APA_Manual-Dr_Che_Azlan[2]

8/3/2019 APA_Manual-Dr_Che_Azlan[2]

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APA

Style

P r e s e n t e d b y : D r C h e A z l a n Ta i b

American Psychological Association



APA Manual

American Psychological Association.

(2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.



Crediting Sources

• Scientific knowledge –

accomplishments – many researchers•“A critical part of the writing process

is helping readers place your

contribution in context by citing theresearchers who influence you” (APA,

2010, p. 169).



When to Cite

• Work - ideas, theories / research –

directly influence your work

– Background information

– Support / dispute your thesis

– Critical definitions

– Data

• Citation – personally read!



Plagiarism

“Authors do not present the work of another as

if it were their own work” (APA, 2010, p. 16).

• Paraphrasing

• Quoting directly

• Describing an idea



Self-Plagiarism

• “…presenting one’s own previously published

work as though it were new” (APA, 2010, p.

170).



Quoting

• Word for word

• Fewer than 40 words – incorporate it into text

• Double quotation marks “ ”



Quotation midsentence

Interpreting the results, Robins et al. (2003)

suggested that the “therapists in dropout case

may have inadvertently validated parental

negativiti about the adolescent without

adequately responding to the adolescent’s

needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an

overall climate of negativity.



Quotation – end sentence

Confusing this issues is the overlapping nature

of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical

needs are met by those in the medical

disciplines; nonmedical needs may be

addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai &

Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).



Quotation 40 / > wordsOthers have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interactionamong all group members. Consider large-scalesocial gatherings in which hundreds or thousandsof people gather in a location to perform a ritualor celebrate an event.

In these instances, participants are able to seethe visible manifestations of the group, thephysical gathering, yet their ability to make

direct, intimate connections with those aroundthem is limited by the sheer magnitude of theassembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)



Or

In 1997, Purcell contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interactionamong all group members. Consider large-scale socialgatherings in which hundreds or thousands of peoplegather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate anevent.

In these instances, participants are able to see thevisible manifestations of the group, the physical

gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimateconnections with those around them is limited by thesheer magnitude of the assembly. (pp. 111-112)



Quotations Online Material Without

Pagination

• Use abbreviation para. (paragraph)

Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest

the need for a new “intellectual framework in

which to consider the nature and form of

regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4)



With heading – no paragraph / page

numbers

• Cite heading & number of the paragraph

after the heading

In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets

(2008) found that “the level of percieved

disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed

best explained by their mental health

condition and less by their physical condition”(Discussion section para. 1)



No page, No para. & title too long

• Use short title

“Empirical studies have found mixed results on

the efficacy of labels in educating consumers

and changing consumption behaviour” (Golan,

Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory Labeling

Has Targeted,” para. 4).

(heading - Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted

Information Gaps and Social Objectives)



Two types of in-text citationsTwo types of in-text citations

• paraphrase

• direct quote

•APA uses the author – date

citation system



Paraphrased text citations

Paraphrased text citation:

Another study raised issues of

motivation in reading (McPherson,

2007).


McPherson (2007) raised issues of motivation in reading.



Paraphrased text citations (part 2)


Another study raised issues of

motivation in reading (McPherson,

2007).


McPherson (2007) raised issues of motivation in reading.



Punctuation and Formatting for

Authors in Text Citation

APA’s Author-Date Citation System:

Fink’s (2007) research confirmed the results of cloning.

Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).

Quantitative studies (Fink, 2001, 2007) confirmed …

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) . n.d. – no date

Weiss (in press) is working on a new theory that ….

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 174-179.



Punctuation and Formatting for

Authors in Text Citation

APA’s Author-Date Citation System:

Fink’s (2007) research confirmed the results of cloning.

Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).

Quantitative studies (Fink, 2001, 2007) confirmed …

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) . n.d. – no date

Weiss (in press) is working on a new theory that ….

See APA (6th ed.), pp. 174-179.



