Research ArticleApplication Study on Building Information Model (BIM)Standardization of Chinese Engineering Breakdown Structure(EBS) Coding in Life Cycle Management Processes
Liye Zhang 1 and Lijuan Dong 2
1Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China2Beijing Baojiaheng Infrastructure Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China
.e successful adoption of building information modelling (BIM) technology has led to an ever-increasing need for improvingmanagement practices in both construction and operation stages of highway project engineering..emost significant aspect ofapplying BIM technology is establishing the rationality and concise engineering breakdown structure (EBS) coding. However,China has no uniform EBS coding standard for highways, which limits BIM technology development in different constructionprojects and at different stages of the same construction project. .e purpose of this study is to propose an EBS standard thatembodies a coding system for highways and at the same time meets the requirements of BIM management, project man-agement (PM), and operation management (OM) in life cycle management process. .is paper presents an EBS standard basedon three classifications: (1) project-level construction, (2) project-level operation, and (3) network-level operation. A case studyis given to illustrate the proposed EBS standard’s coding system. .e new EBS system will have better adaptability in both thedesign and construction stages. .e proposed EBS coding system has been applied in many projects and is undergoing bothimprovement and standardization in China. .e presented EBS coding standard provides successful implementation ref-erences for the future adoption and use of BIM on PM and OM in highway projects.
1. Introduction
More and more highway projects apply BIM to improve theeffectiveness and production efficiency of life cycle designand management [1, 2]. In China, many engineers use BIMto improve highway project management including design,construction, and operation. Its popularity is especiallynoticeable in its application to long-span bridges [3, 4].BIM extends traditional building design beyond 2Dtechnical drawings and beyond 3Dmodelling by adding 3Dwith time as 4D modelling and by adding cost as 5Dmodelling [5]. .erefore, BIM includes more than just 3Dgeometry. It also covers spatial relationships, geographicinformation, quantities, and properties of building com-ponents [6]. 4D modelling includes project management
information in life cycle processes, such as quality, cost,and risk management in the construction stage as well asmaintenance management in the operation stage [7, 8]. 5Daugmented cost management improves the level of lifecycle management [9, 10]. Manager priorities are less costand high quality in both the construction and operationstages [11]. At the same time, the implementation of theBIM technique must consider the factors relating to 4D toimprove the quality of project management and considerthe factors relating to 5D to reduce the cost while ensuringproject quality.
Some useful attempts at applying BIM technology to lifecycle management can be found in the results of relatedliterature research [12, 13]. Typical applications includeconceptual design optimization, detailed design optimization,
HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2019, Article ID 1581036, 10 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1581036
construction quality management, construction schedulingmanagement, risk management, and maintenance intervalmanagement [14, 15]. Liu et al. [16] used a case studyinvolving a long-span steel-box arch bridge project todemonstrate the effectiveness of the BIM-aided approach inthe design and construction stages. Wei et al. [17] proposeda BIM-based method for calculating the auxiliary materialsrequired for housing construction. Donato [18] extractedspatial relationships from a BIM, used them to assemble atopology graph, and then imported them into numericalanalysis software to calculate numerical values through acustomized tool. In the construction stage, Shalabi andTurkan [19] developed and validated implementing in-dustry foundation classes (IFC) in BIM to link and presentalarms reported by facility management (FM) systems.Chong et al. [20] analysed and compared the adoption anduse of BIM in infrastructure projects, particularly inconstructing major road projects in Australia and People’sRepublic of China. .ey discussed road design and plan-ning simulation, web-based interface for the BIM, in-tegration of BIM with geographic information system(GIS), construction progress tracking and updating theBIM, integration of BIM and laser scanning, and 3D modelprinting. Kim and Cho [21] proposed a geometric rea-soning system that analyses geometric information inbuilding designs, derives construction-specific spatial in-formation, and uses the information to assist in con-struction planning. Kosandiak and Atkin [22] reported anew code of practice on how to reinforce the links betweendesign, delivery, and operation of infrastructure assetsthrough BIM. Wetzel and .abet [23] presented a BIM-based framework to support safe maintenance and repairpractices during the FM phase, through safety attributeidentification, data processing, and rule-based decision-making, as well as a user interface. Kang and Hong [24]proposed software architecture for the effective integrationof BIM into a GIS based FM system. Lin and Su [25]proposed a BIM-based facility maintenance managementsystem for maintenance staff in the operation and main-tenance phase.
