mode

Two Measures of Variation

Range Standard Deviation

Hypotheses are:

A. Integrated sets of principles that help to organize observations

B. Testable predictions, often derived from theories

C. Hunches about mental processes

D. Measures of relationships between two factors

E. Always derived from the independent variable

Psychologists use experimental research in order to reveal or to understand:

A. Correlational Relationships

B. Dependent variables

C. Hypotheses

D. Theories

E. Cause-and-effect relationships

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called:

A. Variable controlling

B. Random assignment

C. Representative sampling

D. Stratification

E. Double-blind procedure

In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the:

A. Random sample

B. Quantifying variable

C. Experimental group

D. Control Group

E. Test Group

In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the:

A. Confounding variable

B. Intervening variable

C. Independent variable

D. Super-ordinate variable

E. Dependent variable

Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?

A. Experiment

B. Naturalistic Observation

C. Survey

D. Case Study

E. Questionnaire

A psychologist studies the play behavior of third grade children by watching groups during recess at school. Which research strategy is being used?

A. Correlational

B. Single-blind procedure

C. Case Study

D. Experimental

E. Naturalistic Observation

Well done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or _________, of an entire group, or _________.

A. Population; Random Sample

B. Sample group; Population

C. Control Group; Experimental Group

D. Experimental Group; Control Group

E. Random Sample; Population

After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which research method did the psychologist use to deduce this?

A. Case Study

B. Survey

C. Correlational Experiment

D. Controlled Experiment

E. Naturalistic Observation

Which of the following research methods does NOT belong with the others?

A. Case Study

B. Survey

C. Naturalistic Observation

D. Controlled Experiment

E. Both 1 and 2

The method that removes the principal investigator from knowing who is in the experimental and control groups is called the:

A. Single-blind procedure

B. Double-blind procedure

C. Experimenter expectancy effect

D. Counterbalancing

E. Countermanding

Calculate the mode for the following set of numbers: 4,5,6,45,1,2,5,6,7,6,8,6,45,6

A. 6

B. 4

C. 45

D. 1

E. 5

Calculate the Median of the following set of numbers: 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

A. 6

B. 6.5

C. 7

D. 5

E. 10

Calculate the Mean of the following numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

A. 3

B. 4

C. 6

D. 3.14

E. 12

What is the range for the following set of numbers? 5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,11,15

A. 8

B. 15

C. 5

D. 10

E. 9

Which of the following numbers indicates a stronger statistical correlation?

A. +.97

B. -.98

C. +.05

D. -.03

E. -.14

Which of these values would be considered more statistically significant?

A. p < .14

B. p < .24

C. p < .02

D. p < .03

E. P < .11

Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomenon are:A. Independents

variables

B. Dependent variables

C. Hypothesis

D. Theories

E. Statistics

Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusually complex or rare phenomenon?

A. Controlled experiment

B. Quasi-experiment

C. Test

D. Survey

E. Case study

Of the following, the effect of adrenaline on the body is most similar to the effect of the:

A. Cerebellum

B. Thyroid gland

C. Somatic nervous system

D. Parasympathetic nervous system

E. Sympathetic nervous system

Jeremy was born with several brain abnormalities. One of these, decreased his ability to coordinate his movements. Which of the following parts of the brain may be damaged?A. Hypothalamus

B. Thalamus

C. Pons

D. Medulla

E. Cerebellum

A research study looking at severely overweight rats would most likely be interested in studying this part of the brain:

A. Hippocampus

B. Thalamus

C. Hypothalamus

D. Amygdala

E. Pineal Gland

Scientists are able to see changes in the brain as it processes information by means of:A. Lesioning

B. Autopsy

C. CT

D. MRI

E. PET

This is a brain cell that receives and transmits electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

A. Axon

B. Dendrite

C. Neuron

D. Neurotransmitter

E. Axon Terminal

When the dendrites tell the neuron to generate an electrical impulse, it is called:

A. Inhibitory

B. Ancillary

C. Excitatory

D. Action Potential

E. None of the above

What disease does degeneration of the myelin sheath contribute to?A. Parkinson’s

B. Tay Sachs

C. Schizophrenia

D. Lupus

E. Multiple Sclerosis

These electrically charged particles enter the neuron through the cell membrane and create an action potential:

A. Neurotransmitters

B. Dendrites

C. Hormones

D. Somas

E. Ions

Your brain is involved in every perception, thought, and emotion, as are its neurons and their neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that:

A. Carry information primarily in the endocrine system

B. Fuel the endocrine system

C. Travel from the axon terminals along the axon and create an action potential

D. Assist neurons by providing physical support, nutrition, and waste removal

E. Travel across the synapse and affect adjoining neurons

A neuron without terminal buttons would be unable to:A. Receive information from

neighboring neurons

B. Generate action potential

C. Secrete neurotransmitters to other neurons

D. Transport ions across the cell membrane

E. Fire the appropriate inhibitory transmitters

Gabrielle has just finished a local 5k race and seems to be very happy and elated. One cause of her feelings may be due to abnormally high levels of chemical substances in her brain called:

A. Acetylcholine

B. Serotonin

C. Endorphins

D. Dopamine

E. GABA

The internal charge of a resting neuron is:A. Primarily a negative

charge

B. Primarily a positive charge

C. Neither a negative or positive charge

D. Primarily effected by neurotransmitters

E. Primarily effected by hormones

A four year old boy was involved in a terrible accident that damaged his brain. Though most of his left hemisphere was removed, three years later he was nearly normal. What term best explains the ability of the brain to recover from injury by rewiring itself?

A. Plasticity

B. Reflexology

C. Reuptake

D. Expandability

E. Refraction

This is an example of a sympathetic function:

A. Promoting your sexual development

B. Monitoring the operation of the body’s routing functioning

C. Picking up a dime off the floor

D. Preparing yourself to fight an oncoming attacker

E. Figuring out the answer to a difficult test question

This part of the brain is responsible for trafficking almost all of the brain’s incoming sensory sensory information:

A. Hypothalamus

B. Reticular formation

C. Pons

D. Thalamus

E. Hippocampus

Roger has just had some medical tests conducted. One of the tests recorded Roger’s brain waves on a moving sheet

of paper. Roger was probably given the:

A. EEG

B. CT scan

C. MRI scan

D. PET scan

E. FMRI

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely linked to pleasurable sensations generated in the hypothalamic centers of the limbic system?

A. Acetylcholine

B. Dopamine

C. GABA

D. Norepinephrine

E. Adrenaline

The Phineas Gage study was the first time that scientists studied:A. The role of the occipital lobe

on the behavior of individuals

B. The ease of damage to the brain

C. The role of the frontal lobe in the behavior of individuals

D. The safety of working conditions in America

E. How behavior can affect relationships

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Name each of the six branches of the nervous system. Central

(brain and spinal cord)

PeripheralSomaticAutonomic

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Name the three structures of the limbic system. Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala

Name the three language centers of the brain and the hemisphere each is located in.

Broca’s Area Angular Gyrus Wernicke’s Area All LEFT

Kicker Term Review

• Very likely to show up on FRQ.

• Could not just guess the definition.

Kicker Terms*Show up a lot on FRQ’s

*Wouldn’t know the definition by guessing.

A tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures. In other words, using your understanding of your own culture to gauge what is "normal."

ETHNOCENTRISM Memory for something you intend to do in the future. “I remember I

have a dentist appointment in three days.”

PROSPECTIVE MEMORY A field of psychology that works to apply principles of psychology to

designing products and creating work environments that boost productivity while minimizing safety issues. (engineering meets psychological theory)

HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY

Kicker Terms

Proactive/Retroactive Interference

What is the interference?

P-

Old INTERFERES

R-

New INTERFERES

Kicker Terms

What persuades you? facts, detail, research

Central Route to Persuasion What persuades you? color,

attractiveness, anything OTHER than the facts/research

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Kicker Terms

Physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism’s environment

Circadian Rhythm The portion of difference between individuals in a group/groups that

is due to genetics.

Heritability The likelihood that the results in your study occurred by chance. P

Score < .05 (5%). You want this to BE LOW

Statistical Significance

Kicker Terms

The extent or strength of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.

Self-Efficacy The theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura

that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

Reciprocal Determinism

Kicker Terms

The tension one feels when their actions and belief system (attitudes) don’t match.

Cognitive Dissonance

A characteristic of creativity that involves generating many possible solutions to problems.

Divergent Thinking

Kicker Terms

Describes what the variables in your study are AND how you intend to measure them.

Operational Definition

Sleep deprivation on driving performance.

Extrinsically reinforcing somebody for something they are intrinsically motivated to do. This undermines all motivation.

Overjustification Effect

Kicker Terms

Judging the likelihood of something based on how quickly an example comes to mind.

“School shootings are very likely because Sandy Hook and Columbine come to mind quickly.”

Availability Heuristic Judging the likelihood of something based on how well the

current example matches your prototype.

“A vegetarian sandwich matches my prototype for a low calorie, low fat food more than a turkey sandwich does.”

Representative Heuristic