Et al.Citations in text:

First: Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008)

Thereafter: Quinlan et al. (2008) observed(et al. is used after first use when there are

three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:First: (Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008)

Thereafter: (Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:

Wienhorst et al. (2009)

(Wienhorst et al., 2009)

See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 175, 177, 203

Always use et al. for

six or more authors.





Group Authors - abbreviations

Corporations, associations, government agencies, and study

groups can serve as group authors.

If the name is long and the abbreviation is readily recognizable,

then use the abbreviation the first time and abbreviate thereafter.

American Psychological Association (APA)

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2001)

Subsequent text citations use (APA, 2001)

If the name is short or not readily understandable, then write out the

name each time it occurs.

University of Pittsburg (2006).

Subsequent text citations use (University of Pittsburg, 2006)See APA (6th ed.), pp. 176-177.

APA (6th ed.),

p. 177



Group Authors – short names

Corporations, associations, government agencies, and study

groups can serve as group authors.

If the name is long and the abbreviation is readily recognizable,

then use the abbreviation the first time and abbreviate thereafter.

American Psychological Association (APA)

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2001)

Subsequent text citations use (APA, 2001)

If the name is short or not readily understandable, then write out the

name each time it occurs.

University of Pittsburg (2006).

Subsequent text citations use (University of Pittsburg, 2006)See APA (6th ed.), pp. 176-177

APA (6th ed.),

p. 177



Text Citation with Direct QuoteText citation with direct quote:

McPherson (2007) coined the

phrase “goblet of motivation”(p. 71).

The phrase that aptly describes

the impact on reading is“goblet of motivation”

(McPherson , 2007, p. 71).

APA manual (6th ed.),

pp. 170-171



Text Cites of Electronic Resources

In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes

(2005) found that the results should be “based on

assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed

and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).

“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango

were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival, Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative

Research,” para. 5).

See APA (6th ed.), p. 172

Use name of section.

Use shortened title in quotation marks.



Block QuotesThe abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and “should summarize

the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2008, p. 34).

Direct quote for less than 40 words:

Block quote ( 40 words or more):

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,

journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title

in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical

titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the textcitations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized

in the reference list. (p. 342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

(NOTE: FSEHS allows single spacing, but APA uses double spacing.)

Note where the periods go!

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 92, 171



Ex. of Reference Citation

Reference citation in reference list:

McPherson, K. (2007). Harry Potter

and the goblet of motivation. Teacher

Librarian, 34(4), 71. doi:10.1037

/0002-9432.76.4.482



Ex: Journal articleHow to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online



Hanging indentationCiting Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:

A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,

24(3), 34-47. Retrieved from Education Full Text database.

•Hanging indentations




Microsoft Word’s formatting for hanging

indentations

• Go to Format.

• Select Paragraph.

• In Indents and Spacing

• Go to the Special section.

• Select Hanging.



Author fieldCiting Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online



24(3), 34-47.

Author(s)

See APA manual (6th ed,), p. 184

• Initials, not first names. No title

• Ampersand (&), not the word and

• Comma before the ampersand.

• Space between initials



Year of publication fieldCiting Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online



24(3), 34-47.

Year of publication

See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 185

• Enclosed in parentheses

• Period after the parentheses

• No month or day if the publication is a journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or

newspaper article.



Article title fieldCiting Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online



24(3), 34-47.

Article title

See APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 87, 185

• Only first word in title and subtitle should be

be capitalized as well as any proper names.

• A period at the end of the title.• Include one spacesafter the period, not two.



Journal title fieldCiting Journal Articles



24(3), 34-47.


• Journal title should have all important

words capitalized.

• It is italicized

• The journal title is followed by a commaJournal title



Publication info



24(3), 34-47.

Volume, issue, andpage number(s)


• The volume number is italicized

• There should be no space between

the volume number and issue number

• Enclose issue number in parentheses

and follow by a comma

• Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles.

