Aplikasi Motivasi Organisasi

Chapter 7

Mata kuliah : J0754 - Pengelolaan Organisasi EntrepreneurialDosen Pembuat : D3122 - Rudy AryantoTahun : 2009

Learning Objectives– Explain differences between social learning theory and

reinforcement theory

– Discuss how self-managing can be useful in developing a motivation program

– Describe how expectancy, equity, and goal-setting theories are used to motivate employees

– Define intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how these rewards influence employee motivation

The Sage of Stock Options

• Stock options– Have replaced salary

and bonuses as the most significant part of executive pay

– Place a lien against the company– When exercised, reduce the value

of other stock shares– May reward one person and distress others

Learning• One of the fundamental processes underlying

behavior and motivation– A relatively enduring change in behavior occurs as a

result of practice

• Changes in behavior that characterize learning may be…– Adaptive and promote effectiveness – Non-adaptive and ineffective

Social Learning

• Behavior is acquired through observation and imitation of others in a social context – Continuous interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and

environmental determinants– Can be positive or negative

Social Learning• Social learning theory introduces…

– Vicarious learning (modeling)– Symbolism– Self-control

• Self-efficacy, a central part of social learning theory, has three dimensions– Magnitude– Strength– Generality

Pygmalion Effect

Pygmalion Effect

The enhanced learning or performance that results from others having positive expectations of us.

Operant Conditioning• Learning that occurs as a consequence of

behavior– Operants are behaviors that can be controlled by

altering reinforcers and the punishments that follow them

• Behavior modification– An approach to motivation that uses principles of

operant conditioning– Learning by reinforcement

Example of Operant Conditioning

S1

Memo instructingsubordinate to prepare budget

Conditionedstimulus

S1

Memo instructingsubordinate to prepare budget

Conditionedstimulus

R1

Preparingweeklybudgets

Conditionedoperantresponse

R1

Preparingweeklybudgets

Conditionedoperantresponse

R2

A sense ofsatisfaction

Unconditioned response

R2

A sense ofsatisfaction

Unconditioned response

S2

Receiving valued praise fromsuperior

Reinforcingstimulus

S2

Receiving valued praise fromsuperior

Reinforcingstimulus

AntecedentAntecedent BehaviorBehavior ConsequenceConsequence

Principles of Operant Conditioning

• Positive reinforcement– Action that increases the likelihood of a behavior

• Negative reinforcement– Strengthens a behavior because the behavior

removes some painful or unpleasant stimulus

• Punishment– Undesirable consequence that results in the

suppression of the behavior that brought it about

• Extinction– Decline in response rate due to non-

reinforcement

Behavior Modification• Identify and define the specific behavior

– Can it be seen?– Can it be measured?

• Measure or count occurrences of the pinpointed behavior– Provides a baseline from which to determine if the

behavior is changing

Applied Behavior Modification• Conduct ABC analysis of the behavior

– A = analyzing the antecedents– B = pinpointing critical behaviors– C = associated consequence

• Then– Develop an action plan and strategies– Evaluate the behavior