To achieve quality management, risk management, andcost management, each component of a 3D model should bemanaged effectively with a unique ID in the computer[26–28]. Current BIM software is used by individuals,businesses, and government agencies who plan, design,construct, operate, and maintain highway facilities. .esignificant character of BIM software is that the BIM mustcarry each model’s geometry, relations, and attributes. Eachmodel element’s attributes can be selected and orderedautomatically and are used for quality management as well ascost control. .e effective BIM codes must be defined toavoid confusion in life cycle management.
In USA, Construction Operations Building In-formation Exchange (COBie) was approved by the US-based National Institute of Building Sciences as part ofBIM standard in December 2011. It is closely associatedwith BIM approaches to design, construct, and managebuilt assets, and it has been incorporated into relatedsoftware. COBie documentation together with BIM
implementation promotes an opportunity for improveddata handover for facilities managers and building owners[29]. Research findings reveal that further development ofCOBie is required to mitigate software inflexibility andaugment automation of semantic data transfer, storage,and analysis. Future work will validate the ApplicationProgramming Interface (API) plug in via user experienceand integrate additional databases such as post-occupancyevaluations (POE) [14]. In fact, using an engineeringbreakdown structure (EBS) is an effective approach tooperating the BIM in life cycle management processes.Almost all highway construction projects in China haveused BIM technology since 2014 to manage the con-struction and operation processes. BIM technology isapplied by government, institutes, design institutes, andconsulting companies in different provinces and regions..erefore, no consistent EBS coding standard exists;several BIM management systems are incompatible. Whendifferent EBS coding data and information are applied indifferent projects, they cannot be shared. .is is contraryto the original intention of BIM technology application. Acomplete Chinese EBS coding system applicable to allcities and provinces is urgently needed in China.Researching and creating this complete EBS coding systemis the purpose of this study.
To operate the BIM effectively, the most significant work isestablishing the rationality and concise EBS coding. Further-more, in different construction projects and at different stagesof the same construction project, it is important to operate theBIM and transfer information in life cycle management pro-cesses..erefore, a uniform EBS coding standard used for BIMmanagement, project management, and operation manage-ment in life cycle management process of highways is neededurgently. .is paper presents a new and complete EBS codingstandard system with three classifications: (1) project-levelconstruction, (2) project-level operation, and (3) network-leveloperation. .e application practices of many BIM technologyprojects of the authors' institute provided a useful reference forthe formulation of standards. For different stages and differentprojects, the encoding structure needs to be adjusted. Anoverview of the EBS coding standard system is shown inTable 1.
.e first EBS coding classification has eight codingdistricts represented by numbers or letters. It is suitablefor BIM management and construction project manage-ment in both the design and construction stages. .esecond EBS coding classification adds maintenance workbehind the first EBS coding classification due to its use inthe operation stage. .e third EBS coding classificationadds the naming and numbering of highway networkbefore the second EBS coding classification since it issuitable for network-level work in the operation stage. .ebasic flowchart for EBS coding of standards is shown inFigure 1. .e use of the EBS coding standard in manyprojects demonstrated an increase in effectiveness andproduction efficiency due to BIM technology. .ose re-sults were further confirmed by many BIM projectpractices that were based on the new EBS coding standardrequirements.
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2. EBS Coding System Standard
2.1. �e Structure of the EBS Coding System. �e applicationof BIM technology goes beyond the planning, design, andconstruction stages of the project, extending throughout thehighway facility life cycle, supporting processes such as costmanagement [30], construction management [31], PM, andfacility operation [32, 33]. Several data transfers occurthroughout the di erent stages, e.g., from the design stage tothe construction stage and from the construction stage to theoperation stage. �e signicant data transferred not onlyinclude the 3D BIM but also the EBS coding of BIMmembers. �e 3D-BIM member can represent the con-struction project management media or the operationmanagement media. BIM members must be e ectivelymanaged; therefore, a unique code is assigned to each BIMmember. EBS coding plays this vital role in the BIM tech-nology process.