Citing Journal Articles



DOI number

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:


24(3), 34-47. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online:

DOI number

• Preferred: If the database has a Digital Object Identifier thatfunctions as a unique identifier of the content and a link to the

content, then use that.

• Do not capitalize doi, and do not include a space before or

after the colon.

• Do not put a period at the end of the doi number.



Examples of a DOI

DOI available



Types of retrieval infoBorman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory

experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-

49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory


49. Retrieved from http://www.jap.org/index/

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory


49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au

/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100

DOI available

Exact URL for open access journal

From a subscription database with no DOI, use journal home page URL.



Group author field

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication

manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).

Washington, DC: Author.


• Hanging indentations



Microsoft Word’s formatting for hanging

indentations

• Go to Format.

• Select Paragraph.

• In Indents and Spacing

• Go to the Special section.

• Select Hanging.



Group author field




Group author


• Period after the group author



Year of publication field




Year of publication

See APA manual, p. 185



Book title field

See APA manual, p. 185




Book title

• Only the first word in the book title and

subtitle should be capitalized as well as

any proper names.



Formatting book title




Book title

• Only the first word in the book title and

subtitle should be capitalized as well as

any proper names.

• Use (6th ed.), not (6th ed.) and do notitalicize.

• Period goes after the edition number and

page numbers, if any






Place and publisher

• Use DC, not D.C. (U.S. postal abbreviation

for states)

• Use Author if the name of the publisher is

the same as the author

Publication info



Location and Publisher Info


• Use state abbreviations:

FL, TX, NY, CA, DC

• All cities now include

state abbreviation: – Baltimore, MD

– Boston, MA

– Chicago, IL

– Los Angeles, CA

– New York, NY

– Philadelphia, PA

– San Francisco, CA

• Leave off superfluous terms: – Publishers

– Co. or Company

– Inc.

• Retain the words: – Books

– Press

• For example:

Erlbaum, John Wiley,University of Toronto Press,Penguin Books





Washington, DC: Author. doi:10.234/567-8910

DOI

• Some books now have assigned Digital

Object Identifier numbers or DOIs. If

available, include the number.

• Spell doi using the lower case.

• There is no space before or after the

colon, and no period at the end of the DOI

number.

DOI number for books



Two Authors / Journal Article / DOI

Sagarin, B. J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K. A. (2005).

Critically evaluating competing theories: An

exercise based on the Kitty Genovese murder.

Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167 –169.doi:10.1207/s15328023top3203_8

M h 7 A h / A i l /



More than 7 Authors / Article /

Retrieved journal home URL

Bueno, H., Ross, J. S., Wang, Y., Chen, J.,

Normand, S.-L., Curtis, J. P., ... Drye, E. E.

(2010, June 2). Trends in length of stay and

Short-term Outcomes Among MedicarePatients Hospitalized for Heart Failure, 1993-

2006. Journal of the American Medical

Association, 303(21), 2141-2147.Retrieved from http://jama.ama-

assn.org/cgi/reprint/303/21/2141



No Author / Newsletter Article

Upward mobility in third world nations. (2009,

Spring). Portals of the world: Newsletter of

the Florida Virtual University . Retrieved from

http://wwww.fvu.edu/portalsoftheworld/newsletter0102/Spring2004.pdf



Anonymous Author / Newsletter

Anonymous. (2010, July). Education and early

childhood education; New education and

early childhood education study findings

have been published by scientists atUniversity of Pretoria. Education Letter , 50.



Magazines, Newsletters, and Newspapers:

Formatted Differently Than Journals

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10).

Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science,

20, 1113-1120.

The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4, 1-

2.

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart

failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

Newspaper

See APA manual, pp. 241-243



Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting

their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved http://www

.nytimes.com/

No period

after Web

addresses.

Online Newspaper Citation:“Give the URL of the home page when the online version of the

article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs” (APA,

2009, p. 201) .

Break URLs after slash or before

period. (APA, p. 271)

Before most punctuation (APA p.

