Page 1
919
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Appendix: Drug dosing in renal failure
Abbreviations used:
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzymeAV: atrioventricularBUN: blood urea nitrogenCCr: Creatinine clearanceCAPD: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisCHF: congestive heart failureCMV: cytomegalovirusCNS: central nervous systemCRRT: continuous renal replacement therapyCSA/FK: cyclosporine A and tacrolimusCVD: cardiovascular diseaseCVVH: Continuous venovenous hemofiltrationDVT: deep vein thrombosisESRD: end-stage renal diseaseGI: gastrointestinalGFR: glomerular filtration rateHBV: hepatitis B virusHD: hemodialysisHDL: high-density lipoproteinHIT: heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHSV: herpes simplex virusINR: international normalized ratioIV: intravenousMI: myocardial infarctionMMF: mycophenolate mofetilNA: not applicableNC: No data: no change requiredNSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsTB: tuberculosisTDM: therapeutic drug monitoringV
D: volume of distribution
VZV: varicella zoster virus.
Page 2
920
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ta
ble
2 . A
ntib
acte
rial a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Am
ino
gly
cosi
de
sG
roup
toxi
city
: all
agen
ts in
this
gro
up a
re n
ephr
otox
ic a
nd o
toto
xic;
oto
toxi
city
is w
orse
whe
n th
e pa
tient
is h
yper
bilir
ubin
emic
; mea
sure
ser
um le
vels
for e
ffica
cy a
nd to
xici
ty; p
erito
neal
ab
sorp
tion
incr
ease
s w
ith p
rese
nce
of in
flam
mat
ion.
VD in
crea
ses
with
ede
ma,
obe
sity
, and
asc
ites
Stre
ptom
ycin
7.5
mg/
kg q
. 12
hr(1
.0 g
q. 2
4 hr
fo
r TB)
60%
q. 2
4 hr
q. 2
4−72
hr
q. 7
2−96
hr
May
be
less
nep
hrot
oxic
than
oth
er
mem
bers
of c
lass
Hal
f no
rma
l
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
20−4
0 m
g/L/
day
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in;
mea
sure
leve
lsKa
nam
ycin
7.5
mg/
kg q
. 8 h
r50
%−9
0%60
%−9
0% q
. 12
hr;
100%
q. 1
2−24
hr
30%
−70%
q.
12−1
8 hr
; 100
%
q. 2
4−48
hr
20%
−30%
q.
24−4
8 hr
; 100
%
q. 4
8−72
hr
Avo
id o
nce-
daily
dos
ing
in p
atie
nts
with
CCr
< 3
0−40
ml/m
in o
r in
patie
nts
with
acu
te re
nal f
ailu
re o
r an
unce
rtai
n le
vel o
f kid
ney
func
tion
Hal
f fu
ll
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
15−2
0 m
g/L/
day
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in;
mea
sure
leve
ls
Gen
tam
icin
1.7
mg/
kg q
. 8 h
r95
%60
%−9
0% q
. 8−
12 h
r; 10
0%
q. 1
2−24
hr
30%
−70%
q.
12−1
8 hr
; 100
%
q. 2
4-48
hr
20%
−30%
q.
24−4
8 hr
; 100
%
q. 4
8−72
hr
Conc
urre
nt p
enic
illin
trea
tmen
t may
re
sult
in s
ubth
erap
eutic
am
inog
lyco
side
le
vels
Peak
, 6−8
; tro
ugh,
< 2
Hal
f fu
ll
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
3−4
mg/
L/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
; m
easu
re le
vels
Tobr
amyc
in1.
7 m
g/kg
q. 8
hr
95%
60%
−90%
q.
8−12
hr;
100%
q.
12−
24 h
r
30−7
0% q
. 12
−18
hr; 1
00%
q.
24-
48 h
r
20−3
0% q
. 24
−48
hr; 1
00%
q.
48−
72 h
r
Conc
urre
nt p
enic
illin
trea
tmen
t may
re
sult
in s
ubth
erap
eutic
am
inog
lyco
side
le
vels
Peak
, 6−8
; tro
ugh,
< 2
Hal
f fu
ll
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
3−4
mg/
L/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
, m
easu
re le
vels
Net
ilmic
in2
mg/
kg q
. 8 h
r95
%50
%−9
0% q
. 8−
12 h
r; 10
0%
q. 1
2−24
hr
20−6
0% q
12
hr; 1
00%
q
24−4
8 hr
10−2
0% q
. 24
−48
hr; 1
00%
q
48−7
2 hr
May
be
less
oto
toxi
c th
an o
ther
mem
-be
rs o
f cla
ssPe
ak, 6
−8; t
roug
h, <
2
Hal
f fu
ll
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
3−4
mg/
L/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
; m
easu
re le
vels
Am
ikac
in7.
5 m
g/kg
q. 1
2 hr
95%
60%
−90%
q.
12 h
r: 10
0% q
. 12
−24
hr
30−7
0% q
. 12
−18
hr; 1
00%
q.
24−
48 h
r
20−3
0% q
. 24
−48
hr; 1
00%
q.
48−
72 h
r
Mon
itor l
evel
sPe
ak, 2
0−30
; tro
ugh,
<5
Hal
f fu
ll
dose
aft
er
dial
ysis
15−2
0 m
g/L/
day
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in;
mea
sure
leve
ls C
ep
ha
losp
ori
ns
(ora
l)G
roup
toxi
city
: Adv
erse
effe
cts:
coa
gula
tion
abno
rmal
ities
, tra
nsito
ry e
leva
tion
of B
UN
, ras
h, a
nd s
erum
sic
knes
slik
e sy
ndro
me
Cefa
clor
250−
500
mg
q. 8
hr
70%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
ty25
0 m
g af
ter
dial
ysis
250
mg
q. 8
−12
hr
No
data
Cefa
drox
il50
0 m
g to
1 g
q.
12 h
r80
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
0.5−
1.0
g af
ter d
ialy
sis
0.5
g/da
yN
o da
ta
Cefix
ime
200−
400
mg
q.
12 h
r85
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
300
mg
afte
r di
alys
is20
0 m
g/da
yN
ot re
com
-m
ende
dCe
fpod
oxim
e20
0 m
g q.
12
hr30
%10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
200
mg
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
inN
o da
ta
Ceft
ibut
en40
0 m
g q.
24
hr70
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
300
mg
afte
r di
alys
isN
o da
ta: D
ose
for G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Cefu
roxi
me
axet
il25
0−50
0 m
gq.
8 h
r90
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
alab
sorb
ed in
pre
senc
e of
H2 b
lock
ers;
ab
sorb
ed b
ette
r with
food
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
No
data
Ceph
alex
in25
0−50
0 m
gq.
8 h
r95
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Ra
re a
llerg
ic in
ters
titia
l nep
hriti
s; a
b-so
rbed
wel
l whe
n gi
ven
intr
aper
itone
-al
ly; m
ay c
ause
ble
edin
g fr
om im
paire
d pr
othr
ombi
n bi
osyn
thes
is
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
No
data
Page 3
921
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Ceph
radi
ne25
0−50
0 m
gq.
8 h
r10
0%10
0%10
0%50
%Ra
re a
llerg
ic in
ters
titia
l nep
hriti
s; a
b-so
rbed
wel
l whe
n gi
ven
intr
aper
itone
-al
ly; m
ay c
ause
ble
edin
g fr
om im
paire
d pr
othr
ombi
n bi
osyn
thes
is
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
No
dart
a
Ce
ph
alo
spo
rin
s (I
V)
Gro
up to
xici
ty: m
ay c
ause
coa
gula
tion
abno
rmal
ities
, tra
nsito
ry e
leva
tion
of B
UN
, ras
h, a
nd s
erum
sic
knes
slik
e sy
ndro
me
Cefa
man
dole
1−2
g IV
q. 6
−8 h
r10
0%q.
6 h
rq.
8 h
rq.
12
hrG
roup
toxi
city
0.5−
1.0
g af
ter d
ialy
sis
0.5−
1.0
g q.
12
hr
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inCe
fazo
lin1−
2 g
IV q
. 8 h
r80
%q.
8 h
rq.
12
hrq.
12−
24 h
rG
roup
toxi
city
0.5−
1.0
g af
ter d
ialy
sis
0.5
g q.
12
hrD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Cefe
pim
e1−
2 g
IV q
. 8 h
r85
%q.
8−1
2 hr
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
Gro
up to
xici
ty1
g af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<
10 m
l/min
Not
reco
m-
men
ded
Cefm
etaz
ole
1−2
g IV
q. 8
hr
85%
q. 8
hr
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Cefo
pera
zone
1−2
g IV
q. 1
2 hr
20%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red.
Dis
plac
ed fr
om p
rote
in b
y bi
lirub
in; m
ay
prol
ong
prot
hrom
bin
time;
redu
ce d
ose
by 5
0% in
pat
ient
s w
ith ja
undi
ce
1 g
afte
r di
alys
isN
CN
C
Cefo
taxi
me
1−2
g IV
q. 6
−8 h
r60
%q.
8 h
rq.
12
hrq.
12−
24 h
rG
roup
toxi
city
1 g
afte
r di
alys
is1
g/da
y1
g q.
12
hr
Cefo
teta
n1−
2 g
IV q
. 12
hr75
%q.
12
hrq.
12−
24 h
rq.
24
hrG
roup
toxi
city
1 g
afte
r di
alys
is1
g/da
y75
0 m
g q.
12
hr
Cefo
xitin
1−2
g IV
q. 6
hr
80%
q. 6
hr
q. 8
−12
hrq.
12
hrM
ay p
rodu
ce fa
lse
incr
ease
in s
erum
cr
eatin
ine
leve
l by
inte
rfer
ence
with
as
say
1 g
afte
r di
alys
is1
g/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Ceft
azid
ime
1−2
g IV
q. 8
hr
70%
q. 8
hr
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
Gro
up to
xici
ty1
g af
ter
dial
ysis
0.5
g/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Ceft
riaxo
ne1−
2 g
IV q
. 24
hr50
%N
o re
nal a
djus
t-m
ent r
equi
red
Dos
e af
ter d
i-al
ysis
750
mg
q. 1
2 hr
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Cefu
roxi
me
sodi
um
0.75
−1.5
g IV
q.
8 hr
90%
q. 8
hr
q. 8
−12
hrq.
12−
24 h
rA
bsor
bed
wel
l whe
n gi
ven
intr
aper
ito-
neal
ly; m
ay c
ause
rare
alle
rgic
inte
rstit
ial
neph
ritis
; may
cau
se b
leed
ing
from
im
paire
d pr
othr
ombi
n bi
osyn
thes
is
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<1
01.
0 g
q. 1
2 hr
Clin
dam
ycin
150−
450
mg
q.
8 hr
10
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t req
uire
dIn
crea
se C
SA/F
K le
vel
NC
NC
NC
Imip
enem
-ci
last
atin
250−
500
mg
IV
q. 6
hr
50%
500
mg
q. 8
hr
250−
500
q.
8−12
hr
250
mg
q. 1
2 hr
Caus
es s
eizu
res
in E
SRD
; non
rena
l cle
ar-
ance
in a
cute
rena
l fai
lure
is le
ss th
an
in c
hron
ic re
nal f
ailu
re; a
dmin
iste
r with
ci
last
in to
pre
vent
nep
hrot
oxic
ity o
f re
nal m
etab
olite
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−5 m
l/min
Ma
cro
lid
es
Azi
thro
myc
in25
0−50
0 m
g q.
24
hr
6%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t req
uire
dN
o dr
ug-d
rug
inte
ract
ion
with
CSA
/KF
NC
NC
NC
Clar
ithro
myc
in50
0 m
g q.
12
hr
20%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
NC
NC
NC
Diri
thro
myc
in50
0 m
g q.
24
hr
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
Non
enzy
mat
ical
ly h
ydro
lyze
d to
act
ive
com
poun
d er
ythr
omyc
ylam
ine.
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Page 4
922
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Eryt
hrom
ycin
250−
500
mg
q.
8 hr
15
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t req
uire
dIn
crea
se C
SA/F
K le
vels
; avo
id in
tr
ansp
lant
pat
ient
sN
CN
CN
C
Mer
open
em1
g IV
q. 8
hr
65%
1 g
q. 8
hr
0.5−
1g q
. 12
hr0.
5−1
g q.
24
hrD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/
min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Met
roni
dazo
le50
0 m
g IV
q. 6
hr
20%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
Perip
hera
l neu
ropa
thy;
dis
ulfir
am re
ac-
tion
with
alc
ohol
ic b
ever
ages
; inc
reas
e fr
eque
ncy
of li
ver f
unct
ion
test
s (1
%)
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Peni
cilli
ns
(ora
l)G
roup
toxi
city
: may
cau
se b
leed
ing
abno
rmal
ities
, hyp
erse
nsiti
vity
, sei
zure
sA
mox
icill
in50
0 m
g q.
8 h
r60
%10
0%10
0%50
%−7
5%G
roup
toxi
city
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
250
mg
q. 1
2 hr
No
data
Am
pici
llin
500
mg
q. 6
hr
60%
100%
100%
50%
−75%
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
afte
r di
alys
is25
0 m
g q.
12
hrD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Dic
loxa
cilli
n25
0−50
0 m
g q.
6
hr50
%10
0%10
0%50
%−7
5%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
No
data
Peni
cilli
n V
250−
500
mg
q.
6 hr
70%
100%
100%
50%
−75%
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
inN
o da
ta
Pe
nic
illi
ns
(IV
)A
mpi
cilli
n1−
2 g
IV q
. 6 h
r60
%q.
6 h
rq.
8 h
rq.
12
hrD
ose
afte
r di
alys
is25
0 m
g q.
12
hrD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Naf
cilli
n1−
2 g
IV q
. 4 h
r35
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t is
requ
ired
Non
eN
one
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inPe
nici
llin
G2−
3 m
illio
n U
nits
IV
q. 4
hr
70%
q. 4
−6 h
rq.
6 h
rq.
8 h
rAd
vers
e ef
fect
s: s
eizu
res,
fals
e po
sitiv
e ur
ine
prot
ein
reac
tions
; 6 m
illio
n un
its/
day
uppe
r lim
it do
se in
ESR
D
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Pipe
raci
llin
3−4
g IV
q. 4
−6 h
rN
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t is
requ
ired
Hig
h so
dium
, con
tent
1.9
mEq
/gD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Tica
rcill
in/c
la-
vula
nate
3.1
g IV
q. 4
−6 h
r85
%1−
2 g
q. 4
hr
1−2
g q.
8 h
r1−
2 g
q. 1
2 hr
Spec
ific
toxi
city
: sod
ium
, 5.2
mEq
/g3.
0 g
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Pip
erac
illin
/ta
zoba
ctam
3.37
5 g
IV q
. 6−8
hr
75%
−90%
q. 4
−6 h
rq.
6−8
hr
q. 8
hr
Spec
ific
toxi
city
: sod
ium
, 1.9
mEq
/gD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Pent
amid
ine
4 m
g/kg
/day
5%q.
24
hrq.
24
hrq.
48
hrIn
hala
tion
may
cau
se b
ronc
hosp
asm
; IV
adm
inis
trat
ion
may
cau
se h
ypot
ensi
on,
hypo
glyc
emia
, and
nep
hrot
oxic
ity
NC
NC
NC
Qu
ino
lon
es
Gro
up to
xici
ty: a
gent
s in
this
gro
up a
re m
alab
sorb
ed in
the
pres
ence
of m
agne
sium
, cal
cium
, alu
min
um, a
nd ir
on; p
hoto
sens
itivi
ty, f
oo
d, d
airy
pro
duct
s, tu
be fe
edin
g, m
ay a
lso
impa
ir ab
sorp
tion;
theo
phyl
line
met
abol
ism
is im
paire
d; h
ighe
r ora
l dos
es m
ay b
e ne
eded
to tr
eat C
APD
per
itoni
tisCi
noxa
cin
500
mg
q. 1
2 hr
55%
100%
50%
Avoi
dG
roup
toxi
city
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dFl
erox
acin
400
mg
q.12
hr
70%
100%
50%
−75%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
in
400
mg/
day
NA
Page 5
923
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Cipr
oflo
xaci
n20
0−40
0 m
g IV
q.
24 h
r60
%q.
12
hrq.
12−
24 h
rq.
24
hrPo
orly
abs
orbe
d w
ith a
ntac
ids,
sucr
al-
fate
, and
pho
spha
te b
inde
rs; d
ecre
ases
ph
enyt
oin
leve
ls; I
V do
se is
one
third
of
oral
dos
e
250
mg
q. 1
2 hr
(200
mg
if IV
)
250
mg
q. 8
hr
(200
mg
if IV
)20
0 m
g IV
q.
12 h
r
Lom
eflo
xaci
n40
0 m
g q.
24
hr76
%10
0%20
0−40
0 m
g q.
48
hr
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
No
data
Levo
floxa
cin
500
mg
q. 2
4 hr
70
%q.
12h
r25
0 q.
12
hr25
0 q.
12
hrL-
isom
er o
f oflo
xaci
n: a
ppea
rs to
hav
e si
mila
r pha
rmac
okin
etic
s an
d to
xici
ties
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Mox
iflox
acin
400
mg
q. 2
4 hr
20
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t is
requ
ired
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
alid
ixic
aci
d1.
0 g
q. 6
hr
Hig
h10
0%Av
oid
Avoi
dG
roup
toxi
city
Avoi
dAv
oid
No
data
Nor
floxa
cin
400
mg
q. 1
2 hr
30%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 1
2−24
hr
q. 2
4 hr
Gro
up to
xici
tyD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
inN
o da
ta
Oflo
xaci
n20
0−40
0 m
g q.
12
hr
70%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 1
2−24
hr
q. 2
4 hr
Gro
up to
xici
ty10
0−20
0 m
g af
ter d
ialy
sis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
300
mg/
day
Peflo
xaci
n40
0 m
g q.
24
hr11
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Ex
celle
nt b
idire
ctio
nal t
rans
perit
onea
l m
ovem
ent
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inSp
arflo
xaci
n40
0 m
g q.
24
hr10
%10
0%50
%−7
5%50
% q
. 48
hrG
roup
toxi
city
No
data
: do
se fo
r GFR
<1
0 m
l/min
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Trov
aflo
xaci
n20
0−30
0 m
g q.
12
hr
10%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent i
s re
quire
dG
roup
toxi
city
No
data
No
data
No
data
Pent
amid
ine
4 m
g/kg
/day
5%q.
24
hrq.
24
hrq.
48
hrIn
hala
tion
may
cau
se b
ronc
hosp
asm
; IV
adm
inis
trat
ion
may
cau
se h
ypot
ensi
on,
hypo
glyc
emia
, and
nep
hrot
oxic
ity
NC
NC
NC
Rifa
mpi
n30
0−60
0 m
g 20
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t is
requ
ired.
Man
y dr
ug in
tera
ctio
ns; d
ecre
ase
CSA
/FK
leve
lN
CD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
inTr
imet
hopr
im-
sulfa
met
hoxa
-zo
le
800/
160
mg
q. 1
2 hr
70
%q.
12
hrq.
18
hrq.
24
hrM
ay c
ause
hyp
erka
lem
ia; i
ncre
ase
se-
rum
cre
atin
ine
leve
lD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isq.
24
hrq.
18
hr
Vanc
omyc
in
(ora
l)12
5−25
0 m
g q.
8 h
r0%
100%
100%
100%
Ora
l van
com
ycin
is in
dica
ted
only
for
the
trea
tmen
t of C
lost
ridiu
m d
iffic
ile
infe
ctio
ns
100%
100%
100%
Vanc
omyc
in
(IV)
1 g
IV q
. 12
hr90
%q.
12
hrq.
24−
36 h
rq.
48−
72 h
rN
ephr
otox
ic, o
toto
xic;
may
pro
long
th
e ne
urom
uscu
lar b
lock
ade
effe
ct o
f m
uscl
e re
laxa
nts
Peak
, 30;
trou
gh, 5
−10
500
mg
q.
12−2
4 hr
1.
0 g
q. 2
4−96
hr
500
mg
q. 1
2 hr
An
tifu
ng
al
Ag
en
tsA
mph
oter
i-ci
n B
0.5−
1.5
mg/
kg/
day
<1%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
Nep
hrot
oxic
; may
cau
se in
fusi
on-r
elat
ed
reac
tions
; giv
e 25
0 m
l nor
mal
sal
ine
befo
re e
ach
dose
q. 2
4 hr
q. 2
4 hr
q. 2
4−36
hr
Am
phot
ec4−
6 m
g/kg
/day
<1%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
Abe
lcet
5 m
g/kg
/day
<1%
No
rena
l adj
ustm
ent r
equi
red
Am
Biso
me
3−5
mg/
kg/d
ay<1
%N
o re
nal a
djus
tmen
t req
uire
d
Page 6
924
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Fluc
onaz
ole
200−
800
mg
IV q
. 24
hr
70%
100%
100%
50%
Incr
ease
CSA
/FK
leve
l20
0 m
g af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inFl
ucyt
osin
e37
.5 m
g/kg
90%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 1
6 hr
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
dys
func
tion;
mar
row
sup
pres
-si
on m
ore
com
mon
in a
zote
mic
pa-
tient
s: in
crea
se C
SA/F
K le
vel
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
0.5−
1.0
g/da
yD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Gris
eofu
lvin
125−
250
mg
q.
6 hr
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%In
crea
se C
SA/F
K le
vel
NC
NC
NC
Itrac
onaz
ole
200
mg
q. 1
2 hr
35%
100%
100%
50%
Poor
ora
l abs
orpt
ion;
incr
ease
CSA
/FK
leve
l 10
0 m
g q.
12
−24
hr10
0 m
g q.
12−
24 h
r10
0 m
g q.
12−
24 h
rKe
toco
nazo
le20
0−40
0 m
g q.
24
hr15
%10
0%10
0%10
0%H
epat
otox
ic; i
ncre
ase
CSA
/FK
leve
lN
CN
CN
C
Mic
onaz
ole
1,20
0−3,
600
mg/
day
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%In
crea
se C
SA/F
K le
vel
NC
NC
NC
Terb
inaf
ine
250
mg
q. 2
4 hr
>1%
100%
100%
100%
May
cau
se C
HF
NC
NC
NC
An
tiv
ira
l A
ge
nts
Acyc
lovi
r20
0−80
0 m
g 5x
/day
50%
100%
100%
50%
Poor
abs
orpt
ion;
neu
roto
xici
ty in
ESR
D;
IV p
repa
ratio
n ca
n ca
use
rena
l fai
lure
if
inje
cted
rapi
dly
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
3.5
mg/
kg/d
ay
Am
anta
dine
100−
200
mg
q.
12 h
r90
%10
0%50
%25
%
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inCi
dofo
vir
5 m
g/kg
wee
kly
× 2
(indu
ctio
n); 5
m
g/kg
eve
ry 2
wk
90%
100%
No
data
: avo
idN
o da
ta: a
void
Dos
e-lim
iting
nep
hrot
oxic
ity w
ith p
ro-
tein
uria
, gly
cosu
ria, r
enal
insu
ffici
ency
; ne
phro
toxi
city
and
rena
l cle
aran
ce
redu
ced
with
coa
dmin
istr
atio
n of
pro
-be
neci
d
No
data
: av
oid
No
data
: avo
idN
o da
ta a
void
Del
avird
ine
400
mg
q. 8
hr
5%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
No
data
: 100
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
NC
No
data
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inD
idan
osin
e20
0 m
g q.
12
hr
(125
mg
if <
60
kg)
40%
−69%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
50%
q. 2
4 hr
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
pan
crea
titis
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0D
ose
for G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
Fam
cicl
ovir
250−
500
mg
p.o.
, q.
8−1
2 hr
60%
q. 8
hr
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
For V
ZV: 5
00 m
g p.
o., q
. 8 h
r; fo
r HSV
: 25
0 p.
o. ,
q. 1
2 hr
; met
abol
ized
to a
ctiv
e co
mpo
und
penc
iclo
vir
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
No
data
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inFo
scar
net
40−8
0 m
g IV
q.
8 hr
85%
40−2
0 m
g q.
8−2
4 hr
, acc
ordi
ng to
CCr
Nep
hrot
oxic
, neu
roto
xic;
adv
erse
effe
cts
are
hypo
calc
emia
, hyp
opho
spha
tem
ia,
hypo
mag
nese
mia
, and
hyp
okal
emia
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Gan
cicl
ovir
(ora
l)1,
000
mg
q. 8
hr
95%
1,00
0 m
g q
. 8 h
r1,
000
mg
q.
8 hr
1,00
0 m
g q.
24
hr
Ora
l gan
cicl
ovir
shou
ld b
e us
ed o
nly
for
prev
entio
n of
CM
V in
fect
ion;
alw
ays
use
IV g
anci
clov
ir fo
r the
trea
tmen
t of C
MV
infe
ctio
n
No
data
: do
se a
fter
di
alys
is
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
<10
m
l/min
No
data
Gan
cicl
ovir
(ora
l)1,
000
mg
q. 8
hr
95%
1,00
0 m
gq.
8 h
r1,
000
mg
q.
8 hr
1,00
0 m
g q.
24
hr
Ora
l gan
cicl
ovir
shou
ld b
e us
ed o
nly
for
prev
entio
n of
CM
V in
fect
ion;
alw
ays
use
IV g
anci
clov
ir fo
r the
trea
tmen
t of C
MV
infe
ctio
n
No
data
: do
se a
fter
di
alys
is
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
<10
m
l/min
No
data
Page 7
925
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
% o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l fa
ilu
re w
ith
GF
R
(ml/
min
):C
om
me
nts
Me
tho
d o
f d
osa
ge
ad
just
me
nt
>5
01
0−5
0<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Gan
cicl
ovir
(IV)
5 m
g/kg
q. 1
2 hr
95%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
2,5
mg/
kg/d
ayAd
vers
e ef
fect
s: g
ranu
locy
tope
nia
and
thro
mbo
cyto
peni
aD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for G
FR
<10
ml/m
in2.