As a signicant BIM database, EBS can be used to managethe 3-D BIM in both the construction stage and operationstage.Moreover, the project management (PM) and operationmanagement (OM) for highways can be realized by using EBScoding directly. In the construction stage, work breakdownstructure (WBS) coding besides being used to describe thework of a project is also used as a basis for estimating andreporting costs, allocating manpower and scheduling tasks[34]. Actually, WBS coding are applied to PM in the con-struction stage but not applied to OM in the operation stage.In order to achieve life cycle management using BIM tech-nology, the e ective approach for carrying out projectmanagement is that EBS coding is mapping WBS coding inthe construction stage. EBS extends the life cycle managementof facilities including roads, bridges, tunnels, intersection ofroutes, tra�c interchanges, tra�c engineering, roadside
facilities, environmental conservation areas, and mechanicalequipment. �e life cycle management not only refers to BIMmanagement but also relates to PM in the construction stageand OM in the operation stage. �erefore, the EBS codingstandard system was established according to di erent pur-poses, levels, and stages. �e author proposes a new EBScoding standard system for life cycle highway management.�ere are three EBS coding standard classications: purpose,level, and stage, as shown in Table 1.
2.2. �e Basic Structure of EBS Coding Standard. We denethe rst classication as the basic structure of the EBS codingstandard, and the second and third classications are ex-panded from its basic structure. Several factors such as thestructural location, left or right side, engineering classi-cation, structural classication, structural component,structural part, and structural member are considered in thebasic structure of EBS coding standard. �e objective of EBScoding is twofold: (1) to create a unique ID for managing theBIM member in the life cycle analysis and (2) to provideobject for PM during life cycle management. �erefore, thenal EBS coding standard needs to have some signicantcharacteristics, such as uniqueness and functional in-formation. �e goal was to make it as simple as possible.
�ere are eight districts in the basic structure of EBScoding standard which dene eight districts, beginning withthe second district and ending with the ninth district. In eachdistrict, specic meanings are given to each letter ornumbers. �e second district denes the structural locationthrough 8 numbers. We recommend the location be denotedby hub stakes, such as bridge and tunnel hub stakes, or mainbody of the road hub stake. �e third district denotes thatthis EBS coding denoted structure is located on the left or
Table 1: EBS coding standard system.
Classication Purpose Level StageFirst BIM management and project management (PM) Project ConstructionSecond BIM management and operation management (OM) Project Operation�ird BIM management and operation management (OM) Network Operation
Figure 1: �e basic �owchart for EBS coding of standards. Top row 2nd–9th districts are labelled according to letter or number. L refers toabbreviation of “letter” (from A to Z). N refers to abbreviation of “number” (from 0 to 9). �e description of breakdown of structurecomponents: structural location, left or right side, engineering classication, and characteristics pertaining to structures.
Advances in Civil Engineering 3
right side. L denotes the left side, R denotes the right side,and N denotes the whole structure without reference toeither left or right side. .e fourth district denotes engi-neering classification such as main body of road (thor-oughfare), surface, bridge, tunnel, intersection of routes,traffic interchange, and traffic engineering. .e detailed ruleof the fourth district EBS coding is shown in Table 2.
.e fifth district coding denotes structural classificationaccording to the engineering classification. For example, ifthe fourth district EBS coding is C which denotes a bridge,we can designate the type of bridge as a beam bridge, cable-stayed bridge, suspension bridge, or arch bridge in the fifthdistrict. Due to the EBS coding emphasis on life cyclemanagement, a reasonable account of the decomposition instructural components is required, which can also be definedas key problems in either the construction or operationstage. Typical EBS coding rules pertaining to the main bodyof the road, surfaces, and bridges are shown in Tables 3–5.
.ese EBS coding illustrated in Tables 3–5 are based onmany current standards such as “Technical Standard ofHighway Engineering” [35], “Standards for TechnicalCondition Evaluation of Highway Bridges” [36], and “Codefor Maintenance of Highway Bridge and Culverts” [37].Such EBS coding structure is convenient for project man-agement in the construction stage and maintenance man-agement in the operation stage. .e ninth district of EBScoding refers to supplemental information when it is neededto support external information such as structural locationor structural classification and to distinguish duplicate EBScoding. .e ninth district code is optional. If no supple-mental information is needed, the ninth district should bereplaced by the pound sign, “#.”
From the above introduction, the basic EBS coding forstructures is established. .is classification of EBS coding isused for PM in the construction stage of the project level..is type of EBS coding is becoming more popular andsuccessful.