192)



In-Press Article and Advance Online Publication

Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”?

Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading

Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf

• Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance

online publication when it has not been formatted for final production.

• Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available

through a preprint archive when not yet indexed on the journal website.

• Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally

published.

APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200

Clark, K. F. (2010). What can I say besides “sound it out”?Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading

Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave

.jnro.231623



Vendor’s citation tool mistakes (2010). What Should Students Read?. Phi Delta Kappan, 91(7), 8-

16. Retrieved from Education Full Text database.

Wolk, S. (2010). What should students read? Phi Delta Kappan,

91(7), 8-16. Retrieved from

http://www.pdkmembers.org/members_online/members/o

rders.asp?action=results&t=A&desc=&text=&lname_1=Wolk

&fname_1=&lname_2=&fname_2=&kw_1=&kw_2=&kw_3=&kw_4=&mn1=4&yr1=2010&mn2=&yr2=&c1=

Wolk, S.. (2010). What Should Students Read? Phi DeltaKappan, 91(7), 8. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from ProQuest

Education Journals. (Document ID: 2008053251).

Education Full Text

ERIC (CSA)

ProQuest Education Full Text



Two Authors / Book

Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2010). Of course

you're angry: A guide to dealing with the

emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.).

Center City, MN: Hazelden.



Corporate Author / Book

American Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.).




No Author / Book

The alternative medicine handbook . (1994).

London: England: Crescent Books.



Book Chapter

Guthrie, D. J. S. (2008 ). 1H nuclear magnetic

resonance (NMR) in the elucidation of

peptide structure. In G. B. Irvine & C. H.

Williams (Eds.), Methods in Molecular Biology: Vol. 73. Neuropeptide protocols (pp.

163-184). Totowa, NJ: Humana

Press. doi:10.1385/0-89603-399-6:163



Book Chapter / Edited Book

Johnson, A. M., Verson, P. A., & Feiler, A. R.

(2008). Behavioral genetic studies of

personality: An introduction and review of

the results of 50+ years of research. in G. J.Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske, The

SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and

Assessment: Vol 1: Personality theories and models (pp. 145-173). Thousand Oaks, CA:

Sage.

Book Series Title and Page Numbers



Book Series Title and Page Numbers

• The title of the proceedings is part of a book series so all theimportant words in the title are capitalized. Start with “In…”

• Italicize the title of the proceedings but not the page numbers.

• Enclose page numbers using parentheses, and use pp.

• A period ends the citation after the parentheses.

Piton, T., Blanchard, J., Briand, H., & Guillet, F.

(2009). Domain driven data mining to improve

promotional campaign ROI and select marketing

channels. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM

Conference on Information and Knowledge

Management (pp. 1057-1066). doi:10.1145/1645953

.1646088

Proceedings Title and

Page Numbers

Book Series Title and

Page Numbers



E-book

O'Keefe, E. (2006). Egoism and the crisis in

Western values. Retrieve from

http://www.ebookstore.tanddiff.co.uk/html/

index.asp



Online Dictionary Entry

Graham, G. (2005). Existentialism. In E. N. Zalta

(Ed.), The Standford encyclopedia of

philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/



Dissertation from PDTD

Cooley, T. (2009). Design, development, and

implementation of a Wireless Local Area

Network (WLAN): The Hartford Job Corps

Academy case study (Doctoral dissertation).Available from ProQuest Dissertations &

Theses database. (UMI No. 3344745)



Web Citation

Survey: More Americans get news from the

Internet than newspapers or radio. (n.d.).

Retrieved March 16, 2010, from

http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/03/01/social.network.news/index.html



Podcast and Blog

Justice, K. (Producer). (2009, July 15). Providing

reference services in a school media center [Video

podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.slis.sjsu.edu

APA (6th ed.), pp. 210, 215

Pival, P. (2009, July 17). RenewBot vs. Library Elf

[Web log message]. Retrieved from http://distlib

.blogs.com/distlib/

Wh t Cit



When to Cite:

Direct Quotes and Paraphrased Ideas


• Opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories

from any source

• Any information obtained that is not

common

knowledge

• Direct quotes of the words used

verbatim

• Summarized or paraphrased ideas

Ethical Use of Information and



Ethical Use of Information and

Plagiarism

• Scholars are responsible for ethically using

information.