5 m
g/kg
/day
Indi
navi
r80
0 m
g q.
8 h
r10
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
No
data
: 100
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
nep
hrol
ithia
sis
and
acut
e re
nal f
ailu
re d
ue to
cry
stal
luria
or
tubu
loin
ters
titia
l nep
hriti
s
NC
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
<10
m
l/min
No
data
Lam
ivud
ine
150
mg
b.i.d
.80
%q.
12
hrq.
24
hr50
mg
q. 2
4 hr
For H
BV in
fect
ion
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
<10
m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Nel
finav
ir75
0 m
g q.
8 h
rN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
evira
pine
200
mg
q. 2
4 hr
fo
r 14
days
< 3
No
data
: 100
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
No
data
: 100
%M
ay b
e pa
rtia
lly c
lear
ed b
y he
mod
ialy
sis
and
perit
onea
l dia
lysi
sD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isN
o da
ta: d
ose
for G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inRi
bavi
rin50
0−60
0 m
g q.
12
hr
30%
100%
100%
50%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hem
olyt
ic u
rem
ic s
yn-
drom
eD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isD
ose
for
GFR
<10
ml/m
inD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Rifa
butin
300
mg
q. 2
4 hr
5−10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
CN
CN
o da
ta: d
ose
for G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Rim
anta
dine
10
0 m
g q.
12
hr25
%10
0%10
0%50
%Ri
tona
vir
600
mg
q. 1
2 hr
3.50
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
No
data
: 100
%N
o da
ta: 1
00%
Ass
ocia
ted
with
man
y ad
vers
e dr
ug
inte
ract
ions
N
CN
o da
ta: d
ose
for G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inZa
lcita
bine
0.75
mg
q. 8
hr
75%
100%
q. 1
2 hr
q. 2
4 hr
No
data
: do
se a
fter
di
alys
is
No
data
No
data
: dos
e fo
r GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inZi
dovu
dine
200
mg
q. 8
hr o
r 30
0 m
g q.
12
hr8%
−25%
100%
100%
100
mg
q. 8
hr
Enor
mou
s in
terp
atie
nt v
aria
tion;
me-
tabo
lite
rena
lly e
xcre
ted
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<1
0 m
l/min
Dos
e fo
r GFR
<1
0 m
l/min
100
mg
q. 8
hr
Page 8
926
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ta
ble
3. A
nalg
esic
age
nts
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
Ro
ute
of
dru
g
cle
ara
nce
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
-50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Na
rco
tic
s a
nd
na
rco
tic
an
tag
on
ists
A
lfent
anil
Ane
sthe
tic in
duc-
tion
8-40
g/k
g
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Titr
ate
the
dose
regi
men
No
data
No
data
No
data
Buto
rpha
nol
2 m
g q.
3-4
hr
Hep
atic
100%
75%
50%
No
data
No
data
No
data
Code
ine
30-6
0 m
g q.
4-6
hr
Hep
atic
100%
75%
50%
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
-50
ml/m
inFe
ntan
ylA
nest
hetic
indu
c-tio
n (in
divi
dual
-iz
ed)
Hep
atic
100%
75%
50%
No
data
No
data
No
data
Mep
erid
ine
50-1
00 m
g q.
3-
4 hr
Hep
atic
100%
avoi
dav
oid
Nor
mep
erid
ine,
an
activ
e m
etab
olite
, acc
umul
ates
in
ESR
D a
nd m
ay c
ause
sei
zure
s; p
rote
in b
indi
ng
is re
duce
d in
ESR
D; 2
0%-2
5% o
f mep
erid
ine
is e
x-cr
eted
unc
hang
ed in
aci
dic
urin
e
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Met
hado
ne2.
5-5
mg
q. 6
-8 h
rH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%50
%-7
5%
NC
NC
No
data
Mor
phin
e20
-25
mg
q. 4
hr
Hep
atic
100%
75%
avoi
dIn
crea
sed
sens
itivi
ty to
dru
g ef
fect
in E
SRD
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
-50
ml/m
inN
alox
one
2 m
g IV
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
-50
ml/m
inPe
ntaz
ocin
e50
mg
q. 4
hr
Hep
atic
100%
75%
75%
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
-50
ml/m
inPr
opox
yphe
ne65
mg
q. 6
-8 h
rH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%Av
oid
Activ
e m
etab
olite
nor
prop
oxyp
hene
acc
umul
ates
in
ESR
DAv
oid
Avoi
dN
o da
ta
Sufe
ntan
ilA
nest
hetic
indu
c-tio
nH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
ta
No
nn
arc
oti
cs
Acet
amin
ophe
n65
0 m
g q.
4 h
rH
epat
icq.
4 h
rq.
6 h
rq.
8 h
rO
verd
ose
may
be
neph
roto
xic;
maj
or m
etab
olite
of
phen
acet
in.
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
-50
ml/m
inAc
etyl
salic
ylic
aci
d65
0 m
g q.
4 h
rH
epat
ic
(rena
l)q.
4 h
rq.
4-6
hr
Avoi
dN
ephr
otox
ic in
hig
h do
ses;
may
dec
reas
e G
FR w
hen
rena
l blo
od fl
ow is
pro
stag
land
in d
epen
dent
; may
ad
d to
ure
mic
GI a
nd h
emat
olog
ic s
ympt
oms;
pro
-te
in b
indi
ng re
duce
d in
ESR
D
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Non
eD
ose
for G
FR
10-5
0 m
l/min
Page 9
927
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Ta
ble
4. A
ntih
yper
tens
ive
and
card
iova
scul
ar a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Ad
ren
erg
ic a
go
nis
t a
ge
nts
Clon
idin
e0.
1 m
g b.
i.d. o
r t.i
.d.
1.2
mg/
day
45%
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
sex
ual d
ysfu
nctio
n, d
izzi
ness
, por
tal
hypo
tens
ion
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Dob
utam
ine
2.5
mcg
/kg/
min
15 m
cg/k
g/m
in10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
in A
ng
iote
nsi
n-c
on
ve
rtin
g e
nz
ym
e (
AC
E)
inh
ibit
ors
Gro
up to
xici
ty: h
yper
kale
mia
, acu
te re
nal f
ailu
re, a
ngio
edem
a, ra
sh, c
ough
, ane
mia
, and
live
r tox
icity
Bena
zepr
il10
mg/
day
80 m
g/da
y20
%10
0%75
%25
%−5
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Capt
opril
6.25
−25
mg
t.i.d
.10
0 m
g t.i
.d.
35%
100%
75%
50%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
rare
pro
tein
uria
, nep
hrot
ic s
yn-
drom
e, d
ysge
usia
, gra
nulo
cyto
peni
a; in
crea
ses
seru
m d
igox
in le
vels
25%
−30%
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Enal
april
5 m
g/da
y20
mg
b.i.d
.45
%10
0%75
%50
%En
alap
rilat
is th
e ac
tive
moi
ety
form
ed in
live
r20
%−2
5%N
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inFo
sino
pril
10 m
g/da
y40
mg
b.i.d
.20
%10
0%10
0%75
%Le
ss li
kely
than
oth
er A
CE in
hibi
tors
to a
ccum
ulat
e in
rena
l fai
lure
; fos
inop
rilat
is th
e ac
tive
moi
ety
form
ed in
live
r
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Lisi
nopr
il2.
5 m
g/da
y20
mg
b.i.d
.80
%10
0%50
%−
75%
25%
−50%
Lysi
ne a
nalo
gue
of a
pha
rmac
olog
ical
ly a
ctiv
e en
ala-
pril
met
abol
ite20
%N
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inPe
ntop
ril12
5 m
g q.
24
hr80
%−9
0%10
0%50
%−
75%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inPe
rindo
pril
2 m
g q.
24
hr<
10%
100%
75%
50%
Activ
e m
etab
olite
is p
erin
dopr
ilat;
clea
ranc
e of
pe
rindo
pril
and
its m
etab
olite
s is
alm
ost e
xclu
sive
ly
rena
l; ap
prox
imat
ely
60%
of c
ircul
atin
g pe
rindo
pril
is b
ound
to p
lasm
a pr
otei
ns, w
here
as 1
0% to
20%
of
perin
dopr
ilat i
s bo
und
25%
−50%
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Qui
napr
il10
mg/
day
20 m
g/da
y30
%10
0%75
%−
100%
75%
Activ
e m
etab
olite
is q
uina
prila
t; 96
% o
f qui
napr
ilat
is e
xcre
ted
rena
lly25
%N
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inRa
mip
ril2.
5 m
g/da
y10
b.i.
d.15
%10
0%50
%−
75%
25-5
0%Ac
tive
met
abol
ite is
ram
ipril
at; d
ata
pert
ain
to
ram
ipril
at20
%N
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inTr
ando
lapr
il1−
2 m
g/da
y4
mg/
day
33%
100%
50%
−10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Page 10
928
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
An
gio
ten
sin
-II-
rece
pto
rs a
nta
go
nis
ts (
AR
A)
Gro
up to
xici
ty: h
yper
kale
mia
, ang
ioed
ema
(less
com
mon
than
ACE
-inhi
bito
rs)
Cand
esar
tan
16 m
g/da
y32
mg/
day
33%
100%
100%
50%
Cand
esar
tan
cile
xetil
is ra
pidl
y an
d co
mpl
etel
y bi
o-ac
tivat
ed b
y es
ter h
ydro
lysi
s du
ring
abso
rptio
n fr
om
the
GI t
ract
to c
ande
sart
an
NC
NC
NC
Epro
sart
an60
0 m
g/da
y40
0−80
0 m
g/da
y25
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Ep
rosa
rtan
pha
rmac
okin
etic
s m
ore
varia
ble
in E
SRD
; de
crea
sed
prot
ein
bind
ing
in u
rem
iaN
CN
CN
C
Irbes
arta
n15
0 m
g/da
y30
0 m
g/da
y20
%10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
NC
Losa
rtan
50 m
g/da
y10
0 m
g/da
y13
%10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Vals
arta
n80
mg/
day
160
mg
b.i.d
.7%
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CN
CTe
lmis
arta
n20
−80
mg/
day
<5%
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CN
C B
eta
blo
ck
ers
Gro
up to
xici
ty: a
gent
s ca
n de
crea
se H
DL
leve
l and
mas
k sy
mpt
oms
of h
ypog
lyce
mia
; can
cau
se b
ronc
hosp
asm
, fat
igue
, ins
omni
a, d
epre
ssio
n, a
nd s
exua
l dys
func
tion
Aceb
utol
ol40
0 m
g q.
.24
hr
or b
.i.d.
600
mg
q. 2
4 hr
or
b.i.
d.55
%10
0%50
%30
%−5
0%Ac
tive
met
abol
ites
with
long
hal
f-liv
esN
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inA
teno
lol
25 m
g/da
y10
0 m
g/da
y90
%10
0%75
%50
%Ac
cum
ulat
es in
ESR
D25
−50
mg
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Beta
xolo
l20
mg
q. 2
4 hr
80−9
0%10
0%10
0%50
%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Bopi
ndol
ol1
mg
q. 2
4 hr
4 m
g q.
24
hr<
10%
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inCa
rteo
lol
0.5
mg
q. 2
4 hr
10 m
g q.
24
hr<
50%
100%
50%
25%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
te: n
o ch
ange
re
quire
d
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Carv
edilo
l3.
125
mg
t.i.d
.25
mg
t.i.d
.2%
100%
100%
100%
Kine
tics
are
dose
dep
ende
nt; p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
ar
e re
port
ed to
be
incr
ease
d in
pat
ient
s w
ith re
nal
impa
irmen
t
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Celip
rolo
l20
0 m
g q.
24
hr10
%10
0%10
0%75
%G
roup
toxi
city
No
data
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Dile
valo
l20
0 m
g b.
i.d.
400
mg
b.i.d
.<
5%10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
No
data
Esm
olol
(IV
only
)50
mcg
/kg/
min
300
mcg
/kg/
min
10%
100%
100%
100%
Activ
e m
etab
olite
reta
ined
in re
nal f
ailu
reN
CN
CN
o da
ta
Labe
talo
l50
mg
p.o.
, b.i.
d.40
0 m
g b.
i.d.
5%10
0%10
0%10
0%Fo
r IV
use:
20
mg
slow
inje
ctio
n ov
er a
2-m
in p
erio
d;
addi
tiona
l inj
ectio
ns o
f 40
mg
or 8
0 m
g ca
n be
giv
en
at 1
0-m
in in
terv
als
until
a to
tal o
f 300
mg
is a
dmin
-is
tere
d; a
ltern
ativ
ely,
dos
e m
ay b
e ad
min
iste
red
by
cont
inuo
us in
fusi
on o
f 2 m
g/m
in
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Met
opro
lol
50 m
g b.
i.d.
100
mg
b.i.d
.<
5%10
0%10
0%Se
e gr
oup
toxi
city
NC
NC
NC
Page 11
929
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Nad
olol
80 m
g/da
y16
0 m
g b.
i.d.
90%
100%
50%
25%
Star
t with
pro
long
ed in
terv
al a
nd ti
trat
e40
mg
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Penb
utol
ol10
mg
q. 2
4 hr
40 m
g q
24 h
r<
1010
0%10
0%10
0%N
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inPi
ndol
ol10
mg
b.i.d
.40
mg
b.i.d
.40
%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inPr
opra
nolo
l40
−160
mg
t.i.d
.32
0 m
g/da
y<5
%10
0%10
0%10
0%In
ESR
D: b
ioav
aila
bilit
y of
pro
pran
olol
may
incr
ease
; m
etab
olite
s m
ay c
ause
incr
ease
d bi
lirub
in b
y as
say
inte
rfer
ence
; hyp
ogly
cem
iam
ay o
ccur
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Sota
lol
80 b
id16
0 m
g b.
i.d.
70%
100%
50%
25%
−50%
Extr
eme
caut
ion
shou
ld b
e ex
erci
sed
in th
e us
e of
so
talo
l in
patie
nts
with
rena
l fai
lure
und
ergo
ing
hem
odia
lysi
s; to
min
imiz
e th
e ris
k of
indu
ced
ar-
rhyt
hmia
, pat
ient
s in
itiat
ed o
r rei
nitia
ted
on B
ETA
-PA
CE s
houl
d be
pla
ced
for a
min
imum
of 3
day
s (o
n th
eir m
aint
enan
ce d
ose)
in a
faci
lity
that
can
pro
vide
ca
rdia
c re
susc
itatio
n an
d co
ntin
uous
ele
ctro
card
io-
grap
hic
mon
itorin
g
80 m
gN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
in
Tim
olol
10 m
g b.
i.d.
20 m
g b.
i.d.
15%
100%
100%
100%
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Ca
lciu
m c
ha
nn
el
blo
ck
ers
Gro
up to
xici
ty: d
ihyd
ropy
ridin
es c
an c
ause
hea
dach
e, a
nkle
ede
ma,
gin
giva
l hyp
erpl
asia
and
flus
hing
; non
dihy
drop
yrid
ine
can
caus
e br
adyc
ardi
a, c
onst
ipat
ion,
gin
giva
l hyp
erpl
asia
, and
AV
bloc
kA
mlo
dipi
ne2.
5/da
y10
mg/
day
10%
100%
100%
100%
May
incr
ease
dig
oxin
and
cyc
losp
orin
e le
vels
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Bepr
idil
No
data
< 1%
No
data
No
data
No
data
Wea
k va
so-
dila
tor a
nd
anti-
hype
r-te
nsiv
e
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Dilt
iaze
m30
mg
t.i.d
.90
mg
t.i.d
.10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Ac
ute
rena
l dys
func
tion;
may
exa
cerb
ate
hype
rkal
e-m
ia; m
ay in
crea
se d
igox
in a
nd c
yclo
spor
ine
leve
lsN
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inFe
lodi
pine
5 m
g b.
i.d.
20 m
g/da
y1%
100%
100%
100%
May
incr
ease
dig
oxin
leve
lsN
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Isra
dipi
ne5
mg
b.i.d
.10
mg
b.i.d
.<5
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay in
crea
se d
igox
in le
vels
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Nic
ardi
pine
20 m
g t.i
.d.
30 m
g t.i
.d.
<1%
100%
100%
100%
NC
NC
NC
Nife
dipi
ne
XL30
mg/
day
90 m
g b.
i.d.
10%
100%
100%
100%
Avoi
d sh
ort-
actin
g ni
fedi
pine
form
ulat
ion
NC
NC
NC
Page 12
930
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Nim
odip
ine
30 m
g q.
8 h
r10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay lo
wer
blo
od p
ress
ure
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Nis
oldi
pine
20 m
g/da
y30
mg
b.i.d
.10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay in
crea
se d
igox
in le
vels
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Vera
pam
il40
mg
t.i.d
.24
0 m
g/da
y10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Ac
ute
rena
l dys
func
tion;
act
ive
met
abol
ites
accu
mu-
late
par
ticul
arly
with
sus
tain
ed-r
elea
se fo
rms.
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Dig
oxin
0.12
5 m
g q.
o.d.
/q.
d. (d
aily
or
ever
y ot
her d
ay)
0.25
mg/
day
25%
100%
100%
100%
In E
SRD
: VD a
nd to
tal b
ody
clea
ranc
e de
crea
sed;
de-
crea
se lo
adin
g do
se b
y 50
%; s
erum
leve
l 12
hr a
fter
do
se is
bes
t gui
de to
cle
aran
ce; u
se d
igox
in-im
mun
e an
tibod
ies
to tr
eat s
ever
e to
xici
ty
Radi
oim
mun
oass
ay m
ay o
vere
stim
ate
seru
m le
vels
in
ure
mia
; cle
aran
ce d
ecre
ased
by
amio
daro
ne, s
pi-
rono
lact
one,
qui
nidi
ne, a
nd v
erap
amil;
hyp
okal
emia
an
d hy
pom
agne
sem
ia e
nhan
ce to
xici
ty
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Diu
reti
cs
Gro
up to
xici
ty: a
gent
s m
ay c
ause
hyp
okal
emia
, hyp
erka
lem
ia, h
yper
uric
emia
, hyp
ergl
ycem
ia, a
nd h
ypom
agne
sem
ia; m
ay in
crea
se s
erum
cho
lest
erol
; use
of p
otas
sium
-spa
ring
agen
ts is
re
com
men
ded
Acet
azol
-am
ide
125
mg
t.i.d
.50
0 m
g t.i
.d.
90%
100%
50%
Avoi
dM
ay p
oten
tiate
aci
dosi
s; in
effe
ctiv
e as
diu
retic
in
ESRD
; may
cau
se n
euro
logi
c si
de e
ffect
s in
dia
lysi
s pa
tient
s
No
data
No
data
Avoi
d
Am
ilorid
e5
mg/
day
10 m
g/da
y50
%10
0%10
0%Av
oid
Hyp
erka
lem
ia w
ith G
FR <
30
ml/m
in, e
spec
ially
in
diab
etic
s; m
ay c
ause
hyp
erch
lore
mic
met
abol
ic
acid
osis
No
data
No
data
No
data
Bum
etan
ide
1−2
mg/
day
2-4
mg/
day
35%
100%
100%
100%
Oto
toxi
city
incr
ease
d in
ESR
D in
com
bina
tion
with
am
inog
lyco
side
s; m
ay c
ause
mus
cle
pain
, gyn
eco-
mas
tia; h
igh
dose
s ef
fect
ive
in E
SRD
NC
NC
No
data
Chlo
rtha
li-do
ne25
mg
q. 2
4 hr
50%
q. 2
4 hr
q. 2
4 hr
Avoi
dIn
effe
ctiv
e w
ith lo
w
GFR
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Etha
cryn
ic
acid
50 m
g/da
y10
0 m
g b.
i.d.
20%
100%
100%
100%
Oto
toxi
city
incr
ease
d in
ESR
D in
com
bina
tion
with
am
inog
lyco
side
sN
CN
CN
o da
ta
Furo
sem
ide
40−8
0 m
g/da
y12
0 m
g t.i
.d.
70%
100%
100%
100%
Oto
toxi
city
incr
ease
d in
ESR
D, e
spec
ially
in c
ombi
-na
tion
with
am
inog
lyco
side
s; h
igh
dose
s ef
fect
ive
in E
SRD
NC
NC
No
data
Inda
pam
ide
2.5
mg
q. 2
4 hr
< 5%
100%
100%
Avoi
dIn
effe
ctiv
e in
ESR
DG
roup
toxi
city
NC
No
data
NC
Met
olaz
one
2.5
mg/
day
10 m
g b.
i.d.
70%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
gyn
ecom
astia
and
impo
tenc
e; h
igh
dose
s ef
fect
ive
in E
SRD
NC
NC
No
data
: no
chan
ge re
-qu
rired
Pire
tani
de6
mg
q. 2
4 hr
12 m
g q.
24
hr40
-60%
100%
100%
100%
Oto
toxi
city
; hig
h do
ses
effe
ctiv
e in
ESR
DN
CN
CN
o da
ta
Page 13
931
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Spiro
nola
c-to
ne10
0 m
g/da
y30
0 m
g/da
y25
%10
0%10
0%Av
oid
Activ
e m
etab
olite
s w
ith lo
ng h
alf-l
ife; h
yper
kale
mia
co
mm
on w
hen
GFR
< 3
0 m
l/min
, esp
ecia
lly in
dia
-be
tics;
may
cau
se g
ynec
omas
tia a
nd h
yper
chlo
rem
ic
acid
osis
; inc
reas
es s
erum
by
imm
unoa
ssay
inte
rfer
-en
ce
No
data
No
data
Avoi
d
Thia
zide
s25
mg
b.i.d
.50
mg
b.i.d
.>
95%
100%
100%
Usu
ally
inef
fect
ive
with
GFR
< 3
0 m
l/min
; effe
ctiv
e at
lo
w G
FR in
com
bina
tion
with
loop
diu
retic
; hyp
erur
i-ce
mia
may
occ
ur
Avoi
dN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Tora
sem
ide
5 m
g b.
i.d.
20 m
g/da
y25
%10
0%10
0%10
0%O
toto
xici
ty; h
igh
dose
s ef
fect
ive
in E
SRD
NC
NC
No
data
; no
chan
ge re
-qi
ured
Tria
mte
rene
25 m
g b.
i.d.
50 m
g b.
i.d.
5%−1
0%q.
12
hrq.
12
hrAv
oid
Activ
e m
etab
olite
with
long
hal
f-life
in E
SRD
; hyp
er-
kale
mia
com
mon
whe
n G
FR <
30
ml/m
in, e
spec
ially
in
dia
betic
s; m
ay c
ause
acu
te re
nal f
ailu
re; a
cts
as
folic
aci
d an
tago
nist
; may
cau
se u
rolit
hias
is o
r cry
s-ta
lluria
in a
cid
urin
e
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Mid
odrin
eN
o da
taN
o da
ta75
%−8
0%5−
10 m
g q.
8 h
r5−
10 m
g q.
8 h
rN
o da
taIn
crea
ses
bloo
d pr
essu
re5
mg
q.
8 hr
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Ph
osp
ho
die
ste
rase
en
zy
me
in
hib
ito
rsA
mrin
one
5 m
g/kg
/min
da
ily d
ose
<10
mg/
kg
10 m
g/kg
/min
da
ily d
ose
<10
mg/
kg
10%
−40%
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
thro
mbo
cyto
peni
a; n
ause
a, v
omit-
ing
in E
SRD
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Milr
inon
e0.
375
mcg
/kg/
min
0.75
mcg
/kg/
min
100%
100%
100%
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Va
sod
ila
tors
Hyd
rala
zine
10 m
g q.
i.d.
100
mg
q.i.d
.25
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay c
ause
lupu
slik
e re
actio
nN
CN
CD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inM
inox
idil
2.5
mg
b.i.d
.10
mg
b.i.d
.20
%10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay c
ause
per
icar
dial
effu
sion
, flu
id re
tent
ion,
hy-
pert
richo
sis,
and
tach
ycar
dia
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
m
l/min
Nitr
opru
s-si
de1
mcg
/kg/
min
10 m
cg/k
g/m
in<1
0%10
0%10
0%10
0%Cy
anid
e is
met
abol
ic b
ypro
duct
; may
cau
se c
yani
de
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR10
−50
ml/m
in
Page 14
932
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ta
ble
5. E
ndoc
rine
and
met
abol
ic a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
10
−50
<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Hy
po
gly
cem
ic a
ge
nts
(o
ral)
Gro
up to
xici
ty: a
void
all
oral
hyp
ogly
cem
ic a
gent
s on
CRR
TAc
arbo
se25
mg
t.i.d
.10
0 m
g t.i
.d.
35%
100%
50%
Avoi
dA
bdom
inal
pai
n, n
ause
a, v
omiti
ng, a
nd fl
atul
ence
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dAc
etoh
ex-
amid
e25
0 m
g q.
24
hr
1,50
0 m
g q.
24
hr
Non
eAv
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Diu
retic
effe
ct; m
ay fa
lsel
y el
evat
e se
rum
cre
atin
ine
leve
l; ac
tive
met
abol
ite h
as a
half
life
of 5
−8 h
r in
heal
thy
pers
ons
and
is e
limin
ated
by
the
kidn
ey;
prol
onge
d hy
pogl
ycem
ia in
azo
tem
ic p
atie
nts
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Chlo
rpro
p-am
ide
100
mg
q.
24 h
r50
0 m
g q2
4h47
%50
%Av
oid
Avoi
dIm
pairs
wat
er e
xcre
tion;
may
cau
se p
rolo
nged
hy-
pogl
ycem
ia in
azo
tem
ic p
atie
nts
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Glib
ornu
ride
12.5
mg
q.
24 h
r10
0 m
g q.
14
hrN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taAv
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Glic
lazi
de80
mg
q. 2
4 hr
320
mg
q. 2
4 hr
< 20
%50
%−
100%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Glip
izid
e5
mg/
day
20 m
g b.
i.d.
5%10
0%50
%50
%Av
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Gly
burid
e2.