2.3. EBS Coding System Standard and Life CycleManagementin BIM. Life cycle management relates to design, con-struction, and operation stages. .e solutions addressing lifecycle management are different in each stage. .e designstage focuses on an optimized design plan, the constructionstage focuses on quality and risk management, and theoperation stage focuses on maintenance and reinforcementmanagement. We need to establish the different EBS codingstandard in different stages. At the same time, the EBScoding in different stages should have connections that canshow how planned solutions relate to each other. For thispurpose, we proposed life cycle EBS coding system as isshown in Table 1. .e second and the third classifications ofEBS coding standards are based on the basic structure of EBScoding and are introduced as follows.
Figure 2 illustrates the application process of EBS codingin life cycle management. Generally, the BIM is built in thedesign stage or in the construction stage with commercialsoftware. Once a BIM is obtained, many BIM technologyapplications such as drawing review, engineering quantity
accounting, construction simulation, and constructionplanning can be implemented. Clearly, these applications arebased on the 3D model and are not related to BIM projectmanagement, so at this point, the EBS coding is not nec-essary. To apply the collaborative management platform,EBS coding must be correlated with the BIM. Based on EBScoding, the project collaborative management platform isdeveloped. .e functions of this platform include qualitymanagement, schedule management, risk management,measurement-based payment, personnel management, andequipment supplies management. .ese functions are de-pendent on the EBS coding system, not only in the con-struction stage but also in the operation stage.
For this purpose, we established a three-classificationEBS coding system. .e first classification is illustratedabove. Because the second classification of EBS coding isused for BIM management and maintenance managementin the operation stage, maintenance work is added based onthe first classification of EBS coding. We recommendmaking the following improvements according to the firstclassification of EBS coding: (1) add standard maintenancework to the tenth district and (2) modify the second districtby converting it to an operation hub stake..is modificationallows for the differences in the construction hub stake andoperation hub stake. .e details of the second classificationof the EBS coding of a standard structure are shown inFigure 3.
Table 1 demonstrates that the third classification of EBScoding is used for network level of highway operation..erefore, we should obtain the third classification of EBScoding based on improving the second classification of EBScoding. Naming and numbering of the highway is added inthe third classification of the EBS coding. .e details ofnaming and numbering rules are shown in Table 6. .eflowchart of EBS coding for a third classification of EBSstructure are shown in Figure 4.
3. Case Study
3.1. Engineering Background. Ou River Estuary Bridge is thefirst large bridge in China with three towers and a four-spansuspension bridge..emain span is composed of four spans,230, 800, 800, and 348m, the north approach span is the boxbeam bridge with a length of 3,219m, and the south ap-proach span is the box beam bridge with a length of 2,603m.
Table 2: Rules of the 4th district EBS coding.
Engineering classification CodingMain body of road ASurface BBridge CTunnel DIntersection of routes ETraffic interchange FTraffic engineering GRoadside facilities HEnvironmental conservation IMechanical equipment JOther engineering K
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TABLE 3: Main body of road EBS coding (from the 5th to 8th district).
.e 5th district .e 6th district .e 7th district .e 8th districtStructuralclassification Coding Structural component Coding Structural part Coding Structural member Coding
Subgrade structure A
Roadbed A
No breakdownstructure N### No breakdown
structure N###
Embankment BSubsoil C
Soil improvement D
Verge B Soil surfaced road AHard shoulder B
Side slope C
Fill slope ACut slope B
Plain stage of slope CBerm D
Lane separator DPlants A
Curbstone BWater draining C
Water draining system E
Side drain AWater-diversion ditch B
Cut-off ditch CChute drop D
Road embankmentwall F
Wall ABasement B
Shrinkage and tensionjoint C
Drain hole D
Cut slope wall G
Wall ABasement B
Shrinkage and tensionjoint C
Drain hole D
Road shoulder wall H
Wall ABasement B
Shrinkage and tensionjoint C
Drain hole DBoth the main body of the roads and surfaces in the seventh and eighth districts are empty due to structural simplicity. In such circumstances, we should usethe letter and pound sign “N###” to indicate that the EBS coding is complete.
Table 4: Surface EBS Coding (from the 5th–8th district).