• Problems by not properly citing the use of

other people’s words, ideas, theories, and/orinformation is considered plagiarism.



Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

• Using another person’s ideas or words without

giving them proper credit is considered

plagiarism.

• Self-plagiarism

• Using text citations for direct quotes and

paraphrasing



Paraphrased

Beginning of sentence:

Krankenstein (2006) reported that empirical

research was identified.

Middle of sentence

After looking into the issue, Lynch (2007) quit. ·

End of sentence

The report concluded were victims of

cyberterrorism (Windhorst, 2004).

• Author and quote together



Direct QuotesAuthor and quote together

Students needed "parental permission” (Abbott, 2005, p. 25).

The research found that the training built "sequentially anddevelopmentally" (Jones & Ifill, 2010, Conclusions section, para. 6).

• Author and quote separated

Yi (2004) stated that the “IL Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34).

Lee (2007) stated, “The data is unreliable” (Methods section, para. 4).

Jonasen (2010) coined the term "frankenreference" (p. 22) to refer toscary reference citations.

Bischoff (2009) used the concept of "fair use" (Encyclopedia Britannica,p. 3250) in the context of the new geopolitical order.



Paraphrasing

Direct quote

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-174

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the NoChild Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweepingeducation reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid thegroundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt tostrengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).

h l



Paraphrase at least 50%

When the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in

January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most all-encompassing reform in education the United States in decades andprovided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at thenational level for years to come (Smith, 2008).

Direct quote

Paraphrased

More than 50% reworded

APA manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-174

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child

Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reformof federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork foreducation reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’seducation system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).

46% of Paper Used Verbatim



• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’stransition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendancetend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness,and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxietyconcerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far,transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from aone-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused

curriculum. Although the scope of research varies as much as the programsthemselves, several important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparentthat longer-term comprehensive transition programming can be beneficial. Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almostone-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for

dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance,and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academicperformance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from theschool environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that highschool students often consider the social organizational changes and academicwork as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).

46% of Paper Used Verbatim

Found Using Turnitin

Words in red

were taken

verbatim from a

second source.

Only a few

words were

paraphrased.

Words in blue

were taken

verbatim fromone source.

(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).

(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006).

Other Problems With Plagiarism Also

http://lrd.yahooapis.com/_ylc=X3oDMTVncmM1bWQyBF9TAzIwMjMxNTI3MDIEYXBwaWQDTHJlazRUTFYzNEdRVjYwVDFRYVlHeC5xMDYuMHVja2pJb3dfYzJFV3NGejhWZzVHX2xkQjRPX1YweDZPdVNOME9zVjg2a0I2BGNsaWVudANib3NzBHNlcnZpY2UDQk9TUwRzbGsDdGl0bGUEc3JjcHZpZANNaTZOSzBnZUF1MmE3cWVWU09VNWNpS2cwRG1lOGtwTHFzY0FDay5y/SIG=11ussj708/**http:/www.freshmantransition.org/NASSP_ResearchBrief.pdf








































































• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’stransition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendancetend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness,and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxietyconcerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far,transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from aone-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused

curriculum. Although the scope of research varies as much as the programsthemselves, several important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparentthat longer-term comprehensive transition programming can be beneficial. Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almostone-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for

dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance,and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academicperformance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from theschool environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that highschool students often consider the social organizational changes and academicwork as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).

Other Problems With Plagiarism Also

Found Using Turnitin

The original idea was

from Lan & Lanthier,

but the source of this

“paraphrase” was not

(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).







































































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APA_Manual-Dr_Che_Azlan[2]

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