5 m
g/da
y10
mg
b.i.d
.50
%10
0%50
%Av
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dG
imep
iride
1 m
g/da
y8
mg
daily
50%
100%
50%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Met
form
in50
0 m
g b.
i.d.
2,55
0 m
g/da
y (b
.i.d.
or t
.i.d.
)95
%10
0%Av
oid
Avoi
dCa
uses
lact
ic a
cido
sis
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Repa
glin
ide
0.5−
1 m
g4
mg
t.i.d
.Av
oid
Avoi
dAv
oid
Tola
zam
ide
100
mg
q.
24 h
r25
0 m
g q.
24.
hr7%
100%
100%
100%
Diu
retic
effe
cts
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
d
Tolb
utam
ide
1 g
q. 2
4 hr
2 g
q. 2
4 hr
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%Im
pairs
wat
er e
xcre
tion
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dTr
oglit
azon
e20
0 m
g/da
y60
0 m
g/da
y3%
100%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Hep
atot
oxic
; dec
reas
e CS
A le
vel
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dH
yp
og
lyce
mic
ag
en
ts (
pa
ren
tera
l)D
osag
e gu
ided
by
bloo
d gl
ucos
e le
vels
Insu
linVa
riabl
eN
one
100%
75%
50%
Rena
l met
abol
ism
of i
nsul
in d
ecre
ases
with
azo
te-
mia
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
Lisp
ro in
sulin
Varia
ble
No
data
100%
75%
50%
Avoi
d al
l ora
l hyp
ogly
cem
ic a
gent
s on
CRR
TN
CN
CN
C H
yp
erl
ipid
em
ic a
ge
nts
Ato
rvas
tatin
10 m
g/da
y80
mg/
day
<2%
100%
100%
100%
Live
r dys
func
tion,
mya
lgia
, and
rhab
dom
yoly
sis
as-
soci
ated
with
con
curr
ent C
SA/F
K tr
eatm
ent
NC
NC
NC
Beza
fibra
te20
0 m
g b.
i.d. o
r q.i.
d.40
0 m
g SR
q. 2
4 hr
50%
50%
−10
0%25
%−
50%
Avoi
dN
CN
CN
C
Chol
esty
r-am
ine
4 gm
b.i.
d.24
gm
/day
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
C
Clof
ibra
te50
0 m
g b.
i.d.
1,00
0 m
g b.
i.d.
40%
−70%
q. 6
−12
hrq.
12−
18
hrAv
oid
No
data
NC
NC
NC
Cole
stip
ol5
g b.
i.d.
30 g
/day
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
CFl
uvas
tatin
20 m
g/da
y80
mg/
day
<1%
100%
100%
100%
No
data
NC
NC
NC
Gem
fibro
zil
600
b.i.d
.60
0 b.
i.d.
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
CLo
vast
atin
5 m
g/da
y20
mg/
day
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
C
Nic
otin
ic a
cid
1 g
t.i.d
.2
g t.i
.d.
Non
e10
0%50
%25
%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
C
Page 15
933
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
10
−50
<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Prav
asta
tin10
−40
mg/
day
80 m
g/da
y<1
0%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
CPr
obuc
ol50
0 m
g b.
i.d.
< 2%
100%
100%
100%
NC
NC
NC
Rosu
vast
atin
5−40
mg/
day
40 m
g/da
y10
%10
0%10
0%50
%5
mg/
day;
mai
nten
ance
, not
to e
xcee
d 10
mg/
day
50%
50%
50%
Sim
vast
atin
5−20
mg/
day
20 m
g/da
y13
%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
CN
CN
C A
nti
thy
roid
dru
gs
Met
him
azol
e5−
20 m
g t.i
.d.
710
0%10
0%10
0%
NC
NC
NC
Prop
ylth
io-
urac
il10
0 m
g t.i
.d.
< 10
100%
100%
100%
N
CN
CN
C
Ta
ble
6. G
astr
oint
estin
al a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsS
tart
ing
do
seM
ax
imu
m d
ose
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0
Cim
etid
ine
300
mg
t.i.d
.80
0 m
g b.
i.d.
60%
100%
75%
25%
Mul
tiple
dru
g-dr
ug in
tera
ctio
ns (e
.g.,
beta
blo
cker
s, su
lfony
lure
a, th
eoph
yllin
e, w
ar-
farin
)Fa
mot
idin
e20
mg
b.i.d
.40
mg
b.i..
d.70
%10
0%75
%25
%Ad
vers
e ef
fect
s: h
eada
che,
fatig
ue, t
hrom
bocy
tope
nia,
alo
peci
a
Lans
opra
zole
15 m
g/da
y30
mg
b.i.d
.N
one
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hea
dach
e, d
iarr
hea
Niz
atid
ine
150
mg
b.i.d
.30
0 m
g b.
i.d.
20%
100%
75%
25%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hea
dach
e, fa
tigue
, thr
ombo
cyto
peni
a, a
lope
cia
Om
epra
zole
20 m
g/da
y40
mg
b.i.d
.N
one
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hea
dach
e, d
iarr
hea
Rabe
praz
ole
20 m
g/da
y40
mg
b.i.d
.N
one
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hea
dach
e, d
iarr
hea
Pant
opra
zole
40 m
g/da
y80
mg
b.i.d
.N
one
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
hea
dach
e, d
iarr
hea
Rani
tidin
e15
0 m
g b.
i.d.
300
mg
b.i.d
.80
%10
0%75
%25
%Ad
vers
e ef
fect
s: h
eada
che,
fatig
ue, t
hrom
bocy
tope
nia,
alo
peci
aCi
sapr
ide
10 m
g t.i
.d.
20 m
g q.
i.d.
5%10
0%10
0%50
%−
75%
Avoi
d w
ith a
zole
ant
ifung
al a
gent
s, m
acro
lide
antib
iotic
s, an
d ot
her P
450
3A-4
in-
hibi
tors
Met
oclo
-pr
amid
e10
mg
t.i.d
.30
mg
q.i.d
.15
%10
0%10
0%50
%−
75%
Neu
roto
xic;
incr
ease
CSK
/FK
leve
l
Mis
opro
stol
100
mcg
b.i.
d.20
0 m
cg q
.i.d.
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
dia
rrhe
a, n
ause
a, v
omiti
ng; a
bort
ifaci
ent a
gent
Sucr
alfa
te1
g q.
i.d.
1 g
q.i.d
.N
one
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
con
stip
atio
n; d
ecre
ased
abs
orpt
ion
of M
MF
Page 16
934
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ta
ble
7. N
euro
logi
c an
d an
ticon
vuls
ant a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Carb
amaz
epin
e 2−
8 m
g/kg
/day
; adj
ust f
or s
ide
effe
ct a
nd T
DM
2%10
0%10
0%10
0%Pl
asm
a co
ncen
trat
ion:
4−1
2 m
cg/m
l; ad
vers
e ef
fect
s:
doub
le v
isio
n, fl
uid
rete
ntio
n, m
yelo
supp
ress
ion
NC
NC
NC
Clon
azep
am0.
5 m
g t.i
.d.
2 m
g t.i
.d.
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%A
lthou
gh n
o do
se re
duct
ion
is re
com
men
ded,
the
drug
has
not
bee
n st
udie
d in
pat
ient
s w
ith re
nal i
m-
pairm
ent;
reco
mm
enda
tions
bas
ed o
n kn
own
drug
ch
arac
teris
tics
not c
linic
al tr
ials
dat
a
NC
NC
NC
Etho
suxi
mid
e 5
mg/
kg/d
ay; a
djus
t for
sid
e ef
fect
and
TD
M20
%10
0%10
0%10
0%Pl
asm
a co
ncen
trat
ion:
40−
100
mcg
/ml;
adve
rse
ef-
fect
s: h
eada
che
NC
NC
NC
Felb
amat
e40
0 m
g t.i
.d.
1,20
0 m
g t.i
.d.
90%
100%
50%
25%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
ano
rexi
a, v
omiti
ng, i
nsom
nia,
nau
sea
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
Dos
e fo
r G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
inG
abap
entin
150
mg
t.i.d
.90
0 m
g t.i
.d.
77%
100%
50%
25%
Less
CN
S si
de e
ffect
s co
mpa
red
to o
ther
age
nts
300
mg
load
, the
n 20
0−30
0 m
g af
ter
hem
odi-
alys
is
300
mg
QID
.D
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
Lam
otrig
ine
25−5
0 m
g/da
y15
0 m
g/da
y1%
100%
100%
100%
Auto
indu
ctio
n, m
ajor
dru
g-dr
ug in
tera
ctio
n w
ith
valp
roat
eN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50 m
l/min
Leve
tirac
etam
500m
g b.
i.d.
1,50
0 m
g b.
i.d.
66%
100%
50%
50%
250−
500
mg
afte
r di
alys
is
Dos
e fo
r G
FR <
10
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
inO
xcar
baze
pine
300
mg
b.i.d
.60
0 m
g b.
i.d.
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%Le
ss e
ffect
on
P450
com
pare
d to
car
bam
azap
ine
NC
NC
NC
Phen
obar
bita
l20
mg/
kg/d
ay; a
djus
t for
sid
e ef
fect
and
TD
M1%
100%
100%
100%
Plas
ma
conc
entr
atio
n: 1
5−40
mcg
/ml;
may
cau
se
inso
mni
aN
CN
CN
C
Phen
ytoi
n20
mg/
kg/d
ay; a
djus
t for
sid
e ef
fect
and
TD
M1%
Adju
st fo
r ren
al fa
ilure
and
low
A
lbum
inPl
asm
a co
ncen
trat
ion:
10−
20 m
cg/m
l; m
ay c
ause
ny
stag
mus
; che
ck fr
ee p
heny
toin
leve
lN
CN
CN
C
Prim
idon
e 50
mg
100
mg
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%Pl
asm
a co
ncen
trat
ion:
5−2
0 m
cg/m
lN
CN
CN
CSo
dium
val
pro-
ate
7.5
to 1
5 m
g/kg
/day
; adj
ust f
or
side
effe
ct a
nd T
DM
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%Pl
asm
a co
ncen
trat
ion:
50−
150
mcg
/ml;
side
effe
cts
incl
ude
wei
ght g
ain,
hep
atiti
s; c
heck
free
val
proa
te
leve
l
NC
NC
NC
Tiag
abin
e4
mg/
day;
incr
ease
4m
g/da
y,
titra
te w
eekl
y2%
100%
100%
100%
Tota
l dai
ly d
ose
may
be
incr
ease
d by
4 to
8 m
g at
w
eekl
y in
terv
als
until
clin
ical
resp
onse
is a
chie
ved,
or
up to
32
mg/
day;
the
tota
l dai
ly d
ose
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
in d
ivid
ed d
oses
two
to fo
ur ti
mes
dai
ly
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
in
Topi
ram
ate
50 m
g/da
y20
0 m
g b.
i.d.
70%
100%
50%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Avoi
dD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50 m
l/min
Trim
etha
dion
e30
0 m
g t.i
.d.
or q
.i.d.
600
mg
t.i.d
. or
q.i.d
.N
one
q. 8
hr
q. 8
− 12
hr
q. 1
2−24
hr
Activ
e m
etab
olite
s w
ith lo
ng h
alf-l
ife in
ESR
D; m
ay
caus
e ne
phro
tic s
yndr
ome
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
in
Page 17
935
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Viga
batr
in1
g b.
i.d.
2 g
b.i.d
.70
%10
0%50
%25
%En
ceph
alop
athy
may
aris
e w
ith d
rug
accu
mul
atio
nN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50 m
l/min
Zoni
sam
ide
100
mg/
day
100−
300
mg
q.d.
−b.i.
d.30
%10
0%75
%50
%M
anuf
actu
rer r
ecom
men
ds th
at z
onis
amid
e no
t be
used
in p
atie
nts
with
rena
l fai
lure
(est
imat
ed G
FR <
50
ml/m
in);
dose
reco
mm
enda
tions
for r
enal
impa
ir-m
ent b
ased
on
clea
ranc
e ra
tios:
initi
al d
ose
shou
ld b
e 10
0 m
g/da
y; a
fter
2 w
k, th
e do
se m
ay b
e in
crea
sed
to 2
00 m
g/da
y fo
r at l
east
2 w
k; fu
rthe
r dos
age
in-
crea
ses
to 3
00 m
g an
d 40
0 m
g/da
y ca
n th
en b
e m
ade
with
a m
inim
um o
f 2 w
k be
twee
n ad
just
men
ts to
ac
hiev
e st
eady
sta
te a
t eac
h do
sage
leve
l; zo
nisa
mid
e do
ses
of 1
00−6
00 m
g/da
y ap
pear
effe
ctiv
e fo
r nor
mal
re
nal f
unct
ion
Dos
e fo
r G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r G
FR <
10
ml/m
in
Dos
e fo
r G
FR 1
0−50
ml/m
in
Page 18
936
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Page 19
937
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Ta
ble
8. R
heum
atol
ogic
age
nts
Ag
en
tN
orm
al
do
sag
e
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Art
hri
tis
an
d g
ou
t a
ge
nts
Allo
purin
ol30
0 m
g q.
24
hr30
%75
%50
%25
%Ad
vers
e ef
fect
s: in
ters
titia
l nep
hriti
s, ex
folia
tive
derm
atiti
s, an
d ra
rely
, xan
thin
e st
ones
; ren
al e
xcre
-tio
n of
act
ive
met
abol
ite w
ith h
alf l
ife o
f 25
hr in
no
rmal
rena
l fun
ctio
n, h
alf l
ife 1
wk
in p
atie
nts
with
ESR
D
Hal
f dos
eN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Aura
nofin
6 m
g q2
4h50
%50
%Av
oid
Avoi
dPr
otei
nuria
and
eph
ritic
syn
drom
e.N
CN
CN
CCo
lchi
cine
Acut
e: 2
mg
then
0.5
mg
q. 6
hr
Chro
nic:
0.5
−1.0
mg
q.
24 h
r
5%−1
7510
0%50
-100
%25
%Av
oid
prol
onge
d us
e if
GFR
< 5
0 m
l/min
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Gol
d so
dium
25−5
0 m
g60
%−9
0%50
%Av
oid
Avoi
dth
iom
alat
e pr
otei
nuria
; eph
ritic
syn
drom
e, m
em-
bran
ous
neph
ritis
NC
NC
Avoi
d
Peni
cilla
min
e25
0−1,
000
mg
q. 2
4 hr
40%
100%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Nep
hrot
ic s
yndr
ome
One
-thi
rd
dose
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inPr
oben
ecid
500
mg
bid
< 2%
100%
Avoi
dAv
oid
Inef
fect
ive
at d
ecre
ased
GFR
Avoi
dN
o da
taAv
oid
No
nst
ero
ida
l a
nti
-In
fla
mm
ato
ry d
rug
s (N
SA
IDs)
Gro
up to
xici
ty: d
ecre
ases
rena
l fun
ctio
n an
d pl
atel
et a
ggre
gatio
n; m
ay c
ause
nep
hrot
ic s
yndr
ome,
inte
rstit
ial n
ephr
itis,
hype
rkal
emia
, so
dium
rete
ntio
n; c
arrie
s in
crea
sed
risk
of C
VD, M
I, an
d st
roke
D
iclo
fena
c25
−75
mg
b.i.d
.<
1%50
%−1
00
%25
%−5
0%25
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inD
iflun
isal
250−
500
mg
b.i.d
.<
3%10
0%50
%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inEt
odol
ac20
0 m
g b.
i.d.
Neg
ligib
le10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inFe
nopr
ofen
300−
600
mg
q.i.d
.30
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inFl
urbi
prof
en10
0 m
g b.
i.d. o
r t.i.
d.20
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inIb
upro
fen
800
mg
t.i.d
.1%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Indo
met
haci
n25
−50
mg
t.i.d
.30
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inKe
topr
ofen
25-−
5 m
g t.i
.d.
< 1%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Keto
rola
c30
−60
mg
load
then
15−
30 m
g q.
6 h
r30
%−6
0%10
0%50
%25
-50%
May
cau
se a
cute
hea
ring
loss
in E
SRD
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inM
eclo
fena
mic
ac
id50
−100
mg
t.i.d
. or q
.i.d.
2%−
4%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inM
efan
amic
aci
d25
0 m
g q.
i.d.
< 6%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Nab
umet
one
1.0-
2.0
g q.
24.
hr<
1%10
0%50
-100
%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Page 20
938
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ag
en
tN
orm
al
do
sag
e
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Nap
roxe
n50
0 m
g b.
i.d.
< 1%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Oxa
prox
in12
00 m
g q.
24
hr<
1%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inPh
enyl
buta
-zo
ne10
0 m
g t.i
.d. o
r q.i.
d.1%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Piro
xica
m20
mg
q. 2
4 hr
10%
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Sulin
dac
200
mg
b.i.d
.7%
100%
100%
50%
Activ
e su
lfide
met
abol
ite in
ESR
DN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Tolm
etin
400
mg
t.i.d
.15
%10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in B
iolo
gic
ag
en
tsR
ou
te o
f d
rug
cle
ara
nce
Etan
erce
pt
50 m
g S.
C. w
eekl
yH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%In
crea
sed
risk
of T
B an
d ot
her i
nfec
tions
100%
100%
100%
Infli
xim
ab
3 m
g/kg
IV a
t 0, 2
, and
6
wk,
then
q. 8
wk;
com
bine
w
ith m
etho
trex
ate
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Incr
ease
d ris
k of
TB
and
othe
r inf
ectio
ns10
0%10
0%10
0%
Adal
imum
ab40
mg
S.C.
ev
ery
othe
r wee
kH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%M
ay b
e co
ntin
ued
durin
g th
erap
y; m
ay in
crea
se to
40
mg
S.C.
q. w
k in
pat
ient
s no
t rec
eivi
ng c
onco
m-
itant
met
hotr
exat
e; m
ay c
ause
glo
mer
ulon
ephr
itis
100%
100%
100%
Ana
kinr
a10
0 m
g/da
y S.
C.Re
nal
100%
50%
Avoi
dRe
nal i
mpa
irmen
t: pl
asm
a cl
eara
nce
is re
duce
d up
to
75%
in p
atie
nts
with
sev
ere
or e
nd s
tage
rena
l di
seas
e (C
Cr le
ss th
an 3
0 m
l/min
); no
form
al s
tudi
es
have
bee
n co
nduc
ted
100%
50%
Avoi
d
Ritu
xim
ab37
5 m
g/m
m e
very
ot
her w
eek
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Incr
ease
d ris
k of
TB
and
othe
r inf
ectio
ns10
0%10
0%10
0%
Page 21
939
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Ta
ble
9. S
edat
ive
agen
ts
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eR
ou
te o
f d
rug
cle
ara
nce
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Ba
rbit
ura
tes
Gro
up to
xici
ty: m
ay c
ause
exc
essi
ve s
edat
ion.
; inc
reas
ed o
steo
mal
acia
in E
SRD
; cha
rcoa
l hem
oper
fusi
on a
nd h
emod
ialy
sis
mor
e ef
fect
ive
than
per
itone
al d
ialy
sis
for p
oiso
ning
Pent
obar
bita
l30
mg
q. 6
−8 h
rH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inPh
enob
arbi
tal
50−1
00 m
g q.
8−1
2 hr
Hep
atic
(ren
al)
q. 8
−12
hrq.
8−1
2 hr
q. 1
2−16
hr
Up
to 5
0% u
ncha
nged
dru
g ex
cret
ed w
ith u
rine
with
alk
alin
e di
ures
isD
ose
afte
r di
alys
isha
le n
orm
al
dose
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inSe
coba
rbita
l30
−50
mg
q. 6
−8 h
rH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
No
data
Thio
pent
alA
nest
hesi
a in
duct
ion
(indi
vidu
aliz
ed)
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Be
nz
od
iaz
ep
ine
sG
roup
toxi
city
: may
cau
se e
xces
sive
sed
atio
n an
d en
ceph
alop
athy
in E
SRD
Alp
razo
lam
0.25
−5.0
mg
q. 8
hr
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
o da
taN
o da
taCl
oraz
epat
e15
−60
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
(ren
al)
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taCh
lord
iaze
pox-
ide
15−1
00 m
g q.
24
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%50
%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inCl
onaz
epam
1.5
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Alth
ough
no
dose
redu
ctio
n is
reco
mm
ende
d,
the
drug
has
not
bee
n st
udie
d in
pat
ient
s w
ith re
-na
l im
pairm
ent;
reco
mm
enda
tions
are
bas
ed o
n kn
own
drug
cha
ract
eris
tics
not c
linic
al tr
ials
dat
a
NC
No
data
NA
Dia
zepa
m5−
40 m
g q.
24
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%Ac
tive
met
abol
ites
desm
ethy
ldia
zepa
m a
nd
oxaz
epam
may
acc
umul
ate
in re
nal f
ailu
re; d
ose
shou
ld b
e re
duce
d if
give
n lo
nger
than
a fe
w
days
; pro
tein
bin
ding
dec
reas
es in
ure
mia
NC
No
data
NC
Esta
zola
m1
mg
qhs
Au: d
efin
e qh
sH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
No
data
No
data
NC
Flur
azep
am15
−30
mg
qh
sH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
No
data
No
data
Lora
zepa
m1−
2 m
g q.
8−1
2 hr
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Mid
azol
amIn
divi
dual
ized
Hep
atic
100%
100%
50%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
AN
AN
AO
xaze
pam
30−1
20 m
g q.
24
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inQ
uaze
pam
15
mg
qh
sH
epat
icN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taG
roup
toxi
city
No
data
No
data
No
data
Tem
azep
am30
mg
qh
sH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
No
data
Tria
zola
m0.
25−0
.50
mg
qh
sH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%Pr
otei
n bi
ndin
g co
rrel
ates
with
alp
ha-1
aci
d gl
y-co
prot
ein
conc
entr
atio
nN
CN
CN
o da
ta
Be
nz
od
iaz
ep
ine
an
tag
on
ists
Flum
azen
il0.
2 m
g IV
ove
r 15
sec
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
May
cau
se e
xces
sive
sed
atio
n an
d en
ceph
alop
a-th
y in
ESR
DN
CN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Mis
cell
an
eo
us
sed
ati
ve
ag
en
tsBu
spiro
ne5
mg
q.8
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taEt
hchl
orvy
nol
500
mg
qh
sH
epat
ic10
0%Av
oid
Avoi
dRe
mov
ed b
y he
mop
erfu
sion
; may
cau
se e
xces
-si
ve s
edat
ion
Avoi
dAv
oid
No
data
Page 22
940
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eR
ou
te o
f d
rug
cle
ara
nce
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Hal
oper
idol
1−2
mg
q. 8
−12
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%Ad
vers
e ef
fect
s: h
yper
tens
ion,
exc
essi
ve s
edat
ion
NC
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inLi
thiu
m c
ar-
bona
te0.
9−1.
2 g
q. 2
4 hr
Rena
l10
0%50
-75%
25-5
0%N
ephr
otox
ic; a
dver
se e
ffect
s in
clud
e ne
phro
geni
c di
abet
es in
sipi
dus,
neph
rotic
syn
drom
e, re
nal
tubu
lar a
cido
sis,
and
inte
rstit
ial f
ibro
sis;
acu
te
toxi
city
whe
n se
rum
leve
ls >
1.2
mEq
/L; s
erum
le
vels
sho
uld
be m
easu
red
perio
dica
lly 1
2 hr
af
ter d
osin
g; h
alf l
ife d
oes
not r
efle
ct e
xten
sive
tis
sue
accu
mul
atio
n; p
lasm
a le
vels
rebo
und
afte
r di
alys
is; t
oxic
ity e
nhan
ced
by v
olum
e de
plet
ion,
N
SAID
s, an
d di
uret
ics
Dos
e af
ter
dial
ysis
NC
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Mep
roba
mat
e1.
2−1.
6 g
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
(ren
al)
q. 6
hr
q. 9
−12
hrq.
12−
18
hrSi
de e
ffect
s: e
xces
sive
sed
atio
n; e
xcre
tion
en-
hanc
ed b
y fo
rced
diu
resi
sN
CN
o da
taN
o da
ta
Ta
ble
10
. Ant
i-Par
kins
on a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
e
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Carb
idop
a1−
2 ta
blet
s t.i
.d. o
r q.i.
d.
(30
mg/
day
to 2
00
mg/
day)
3010
0%10
0%10
0%Re
quire
car
eful
titr
atio
n of
dos
e ac
cord
ing
to c
lini-
cal r
espo
nse
No
data
No
data
No
data
Levo
dopa
1−2
tabl
ets
t.i.d
. or q
.i.d.
(300
mg/
day
to 2
,000
m
g/da
y)
Non
e10
0%50
%−1
00%
50%
−10
0%Ac
tive
and
inac
tive
met
abol
ites
excr
eted
in u
rine;
ac
tive
met
abol
ites
with
long
hal
f life
in E
SRD
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Rasa
gilin
e (M
AO-b
inhi
bi-
tor)
1 m
g/da
y <
1%10
0%10
0%10
0%
Page 23
941
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Ta
ble
11
. Ant
ipsy
chot
ic a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
re
na
lly
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
H
Cloz
apin
e12
.5 m
g p.
o.; 2
5−50
to 3
00−4
50
mg/
day
by e
nd o
f 2 w
eeks
; m
axim
um: 9
00 m
g/da
y
Met
abol
ism
nea
rly
com
plet
e10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Hal
oper
idol
1−2
mg
q. 8
−12
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%H
ypot
ensi
on, e
xces
sive
sed
atio
n.N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Loxa
pine
12.5
−50
mg
I.M. q
. 4−6
hr
100%
100%
100%
Do
not a
dmin
iste
r dru
g IV
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inM
elpe
rone
ola
n-za
pine
5−10
mg
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Pote
ntia
l hyp
oten
sive
effe
cts
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in P
he
no
thia
zin
es
Gro
up to
xici
ty: o
rtho
stat
ic h
ypot
ensi
on, e
xtra
pyra
mid
al s
ympt
oms,
and
conf
usio
n
Chlo
rpro
maz
ine
300−
800
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
CD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Perp
hena
zine
8 to
16
mg
p.o.
, b.i.
d., t
.i.d.
, or
q.i.d
.; in
crea
se to
64
mg/
day
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Prom
azin
e20
−100
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
ty; e
xces
sive
sed
atio
n m
ay o
ccur
in E
SRD
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inTh
iorid
azin
e50
−100
mg
p.o.
, t.i
.d.;
incr
ease
gr
adua
lly; m
ax d
ose
800
mg/
day
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Trifl
uope
razi
ne1−
2 m
g b.
i.d.;
incr
ease
to n
o m
ore
than
6 m
g/da
yH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
inQ
uetia
pine
25 m
g p.
o., b
.i.d.
; inc
reas
e in
in
crem
ents
of 2
5−50
b.i.
d or
t.i
.d. t
o ac
hiev
e 30
0−40
0 m
g/da
y by
day
4
Hep
atic
100%
100%
100%
No
data
No
data
Dos
e fo
r GFR
10
−50
ml/m
in
Risp
erid
one
1 m
g p.
o., b
.i.d.
; inc
reas
e to
3
mg
b.i.d
.10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Thio
thix
ene
2 m
g p.
o., t
.i.d.
; inc
reas
e gr
adu-
ally
to 1
5 m
g/da
yH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Zipr
asid
eone
20−1
00 m
g q.
12
hrH
epat
ic10
0%10
0%10
0%N
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for G
FR
10−5
0 m
l/min
Page 24
942
OLYAEI & BENNETT
Ta
ble
12
. Cor
ticos
tero
id a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f d
rug
ex
cre
ted
re
na
lly
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
>5
0
10
−50
<1
0H
DC
AP
DC
VV
HG
roup
toxi
city
: may
agg
rava
te a
zote
mia
; adv
erse
effe
cts:
sod
ium
rete
ntio
n, g
luco
se in
tole
ranc
e, h
yper
tens
ion
Beta
met
haso
ne0.
5−9.
0 m
g q.
24
hr5
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
C N
C N
C
Bude
soni
deN
o da
taN
one
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
C N
C N
C
Cort
ison
e25
−500
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
NC
Dex
amet
haso
ne0.
75−9
.0 m
g q.
24
hr8
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
C N
C H
ydro
cort
ison
e20
−500
mg
q. 2
4 hr
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
NC
Met
hylp
redn
isol
one
4−48
mg
q. 2
4 hr
< 10
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
C N
C
Pred
niso
lone
5−60
mg
q. 2
4 hr
3410
0%10
0%10
0%G
roup
toxi
city
NC
NC
NC
Pred
niso
ne5−
60 m
g q.
24
hr34
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
C N
C Tr
iam
cino
lone
4−48
mg
q. 2
4 hr
No
data
100%
100%
100%
Gro
up to
xici
tyN
CN
C N
C
Page 25
943
44. Drug dosage in renal failure
Ta
ble
13
. Ant
icoa
gula
nt a
gent
s
Dru
gN
orm
al
do
sag
eP
erc
en
tag
e o
f
dru
g e
xc
rete
d
ren
all
y
Do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t fo
r re
na
l
fail
ure
wit
h G
FR
(m
l/m
in):
Co
mm
en
tsM
eth
od
of
do
sag
e a
dju
stm
en
t
Sta
rtin
g d
ose
Ma
xim
um
do
se>
50
1
0−5
0<
10
HD
CA
PD
CV
VH
Alte
plas
e60
mg
over
1 h
r the
n 20
mg/
hr
for 2
hr
No
data
100%
100%
100%
Tiss
ue-t
ype
plas
min
ogen
act
ivat
orN
o da
taN
o da
taD
ose
for
GFR
10−
50
ml/m
inA
nist
repl
ase
30 U
ove
r 2−5
min
No
data
100%
100%
100%
NC
NC
NC
Asp
irin
81 m
g/da
y32
5 m
g/da
y10
%10
0%10
0%10
0%G
I irr
itatio
n an
d bl
eedi
ng te
nden
cyN
CN
C N
C Cl
opid
ogre
l 75
mg/
day
75 m
g/da
y50
%10
0%10
0%10
0%N
CN
C N
C D
alte
parin
2,50
0 un
its S
.C.
daily
5,00
0 un
its S
.C.
daily
Unk
now
n10
0%10
0%N
ACh
eck
anti-
fact
or X
a ac
tivity
4 h
r aft
er 2
nd
dose
in p
atie
nts
with
rena
l dys
func
tion
NC
NC
NC
Dip
yrid
amol
e50
mg
t.i.d
.N
o da
ta10
0%10
0%10
0%N
CN
C N
C En
oxap
arin
20 m
g/da
y30
mg
b.i.d
.8%
100%
75%
−50%
50%
1 m
g/kg
q. 1
2 hr
for t
reat
men
t of D
VT; c
heck
an
ti-fa
ctor
Xa
activ
ity 4
hr a
fter
sec
ond
dose
in
pat
ient
s w
ith re
nal d
ysfu
nctio
n; s
ome
evi-
denc
e of
dru
g ac
cum
ulat
ion
in re
nal f
ailu
re
NC
NC
NC
Fond
apar
inux
2.5m
g S.
C. d
aily
10 m
g S.
C. d
aily
No
data
100%
75%
−50%
Avoi
dH
alf l
ife in
crea
ses
with
rena
l fai
lure
; sho
uld
be
used
for p
atie
nts
with
HIT
onl
yN
CN
C N
C
Hep
arin
75 U
/kg
load
then
15
U/k
g/hr
Non
e10
0%10
0%10
0%H
alf l
ife in
crea
ses
with
dos
eN
CN
C N
C Ilo
pros
t0.
5−2.
0 ng
/kg/
min
for 5
−12
hrN
o da
ta10
0%10
0%50
%N
CN
C N
C In
dobu
fen
100
mg
b.i.d
.20
0 m
g b.
i.d.
< 15
%10
0%50
%25
%N
CN
C N
C St
rept
okin
ase
250
000
U lo
ad, t
hen
100
000
U/h
rN
one
100%
100%
100%
NC
NC
NC
Sulfi
npyr
azon
e20
0 m
g b.
i.d.
25-5
0%10
0%10
0%Av
oid
May
cau
se a
cute
rena
l fai
lure
; uric
osur
ic e
ffect
at
low
GFR
NC
NC
NC
Sulo
trob
anN
o da
ta52
-62%
50%
30%
10%
N
CN
C N
C Ti
clop
idin
e25
0 m
g b.
i.d.
250
mg
b.i.d
.2%
100%
100%
100%
Adve
rse
effe
cts:
sev
ere
neut
rope
nia
and
thro
mbo
cyto
peni
a; d
ecre
ase
CSA
leve
lN
CN
C N
C
Tran
exam
ic a
cid
25 m
g/kg
t.i.d
. or q
.i.d.
90%
50%
25%
10%
NC
NC
NC
Uro
kina
se44
00 U
/kg
load
then
4,4
00 U
/kg
q. h
rN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
o da
taN
CN
C N
C
War
farin
5 m
g/da
yAd
just
per
INR
<1%
100%
100%
100%
Mon
itor I
NR
very
clo
sely
; sta
rt a
t 5 m
g/da
y; 1
m
g vi
tam
in K
IV o
ver 3
0 m
in o
r 2.5
−5 m
g p.
o.
can
be u
sed
to a
chie
ve IN
R
NC
NC
NC
Page 26
AA aristolochic acid AAN aristolochic acid nephropathyAAP alanine aminopeptidase AAS atomic absorption spectrometry ABC ATP-binding cassette ABCD amphotericin B colloidal dispersion ABLC amphotericin B in lipid complex ACAM N-cadherin ACE angiotensin converting enzyme ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ACGIH American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists AcP acid phosphate ADH antidiuretic hormone
or alcohol dehydrogenase ADP adenosine diphosphate ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
diseaseADR adverse drug reaction AE adverse eventAER adverse event reaction AGT alanine glyoxylate aminotransferaseAH-SOD hexamethyl-enediamine-conjugated super-
oxide dismutaseAHS allopurinol hypersensitivity syndromeAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIN acute interstitial nephritis AKI acute kidney injuryALB albumin α1-AG α1-acid glycoprotein α1-m α1-microglobulin α -KG α –ketoglutarateALT alanine aminotransferase
AmB amphotericin B AMI acute myocardial infarctionAMP adenosine monophosphate Amph amphotericinANA antinuclear antibodyANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ANDA abbreviated new drug application ANF atrial natriuretic factor ANT adenine nucleotide translocator ANZDATA Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and
Transplant Registry AP alkaline phosphatase APA aminopeptidase 1 (angiotensinase) APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health
EvaluationAPC antigen presenting cell APhN acute phosphate nephropathyAPN aminopeptidase N AQP aquaporin ARBs angiotensin II receptor antagonistsARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acidAST aspartate aminotransferase ATHENA AIDS Therapy Evaluation National CentreATG anti-thymocyte globulinATN acute tubular necrosis ATP adenosine triphosphate AUC area under the curveAV atrioventricularAVP arginine vasopressin AZT azidothymidine β1-m β1-microglobulin BBA brush border antigen
Clinical NephrotoxinsRenal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals
Third Edition
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Page 27
946
Abbreviations
BBM brush border membrane BBMV brush border membrane vesicle BC breast cancerBCNU carmustinebFGF basic fibroblast growth factor BEN Balkan endemic npehropathyBID twice daily BM basolateral membraneBMDL benchmark dose lowBMI body mass indexBMT bone marrow transplantationBN Brown-Norway BP blood pressure BQ123 cyclo [Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu] BSA bovine serum albumin BSP bromosulfophthaleinBUN blood urea nitrogen BW body weight CA carbonic anhydrase CABG coronary artery bypass graftcADPR cyclic ADP-ribose Calc calcitonin CAM cell adhesion molecule cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisCAPE caffeic acid phenethyl esterCaSR calcium sensing receptorCC cytochemistry CCB calcium channel blocker CCD cortical collecting duct CCNU lomustineCcr creatinine clearance CD collecting duct CDC Center for Disease Control and PreventionCD-IC collecting duct intercalated cell CdMT cadmium-metallothionein CD-PC collecting duct principal cell CFS colony-stimulating factorCG density gradient centrifugation CHD coronary heart disease CHF congestive heart failure CHN Chinese herb nephropathy CI confidence interval CIN chronic interstitial nephritisCKD chronic kidney diseaseCLOD clodronateCM contrast media CMIN contrast media induced nephropathy CMV cytomegalovirus CNI calcineurin inhibitorsCNS central nervous system cNOS constitutive nitric oxide synthase CNT connecting tubule COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOX cyclooxygenase CPH cephaloridine
CPK creatinine phosphokinase cPLA2 cytosolic phospholipase A2CPP calcium phosphorus productCREB cAMP response element-bindingCRF chronic renal failure CRRT continuous renal replacement therapyCsA cyclosporine A CSF colony-stimulating factor CSFL cerebrospinal fluid CT computer tomography CTGF connective tissue growth factorCTIN chronic tubulointerstitial nephritisCurea urea clearance CVD cardiovascular diseaseCVVH continuous venovenous hemofiltrationCVVHD continuous venous-venous hemodialysisCx clearance of a marker CYP cytochrome P450 dA-AAI 7(desoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam IdA-AAII 7(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam II DAC diacylglycerol DCAA dichloroacetic acidDCT distal convoluted tubule DCVC dichlorovinylcysteine dDAVP 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DES diethyl stilbesterol DEVD-CHO Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde DFO desferoxamine dG-AAI 7(deoxyguanosine-N²-yl) aristolactam I DGFR delayed graft function recoveryDHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfateDHG dehydrogenase DHP vitamin D binding protein DIGE difference in-gel electrophoresisDISC death inducing signaling complex DMARD disease modifying antirheumatic drugsDMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium DMPC dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine DMPG dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol DMPS dimercaptopropane 1 sulphonate DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DMT divalent metal transporterDMTU dimethylthiourea DNP-SG S-(dinitropheny1)-glutathioneDOCA deoxycorticosterone acetateDPCPX 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
(selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist)DPP dipeptidyl peptidase DTL descending thin limb DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid DVT deep vein thrombosisE217 β G estradiol-17 β -D-glucuronide EBV Epstein Barr virusecNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Page 28
947
Abbreviations
EDD extended daily dialysisEDHF endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factorEDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EDTA European Dialysis and Transplant Associa-
tion EEG electroencephalogramEG ethylene glycolEGF epidermal growth factor EHDP etidronateELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EMA epithelial membrane antigen EP E-prostanoideNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase ER endoplasmic reticulumERK extracellular regulated kinase ERPF effective renal plasma flow ESRD end-stage renal disease estrone-S estrone sulfateET endothelin ET-1 endothelin-1 ETA endothelin A ETB endothelin B FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide FAK focal adhesion kinase FAT focal adhesion targeting FCS fetal calf serum FDA Food and Drug Administration FE fractional excretion FENa fractional excretion of sodiumFEurea fractional excretion of urea FF filtration fraction FGS focal glomerulosclerosis FHH familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuriaFITC fluorescein isothiocyanate FKBP FK-binding protein FMN flavin mononucleotide FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseFSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis G6PD glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase GBM glomerular basement mmbraneGC gas chromatography GCCA gadolinium-containing contrast agentsGFR glomerular filtration rate GI gastrointestinal GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase GMP guanosine monophosphate GN glomerulonephritis GO glyoxylate oxidaseGP glycoprotein GSC glomerular sieving coefficient GSH glutathione GSSG glutathione disulfide GST glutathione-S-transferase GT glutamyl transferase
HA hyaluronic acidH&E hematoxylin and eosinHCM hypercalcaemia of malignancyHCTZ hydrochlorothiazide HCV hepatitis C virus HD hemodialysisHDF hemodiafiltrationHDL high-density lipoprotein HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HF hemofiltrationHGF hepatocyte growth factorHGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl
transferaseHHV human herpes virus HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHIV human immunodeficiency virusHIVAN HIVassociated nephropathy HLA human leukocyte antigen HMW high molecular weight HNL human neutrophil lipocalinHO heme oxygenase hOAT human organic anion transporterHPT human proximal tubular cells HPV human papillomavirusHR hazard ratioHSP heat shock protein HSV herpes simplex virushTERT human telomerase catalytic subunitHUS hemolytic uremic syndrome HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells IAKI ischemic acute kidney injuryIAP intestinal alkaline phosphatase IARC International Agency for Research on Can-
cer IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBN ibandronateIC information component ICAD inhibitor of caspase-activates Dnase ICAM intercellular cell adhesion molecule ICC immunocytochemistry ICD International Classification of Diseases ICU intensive care unit IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusIEG immediate early gene response IFN interferon Ig immunoglobulin IGF insulin-like growth factor IL interleukin IM intramuscularIMCD inner medullary collecting ducts iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase INR international normalized ratio IPD intermittent peritoneal dialysisIP3 inositol 3,4,5 triphosphate IPRK isolated perfused rat kidney ISOM inner stripe outer medulla
Page 29
948
Abbreviations
mPDS methylprednisolone MN membranous nephropathyMPF+ 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridiniumMPGN membranoproliferative glomerulonephritisMPO myeloperoxidase MPT mitochondrial permeability transition MPTP l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyri-
dine MR magnetic resonance Mr molecular weight MRA magnetic resonance angiographyMRI magnetic resonance imagingMRP multidrug resistance-associated protein MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusMS metabolic syndromeMT metallothionein MTAL medullary thick ascending limb MTT methylthiotetrazole MTX methotrexateNA not applicableNAA neutron activation analysis NAC N-acetylcysteineNADC Na dependent α-ketoglutarate cotransporterNADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-
phate NAG N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase Na-K-ATPase sodium-potassium-ATPase NAME nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NAPA N-acetyl procainamide NAPAP N-acetyl-p-aminophenol NAPQI N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimineNC No data: no change requiredNCAM neural cell adhesion molecule NCX Na+-Ca++ exchanger NDA New Drug Application NDMA N-methyl-D-aspartate NEP neutral endopeptidase NF-AT-c nuclear factor of activating T lymphocytesNGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinNHE Na+/H+ exchanger isoformNIP NF-AT interacting protein NK natural killer cellsNMN N-methylnicotinamide NMTT N-methyl-tetrazole-thiol nNOS neuronal nitric oxide synthaseNO nitric oxide NOS nitric oxide synthase NPT sodium-dependent phosphate transporter NRF nuclear respiratory factors NRK52E normal rat kidney epithelial cellsNRTI nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase
inhibitor NSA neuron specific enolase NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSF nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine activated motiveIV intravenous IVIG intravenous immunoglobulinIVP intravenous pyelography JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations JGA juxtaglomerular apparatus JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase KAP kidney androgen-regulated proteinkD or kDa kilodalton KDOQI Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality InitiativeKIM kidney injury molecule L-Amph amphotericin B liposome LAP leucine aminopeptidase LC lung cancerLD50 lethal dose for 50% LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-density lipoprotein LEHD-CHO Leu-Glu-His-Asp-aldehyde LEW LewisLFA lymphocyte function-associated antigen LFAB lipid formulation of amphotericin BLLC-PK1 renal epithelial cell line from porcine kidneyLMW low molecular weight L-NAME N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester LOCM low osmolar contrast mediumLPS lipopolysaccharide LR likelihood ratio LRP LDL-receptor-related proteinLT leukotriene LTC4 leukotriene C4LX lipoxin mAb monoclonal antibody MAC minimal alveolar concentrationMACS magnetic cell separation magn. magnification MAP mitogen-activated protein
or mean arterial pressure MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MATE multidrug and toxin extrusionMCD medullary collecting duct MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein MD macula densa
or multiple dose MDA malondialdehyde MDCK Madin-Darby canine kidneyMDFA 2,2-difluoro-2-methoxyacetic acidMDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDR multidrug resistanceMDRD modification of diet in renal diseaseMEK MAP kinase kinase MHC major histocompatibility complex MI myocardial infarctionMM multiple myelomaMMF mycophenolate mofetilMMP matrix metalloproteinases
Page 30
949
Abbreviations
OA osteoarthritis OAT organic anion transporter OCT organic cation transporter OCTN organic cation/carnitine transporter OD once dailyOFR oxygen-derived free radicals OKT3 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OK opossum kidneyOM outer medulla OPN osteopontinOR odds ratio ORS oral rehydration solutionOST other solid tumoursOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AgencyOSOM outer stripe outer medulla OSPS oral sodium phosphate solutionOTA ochratoxin PAA poly-L-aspartic acidPAF platelet activating factorPAH para-aminohippurate PAS periodic acid Schiff PAM periodic acid methenamine PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells PC Pneumocyctis carinii
or prostate cancer PCE perchloroethylene PCOP plasma colloid osmotic pressure PCP Pneumocyctis carinii pneumonia
or phencyclidine PCSA planar cell surface area PCT proximal convoluted tubule PD peritoneal dialysisPDB Paget’s disease of bonePDGF platelet derived growth factor PEG polyethylene glycolPEEP positive end-expiratory pressure PEM prescription event monitoringPEPCK phosphenol pyruvate carboxy-kinase PEPT peptide cotransporter PG prostaglandin PGA poly-L-glutamic acidPGC PPAR-gamma-coactivator PGP P-glycoprotein PH1 primary hyperoxaluria type 1PIDD primary immune deficiency diseasesPIH postischemic hydronephrosisPIP phosphatidylinositide 4,5 biphosphate PK protein kinase PKB protein kinase B PL phospholipase PLA placeboPMA phorbol myrastate acetate PMO postmenopausal osteoporosispmp per million population PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPD paraphenylene diamine
PPI proton pump inhibitorPRA plasma renin activityPR3 proteinase 3 PSS progressive systemic sclerosis PST proximal straight tubule PT or PTC proximal tubular cells PTCA percutanerous transluminal coronary angio-
plastyPTFE polymeric tetrafluoroethylene PTH parathyroid hormone PTK protein tyrosine kinase PTU propylthiouracilPTX polyesterQD once daily QTL quantitative trait locusRA rheumatoid arthritis RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemRANTES regulated on activation, normal T-cell ex-
pressed and secreted RAP receptor-associated protein RAS renin-angiotensin system RBF renal blood flow RBFV renal blood flow velocityRCT randomized clinical trial rhIGF recombinant human insulin growth factorRIA radio immunoassay RIS risedronateROC receiver-operating characteristic ROR reporting odds ratioROS reactive oxygen species RPF renal plasma flow RPGN rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis RR relative risk RTE renal tubular epithelial cells RVR renal vascular resistance RXR retenoic orphan receptor S- serum- SAPK stress-activated protein kinase SAT sulfate-oxalate exchanger SBP systolic blood pressure Scr or SCr serum creatinine SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis SEM standard error of the mean SHAKI Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Kidney InjurySHARF Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Renal FailureSHR spontaneously hypertensive rats SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormoneSKF550 (9-fluorenyl)-N-methyl-β-chloroethylamineSLC Na+/Li+ countertransporter SLE systemic lupus erythematosis SmPC summary of product characteristicsSMSA Standard Metropolitan Statistical AreaSMZ sulfamethoxazole SNGFR single nephron glomerular filtration rate
Page 31
950
Abbreviations
SNS sympathetic nervous system SSc systemic sclerosisSVV small vessel vasculitis t2 elimination half-life T3 triiodothyronin TAC tacrolimusTAL thick ascending limb T-bet T-box expressed in T-cells TB tuberculosisTBM tubular basement membrane TCA trichloroacetic acid TCO2 bicarbonate transportTCR T-cell receptor TDM therapeutic drug monitoring TEA tetraethylammonium TEER transepithelial electrical resistanceTER transepithelial resistance TFR transferrin TGA Therapeutic Goods AdministrationTGF transforming growth factor
or tubuloglomerular feedback Th T-helper cell THP Tamm-Horsfall protein TID trice daily TLS tumor lysis syndromeTLR toll-like receptorsTLV threshold limit value TMA thrombotic microangiopathic anemia TMP trimethoprim TNAP tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase TNF tumor necrosis factor TQ triple quantum Treg regulatory T cellsTRF transferrinTRP tubular reabsorption of phosphorus TSC thiazide sensitive Na+-Cl– cotransporter TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTR transthryetin TUNEL terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-
mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay TxA2 thromboxane A2 TxB2 thromboxane B2 U- urinary UP:Ucr urine protein to creatinine ratio USRDS United States Renal Data System V1aR vasopressin V1a receptorV2R vasopressin V2 receptorVC vasoconstriction VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule Vd volume of distributionVD vasodilatation VZV varicella zoster virusVGEF vascular endothelial growth factor VLA very late antigen VRE vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
VSMC vascular smooth muscle cells vWF von Willebrand factor WHO World Health Organization XRF x-ray fluorescence ZAG zinc-α2-globulin ZOL zoledronic acidZVAD-fmk Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fmk
Page 32
Clinical NephrotoxinsRenal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals
Third Edition
I N D E X
Symbols5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) 409–412
clinical aspects 412epidemiology 409–411pathophysiology 411–412pharmacological aspects 75prevention 412prospective studies 409–411retrospective study 409
Aabacavir 387ABC transporters 59–61accelerated aging 239ACE inhibitors: See angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
acetaminophenanalgesic nephropathy 403, 404and NSAIDs 422drug metabolism studies 63
acetazolamide 495and lithium 739pH-dependent reabsorption 47
acetochlor 224acetylation
sulfadiazine 355
acetylcholine 202, 205acetylcystein
mushroom nephrotoxicity 764acetylcysteine
radiocontrast agents 706acidosis
cadmium-induced renal effects 792gadolinium 712
acrodynia (Pink disease) 816, 820actin
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644actinonin
animal model of septic injury 182acute interstitial nephritis
proton pump inhibitors 571acute kidney injury 29–42
ACE inhibitors 482acute tubular necrosis 426advanced age 33alcohol ingestion 503aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276amphetamine 608animal model, measurement of injury
183APACHE score 6clinical relevance 3cocaine abuse 605
cyclosporine nephrotox. 625dapsone 368drugs 30epidemiology 29–30gadolinium 709hemodynamically mediated nephro-
toxicity 30–32heroin abuse 603intensive care 29–42mechanisms 6, 30–33mercury exposure 819paraphenylene diamine 874, 877pentamidine 363prevention 35, 36radiocontrast agents 700risk factors 33, 34SHARF score 6strategies 35suicide attempt 609sulfonamides 353tacrolimus nephrotox. 646trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
acute phosphate nephropathy 579–594acute renal failure: See acute kidney
injuryacute tubular necrosis
acute kidney injury 31–32
Page 33
952
INDEX
foscarnet 386paraphenylene diamine 875trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
acyclovir 384acylcarnitinuria 312adefovir 387
MRP transporters 59pharmacological aspects 75
adenosineacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623hydronephrotic kidney 189microcirculation model 187radiocontrast agents 702, 703
adenosine receptorA1:knockout mouse model 177A3:animal model of septic injury 182A3:knockout mouse model 177
adenylate cyclasecell culture 226fluoride toxicity 541
adrenergic agonist agentsdosing in renal failure 927
adrenergic stimulationacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622
adriamycin 307aflatoxin
Balkan nephropathy 847African nephrotoxins 859–870
amphetamines 866–867cantharidin 862–863Cape aloe 863–864copper sulphate 865–866cresols 862Eastern Cape 864ethylene glycol 867–868impila 863mercury 864–865paraphenylene diamine 865paraquat 866potassium dichromate 861–862senecio 864sodium bromate 865Soweto 863Sudan 865violet tree 868Zimbabwe 863
agmatine aldehyde 182
agricultural activitysilicon containing compounds 834
agricultureBalkan nephropathy 845, 846
Aiidgenetics 144
alanine (L-) uptakebeta-lactams 311
alanine aminopeptidasecephalosporins 298urinary biomarkers 109
alanine aminotransferasemercury exposure 816
albumincadmium-induced renal effects 791mercury exposure 820, 821urinary biomarkers 103–104
albuminemiaaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 269
albuminuriaheroin abuse 596organic solvents 831silicon containing compounds 834,
835urinary biomarkers 103–104
alcohol abuse 609and analgesics 406
alcohol consumptionclinical relevance 17
alcohol ingestion 501–504alcohols
organic solvents 828aldosterone
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632diuretics 498vasoconstriction 483
alendronate 548organic anion transport 52pharmacokinetics 549preclinical toxicity 553
alfalfaand paraphenylene diamine 872
alkaline battery workerscadmium-induced renal effects 786,
788alkaline phosphatase
intestinal type 791, 800
urinary biomarkers 109nonspecific
urinary biomarkers 109alkalinization
methotrexate therapy 521poisoning 252
alkalinization of urineheroin abuse 604sulfonamides 353
allenic norleucine 764allergic interstitial nephritis
acute kidney injury 32ALLHAT study 439allopecia
allopurinol therapy 469allopurinol 469–472
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623histopathology 470pathogenesis of nephropathy 470–471prevention of nephropathy 471–472prognosis of nephropathy 471–472tubular reabsorption 48
alpha-ketoglutarateorganic anion transport 51–55
alpha epithelial sodium channelknockout mouse model 178
Alport’s syndromechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643
altered intraglomerular dynamicsin acute kidney injury 8
alternative medicineAfrica 860
aluminumchelation therapy 257in renal failure 886–887
amalgams, dental fillings 812, 821Amanita phalloides 763Amatoxins 763ambisome
amphotericin B therapy 338amikacin 267amiloride 498
and amphotericin B 344and lithium 733, 740organic cation transport 56, 57
amino-levulinic acidlead nephropathy 774
Page 34
953
INDEX
urinary biomarkers 94amino-nitrogen
cadmium-induced renal effects 791, 795
aminoaciduriaaristolochic acid nephropathy 758cadmium-induced renal effects 790didanosine 389
aminoglycosides 267–280absorption 269acute kidney injury 31–32and beta-lactams 313and ciprofloxacin 369, 370and cyclosporine 626, 627and pentamidine 364and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole
358, 360animal model of septic injury 180apoptosis 274biochemical pathology of nephrotox-
icity 275–276cell culture 232clinical relevance 10cortical uptake 270distribution 269dose regimens 277–279dosing in renal failure 920drug metabolism studies 63elimination 270endocytosis 48epidemiology 268glomerular filtration 46immune response 138immunologic pathology of nephrotox-
icity 276–277morphological pathology of nephro-
toxicity 272–275once daily regimen 268, 278–279pharmacokinetics 269–270prevention of nephrotoxicity 279–280proximal tubule cell transport
270–271renal function 268renal transport 270–272risk factors for nephrotoxicity
268–269aminopyrine-N-demethylase
cephalosporins 303amiodarone
tubular secretion 62amitriptyline
pH-dependent reabsorption 47amoxicillin 295, 296
immune response 139amphetamine 608
pH-dependent reabsorption 47amphetamines 866amphotericin B 324–352
and aminoglycosides 343and beta-lactams 313and ciprofloxacin 370and cyclosporine 343, 626, 627and cyclosporine therapy 326and pentamidine 364and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole
360animal model of septic injury 180azotemia 325cell culture 233, 238cell membrane effects 328–330children 339clinical manifestations 324–327clinical use 342–344concentrating ability 326dosing regimen 325electrolyte disturbances 326–327hypokalemia 326incidence 325–326infusion rate 325lipid formulations 335–341LLC-PK1 cell line 336measures to reduce nephrotoxicity
332–341mechanisms of nephrotoxicity
328–333pathological findings 327pharmacological aspects 74physiological effects 330–331renal tubular acidosis 327risk factors 325–326salt supplementation 332, 333, 342sodium bicarbonate supplementa-
tion 331urinary concentration defects 326
vasoconstriction 328ampicillin 295, 296, 304amprenavir 390amyloid A 600amyloidosis
5-aminosalicylic acid 409, 412heroin abuse 596, 599–601
analbuminemiaglomerular filtration 46
analgesic nephropathy 400–409abuse of analgesics 400analgesic mixtures 400–403analgesic syndrome 406and Balkan nephropathy 848and NSAIDs 422Australia 403, 408Belgium 403, 408case-control studies 400–402clinical aspects 404–407CT scan 408Czech Republic 404diagnosis 407–408dosing in renal failure 926drug metabolism studies 63epidemiology 400–404France 403Germany 409Hungary 404Malaysia 404nephrotoxicity of different kinds of
analgesics 402–403New Zealand 403papillary calcifications 408pathophysiology 404pharmacological aspects 77phenacetin 408prevention 408–409renal imaging 407–408Slovakia 404South Africa 404Sweden 403, 408Switzerland 409Thailand 404United States 403
analine 873anaphylaxis
proton pump inhibitors 572
Page 35
954
INDEX
anemiaanalgesic nephropathy 406Balkan nephropathy 850cadmium-induced renal effects 792,
797lead poisoning 774
anesthetic agents 537–546and cyclosporine 627and radiocontrast agents 537clinical implications 542–543fluoride elimination 541–542fluoride toxicity 540–541metabolism of inhaled 538–542pediatric patients 542renal pharmacology 538
Angel DustpH-dependent reabsorption 47phencyclidine 607
angiitisamphetamine 608
angiotensin 235 T allele genetic susceptibility 14
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 481–494
acute interstitial nephritis 482acute kidney injury 31and aminoglycosides 269and cyclosporine 620, 626animal models 175antiproteinuric effects 489–491aristolochic acid nephropathy 762cell culture 231clinical relevance 11dosing in renal failure 927elanapril 231fall in glomerular filtration rate 483fetal nephrotoxicity 488gadolinium 715membranous glomerulopathy 482microcirculation model 185NSAIDs 427, 430, 438pentamidine 365pre-existing renal failure 487–488pregnancy 488renal function preservation 489–491renography 489
angiotensin I 483
juxtaglomerular apparatus 188angiotensin II 483
and lithium 740cell culture 225chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633diuretics 496hydronephrotic kidney 189
angiotensin II receptor antagonists 483–491
acute kidney injury 31aristolochic acid nephropathy 762chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632dosing in renal failure 928hydronephrotic kidney 190microcirculation model 185
aniline hydroxylasecephalosporins 303
animal models 175–222chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631hydonephrotic kidney 187–189in vitro perfused juxtamedullary
nephron 186–187ischemia-reperfusion 198–203ischemic injury 178–180isolated perfused juxtaglomerular
apparatus 193isolated perfused mouse kidney
194–206isolated perfused rat kidney 194–206isolated renal microvessels 190–193knockout mouse models 176–177measurement of injury 181–184nephrotoxic ARF model 180nephrotoxic injury 203proximal vs. distal tubular injury 184renal microcirculation 184–194septic ARF model 180–181two-photon microscopy 193–194types of renal injury 178–181whole animal models 176–184
annexin 230, 236oxalate 754
anorexiasulfadiazine 355
anoxia 305antacids
pharmacokinetics in uremia 915
antibacterial agentsdosing in renal failure 920–925
antibiotics 431amphotericin B 324clinical relevance 10
antibody-mediated glomerulonephritiscocaine abuse 606
anticancer drugs 511–536anti-VEGF agents 524–526antimetabolites 520–522antitumor antibiotics 522–523bevacizumab 524carboplatin 512, 516–517cisplatin 512, 513–516cyclophosphamide 512, 517gemcitabine 521–522ifosfamide 512, 517–518immunotherapy 523–524interferons 512, 523–524interleukins 512, 523methotrexate 512, 520–521mitomycin 512, 522–523nitrosoureas 518–520oxazaphosphorines 517–518radiation nephritis 526–527sorafenib 525streptozotocin 512, 518–519sunitib 525
anticoagulation agentsD-penicillamine nephropathy 467dosing in renal failure 943
anticonvulsant agentsdosing in renal failure 934–935
antidepressants (tricyclic)pH-dependent reabsorption 47
antidiuresislithium treatment 730
antidiuretic hormonefluoride toxicity 541isolated perfused rat kidney 198NSAIDs 428
antiepileptic drugsimmune response 138
antifungal agentscell culture 233dosing in renal failure 923–924
antigen presenting cells
Page 36
955
INDEX
proton pump inhibitors 572antiglomerular basement membrane
antibodies 116antihelmintic preparations 817antihistamines
paraphenylene diamine 877antihypertensive drugs
ACE inhibitors 481–494and lithium 740dosing in renal failure 927–931NSAIDs interaction 429
antimalarialsartemisinin 860
antimetabolites 520–522antimonial salt
pentamidine 364antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
(ANCA)silicon containing compounds 832,
835urinary biomarkers 116
antinuclear antibodiessilicon containing compounds 836
antioxidantsaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279beta-lactams 310
antiParkinson agentsdosing in renal failure 940
antiplatelet agentsD-penicillamine nephropathy 467
antipsychotic agentsdosing in renal failure 941
antithymocyte globulin 693antithyroid drugs
dosing in renal failure 933antitumor antibiotics 522–523antiVEGF agents 524–526antiviral agents 383–398
acute kidney injury 31acyclovir 384amantadine hydrochloride 391antiretroviral agents 387–391cidofovir 385dosing in renal failure 924–925experimental 384, 386, 387, 389famciclovir 385foscarnet 386
fusion inhibitors 391ganciclovir 385non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors 389nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors 387penciclovir 385protease inhibitors 390ribavirin 391rimantadine 391valacyclovir 384
anuriaciprofloxacin 370neonatal
ACE inhibitors 488sulfonamides 353
aplastic anemiaD-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460paraphenylene diamine 876
apoptosisaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274amphotericin B therapy 329animal model of ischemic injury 178animal models 175anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) 200aristolochic acid nephropathy 762Balkan nephropathy 849cell culture 229, 230, 232–236cellular mechanisms 156chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634HIV nephropathy 603pharmacological aspects 77pro-apoptotic Bax 200silicon containing compounds 835tacrolimus nephrotox. 648TUNEL staining 157
aquaporinknockout mouse model 178lithium treatment 729
arachidonic acidprostaglandins 421, 483
aranidipine 190arbekacin 267arginine (L-)
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634
tacrolimus nephrotox. 648arginine vasopressin
lithium treatment 728aristolochic acid nephropathy 757–763,
868and Balkan nephropathy 760, 847, 853botanicals
Aristolochia Fang 757Magnolia officinalis 758Stephania tetrandra chi 758
clinical relevance 16experimental 761–762
C3H/He mice 761New Zeeland white rabbits 761Wistar rats 761
urinary tract carcinomas 759–760Artemisia annua 860arteriopathy
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630arteriosclerosis
Balkan nephropathy 851arthralgia
amphetamine 608arthritis agents
dosing in renal failure 937ascorbic acid
tubular reabsorption 48Asia
lead nephropathy 776aspartate aminotransferase
cocaine abuse 606mercury exposure 816
aspirinanalgesic nephropathy 403, 404and NSAIDs 435 microcirculation model 185tubular secretion 62
ataxialithium treatment 741
ATG: See antithymocyte globulinatomic absorption spectrometry
mercury determination 815atopic dermatitis
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643ATP depletion
models of ischemia 198ATP levels
Page 37
956
INDEX
cell culture 229, 231, 233, 237atractyloside 161, 863atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623, 628
hydronephrotic kidney 189models of ischemia 202radiocontrast agents 706
atrophyaristolochic acid nephropathy 759
atypiaaristolochic acid nephropathy 759
auranofin 460, 463, 464aurothiomalate (sodium) 460Australia
lead nephropathy 775, 776autoantigens
T-cell response 135autocoids 420autoimmune diseases
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640D-penicillamine induced 468gold salts 140–143, 462immune response 132immunomodulators 685mechanisms 142–143mercury 140mercury exposure 817metal-induced 143–144
autoreactive T-cells 136Averrhoa carambola 901azarcon 860azathioprine
and cyclosporine 619, 629D-penicillamine nephropathy 466,
467azlocillin 369azotemia
ACE inhibitors 487acyclovir 384cocaine abuse 606foscarnet 386sulfonamides 353, 497
aztreonam 295, 299, 307
BB-cells
polyclonal activation 137backcrossing
knockout mouse model 177bacteria
Balkan nephropathy 847Bacteroides fragilis 297, 298Balkan nephropathy 844–858
agriculture 848and analgesic nephropathy 848and aristolochic acid nephropathy
760, 847animals 846biological agents 846–847cadmium 847, 848chromosomes 846chronology 845clinical features 850clusters 846cyclosporine 848, 849demographic data 845diagnosis 852–853environment 846, 847–848epidemiology 844–846ethnic differences 845etiology 846–848exposure 845fertilizers 848genetics 846geographical distribution 844hydrogeology 847imaging 852immigration 846immunology 846incidence 846laboratory findings 850–852lead poisoning 847, 848macroscopic features 848morphology 848–849mortality 846mosaic distribution 845, 846pathomorphological changes 848–850pesticides 848prevalence 846prevention 853religious differences 845
soil 848treatment 853urban population 846viruses 846water 847wells 848
barbaloin 864barbiturate
acute kidney injury 609pH-dependent reabsorption 48
barbituratesdosing in renal failure 939
barium hydroxideCO2 absorption 540
basiliximab 692basolateral membrane 225, 227, 231,
233, 235Bax
cellular mechanisms 161Bcl-2 protein
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623cell culture 232, 233cellular mechanisms 161–162
Behçet’s syndromechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643
bendrofluazide 499and lithium 740
benzidine 604benzodiazepine antagonists
dosing in renal failure 939benzodiazepines 609
dosing in renal failure 939benzoquinone
paraphenylene diamine 873benzylpenicillin 295, 296, 313bestatin
tubular reabsorption 48beta-blockers
dosing in renal failure 928–929beta-galactosidase
mercury exposure 820beta-lactams 293–322
alterations of cellular biochemical processes 310–313
and aminoglycosides 295, 310antioxidants 310beta-lactamase 314
Page 38
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INDEX
cell culture 233clinical toxicity 313cytochrome P-450 305effects on endoplasmatic reticulum
302–304effects on lysosomes 304effects on mitochondria 304, 306effects on plasma cell membrane 302effects on renal brush border 304gluconeogenesis 312glutathione 306–307immune response 138interactions with other drugs 313–314intracellular concentration 304–305lipid metabolism 312–313lipid peroxidation 309–310mechanisms of nephrotoxic action
304–310nephrotoxicity 295–299prevention of clinical toxicity 314–315protein degradation 312–313radical scavengers 310reactive oxygen species 307–309reactivity of the nucleus 306renal bioactivation 305structure and renal toxicity 299–302tubular reabsorption 48
betamipron 299bevacizumab 524biapenem 295biliary cirrhosis, primary
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466
binding affinityaminoglycosides 271
bioavailability 915biologic agents
dosing in renal failure 938biomakers: See urinary biomarkersbiotin
tubular reabsorption 48bisphosphonates 547–566
clinical renal toxicity 554–557histopathology 558–562organic anion transport 52pharmacokinetics 549–552preclinical renal toxicity 552–554
renal transport 549–552black grape
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623Black population
predisposition to heroin nephropathy 597, 601
bladdercyclophosphamide therapy 517
blood leadlead nephropathy 774
blood pressureACE inhibitors 481–491
blood urea nitrogenanimal model, measurement of injury
181urinary biomarkers 97
bone-G1a proteincadmium-induced renal effects 793
bone biopsylead nephropathy 778
bone decalcificationcadmium-induced renal effects 790
bone demineralizationcadmium-induced renal effects 803
bone fracturescadmium-induced renal effects 802
bone leadlead nephropathy 775
bone marrow depressionallopurinol therapy 469
bone marrow transplantationacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640
bone uptakefluoride elimination 541
bongkrekic acid 161bosentan 204Bosnia
Balkan nephropathy 844–846bradykinin 483
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624brain toxicity
mercury exposure 815BrdU 229, 232bricklayers 832British Anti-Lewisite 821bromate
hair waving 865bronchial asthma 460brush border membrane vesicles
beta-lactams 311Bruxism 812Bulgaria
Balkan nephropathy 844–846Cakonica, Balkan nephropathy 845Vratza, Balkan nephropathy 844
bumetanide 190, 496and lithium 739drug metabolism studies 63
buthionine sulfoximine 307butyrate 313
Cc-Jun N-terminal kinase
cell culture 235cadherins
urinary biomarkers 113cadmium 785–810
acute toxicity 787–788auto-antibodies against metal-
lothionein 804Balkan nephropathy 847, 848Belgium 796–803biomarkers 789calcium metabolism 802carcinogenicity 788cell culture 234–235China 803–804D-penicillamine therapy 465endocytosis 48exposure 785–787Germany 803in food 786itai-itai disease 790Japan 790–796long-term exposure 788metallothionein
cell culture 234, 238nephrotoxicity 788–789reproductive toxicity 788Singapore 803Sweden 789–790toxic effects 787–788toxicokinetics 786–787
Page 39
958
INDEX
urinary biomarkers 104urinary cadmium concentration 795USA 803
caffeine 434analgesic nephropathy 403
calcificationoxalate 752–754
calcific fociamphotericin B therapy 327
calcineurin alpha-isoform 632calcineurin inhibitors 618–649
and proton pump inhibitors 570calcitonin 226calcium
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279cadmium-induced renal effects 794,
802calcium phosphorus product 588cell culture 232–234
calcium channel blockersacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625,
627and amphotericin B 332animal model of ischemic injury 178cell culture 230dosing in renal failure 929–930radiocontrast agents 705tacrolimus nephrotox. 646
calcium ionophore 202calcium oxalate 749–756
deposition 581calcium phosphorus product
acute phosphate nephropathy 588Callilepsis Laureola 863calomel (mercurous chloride) 817calpain 161
pharmacological aspects 74calpastatin 161Calvert formula
carboplatin therapy 516cAMP
lithium treatment 738responsive element binding protein
(CREB) 164campath-1H 692Candida albicans
amphotericin B therapy 324, 336, 337
candoxatrilatacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628
cannabis 867cannulas, glass
isolated perfused rat kidney 196cantharidin 862–863Cape aloe 863–864captopril 482–491
tacrolimus nephrotox. 647carambola 901carbacephems 295, 298carbapenems 298carbenicillin 296carbon tetrachloride 828carboplatin 512, 516–517carborundum
silicon containing compounds 832carcinogenity
aristolochic acid nephropathy 760carcinoma
bladder 876cell culture 224papillary transitional cell 760urothelial 406
aristolochic acid nephropathy 759Balkan nephropathy 846, 850
cardiac failure 427carmustine 512, 519carnithine
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623carnitine 312
and antiretroviral agents 389organic cation transport 58
carvedilolaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
caspaseanimal model of septic injury 182cell culture 229, 232, 236cellular mechanisms 159–160knockout mouse model 177
catalasebeta-lactams 310cell culture 231, 234, 236
catecholaminesacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622cocaine abuse 605
Catha Edulis 868
cathinoninekhat leaf toxicity 868
cation shiftsmodels of ischemia 198
CD cells: See T-cellscecal ligation
animal model of septic injury 181cefaclor 297, 298, 300, 306cefamandol 297, 305cefazolin 297, 300, 306cefclidin 298cefepime 295, 298, 305, 312cefixime 297cefmetazole 295, 298cefodizime 297cefonicid 297, 300cefoperazone 297cefoselis 298, 305, 312cefotaxime 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 307cefotetan 295, 298cefotiam 295, 297, 300, 305cefoxitin 295, 298, 301cefpirome 298cefsulodin 295, 301, 307ceftazidime 295, 297, 301, 306, 307ceftizoxime 297, 299ceftriaxone 297, 299, 305, 314cefuroxime 297, 299, 301, 305celecoxib 424, 428, 431, 437cell adhesion molecules
urinary biomarkers 112–114cell culture
aminoglycosides 232–233amphotericin B 233–234cadmium 234cephalosporins 233cisplatin 231–232co-culture 228–229epithelial cells 225, 239growth surface 227hemoglobin 237immortalization 225, 226interferons 236–237medium 226–227medium perfusion 228mercury 235mycotoxins 235–236
Page 40
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INDEX
myoglobin 237oxygen 227perfusion culture 228, 239primary cells 225, 226, 238renal cell injury 239renal cells 239static culture 228
cell culture modelsdrug transport studies 45
cell proliferation 226, 229–232, 235–238cellular injury
pharmacological aspects 77–78cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity
155–172Bcl2 161–162caspases and cell death 159–161defects in energy generation 158–159disruption of energy production
157–158mitochondrial dysfunction 158–159morphology of injury 156–157pathophysiology 157stress response 162, 162–165structural abnormalities 159
Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitor-ing
proton pump inhibitors 571cephacetrile 299cephalexin 297, 300, 305, 306, 357
organic cation transport 57cephaloglycin 296, 299, 300, 305, 306cephaloridine 294, 295, 297, 301, 306,
307organic cation transport 58
cephalosporin 296and aminoglycosides 269and ciprofloxacin 369cell culture 233dosing in renal failure 920–921first-generation 296fourth-generation 298organic cation transport 58second-generation 297third-generation 297tubular reabsorption 48
Cephalosporium acremonium 294cephalothin 294, 299, 301, 305, 306
cephamycin 298cephapirin 297, 299, 305cepirome 301cerebrovascular accident
cocaine abuse 605ceruloplasmin
copper sulphate 866channeling
pharmacovigilance 88chelation therapy
beta-lactams 308, 310copper sulphate 866lead nephropathy 775, 780mercury exposure 819, 821poisoning 257
chemokinesproton pump inhibitors 572
Chinese herb nephropathy: See aristolo-chic acid nephropathy
chloralkali industry 812, 813, 820chloride channels
hydronephrotic kidney 189chloroacetaldehyde
ifosfamide therapy 517chlorocrotylglycine 764chloroform 828chloroquine
pH-dependent reabsorption 47chlorothiazide 496
and lithium 740pH-dependent reabsorption 47
chlorpheneramine maleate 877chlorpromazine 609chlorthalidone 498cholangitis
allopurinol therapy 469cholesterol
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624amphotericin B binding 328, 336cell culture 233
cholineorganic cation transport 57, 58tubular reabsorption 48
chromiumin renal failure 888
chronic allograft nephropathychronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637
tacrolimus nephrotox. 649chronic interstitial nephritis
proton pump inhibitors 574chronic kidney disease
aminoglycosides 269, 278proton pump inhibitors 574smoking 897
chrysiasisgold salt therapy 460
chrysotherapy 460cidofovir 386cilastatin 295, 298
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628cimetidine 367, 539
drug metabolism studies 63organic cation transport 56, 58, 62
ciprofloxacin 368and aminoglycosides 370and amphotericin B 370and cephalosporin 369and cisplatin 370and cyclosporine 370and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs 370and penicillin 369gastrointestinal tract absorption 368
cirrhosisNSAIDs 427
cisplatin 513–516and aminoglycosides 269and beta-lactams 313and ciprofloxacin 370animal models 175cell culture 231–232cellular mechanisms 157, 158pharmacological aspects 76tubular secretion 62urinary biomarkers 115
citrininBalkan nephropathy 847
clavulanic acid 295cleaning agents 828clindamycin 356
and aminoglycosides 269clinical relevance of drug nephrotoxic-
ity 3–28addictive behavior 19
Page 41
960
INDEX
age 17co-existing chronic diseases 18definition 3environmental exposure 15gender 16genetic susceptibility 14incidence 3, 4individual risk factors 20–21mechanisms 6–10monitoring of renal function 12–13nutrition 17occupational exposure 15outcome 3, 5populations at risk 13–20race 16specific drugs 10–12
cloaxicillin 296clodronate 547
clinical toxicity 554pharmacokinetics 549, 551preclinical toxicity 553
clofibratedrug metabolism studies 63
clonidineorganic cation transport 57, 58, 63
Clostridiumvancomycin 281
clusterinurinary biomarkers 116
clyclosporineand pentamidine 364
CO2 absorption 540coagulopathy
amphetamines 867cobalt chloride 302, 305, 310cobra venom 190cocaine abuse 605–607, 867
and heroin abuse 600clinical relevance 19
cocci 297, 298Cockroft and Gault formula 99codeine 596, 603
analgesic nephropathy 403colchicine
allopurinol nephropathy 471and cyclosporine 635heroin abuse 601
MDR-glycoprotein transport 60colic
lead nephropathy 774sulfadiazine 355
collagen bundlesgadolinium 711
collagenscollagen III 644
collecting ductcell culture 226lithium transport 727NSAIDs 422
colocalizationaminoglycoside transport 272
colony-stimulating factorknockout mouse model 176
comacocaine abuse 605drugs overdose 609heroin abuse 604
compensatory responsesanimal models 176
complement factor Bknockout mouse model 177
complement regulatory proteinknockout mouse model 177
complement systemchronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
compound Asevoflurane degradation 540
concentrating defect, urinarylithium treatment 732
conditional gene knockoutknockout mouse model 177
confoundingpharmacovigilance 89
congeners of gentamicin 280congestive heart failure
ACE inhibitors 486beta-lactams 313cocaine abuse 605mercury-containing treatment 812,
817NSAIDs 424, 427, 435, 439
connective tissue growth factorcell culture 231
consciousness disturbed
star fruit intoxication 902continuous medium perfusion
cell culture 239convoluted tubule
amphotericin B therapy 327copper
cephalosporins 297in renal failure 888–889mercury exposure 821smelters
cadmium-induced renal effects 786, 788
sulphate 837, 865–866transporter 231, 238
coproporphyrinslead nephropathy 774
cortexaminoglycosides 268, 270
cortical atrophyanalgesic nephropathy 404
corticosteroids 431dosing in renal failure 942mitomycin therapy 523proton pump inhibitors 574
Cortinarius 764orellanus 763
cosmeticslead nephropathy 776
cost-benefitaminoglycoside dosing 277
cotransportersphosphate 580
cotrimoxazole 356COX-2 inhibitors
diuretics 496crack abuse 605crank
amphetamines 866Cre/LoxP 177creatinine clearance
trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357urinary biomarkers 98
Cremophoracute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624
Cre recombinase 177crescentic glomerulonephritis 133
paraphenylene diamine 875
Page 42
961
INDEX
silicon containing compounds 832, 835
cresols 862Croatia
Balkan nephropathy 844–846Slavonski Brod, Balkan nephropathy
844cryptococcosis
amphotericin B therapy 324crystalluria
acute kidney injury 32acyclovir 384animal model of nephrotoxic injury
180ciprofloxacin 370foscarnet 387in acute kidney injury 9indinavir 390sulfadiazine 355sulfonamides 353temafloxacin 371
crystal metamphetamine 866curcumin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623cyanidanol E
cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 310cyclooxygenase (COX) 420, 435
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621, 623
analgesic nephropathy 404COX inhibition 422COX inhibition:microcirculation
model 185glomerular expression 422 nephrotoxic injury 205
cyclophosphamide 512, 517D-penicillamine nephropathy 466
cyclosporine 619–645acute kidney injury 31acute nephrotoxicity 619–630
clinical aspects 625–626cremophor 624endothelin 620management 626–630mechanisms of tubular injury
624–625mechanisms of vascular/hemody-
namic injury 619–624mesangial cells 624nitric oxide 620–621oxidative stress 623prostaglandins 621–622renin-angiotensin system 619–620sympathetic system 622–623
and aminoglycosides 269and amphotericin B therapy 326, 343and beta-lactams 313and ciprofloxacin 370and lithium 740and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole
358animal models 175, 203Balkan nephropathy 848, 849blood levels 626cell culture 230–232cellular mechanisms 157, 161chronic nephrotoxicity 630–645
autoimmune diseases 640–643bone marrow transplantation 640clinical aspects 636–643CSA-free immunosuppresion 645early recognize 644management 644–646mechanism of injury 631–636other solid organ transplantation
637–639primary renal disease 643–644renal transplantation 636–637working hypothesis 636
cyclosporine G 628heroin nephropathy 599hydronephrotic kidney 190immune response 138MDR-glycoprotein transport 60 microcirculation model 185microemulsion 628NSAIDs 445pharmacological aspects 74proton pump inhibitors 570SDZ IMM-125 628urinary biomarkers 115
Cyr61 183cystatin C 106
monitoring of renal function 12
cyst formationlithium treatment 731
cystinuriaD-penicillamine therapy 465
cystoscopy 406cytochrome C
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276cell culture 233cellular mechanisms 159
cytochrome P-450acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 627anesthetic agents 538aristolochic acid nephropathy 761beta-lactams 302, 309cell culture 224, 239drug clearance 914drug metabolism studies 63in acute kidney injury 8proton pump inhibitors 568
cytokeratincell culture 225
cytokines 683aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276cell culture 225, 236proton pump inhibitors 572urinary biomarkers 110–112
cytomegalovirusacyclovir 384cidofovir 385foscarnet 386ganciclovir 385valacyclovir 385
cytosegrosomesaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273
cytosine monophosphate 385cytotoxicity
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624
DD-penicillamine 465–469
autoimmunity 141Goodpasture’s-like syndrome
466–467histopathology 465lupus erythematosus 467mercury excretion 821monitoring of nephropathy 468–469
Page 43
962
INDEX
pathogenesis of nephropathy 467–468prediction of nephropathy 468–469prognosis of nephropathy 465–466proteinuria 465renal vasculitis 467therapy of proteinuria 465–466
daclizumab 692dapsone 361, 367–368daptomycin 284deafness
sodium bromate 865decontamination
poisoning 252dedifferentiation
pharmacological aspects 78defluorination
anesthetic agents 539degreasers 828, 829dehydropeptidase
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628delavirdine 389delayed graft function
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625, 626
trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358demyelinating disease
polyradiculoneuropathy 643dendritic cells 134deoxyguanosine 384dermatitis
allopurinol therapy 469exfoliative 469
dermatomyositisD-penicillamine therapy 465
desferrioxamineaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279beta-lactams 308, 310
desflurane 540desmin 225desquamation
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274dexfenfluramine
aristolochic acid nephropathy 759diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic
cidofovir 386didanosine 389foscarnet 387
heroin abuse 600lithium treatment 728, 733
diabetes mellitusACE inhibitors 490gadolinium 709NSAIDs 427organic solvents 830pancreas transplantation 640, 643radiocontrast agents 701, 703smoking 897
diacetylbenzidineorganic solvents 831
dialytic therapies for poisoning 251–264
diarrheaACE inhibitors 487amphetamine 608cadmium-induced renal effects 787
diatomite pneumoconiosis 832diatrizoate 204diazepam 539
acute kidney injury 609dichloroacetate
and antiretroviral agents 389dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) 836dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 837dichromate
purgative, South Africa 861diclofenac 431dicloxacillin 296didanosine 387diethylene glycol 828diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
(DTPA)monitoring of renal function 12
diflunisaldrug metabolism studies 63
difluoromethoxydifluoroacetic acid 539
digitalis 860digoxin
pharmacokinetics in uremia 915tubular secretion 62
dihydrofolate reductaseantimetabolites 520
dihydrothiazine 294
diltiazemand amphotericin B 331, 332
dimercaprol 819chelation therapy in copper sulphate
toxicity 866dimercaptopropane-1 sulphonate 821dimercaptosuccinic acid 821dimethylthiourea 182dinitrophenol 305dioscorine 868dioxane 828diphenyl-phenylenediamine 310dipyridamol
radiocontrast agents 702diquat 307, 837disopyramide
organic cation transport 56disproportionality
pharmacovigilance 88distal nephron
pharmacological aspects 76–77distal tubule
animal models, tubular injury 184disulfiram 297, 298diuretics 495–501
anatomic lesions 500–501and ACE inhibitors 486, 487and allopurinol 472and lithium 739, 742dosing in renal failure 930–931functional abnormalities 495–498functional lesions 500–501glomerular filtration 46hypokalemic nephropathy 500–501immune response 138interstitial nephritis 498–499loop 500, 739mercury-containing treatment 817models of ischemia 199nephrocalcinosis 499–500nephrolithiasis 499–500NSAIDs 428potassium-sparing 498 renal hemodynamics 495–498renal parenchymal lesions 498–500thiazides 496
divalent metal transporter
Page 44
963
INDEX
cell culture 238diviners (Africa) 859DNA adducts
aristolochic acid nephropathy 760DNA damage
cell culture 236DNA fragmentation
models of ischemia 200DNA polymerase
foscarnet 386DNA synthesis
cell culture 229, 231, 232dopamine
and amphotericin B 332hydronephrotic kidney 189organic cation transport 58radiocontrast agents 705
dosage of drugsbiologically effective dose 93in renal failure 913–944urinary biomarkers 93
drug-induced riskpharmacovigilance 85
drug-induced thrombotic microangio-pathy
in acute kidney injury 10drug abuse 595–616drug classification
mechanisms of acute kidney injury 9drug dosage in renal failure 913–944
absorption 915dialysis 916–917dosing regimens 916elimination 916pharmacokinetics in uremia 914–916protein binding 915therpeutic drug monitoring 916volume of distribution 915
drug prescribingpharmacovigilance 89
drug safetyurinary biomarkers 92
DTPAglomerular filtration rate measure-
mentrenal artery stenosis 485
ductus arteriosus, patent
neonatalACE inhibitors 488
Eechogenicity
HIV nephropathy 601ecstacy abuse 608ecstasy abuse
amphetamines 866–867edema
gadolinium 709, 712HIV nephropathy 601mercury exposure 818NSAIDs 428, 431, 437
EDTAbeta-lactams 308lead nephropathy 774trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357
EEG epileptiform activitystar fruit intoxication 909
efavirenz 389eicosanoids
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621elanapril
pentamidine 364elderly patients
NSAIDs 427, 435elevated osmolal gap
alcohol ingestion 502enalapril 482–491
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631drug metabolism studies 63tubular reabsorption 48
enalaprilat 231encephalopathy
amphotericin B therapy 339lead poisoning 774
endocrine agentsdosing in renal failure 932–933
endocytosisaminoglycoside transport 271cephalosporins 297drug transport 48
endolymphaminoglycosides 270
endoplasmic reticulum
aminoglycoside transport 272endosomes 232, 234endothelial cells 225, 226, 228, 239
cyclosporine nephrotoxicity 620endothelin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, 628
animal model of septic injury 182animal models 203chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634hydronephrotic kidney 189isolated perfused rat kidney 198knockout mouse model 178models of ischemia 202NSAIDs 436radiocontrast agents 702, 707smoking 896, 897tacrolimus nephrotox. 647urinary biomarkers 115–116
endotheliumlead nephropathy 777
endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
animal models 204isolated perfused rat kidney 198
endotoxinaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276
enflurane 539enoxacin 369Enterobacteriaceae 296Enterococci 297, 298
vancomycin 281environmental exposure
cadmium-induced renal effects 801lead nephropathy 779
enzymuria 107–110anesthetic agents 540cephalosporins 297organic solvents 830
eosinophiliaabacavir 388ACE inhibitors 482acyclovir 384allopurinol therapy 469, 470beta-lactams 296ciprofloxacin 370immune response 132, 138, 145
Page 45
964
INDEX
NSAIDs 431proton pump inhibitors 572trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
eosinophiluriaACE inhibitors 482ciprofloxacin 370immune response 138indinavir 391proton pump inhibitors 571urinary biomarkers 96
ephedrinepH-dependent reabsorption 47
epidemiologyacute kidney injury 29–30
epidermal growth factoranimal models, tubular injury 184cell culture 227, 237cellular mechanisms 163models of ischemia 200
epidermal necrosisallopurinol therapy 469, 471
epidermal thickeningparaphenylene diamine 873
EpiFlow 228, 239epigallocatechin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623epilepsy
star fruit intoxication 903, 908epithelial-mesenchymal transition 231
cell culture 231epithelial cells
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, 624
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, 634
urinary biomarkers 96eplerenone 498Epstein-Barr virus
acyclovir 384cidofovir 385
ergosterolamphotericin B binding 328, 336
ERK1/2 237erythematosus
paraphenylene diamine 873erythrocytes
isolated perfused rat kidney 197
erythropoietingadolinium 712
Escherichia coli 297, 298esomeprazole 567etanercept 692ethacrynic acid 496
and lithium 739ethane 309ethanol
anesthetic agents 539ethers 828ethoxy-coumarine-O-deethylase (7-)
cephalosporins 303ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid:
See EDTAethylene glycol 503, 828, 867–868
oxalate 751treatment 503
etidronate 547clinical toxicity 554pharmacokinetics 551
etoposide 59Europan Center for the Validation of
Alternative Methodscell culture 239
European Dialysis and Transplant As-sociation (EDTA)
data of risk factors for progressive renal failure 13
everolimus 650exchange transfusion
poisoning 256exposure data
pharmacovigilance 87extracellular fluid volume depletion
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624extracellular matrix components
cell culture 227, 228, 230, 231
FF0-F1-ATPase
cellular mechanisms 158famotidine
tubular secretion 63Fanconi syndrome
aristolochic acid nephropathy 758cadmium-induced renal effects 790
cidofovir 386didanosine 389ifosfamide therapy 518lead nephropathy 775lithium treatment 741paraquat 866tenofovir 389zidovudine 388
Fas ligand 229, 230, 232, 233feeding cycle
cell culture 228, 239fenfluramine
aristolochic acid nephropathy 759fenoldopam
and amphotericin B 332radiocontrast agents 705
fenoprofen 426, 431, 432, 434ferritin
beta-lactams 308heroin abuse 604
feverproton pump inhibitors 572
fialuridineheptic failure 389
fiberssilicon containing compounds 834
fibrillarin 140fibrinogen
cocaine abuse 606fibrinoid necrosis
allopurinol therapy 470amphetamines 867
fibroblastschronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632HIV nephropathy 603tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
fibrocyte-like spindle cellsgadolinium 711
fibronectin 801fibrosis 205
Balkan nephropathy 848lithium treatment 731organic solvents 830silicon containing compounds 832
fibrous glasssilicon containing compounds 834
fish consumption
Page 46
965
INDEX
mercury exposure 812, 815fish oil
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622, 627
flexoracin 371flour
lead poisoning 847flow cytometry
urinary biomarkers 97flucytosine
and amphotericin B 332fludarabine 692fluorescein 306
isothiocyanate inulin 183fluoride
anesthetic agents 539–542fluorination
anesthetic agents 538fluoroquinolones 368, 369flurbiprofen
tubular secretion 62focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
allopurinol therapy 470bisphosphonates 558chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 596organic solvents 831urinary biomarkers 115
folic acid 366organic anion transport 54
fomepizole 260, 503Food and Drug Administration (US)
mercury-containing products 812, 813formaldehyde
alcohol ingestion 502formic acid
alcohol ingestion 502foscarnet 386
and cyclosporine 626, 627and pentamidine 366
fungal infections 324fungicides 836Fungizone
amphotericin B therapy 338furosemide 190, 496, 499, 500
and ACE inhibitors 482
and aminoglycosides 269and amphotericin B 332and beta-lactams 313and lithium 739cell culture 226glomerular filtration 46organic cation transport 61radiocontrast agents 705
fusion inhibitors 391FVB-TIE2/GFP mouse 194fybrinolytic activity
tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
Ggadolinium
chelates 712, 714cyclic gadolinium containing contrast
agents 715hemodialysis 715in renal failure 889nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
709–715differential diagnosis 711other risk factors 712pathogenesis 714physical therapy 714prevention 715treatment 714ulttraviolet light therapy 714
risk of acute kidney injury 709transmetallation 714
gaitcadmium-induced renal effects 790lithium treatment 741
gallnut 871gamma-aminobutyric acid
star fruit intoxication 908gamma-globulins
urinary biomarkers 104gamma-lactams 314garlic
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623gas chromatography
mercury determination 816gastrointestinal agents
dosing in renal failure 933gastrointestinal side effects
analgesic nephropathy 406D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460tract infections
quinolones 368gatifloxacin 369gemcitabine 521–522gene polymorphisms
proton pump inhibitors 569genetics
immune response 132, 143gentamicin 267–281
cell culture 225, 232–233clusterin 116organic cation transport 56
geophagialead nephropathy 776
giant cellsindinavir 391
Globesamphetamines 866
glomerular filtration rateaminoglycosides 270, 277ciprofloxacin 369drug transport 46gadolinium 708monitoring of renal function 13NSAIDs 423, 435single nephron
diuretics 496trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357urinary biomarkers 98–100
glomerular lesionsmercury exposure 819
glomerulonephritis5-aminosalicylic acid 409, 412crescentic 133D-penicillamine therapy 466foscarnet 386organic solvents 829silicon containing compounds 833urinary biomarkers 114
glomerulopathybevacizumab therapy 525chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643T-cell dependent 133, 138
glomerulosclerosis
Page 47
966
INDEX
ACE inhibitors 490cell culture 230lithium treatment 731smoking 897zidovudine 388
glomeruluspharmacological aspects 74–75
gluconeogenesis 309, 312glucose
cell culture 227–233glucose (D-) uptake
beta-lactams 311glucuronic acid
ciprofloxacin 369glucuronidase
pentamidine 364glucuronide
beta-lactams 305drug metabolism studies 63tubular reabsorption 48
glucuronyl transferasecell culture 224
gluesorganic solvents 828, 829
glutamyltransferase (gamma-)beta-lactams 304organic solvents 829urinary biomarkers 108
glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-)cell culture 233, 238
glutathioneacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623analgesic nephropathy 404aspirin effect 434beta-lactams 305, 306carbapenems 299cell culture 224, 229, 235, 237, 238cephalosporins 303peroxidase 183tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
glutathione-S-transferase (GST)anesthetic agents 540cell culture 224, 238urinary biomarkers 109
glutethimide 609glycerol 828glycoaldehyde
ethylene glycol 867glycols 828glycolysis 231
fluoride toxicity 540glycoprotein
ABC transporters 60–61cell culture 231, 235, 238chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634drug clearance 914organic cation transport 60
glycosaminoglycans 404oxalate 753
glycosuriaACE inhibitors 483anesthetic agents 540Balkan nephropathy 852cidofovir 386heroin abuse 600lithium treatment 741
glyoxylate 750ethylene glycol 867
glyphosphate-surfactant herbicide 837gold mines 812gold salts 460–464
autoimmunity 140–143, 462histopathology of glomerular lesions
460–461histopathology of interstitial lesions
461immunosuppressive effects 462monitoring of nephropathy 463–464parenterally administered 460pathogenesis of nephropathy 461–463pharmacological aspects 74prediction of nephropathy 463–464prevention of nephropathy 463–464prognosis 463therapy 463
gold thioglucose 460Golgi apparatus
aminoglycoside transport 272cell culture 232
Goodpasture’s syndromeD-penicillamine therapy 465, 466organic solvents 829, 830paraphenylene diamine 876
gossypol 202
goutallopurinol therapy 469diuretics 499dosing of agents in renal failure 937lead nephropathy 773, 777
grain dustsilicon containing compounds 835
gram-negative bacteriaquinolones 368
gram-positive bacteriaquinolones 368
granulocytopeniagold salt therapy 460
granulomatous glomerulonephritisgold salt therapy 460
green teaacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
growth factorspharmacological aspects 79
guanidineorganic cation transport 57
gums, inflammationmercury exposure 812, 816
HH+/K+ ATPase
proton pump inhibitors 568hair
mercury exposure 815hairdressing
sodium bromate 865hair waving
sodium bromate 865half-life
elimination of drugs 916hallucinogenics 607halogenated anesthetics 539halothane 539Hantavirus
ribavirin 391hapten
proton pump inhibitors 572harmaline
organic cation transport 57healers (Africa) 859heart transplantation
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625
Page 48
967
INDEX
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637tacrolimus nephrotox. 646, 649
heat stock proteins 115heavy metals
chelation therapy 257hematoxylin-eosin staining
animal model of ischemic injury 179hematuria
acyclovir 384amphetamine 608aristolochic acid nephropathy 760beta-lactams 296D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 598immune response 138NSAIDs 431pentamidine 363proton pump inhibitors 571, 573sulfadiazine 355urinary tract tumors 406
heme oxidaseheroin abuse 604
heme oxygenasechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
hemodiaflitrationcopper sulphate 866
hemodialysisBalkan nephropathy 853gadolinium 715mushroom nephrotoxicity 764poisoning 254star fruit intoxication 905trace metal disturbances 885–886vancomycin 284
hemodynamic changesacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619
hemoglobincell culture 237
hemoglobulinuriasulfonamides 353
hemolysissodium bromate 865
hemolytic-uremic syndromeacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625,
626heroin abuse 596
mitomycin therapy 522tacrolimus nephrotox. 646valacyclovir 385
hemolytic anemiaACE inhibitors 482gemcitabine therapy 521immune response 138
hemoperfusioncopper sulphate 866methotrexate therapy 521mushroom nephrotoxicity 764paraquat 866poisoning 254star fruit intoxication 906
Hemophilus influenzae 297, 298hemopoiesis
knockout mouse model 176hemorrhagic cystitis
ifosfamide therapy 518Henle, loop
amphotericin B therapy 327lithium transport 727
henna 871Henoch-Schonlein purpura
cocaine abuse 606hepatic disorders
fialuridine 389hepatic steatosis
zidovudine 388hepatitis B virus
cell culture 236penciclovir 385
hepatitis C virusamphetamines 608cell culture 236heroin abuse 597ribavirin 391
hepatocyte growth factoraristolochic acid nephropathy 762chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
hepatorenal syndromemushroom nephrotoxicity 763
herbal therapies 757–762Africa 859
herbicides 836heroin nephropathy 598–604
clinical relevance 19
herpes virusesacyclovir 384allopurinol therapy 471cidofovir 385penciclovir 385
hiccupsstar fruit intoxication 902
high-molecular weight proteinuriaurinary biomarkers 103–105
histamineorganic cation transport 58
histidine 310histiocytes
indinavir 391histocompatibility
proton pump inhibitors 572histology
animal model, measurement of injury 181
HIV infectionamphotericin B therapy 324heroin nephropathy 601–603pentamidine 362trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
HK-2 cell line 226, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 237
hormone responsiveness 225, 239HSP 70 231human papillomavirus (HPV) 226hyalinosis
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630, 642
heroin abuse 598tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
hyaluronic acidoxalate 754
hydralazine 139hydration
cisplatin therapy 514hydrochlorothiazide 498, 499
organic cation transport 61hydrocortisone 227hydrogen peroxide
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276
hydronephrosis5-aminosalicylic acid 412
Page 49
968
INDEX
animal models 187, 194aristolochic acid nephropathy 759sulfadiazine 356
hydroxybenzoatetubular reabsorption 48
hydroxylaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276
hydroxynalidixic acid 368hypercalcemia
aminoglycosides 269foscarnet 387phencyclidine abuse 607
hypercalciurialithium treatment 741
hypercellularityamphotericin B therapy 327
hypercoagulable stategadolinium 712
hyperechoic focisulfadiazine 356
hyperfiltrationdiuretics 498
hyperkalemialithium treatment 737NSAIDs 427pentamidine 365pyrimethamine 367tacrolimus nephrotox. 648trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361
hyperlipidemic agentsdosing in renal failure 932–933
hypernatremialithium treatment 742
hyperoxalemia 751hyperoxaluria 750–751
enteric 751primary 751
hyperparathyroidismlithium treatment 737
hyperphosphatemiaacute phosphate nephropathy 580cadmium-induced renal effects 792foscarnet 387lanthanum treatment 887pesticides 836, 837phencyclidine abuse 607
hyperplasia
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619hyperpyrexia
cocaine abuse 605, 606phencyclidine abuse 607
hypersensitivityallopurinol therapy 469dapsone 367immune response 132organic solvents 831proton pump inhibitors 572trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357
hypertensionamphetamine 608bevacizumab therapy 524cocaine abuse 605, 606heroin abuse 598, 600lead nephropathy 773, 778NSAID effect 435, 437phencyclidine abuse 607renovascular 481systemic 481treatment by ACE inhibitors 481–494
hypertonic salinecisplatin therapy 515
hyperuricemiaallopurinol therapy 469chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635didanosine 388diuretics 499phencyclidine abuse 607radiocontrast agents 701tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
hyperuricosuriaallopurinol nephropathy 471
hyperviscosity syndromeD-penicillamine therapy 465
hypnotics 609hypoalbuminemia
glomerular filtration 46heroin abuse 600sulfadiazine 355trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 359
hypocalcemiacadmium-induced renal effects 792didanosine 387foscarnet 387heroin abuse 604
pentamidine 366pesticides 836, 837phencyclidine abuse 607
hypocalciurialithium treatment 737
hypoglycemiapentamidine 366
hypoglycemic agentsdosing in renal failure 932
hypokalemiaalcohol abuse 609aminoglycosides 269, 280amphotericin B therapy 326didanosine 387, 389diuretics 500diuretics:chronic 501lithium treatment 733, 737proton pump inhibitors 570
hypomagnesemiaaminoglycosides 269, 280amphotericin B therapy 326, 343chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635cisplatin therapy 514foscarnet 387pentamidine 366tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
hyponatremiaamphetamines 867cadmium-induced renal effects 792proton pump inhibitors 569trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
hypophosphatemiacidofovir 386didanosine 389foscarnet 387paraquat 866
hypoproteinemiaglomerular filtration 46
hypoprothrombinemiacephalosporins 297, 300
hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronismNSAIDs 427trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361
hypotensionamantadine 391amphetamine 608cocaine abuse 605, 606
Page 50
969
INDEX
heroin abuse 604neonatal
ACE inhibitors 488radiocontrast agents 701
hypothrombinemiacephamycins 298
hypothyroidismlithium treatment 737, 741
hypouricemiadidanosine 389
hypovolemiaheroin abuse 604indinavir 390
hypoxia5-aminosalicylic acid 411acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623cell culture 227, 232cellular mechanisms 157models of ischemia 199radiocontrast agents 702
Iibandronate 548
clinical toxicity 557pharmacokinetics 549
ibuprofen 422, 434, 438tubular secretion 62
ICAM: See intercellular adhesion molecule-1
Iceamphetamines 866
idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosisorganic solvents 829
IFN: See interferonsifosfamide 512, 517–518
and beta-lactams 313IgA nephropathy
organic solvents 829silicon containing compounds 832urinary biomarkers 115
IL: See interleukinsillicit drug abuse 595–616iloprost
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622imaging agents 699–724imidazole
tubular secretion 63
imipenem 295, 298, 301, 304imipramine
organic cation transport 57pH-dependent reabsorption 47
immune response 132–154mechanisms 134–138nephropathies 138–139
immune system disregulationproton pump inhibitors 572
immunocompromised patientsamphotericin B therapy 324
immunofluorescence 229, 237congeners of gentamicin 280
immunogenic proteinsproton pump inhibitors 572
immunoglobulins 133IgE
proton pump inhibitors 572intravenous
immunomodulators 693urinary biomarkers 113–114
immunomodulators 683–698anti-thymocyte globulin 693interferons 688–691interleukins 686–688intravenous immunoglobulin 693monoclonal antibodies 691–693pathogenesis 685–686recombinant cytokines 686–691
immunosuppressive therapycell culture 230D-penicillamine nephropathy 466gadolinium 712
immunotherapy 523–524impila 863inclusion bodies
mercury exposure 814indapamide 497, 498indinavir 361, 390
organic cation transport 57pharmacological aspects 75
indomethacin 205, 422, 426, 427, 430, 438
and lithium 740beta-lactams 306immunomodulators 687radiocontrast agents 702
infiltrating cellschronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633
inflammationanimal model of ischemic injury 179
inflammatory bowel disease5-aminosalicylic acid 409knockout mouse model 176urinary biomarkers 114
infliximab 692influenza virus
amantadine and rimatadine 391ribavirin 391
insecticides 828, 836insulin
cell culture 227, 233endocytosis 48hydronephrotic kidney 189
insulin-like growth factor Iacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624amphotericin B therapy 329models of ischemia 200
integrinsurinary biomarkers 113
intensive care 29–42intercellular adhesion molecule-1
cell culture 225knockout mouse model 177paraphenylene diamine 873urinary biomarkers 113
interferonsIFN-alpha 391
anticancer drugs 512, 523–524immunomodulators 688–690
IFN-betaimmunomodulators 690
IFN-gammaimmune response 132, 133immunomodulators 690–691
pegylated IFN 690type I
cell culture 236–237urinary biomarkers 110
interleukinsIL-12
knockout mouse model 177IL-18
animal model, measurement of
Page 51
970
INDEX
injury 183IL-2
anticancer therapy 512, 523immunomodulators 686–688
IL-4knockout mouse model 177
IL-6knockout mouse model 177
IL-6:tacrolimus nephrotox. 649IL-8
urinary biomarkers 111immune response 132–133interleukin-1 receptor
knockout mouse model 177proton pump inhibitors 572urinary biomarkers 110–112
interstitial fibrosisanalgesic nephropathy 404aristolochic acid nephropathy 758Balkan nephropathy 848, 849, 851cell culture 230, 231chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630drug abuse 867gold salt therapy 461tacrolimus nephrotox. 650zidovudine 388
interstitial granulomasACE inhibitors 482
interstitial inflammationcell culture 229HIV nephropathy 602
interstitial nephritis5-aminosalicylic acid 409abacavir 389acute 431, 606, 608
ACE inhibitors 481diuretics 498granulomas 9interleukin-2 therapy 523piromidic acid 370sulfadiazine 356sulfonamides 353trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole
358, 359acute kidney injury 32acyclovir 384allergic 431
allopurinol therapy 470aristolochic acid nephropathy 758,
762beta-lactams 296chronic 731, 733D-penicillamine therapy 467diuretics 498–499foscarnet 386gold salt therapy 461immune response 138in acute kidney injury 8lead nephropathy 773NSAIDs 424, 431organic solvents 830silicon containing compounds 833
intractable hiccupsstar fruit intoxication 902
intranuclear inclusion bodieslead nephropathy 775
intravital two-photon microscopymicrocirculation model 193
inulin clearanceanimal model, measurement of injury
182GFR measurement 436pyrimethamine 367trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361
in vitro models 224–250juxtamedullary nephron 186, 194
inyanga 860iodohippurate
renal artery stenosis 485iohexol
monitoring of renal function 12iothalamate
GFR measurement 436monitoring of renal function 12renal artery stenosis 485
ironchelation therapy 257gadolinium 714in renal failure 889
irregular goutlead nephropathy 778
irritationmercury exposure 815
ischemia
ACE inhibitors 485acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626aminoglycoside transport 272analgesic nephropathy 404animal models 178, 198cellular mechanisms 157chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631,
636NSAIDs 424radiocontrast agents 702, 706rapamycin inhibitors 650
ischemic myopathyanalgesic nephropathy 406animal models 176
isepamicin 267isethionate
pentamidine 363isocaloric diet 438isoflurane 539isolated perfused mouse kidney
animal models 194isolated perfused rat kidney
animal models 194, 205drug transport studies 45
isolated renal microvesselsmicrocirculation model 190
isoniazid 539isopropanol 502isopropyl alcohol 502isoproterenol
drug metabolism studies 63itai-itai disease
and Balkan nephropathy 847cadmium-induced renal effects 790
JJeyes fluid 862juxtaglomerular apparatus
arterioleschronic cyclosporine nephrotox.
632microcirculation model 193
Kkallikrein-kinin system
ACE inhibitors 483acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
Page 52
971
INDEX
cadmium-induced renal effects 801ketoconazole
and amphotericin B 329ketones 828ketorolac 426khat leaf 868kidney dysfunction
gadolinium 709kidney injury molecule 183kidney injury molecule-1
urinary biomarkers 114kidney specific gene targeting
knockout mouse model 177kininase II
angiotensin converting enzyme 483kininogen
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624Klebsiella pneumoniae 297Kosovo
Balkan nephropathy 844–846
LL-NAME
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
lactateorganic anion transport 52
lactate dehydrogenase 108beta-lactams 302mercury exposure 816
lactic acidosisfialuridine 389zidovudine 388
lactose 597lamivudine 387lansoprazole 567lanthanum
in renal failure 887Lareb
Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre 88
latamoxef 295, 298, 304, 314Lawasonia alba (henna) 871laxatives
aloe capensis 864phosphate nephropathy 580
lazaroids 190acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
LDH release 229, 230, 232, 233, 236lead encephalopathy 774lead nephropathy 773–784
acute 775Asian folk remedies 776Australia 776 biomarkers of lead absorption
774–775causality and environmental exposure
779–780chelation therapy 775, 780chronic 775–777clinical relevance 15D-penicillamine therapy 465Fanconi syndrome 775gout 777–778hypertension 778lead workers 775, 778low level exposure 778–779moonshine drinkers 775, 776plumbism 776statistical analysis 779treatment 780–781
lead poisoning 773Balkan nephropathy 847, 848symptomatic 773, 775, 776, 778, 780
leishmaniasispentamidine 362
leucine aminopeptidasemercury exposure 816organic solvents 829
leukemiaaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 269
leukocytosisphencyclidine abuse 607
leukotrienes 432acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621
levofloxacinorganic cation transport 58
Lindane 836, 837linezolid 284lipid peroxidation
cell culture 229, 237lipocalins 105lipoic acid
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
lipopolysaccharideknockout mouse model 176
lipoproteinsamphotericin B formulations 336
liposomal clodronate 179lipoxygenase 420lisinopril 438, 488
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621lithium 725–748
and ACE inhibitors 487aquaporin 729–731clearance
urinary biomarkers 101clinical side-effects 741distal nephron acidification 734drug interactions 739–740effect on water transport 728–731histological findings 731–732management of intoxication 742–743overdose 742poisoning 258polyuria 732–734transport along the nephron 726–728
liver disordersNSAIDs 424zidovudine 388
liver transplantationacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 639tacrolimus nephrotox. 646, 649
LLC-PK1 cell line 225–239lomefloxacin 371lomustine 519Looser’s zones in bone
cadmium-induced renal effects 790lopinavir 390loracarbef 295, 298losartan
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631,
646lovastatin 190low-molecular weight proteinuria
Balkan nephropathy 850urinary biomarkers 105–107
Page 53
972
INDEX
low molecular weight proteinsaristolochic acid nephropathy 758
lung/heart transplantationchronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 639tacrolimus nephrotox. 646
lung cancercadmium-induced renal effects 788
lupus-like syndromeD-penicillamine therapy 465
lupus erythematosusD-penicillamine therapy 467paraphenylene diamine 876silicon containing compounds 832
lupus nephritisNSAIDs 427urinary biomarkers 115
lycopeneacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
lymphocyte-depleting agentstacrolimus nephrotox. 648
lymphotoxin 132lysosomes
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273aminoglycoside transport 272cadmium uptake 787cell culture 233endocytosis 48proteins
cadmium-induced renal effects 790
Mmacrolides
dosing in renal failure 921–922macrophages
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, 621
animal model of ischemic injury 179chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632,
633proton pump inhibitors 572silicon containing compounds 835tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
macula densaNSAIDs 422
magnesiumacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
depletionamphotericin B therapy 326
Magnolia officinalis 758malaria
Balkan nephropathy 845malondialdehyde 309, 873
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623mammalian cells 226, 233manic-depressive disorders
lithium treatment 725mannitol 202, 497
and amphotericin B 332beta-lactams 310cisplatin therapy 515heroin abuse 604radiocontrast agents 704
marijuana abuse 609mast cell activation 141matrix composition
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 636matrix degrading proteins
tacrolimus nephrotox. 650MDCK cell line 226–240MDR transporters 60–61medicinal herbs 757medulla
interstitial cells 422mefenamic acid 434megalin
aminoglycoside transport 271knockout mouse model 178
melatoninacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
membranoproliferative glomerulo-nephritis
heroin abuse 596, 597urinary biomarkers 115
membranous glomerulonephritisACE inhibitors 481auranofin therapy 464D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 596mercury exposure 817, 819NSAIDs 432
meningitis
vancomycin 284mental confusion
star fruit intoxication 903meperidine 596
pharmacokinetics in uremia 916meprin-1-alpha inhibitor
animal model of septic injury 182mercury 811–826
adverse renal effects 818–819animal models 204autoimmunity 140–143biomarkers 816brain toxicity 815cell culture 235cellular mechanisms 157D-penicillamine therapy 465dietary exposure 812exposure 812–813general human toxicity 816–817history of human use 811immune response 135immunotoxicity 817–818inorganic mercury 812, 814, 817, 818mercury vapor toxicity 814, 816, 818mines 813nephrotoxicity 818–821ointments 812organic mercury 812, 814, 817, 819physical and chemical properties 811poisoning 817, 820
Africa 865Kenya 864
production 812toxicokinetics 813–814treatment 821urinary enzymes 816
meropenem 295, 299, 301mesangial cells
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, 621, 624
cell culture 225, 230–233tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
mesangial proliferative glomerulo-nephritis
D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 596, 602
Page 54
973
INDEX
organic solvents 831mesna
cyclophosphamide therapy 517ifosfamide therapy 518
mesylatepentamidine 364
metabolic acidosisalcohol ingestion 502hypokalemia 389lithium treatment 736
metabolic agentsdosing in renal failure 932
metabolic alkalosisdiuretics 501
metabolomics 229metalloproteinase
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633tacrolimus nephrotox. 650
metallothioneincadmium uptake 786cell culture 234
metamphetamine 866–867clinical relevance 19
methacholine 202methadone 596, 603
pH-dependent reabsorption 47methamphetamine 608methanol
poisoning 259, 503methemoglobinemia
paraphenylene diamine 873methicillin 296
proton pump inhibitors 573resistant Staphylococcus aureus
vancomycin 281methimazole 314
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279methotrexate 512, 520
organic anion transport 54pH-dependent reabsorption 47
methoxyflurane 538methylene blue 202methylenedioxymethamphetamine 608methylnicotinamide (N1)
drug metabolism studies 63organic cation transport 55–59
methylprednisolone
allopurinol nephropathy 471metolazone 497, 499mezlocillin 296, 307, 313microalbuminuria
smoking 896urinary biomarkers 94, 103
microdensitometrybone density measurement 792
microglobulinalpha1 104
cadmium-induced renal effects 790urinary biomarkers 105
alpha2 105beta2 831
Balkan nephropathy 850cadmium-induced renal effects 790mercury exposure 815, 821
microperfusionsdrug transport studies 49
microporous supportscell culture 227
microproteinuriacadmium-induced renal effects 797,
801micropuncture
drug transport studies 45, 49lithium transport 726, 739
microscopic pattern recognitionurinary biomarkers 97
microvesselsmodels of renal microcirculation 190
millslead poisoning 847
mineral woolsilicon containing compounds 834
miners 832minimal change glomerulonephritis
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 596, 602NSAIDs 431
minoxidil 485, 487misoprostol
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622mitochondrial disorders
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274
cellular mechanisms 157, 158–159cisplatin therapy 514myopathy 388pharmacological aspects 75
mitogen-activated protein kinaseanimal models, tubular injury 184cellular mechanisms 162models of ischemia 201
mitomycin 512, 522–523mofetil mycophenolate
and cyclosporine 625, 629and tacrolimus 648
mofetil mycophenylateproton pump inhibitors 574
molecular parametersanimal model, measurement of injury
183monobactams 295, 299monoclonal antibodies
immunomodulators 691monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
(MCP-1)chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633
monocytesacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620animal model of ischemic injury 179immune response 138silicon containing compounds 835
mononuclear cellschronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
moonshine drinkerslead nephropathy 775
Moroccoparaphenylene diamine 871
morphine 596, 597drug metabolism studies 63organic cation transport 56pharmacokinetics in uremia 916tubular reabsorption 48
mouse kidneyanimal models 197
moxalactam 295, 298moxifloxacin 369MRP transporters 59–60MRSA
vancomycin 281
Page 55
974
INDEX
MTT assay 229, 230, 235mucocutaneous reactions
D-penicillamine therapy 467mucoproteins
cadmium-induced renal effects 791multidrug resistance transporters
59–60in acute kidney injury 7
multidrug transporters 60–61beta-lactams 305
multiple myelomaNSAIDs 427paraphenylene diamine 876radiocontrast agents 701
muscle actin 225, 231mushroom nephrotoxicity 763–765mutation
aristolochic acid nephropathy 761myalgia
amphetamine 608heroin abuse 604
myasthenia gravischronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643D-penicillamine therapy 465
mycosis infection 324mycotoxins
Balkan nephropathy 847, 848cell culture 235
myeloid bodiesaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274
myeloid differentiation factor 88animal model of septic injury 182
myeloperoxidaseanimal model of ischemic injury 179silicon containing compounds 835
myocardial infarction 439cocaine abuse 605
myoclonic twitchinglithium treatment 741
myoglobinuriaamphetamines 867cell culture 237heroin abuse 604pentamidine 363phencyclidine abuse 608
myopathyzidovudine 388
myosincell culture 225
NN-acetyl-benzo-quinoneimine 434N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
amphotericin B therapy 338anesthetic agents 540beta-lactams 304lead nephropathy 777mercury exposure 820, 821organic solvents 829silicon containing compounds 829,
835urinary biomarkers 108–109
N-acetylcysteineacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
Na+-dependent glucose transporter 233
Na+/Ca2+ exchangerknockout mouse model 177
Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) 117
Na+/Li+ countertransporter (SLC) 726Na+K+2Cl- cotransporter inhibitors
190Na-K-ATPase
animal model of ischemic injury 179beta-lactams 311cellular mechanisms 159fluoride toxicity 541inhibition by aloe capensis 864organic anion transport 50organic cation transport 56
nalidixic acid 368naproxen 422, 436, 438narcotic antagonists
dosing in renal failure 926narcotics
dosing in renal failure 926necrosis
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274animal model of ischemic injury 178cell culture 225, 230, 232cellular mechanisms 156proximal convoluted tubules 411
necrotizing arteritissulfonamides 353
necrotizing vasculitisamphetamines 867cocaine abuse 606
nelfinavir 361, 390organic cation transport 57
neomycin 267neonates
anesthetic agents 542nephrocalcinosis 579–594, 752–754
amphotericin B therapy 327calcium phosphate deposition 582diuretics 499–500
resolution 500nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
gadolinium 709nephrolithiasis 752–754
diuretics 499–500uric acid 499
indinavir 390nelfinavir 391
nephrotic syndromeACE inhibitors 481, 490acute kidney injury 32autoimmunity 144glomerular filtration 46gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 596HIV nephropathy 601immune response 138mercury exposure 817, 819NSAIDs 424, 427urinary biomarkers 104zidovudine 388
netilmicin 267neurologic agents
dosing in renal failure 934–935neuropathy
lithium treatment 741peripheral 388
neurotoxicitystar fruit 902–904, 907–910
neurotransmittersacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622
neutral endopeptidaseacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
Page 56
975
INDEX
enzymuriaaristolochic acid nephropathy 758
neutron activation analysismercury determination 816
neutrophilsacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621animal model of ischemic injury 179proton pump inhibitors 572silicon containing compounds 835
nevirapine 389New Zealand
proton pump inhibitors 571NF-kappaB
tacrolimus nephrotox. 649NGAL 183NHANES survey
lead nephropathy 778nicotinate
tubular reabsorption 48nifedipine
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621and amphotericin B 332chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 646tubular secretion 62
Nigella sativaacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
nitric oxide 430acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620,
623animal models 204cell culture 232chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634diuretics 496hydronephrotic kidney 189inhibitors 199isolated perfused rat kidney 198tacrolimus nephrotox. 647
nitric oxide synthaseendothelial
eNOS deficient mice 182knockout mouse model 177
inducibleanimal model of septic injury 182knockout mouse model 177
nitrofurantoinpharmacokinetics in uremia 916
nitroprusside 485
nitrosoureas 518–520nocturia
lithium treatment 732non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
paraphenylene diamine 876non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
419acute kidney injury 30–31and ACE inhibitors 488and adefovir 388and ciprofloxacin 370and cyclosporine 626, 627and lithium 740animal models 175clinical relevance 11COX-2 inhibitors
diuretics 496COX-2 inhibitors, renal effects 435,
436cyclooxygenase isoforms 422dosing in renal failure 937–938drug metabolism studies 63immune response 138immunomodulators 687mechanism of action 422microcirculation model 185organic anion transport 54prostaglandin analogs 444prostaglandins and renal function
420, 421renal syndromes 423, 424, 428, 430,
431, 432tubular secretion 62
nonnarcoticsdosing in renal failure 926
noradrenalineand lithium 740
norepinephrineacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622animal model of ischemic injury 178
norfloxacin 369, 370NRK-52E 231NSAIDs: See non-steroidal anti-inflam-
matory drugsnuclear respiratory factors
cellular mechanisms 158nutritional state
clinical relevance 17
Oobstructive nephropathy
and Balkan nephropathy 853obstructive uropathy
methotrexate therapy 521occupational exposure
Balkan nephropathy 848cadmium-induced renal effects 786,
797lead nephropathy 773mercury 813, 818, 820silicon containing compounds 832
ochratoxinaristolochic acid nephropathy 760Balkan nephropathy 846, 847
ochratoxin Acell culture 235
ocular lesionsallopurinol therapy 469
off-label 89ofloxacin 370, 371OK cell line 225–226, 231–239OKT3 nephrotoxicity
immunomodulators 685, 691oligohydramnios
ACE inhibitors 488oliguria
amphetamine 608ciprofloxacin 370heroin abuse 604NSAIDs 431sulfadiazine 355sulfonamides 353
omega-3 fatty acidsacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 627
omeprazole 567oncosis
pharmacological aspects 77opioids 596–605
amyloidosis associated with heroin abuse 599–601
heroin nephropathy 598–604HIV in heroin nephropathy 601–603rhabdomyolysis 603–605
oral sodium phosphate 579–594
Page 57
976
INDEX
orellanine 764organic acids
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 275organic anion transport 50–55
apical transporters 53beta-lactams 305cell culture 233, 235, 238cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 312in acute kidney injury 7molecular biology 52non-PAH transporters 54substrate requirements 52
organic cation transport 55–59apical transporters 58basolateral transporter 57beta-lactams 305glycoprotein 60in acute kidney injury 7protein binding effects 61
organic lead absorption 775organic solvents 828–831
aliphatic hydrocarbons 828, 829aromatic hydrocarbons 828epidemiology 829–830experimental studies 831exposure 828–829halogenated hydrocarbons 828, 829inhalation 828mechanisms 830–831mouth contact 828oxygenated hydrocarbons 828, 829pathology 830–831skin exposure 828
orosomucoidmercury exposure 821
osmolalityalcohol ingestion 502urinary biomarkers 100
Osmoprep 581osmotic nephrosis
acute kidney injury 33in acute kidney injury 10
osteoarthritisNSAIDs 437
osteocalcincadmium-induced renal effects 793
osteomalacia
cadmium-induced renal effects 790, 792
osteopeniacadmium-induced renal effects 792,
793osteopontin
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, 633
knockout mouse model 177oxalate 753, 754
osteoporosiscadmium-induced renal effects 790,
792ototoxicity
aminoglycosides 267sodium bromate 865vancomycin 283
ouabainand amphotericin B 332and beta-lactams 305
overlap syndromesilicon containing compounds 832
ox-eye daisy 863oxacillin 296oxalate 749–756
5-aminosalicylic acid 412calcium phosphate deposition 581 cellular production 750end-product of metabolism 750ethylene glycol 867 in diet 750nephrocalcinosis 752–754nephrolithiasis 752–754oxalate/sulphate exchanger
tubular secretion 49, 52star fruit intoxication 906toxicity 752
oxalic acid 749–756oxazaphosphorines 517–518oxidative stress
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate 307oxygen
cell culture 224, 227, 239consumption in organs 44pericellular 228, 238
oxygen free radicals
models of ischemia 198oxypurinol 470
Pp21 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
1A 229, 231, 238p53 tumor antigen
aristolochic acid nephropathy 761cell culture 226, 229, 230, 232cellular mechanisms 161
p66shc adaptor protein 163paint
removers 828paints
organic solvents 829palmitate 313pamidronate 548
clinical toxicity 555histopathology 558pharmacokinetics 551preclinical toxicity 553
pancreas transplantationchronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640
pancreatitiszidovudine 388
panipenem 295, 299panthotenate
tubular reabsorption 48pantoprazole 567para-aminohippurate (PAH)
beta-lactams 296cephalosporins 298organic anion transport 50–55uptake in brush border membrane
vesicles 311paranitroanaline 872paraphenylene diamine 871–880
acute systemic toxicity 875cardiovascular system 876characteristics 872clinical presentation 873–875dermatological manifestations 875diagnosis 876experimental 873hepatotoxicity 876nephrotoxicity 875neurotoxicity 876
Page 58
977
INDEX
ophthalmic effects 876pharmaco-toxicology 872–873respiratory system 876treatment 877
paraquat 307, 308, 309, 866parathyroid hormone
cadmium-induced renal effects 794heroin abuse 604lithium treatment 737
pars recta, proximal tubulemercury exposure 818
passive reabsorptionrenal handling 46–48
pauci-ummune glomerulonephritisD-penicillamine therapy 466
pediatric patientsanesthetic agents 542
pefloxacin 369, 370PEG: See polyethylene glycolpeginterferon 690pemphigus vulgaris 460penicillamide
chelation therapy in copper sulphate toxicity 866
penicillin 294, 306and ciprofloxacin 369and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole
358dosing in renal failure 922glomerular filtration 46immune response 139pH-dependent reabsorption 47
pentamidine 359, 362–366and aminoglycosides 364and amphotericin 364and cyclosporine 364and foscarnet 366antimonial salt 364isethionate 363mesylate 364
pentane 309pentazocine 596, 597, 600pentoxiphylline
and amphotericin B 330, 332animal model of septic injury 182
peptide transporters in acute kidney injury 7
Peptococcus 296perchloroethylene
urinary biomarkersperfusion pressure
hydronephrotic kidney 189perilymph
aminoglycosides 270peripheral neuropathy
lead poisoning 774peritoneal dialysis
poisoning 257star fruit intoxication 905trace metal disturbances 886
peroxidation, lipidscarbapenems 299
peroxisomescellular mechanisms 157knockout mouse model 178
pertussislithium treatment 729
pesticides 836–837pethidine 877pH
fluoride elimination 541urinary biomarkers 100–101
phagocytic 225pharmacoepidemiology 88pharmacogenetics 89pharmacokinetics
in uremia 914, 915pharmacologic-interaction concept
proton pump inhibitors 572pharmacological aspects 73–84
cellular injury 77–78distal nephron 76–77glomerulus 74–75proximal tubule 75–76regeneration 78–79renal repair 78
pharmacovigilance 85–90methodology 87–89
phenacetinanalgesic nephropathy 404, 408drug metabolism studies 63urinary tract tumors 406
phencyclidine abuse 607–608pH-dependent reabsorption 47
phenmetrazine 608phenobarbital 539
and cephalosporins 303pH-dependent reabsorption 47
phenols 862phenothiazines
drug dosing in renal failure 941phenylbutazone 434
pH-dependent reabsorption 47phenylmercuric nitrate 812phenytoin 539
pH-dependent reabsorption 48pharmacokinetics in uremia 915
phorbol myristate acetate 310phosphate 579–594
cadmium-induced renal effects 794calcium phosphorus product 588cotransporters
SLC34 gene family 580sodium-dependent 580
in the human body 579phosphatidylinositol
aminoglycosides 271endocytosis 48
phosphatidylserine 230phosphaturia
heroin abuse 600lithium treatment 738
Phospho-soda 580phosphodiesterase 182, 728
inhibitorsdosing in renal failure 931
phosphokinasecocaine abuse 605, 606phencyclidine abuse 607
phospholipaseanimal model of ischemic injury 179prostaglandins 421
phospholipidsaminoglycosides 270, 275
photographic developersparaphenylene diamine 872
piddosome 161pilocarpine
tubular secretion 63Pink disease (acrodynia) 816, 820pinocytosis
Page 59
978
INDEX
cadmium uptake 787endocytosis 48
pioglitazonechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
piperacillin 313, 314and aminoglycosides 269
pirfenidonechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
piromidic acid 370piroxicam 424, 426, 428planar cell surface area 230, 232plasma exchange: See plasmapheresisplasmapheresis
D-penicillamine therapy 466mitomycin therapy 523mushroom nephrotoxicity 764poisoning 256
plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes 295plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634platelet-endothelial cell adhesion
molecule 1cell culture 225
platelet activating factoracute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
plateletsthromboxane synthesis 435
platinumtubular secretion 62
pleurisyD-penicillamine therapy 467
Pneumocystis carinii 356pneumonia
pentamidine 362trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358,
359pneumonitis
allopurinol therapy 470gold salt therapy 460mercury exposure 812, 816
podocalyxin 225podocytes 134, 143
experimental morphine injections 597poisoning
chelation therapy 257criteria for extracorporeal removal
252dialytic therapies 251–264ethylene glycol 260 exchange blood transfusion 256hemodialysis 254hemoperfusion 254peritoneal dialysis 257plasmapheresis 256
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1knockout mouse model 177
polyaminesaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
polyangitissilicon containing compounds 835
polyarteritis nodosaamphetamine 608
polycarbonate 227polychondritis
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643polyclonal activation of B-cells 137polyene antibiotics
amphotericin B 324polyene macrolide 233polyethylene glycol
purgatives 580polymyositis
D-penicillamine therapy 465polyphenol
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
polyurialithium treatment 728, 733
porphyrin 307lead nephropathy 774mercury exposure 819
post-antibiotic effectaminoglycosides 268, 278
post-mortem kidneysmodels of ischemia 200
potassiumdepletion 326NSAIDs 427, 428potassium-sparing diuretics 498
pottery workers 832predictomics 229prednisone
after ACE inhibitors 482
allopurinol nephropathy 470, 471and abacavir 388and cyclosporine 635D-penicillamine nephropathy 467
pregnancylithium treatment 741
premature ageinganalgesic nephropathy 406
prepared mindpharmacovigilance 89
prerenal azotemiasulfonamides 497
prescription event monitoringpharmacovigilance 88
primary cell culture 225, 228, 238drug transport studies 45
primary renal diseasechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643
pro-fibrotic changeschronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633
proapoptotic proteinknockout mouse model 177
probenecid 305, 310, 367and adefovir 388and cephalosporins 297and cidofovir 386organic anion transport 52organic cation transport 61pH-dependent reabsorption 48
probucolaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279
procainamide 139organic cation transport 55, 56, 57tubular secretion 62
prokaryotic ribosomesaminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276
proliferationpharmacological aspects 78
propanol 502propofenone
tubular secretion 62prostacyclin 435
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621prostaglandins 420, 423
2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1alpha 4356-keto-PGF1alpha 427, 429, 436
tacrolimus nephrotox. 647
Page 60
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acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621analgesic nephropathy 404animal models 204inhibition of synthesis 199
vasoconstriction 488misoprostal 444PGE2 427, 429, 430, 436
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621hydronephrotic kidney 189
PGI2 430acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621
synthetasearistolochic acid nephropathy 761
vasodilation 483prostanoid receptors 420prostate cancer
cadmium-induced renal effects 788prosthetic devices
amphotericin B therapy 324proteinase 3
silicon containing compounds 835protein binding
organic cation transport 61protein kinase C 190, 310
immune response 142proteinuria
5-aminosalicylic acid 411ACE inhibitors 482, 488, 490acyclovir 384amphetamine 608anesthetic agents 540aristolochic acid nephropathy 758autoimmunity 144Balkan nephropathy 850, 852beta-lactams 296bevacizumab therapy 525cadmium-induced renal effects 788cephalosporins 297cidofovir 386cocaine abuse 607D-penicillamine therapy 465didanosine 389diuretics 498foscarnet 386gold salt therapy 460heroin abuse 598, 600HIV nephropathy 601, 602
immune response 138interferon therapy 524mercury exposure 815, 818, 819NSAIDs 431organic solvents 830proton pump inhibitors 571rapamycin inhibitors 650smoking 896T-cell dependent 134urinary biomarkers 101–107
proteoglycans 404proteomics 229Proteus mirabilis 297prothrombotic state 435proton pump inhibitors 567–578
acute interstitial nephritis 571–575bioavailability 568hyponatremia 569–570immune response 138implications for transplantation
570–571mechanism of action 568pharmacogenetics 569pharmacokinetics 568
protooncogenaristolochic acid nephropathy 761
provinolacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
proximal tubuleaminoglycosides 270animal model of ischemic injury 178aristolochic acid nephropathy 758cell culture 226, 230, 235cisplatin therapy 516lithium transport 726mercury exposure 818pharmacological aspects 75–76suspensions
drug transport studies 45pruritus
gadolinium 709Pseudomona aeruginosa 295Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
MRP transporters 60psoriasis
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 641fish oil supplementation 627
mercury-containing treatment 812psychiatric manifestations
analgesic nephropathy 406psychiatric symptoms
mercury exposure 812, 816psychosis
lithium treatment 725psychosomatic complaints
Africa 860psychotropic drugs 734
and analgesics 406Psylocybe genus 764pulmonary fibrosis
paraquat 866purgatives 580–586
OsmoPrep 581Phospho-soda 580Visicol 581
purinoceptor agonistsmicrocirculation model 187
pyelography 406pyelonephritis
5-aminosalicylic acid 412and Balkan nephropathy 853
pyrazinamidetubular reabsorption 48
pyrazoloneanalgesic nephropathy 403, 409
pyrexiaamphotericin B therapy 339
pyridoxinetubular reabsorption 48
pyrimethamine 354, 356, 366pyrimidine 366pyrogens 296pyrolizidine alkaloids 860pyrrolidin-2-one 314pyuria
acyclovir 384heroin abuse 598immune response 138indinavir 390NSAIDs 431proton pump inhibitors 573
QQueensland nephritis
Page 61
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INDEX
lead nephropathy 776quercetin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623quinapril
tubular reabsorption 48quinidine
organic cation transport 57, 58, 62quinine 597
organic cation transport 57pH-dependent reabsorption 47
quinolones 368–371dosing in renal failure 922–923immune response 138
quinondimine 873quinoneimine 404
Rrabeprazole 567radiation nephritis 526–527radical formation 237radical scavengers
beta-lactams 310radiocontrast agents 700–708
adenosine antagonists 706and aminoglycosides 269and anesthetic agents 537and cyclosporine 626, 627animal models 203antioxidant agent 706atherosclerosis 701carbon dioxide 704clinical findings 700clinical maneuvers 708clinical relevance 11definition 700diuretics 705endothelin antagonists 707experimental 703fluid administration 704heart failure 701hemodialysis 707high osmolar 703histopathology 700hydration 704hypertension 701incidence 700iodinated 700
low osmolar 703magnetic resonance 703meta-analysis 703 microcirculation model 185NO-blockade 703oliguric form 701pathogenesis 701preexisting renal impairment 701prevention/treatment 703renal blood flow 701risk factors 701sodium depletion 702vasoactive substances 702volume depletion 701
Randalls plaques 753ranitidine
organic cation transport 62, 63RANTES
immune response 139rapamycin inhibitors 650rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
silicon containing compounds 832rash
ACE inhibitors 482beta-lactams 296D-penicillamine therapy 465, 467gold salt therapy 460proton pump inhibitors 572
rave partiesamphetamines 866
reactive oxygen species (ROS)acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623cell culture 231, 232, 234, 238cephaloridine nephrotoxicity 309chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
receptor-associated proteinaminoglycoside transport 271
REDOX 229reduction
anesthetic agents 538regeneration
pharmacological aspects 78–79regulatory action
pharmacovigilance 88regulatory decision-making
pharmacovigilance 89relapsing nephrotic syndrome
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643relaxin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624renal artery clamping
animal model of ischemic injury 178renal artery stenosis
ACE inhibitors 485renal blood flow
urinary biomarkers 100renal calcification
analgesic nephropathy 404, 408renal calculi
saquinavir 391renal enzyme processes
mechanisms of acute kidney injury 7renal excretion
gadolinium 712renal handling of drugs and xenobiot-
ics 43–71ABC transporter family 59–61endocytosis 48–49glomerular filtration 46interactions anion-cation transport
62–63interactions of drugs 61–63metabolism 63organic anion transport 50–55organic cation transport 55–59passive reabsorption 46–48reabsorption by facilitated mecha-
nisms 48tubular reabsorption 46–49tubular secretion 49–63
renal histologyacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625
renal imaginganalgesic nephropathy 407–408
renal nerve stimulationhydronephrotic kidney 189
renal papillary antigenurinary biomarkers 110
renal papillary necrosis5-aminosalicylic acid 411analgesic nephropathy 400, 404NSAIDs 424, 433
renal parenchymaACE inhibitors 490
Page 62
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INDEX
renal syndromes 423renal transplantation
Balkan nephropathy 853cell culture 230cellular mechanisms 157chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 636methanol intoxication 503smoking 898tacrolimus nephrotox. 646trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358
renal transport systems 310renin-angiotensin system 483–485
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619, 626
aristolochic acid nephropathy 761chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631lithium treatment 740prostaglandins 421tacrolimus nephrotox. 647, 649
replicative senescence 225, 226, 238reserpine
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622resident cells
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633reticulocytosis
cadmium-induced renal effects 797retinitis in cytomegalovirus inf.
cidofovir 385retinol binding protein
cadmium-induced renal effects 790mercury exposure 820organic solvents 831silicon containing compounds 834urinary biomarkers 94
retrograde transportaminoglycosides 272
retrovirusesantiretroviral agents 387ribavirin 391
reverse transcriptaseantiretroviral agents 387retroviral 386
rhabdomyolysisacute kidney injury 37amphetamine 608antiretroviral agents 389cocaine abuse 605
drug abuse 867heroin abuse 603–605in acute kidney injury 10mushroom nephrotoxicity 764paraphenylene diamine 873pesticides 836, 837phencyclidine abuse 607
rheumatoid arthritisanalgesic nephropathy 403chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 642D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466gold salt therapy 460NSAIDs 437silicon containing compounds 836
rheumatologic agentsdosing in renal failure 937–938
rho kinase inhibitor 190ribavirin 391riboflavin
and antiretroviral agents 389rickets
ifosfamide therapy 518rifampicin 138
immune response 138risedronate 548
pharmacokinetics 549risk management
pharmacovigilance 85ritonavir 390
organic cation transport 57rituximab 691RNA polymerase
foscarnet 386rofecoxib 422, 424, 428, 435, 437Romania
Balkan nephropathy 844–846Round-up 837rubber manufacturing
and paraphenylene diamine 872
SS3 segment, proximal tubule
mercury exposure 818oxygen consumption 44
sacroplasmic reticulumparaphenylene diamine 873
salicylate
analgesic nephropathy 403beta-lactams 306drug metabolism studies 63pH-dependent reabsorption 47poisoning 258tubular secretion 62violet tree poisoning 868
Salmonella 296salt
loading 430, 740sandblasters 832sangoma 859saquinavir 390
organic cation transport 57saralasin
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619saturnine gout
lead nephropathy 777scleroderma
cocaine abuse 606seafood
mercury exposure 812, 817seal oil
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622secular trend
Balkan nephropathy 845sedatives 609
dosing in renal failure 939–940seizures
star fruit intoxication 902selectins
sP-selectin 630urinary biomarkers 112–113
selenite 227selenium
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279Balkan nephropathy 847cephalosporins 297in renal failure 888mercury exposure 814
semustine 519senecio 864senescence 226, 231sepsis
animal models 180Serbia
Page 63
982
INDEX
Balkan nephropathy 844–846, 847serotonin
tacrolimus nephrotox. 648serum creatinine
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625animal model, measurement of injury
181mercury exposure 821monitoring of renal function 12proton pump inhibitors 574urinary biomarkers 97–98
sevoflurane 539sexual stimulants
cantharidin 862sheaves of wheat
sulfadiazine 354Shigella 296, 297shock
NSAIDs 427shrunken kidneys
Balkan nephropathy 852signal detection
pharmacovigilance 87silicon containing compounds 832–836
Balkan nephropathy 847chemistry 832epidemiology 832–835exposure 832in renal failure 887–888mechanisms 835–836occupational exposure 832pathology 835–836silica 832silicates 832silicon dioxide 832silicones 832
silicosis 832Simian virus 40 (SV40) 226simvastatin
animal model of septic injury 182chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635
sirolimus 650and cyclosporine 629, 630and tacrolimus 648MDR-glycoprotein transport 61
Sjögren’s syndromechronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643
silicon containing compounds 832skin-popping
drug injection 599, 600skin biopsy
gadolinium 711skin induration
gadolinium 709skin lightning creams
mercury exposure 820mercury poisoning in Kenya 864
SLC34 gene familyphosphate cotransporters 580
slimmingaristolochic acid nephropathy 757,
758, 761SMAD 3 231SMAD 7 231smoking 895
and analgesic abuse 406cadmium-induced renal effects 786chronic kidney disease 897diabetes mellitus 897endothelin 896, 897glomerulosclerosis 897microalbuminuria 896proteinuria 896renal transplantation 898sympathetic overactivity 895
smooth muscle actin (alpha-)chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644
soda limeCO2 absorption 540
sodiumbalance
renal artery stenosis 485depletion
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619chronic cyclosporine nephrotox.
631, 632tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
dicarboxylate transport systemtubular secretion 49, 52
excretion 836restriction
renin-angiotensin system 483retention 428, 435
angiotensin II 483
transport 541sodium bromate
hair waving 865sodium thiosulfate
cisplatin therapy 515solvent exposure
clinical relevance 15sorafenib 525soybean lipid nutrition
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624Spanish fly 862specific gravity
urinary biomarkers 100speech disturbance
lithium treatment 741speed
amphetamines 866sphingomyelin
amphotericin B therapy 329spironolactone 498
and lithium 740chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632tubular secretion 62
spirulinaacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623
spontaneous reportspharmacovigilance 87
Staphylococcibeta-lactams 295, 314vancomycin 281
star fruit 901–912intoxication 903–910
levels 903juice 909nephrotoxicity 906–907neurotoxicity 902–904, 907–910
biochemistry 907–908mechanisms 907–910molecular aspects 907–908neurobiological aspects 908–910
outcome 904–905toxin 910treatment 904–905
STAT3cellular mechanisms 164
status epilepticusstar fruit intoxication 903, 908
Page 64
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INDEX
staurosporine 190stavudine 387Stephania tetrandra 758steroids
allopurinol nephropathy 471aristolochic acid nephropathy 759D-penicillamine nephropathy 466steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643
tubular secretion 49Stevens-Johnson syndrome
allopurinol therapy 469, 471stoma
5-aminosalicylic acid 411stone formation
5-aminosalicylic acid 412stop-flow
drug transport studies 45, 49strain differences
knockout mouse model 176Straws
amphetamines 866Streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae 295Streptomyces cattleya 295streptomycin 267streptozotocin 512, 518, 539stress activated protein kinases 163stress proteins
cadmium-induced renal effects 789stress response
cellular mechanisms 162striped fibrosis
tacrolimus nephrotox. 649stroke 439strontium
in renal failure 884, 887strychnine
violet tree poisoning 868stupor
drugs overdose 609heroin abuse 604
sublethal injurychronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634
succimerlead nephropathy 774
succinateorganic anion transport 52
Sudanparaphenylene diamine 871, 873
suicide attemptacute kidney injury 609paraphenylene diamine 873
sulbactam 295sulfadiazine 354–356
prevention of nephrotoxicity 356risk factors of nephrotoxicity 355treatment of nephrotoxicity 356urinary solubility 354
sulfamathoxazole 356concentration 356
sulfapyridine 367sulfasalazine 400sulfhydryl groups
mercury exposure 818moiety: captopril 482
sulfobromoftaleintubular secretion 49
sulfonamides 353–356immune response 138pH-dependent reabsorption 47
sulfone 367sulindac 424, 428, 430, 431sulphated polysaccharides
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623sulphisoxazole
drug metabolism studies 63glomerular filtration 46
sulphoxidationgold salt nephropathy 464
sunitib 525superoxide dismutase 182
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279animal model, measurement of injury
183beta-lactams 308, 310silicon containing compounds 835
superoxide radicalsradiocontrast agents 701
suppurative skin infectionsheroin abuse 599, 600
supra-bulbar symptomslithium treatment 741
survivalaminoglycoside dosing 277chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637
sympathetic systemacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622,
623cocaine abuse 605smoking 895tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
sympathomimetic activitycocaine abuse 605
synapsinacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622
synaptosomesstar fruit intoxication 908
syncytial virus bronchiolitisribavirin 391
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
proton pump inhibitors 569synergism
aminoglycosides with other antibiot-ics 268
syphilismercury-containing treatment 812
systemic inflammationgadolinium 712
systemic sclerosischronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466
TT-cells
activation by drugs 135animal model of septic injury
CD28 deficient mice 182autoreactive 136, 142drug-specific 138immunomodulators
CD20+ cells 691CD3+ cells 691CD52+ cells 692
knockout mouse modelCD4+ cells 177CD8+ cells 177
NSAIDs 431, 432proton pump inhibitors 572
Page 65
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INDEX
regulatory 133, 134, 138subsets 132–133Th1 and Th2 cells 132–134
T-reg cells 133, 134, 138tachycardia
phencyclidine abuse 607tacrolimus 646–650
acute kidney injury 31acute nephrotoxicity 646–649cell culture 230chronic nephrotoxicity 649–650
experimental model 649 microcirculation model 185proton pump inhibitors 570
Takaout beldia 871Tamaris Orientalis 871Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein 107taurine
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623tazobactam 295tea
Balkan nephropathy 847teicoplanin 284telomerase 226, 239temafloxacin 371tenofovir 387tenoposide 59test strip screening
urinary biomarkers 96tetracycline
pharmacokinetics in uremia 915tetraethylammonium
beta-lactams 296cephalosporins 297organic cation transport 55–59
tetrandrine 760theophylline 204
and amphotericin B 331, 332hemoperfusion 256radiocontrast agents 703, 706
Therapeutic Goods Administrationproton pump inhibitors 571
thermometer factories 813thiamine
and antiretroviral agents 389thiazides 496, 498, 499, 500
allopurinol therapy 470
and lithium 733, 737, 739thick ascending limb
amphotericin B therapy 327lithium transport 727
thienamycin 295thienyl 314thimerosal 812thiourea 310thrombocytopenia
cocaine abuse 606D-penicillamine therapy 465gold salt therapy 460valacyclovir 385
thrombomodulinacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621
thrombopeniaimmune response 138
thromboplastin 606thrombotic microangiopathy
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626acute kidney injury 32immunomodulators 685valacyclovir 385
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuracocaine abuse 606valacyclovir 385
thromboxane 435acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621animal model of septic injury 182receptor antagonists
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622thymic factor FTS 309thymidine kinase
acyclovir 384thymoglobulin 693thyroxine
lithium treatment 741ticarcillin
and amphotericin B 333, 342tienilic acid 498tigecycline 285Tik
amphetamines 866tiludronate
clinical toxicity 554tircarcillin 296tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633TNF-alpha: See tumor necrosis factor-
alphatobramycin 267
and beta-lactams 314toluene 828torsemide
and lithium 739toxic metabolites
ethylene glycol 503toxoplasmosis
pyrimethamine 367toxoplasmic encephalitis
sulfadiazine 354, 355trace metal disturbances in renal fail-
ure 883–894accumulation 886–889hemodialysis 885–886mechanisms 883–886metal-metal interactions 889peritoneal dialysis 886sources 883–886toxicity 886–889
tracheostomyparaphenylene diamine 877
transcription factorscellular mechanisms 157
transcriptomics 229transepithelial electrical resistance
(TEER) 238transferrin
cadmium-induced renal effects 797cell culture 227mercury exposure 820silicon containing compounds 835urinary biomarkers 104
transforming growth factor betaanti-TGF-beta-antibodies
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632
aristolochic acid nephropathy 762cell culture 230, 231chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632,
634gene h3
chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 645
Page 66
985
INDEX
models of ischemia 200tacrolimus nephrotox. 649
transfusionpoisoning 256
transmetallationgadolinium 714
trehalasecadmium-induced renal effects 791
tremorlithium treatment 741mercury exposure 812, 815, 816
Treponema 296triamterene 427, 498
and lithium 740triazolam 139trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 837Tricholoma equestre 763trifluoroacetic acid 539trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 354,
356–362and aminoglycosides 358, 360and amphotericin B 360and cyclosporine 358and penicillin 358multisystemic reactions 358
tripelennamine 597, 600trypanosomiasis
pentamidine 362tryptophan 310tuberculosis
Balkan nephropathy 845tubocurarine
organic cation transport 57tubular acidosis
cisplatin therapy 514heroin abuse 600tacrolimus nephrotox. 648
tubular atrophyBalkan nephropathy 848, 849, 851, 852lithium treatment 731zidovudine 388
tubular basement membraneproton pump inhibitors 572
tubular cellsacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620,
621, 624mercury exposure 819
rapamycin inhibitors 650toxicity in acute kidney injury 8tubulitis
proton pump inhibitors 574urinary biomarkers 100–101
tubular dilatationHIV nephropathy 602lithium treatment 731
tubular dysgenesis, fetalACE inhibitors 488
tubular necrosisaristolochic acid nephropathy 758immunomodulators 685
tubular reabsorptionrenal handling 46
tubular secretiondrug transport 49
tubulo-glomerular feedbackamphotericin B therapy 330diuretics 496models of ischemia 201
tubulo-interstitial nephritisaristolochic acid nephropathy 868
tubulointerstitiumproton pump inhibitors 573
tumor necrosis factor-alphaanimal model of septic injury 182cell culture 232experimental morphine injections 597immunomodulators 685, 688, 692
TUNEL staininganimal models 175models of ischemia 200
Tunisiaparaphenylene diamine 871
two-photon microscopymicrocirculation model 193
tyrosinaseparaphenylene diamine 873
tyrosine kinaseanti-VEGF therapy 524
UUkrainians
Balkan nephropathy 845ulcerative colitis
organic solvents 830
ulcersanalgesic nephropathy 406heroin abuse 599, 600
ultrasonographybone density measurement 793indinavir 390
uninephrectomyanimal model of ischemic injury 178
United States Renal Data System (USRDS)
risk factors for progressive renal failure 13
uraniumBalkan nephropathy 847
urea clearanceurinary biomarkers 97
ureidopenicillins 313uric acid
organic anion transport 52uricosuria
probenecid 61urinary biomarkers 91–130
amount of drug 93biologically effective dose 93biomarkers of effect 93–95biomarkers of exposure 93biomarkers of susceptibility 95–96blood levels 93blood urea nitrogen 97categories 92–96cell adhesion molecules 112–114creatinine clearance 98cytokines 110–112 definitions 92enzymuria 107–109glomerular filtration rate 98–100individual health assessment 92prediction 94presence of clinical disease 94proteinuria 101–107renal blood flow 100safety of drugs 92serum creatinine 97–98test strip screening 96tissue levels 93tubular function 100–101types 92–96
Page 67
986
INDEX
underlying disease 95urea clearance 97urinalysis 96–97urine microscopy 96–97
urinary tract canceranalgesic nephropathy 406
urinary tract infectionsquinolones 368trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 356,
357urinary tract obstruction
sulfadiazine 355urine microscopy
urinary biomarkers 96urothelium
aristolochic acid nephropathy 759Balkan nephropathy 846
urticariaproton pump inhibitors 572
uveitisacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 641
Vvacuolization
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273amphotericin B therapy 327
valacyclovir 384tubular reabsorption 48
valproateand beta-lactams 306
valsartanacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631
valvular heart diseasesaristolochic acid nephropathy 759
vancomycin 281–285absorption 281alternative antibiotics 284–285and aminoglycosides 269and beta-lactams 313and cyclosporine 627distribution 281elimination 282epidemiology 282–283nephrotoxicity 283pharmacokinetics 281–282
prevention of nephrotoxicity 284renal transport 282resistant Enterococci 281therapeutic drug monitoring 283–284
varicella-zoster virusacyclovir 384cidofovir 385
varnishesorganic solvents 828
vascular cell adhesion molecule-1urinary biomarkers 114
vascular endothelial growth factoranti-VEGF agents 524chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634
vascular leakinterleukin-2 therapy 523
vascular nephrosclerosisBalkan nephropathy 848
vascular resistanceprostaglandins 421
vascular smooth muscle cellsamphotericin B therapy 330
vascular surgerygadolinium 712
vascular tonemicrocirculation model 185
vasculitisallopurinol therapy 470amphetamines 867analgesic nephropathy 406D-penicillamine therapy 465, 467, 468diuretics 499paraphenylene diamine 875small vessel 835
vasoactive hormonesprostaglandins 420
vasoconstrictionacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619acyclovir 384amphotericin B therapy 328, 330angiotensin II 483animal model of nephrotoxic injury
180animal model of septic injury 181animal models 176cell culture 225, 237cocaine abuse 606
endothelin 115in acute kidney injury 8mercury 204prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
488radiocontrast agents 701, 704, 705
vasodilationACE inhibitors 483, 485, 487, 488radiocontrast agents 703, 705
vasodilatorsdrug dosing in renal failure 931
vasopressinacute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623cell culture 226, 227diuretics 501
vecuroniumorganic cation transport 57
verapamilcell culture 230organic cation transport 57, 58, 61, 62pentamidine 364
very late activation antigen-4urinary biomarkers 114
vesiclesdrug transport studies 45
video-EEGstar fruit intoxication 908
vimentincell culture 225
vinblastineMDR-glycoprotein transport 60
vincristine 59MDR-glycoprotein transport 60
violet tree 868viruses
Balkan nephropathy 846Visicol 581vitamin C
aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279oxalate 750vancomycin nephrotoxicity 284
vitamin Dcadmium-induced renal effects 794heroin abuse 604trace metal disturbances in renal
failure 884vitamin E
Page 68
987
INDEX
acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279beta-lactams 310cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 310vancomycin nephrotoxicity 284
vitamin K deficiencybeta-lactams 300
volatile anesthetics 539volume contraction
acyclovir 384NSAIDs 427pesticides 836
volume depletionbeta-lactams 313cocaine abuse 606diuretics 497phencyclidine abuse 607
vomitingstar fruit intoxication 903
von Kossa staincalcium phosphate deposition 581
von Willebrand factoracute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620,
630cell culture 225
voriconazole 339vulnerability of the kidney 44
Wwarfarin
glomerular filtration 46pH-dependent reabsorption 48
water retention 428Wegener’s granulomatosis
silicon containing compounds 835whiskey
lead nephropathy 775WHO
Drug Monitoring Centreproton pump inhibitors 571
Wild Wisteria 868Wilson’s disease
copper sulphate 866D-penicillamine therapy 466
World Health Organizationmercury-containing products 813
Xx-ray fluorescence
lead nephropathy 774mercury determination 816
xanthine oxidase 469xanthine stone formation
allopurinol therapy 469xantochromia
Balkan nephropathy 850xenobiotics
urinary biomarkers 93xylene 828
Yyams 868
Zzerealenone
Balkan nephropathy 847zidovudine 387
MRP transporters 59tubular secretion 63
zincgadolinium 715in renal failure 888refinery 796smelters
cadmium-induced renal effects 786zoledronic acid 548
clinical toxicity 555pharmacokinetics 549
zwitterionsbeta-lactams 312cephalosporins 298organic cation transport 58, 62