.e 5th district .e 6th district .e 7th district .e 8th districtStructuralclassification Coding Structural component Coding Structural part Coding Structural member Coding
Surface course A
Asphalt pavement A
No breakdownstructure N### No breakdown
structure N###
Cement concrete pavement BSand-gravel surface CBlock pavement D
Base course B
Cement-modified aggregate ACement-stabilized soil B
Soil-lime-fly ash CLime-fly ash mixture D
Cement-bound granularmaterials E
Bed course C
Sand gravel ACement-stabilized soil B
Soil-lime-fly ash CLime-stabilized soil D
Cement-stabilized soil E
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BIM technology is used in its life cycle management. .eBIM was built in the design stage, and a project collaborativemanagement platform was applied during construction suchas quality management, risk management, and cost man-agement. .e maintenance and management system basedon BIM will be applied after completion (scheduled for2021). Figure 5 shows the Ou River Estuary Bridge ar-rangement of the main span and approach span.
3.2.ApplicationResults. According to the characteristics of OuRiver Estuary Bridge, the first classification of EBS coding hasbeen defined along with building BIM modelling at the sametime. Typical EBS coding results of the Ou River Estuary mainspan bridge and details of two members are shown in Figure 6..e first member is a steel beam with EBS coding0276.020RCCBA023F001#. Each district of this EBS coding hasa special meaning. .e first 7 digits “0276.020” denote the hubstake of the main span bridge; the third district letter “R” lets us
know that this steel beam is located on the right-hand side; thefourth district letter “C” denotes the engineering bridge clas-sification according to Table 2; the fifth district letter “C” de-notes the structural classification of the suspension bridgeaccording to Table 5; the sixth district letter “B” denotes astructural component superstructure according to Table 5. .eseventh district is a letter-number set “A023” denoting a bearingstructure with a number of 023 according to Table 5..e eighth“F001” district denotes a steel beam structural member with anumber of 001 according to Table 5. .e ninth district “#”denotes there is nothing to supply for this member’s EBScoding. .e EBS coding of the main span bridge pier is alsodemonstrated in Figure 6. Likewise, Figure 7 shows the EBScoding of the box girder and pile foundation located on the OuRiver Estuary Bridge’s southern approach to the span bridge.Each coding has special meanings according to proposed EBScoding standard.
.is EBS coding includes more completely informationthat is conducive to management. .e code generation and
Table 5: Bridge EBS coding (from the 5th–8th district).
.e 5th district .e 6th district .e 7th district .e 8th districtStructuralclassification Coding Structural
component Coding Structural part Coding Structural member Coding
General structure BNNN Diaphragm ANNNWet joint BNNN
Bridge deck system C
Bridge deck pavement ANNNConcrete ANNN
Asphalt concrete BNNNWaterproof layer CNNN
Shrinkage and tensionjoint BNNN
No breakdown structure N###Strapped joint CNNN
Sidewalk DNNNBalustrade ENNN
Drainage system FNNNIllumination GNNN
Cable stayed bridge B Reference beam bridge coding standardSuspension bridge C Reference beam bridge coding standardArch bridge D Reference beam bridge coding standardCulvert E Reference beam bridge coding standardNotes: NNN denotes the serials number of structural part in the 7th district or structural member in the 8th district. It arranges from 001 to the total numberof structural part or member.
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compilation in the BIM is dened in the model buildingprocess. In order to increase e�ciency and accuracy, asimple conversion program is developed to use in Ou RiverEstuary bridge’s BIM management. �is conversion
program is being improved to accommodate di erent kindsof BIM modelling software.
�e EBS coding system was established to allow the EBScoding to become a part of the BIM. Based on BIM and EBScoding, the Ou River Estuary bridge project collaborativemanagement platform is developed to achieve many func-tions such as quality management, schedule management,risk management, measurement-based payment, personnelmanagement, and equipment supplies management. �esefunctions are dependent on the EBS coding system, not onlyin the construction stage but also in the operation stage. �eapplication of the Ou River Estuary Bridge when using EBScoding was well received by project management because itachieved good results.
Figure 3: �e second classication of EBS coding of a standard structure. Top row 2nd–10th districts are labelled according to letter ornumber. L refers to abbreviation of “letter” (from A to Z). N refers to abbreviation of “number” (from 0 to 9). �e description of breakdownof structure components: structural location, left or right side, engineering classication, and characteristics pertaining to structures.
Table 6: �e rule of naming and numbering of highway.
Level CodingExpressway AA road B2nd class highway C3rd class highway D4th class highway EOther F
Figure 4: �e third classication of EBS coding of a standard structure. Top row 2nd–10th districts are labelled according to letter ornumber. L refers to abbreviation of “letter” (from A to Z). N refers to abbreviation of “number” (from 0 to 9). �e description of breakdownof structure components: structural location, left or right side, engineering classication, and characteristics pertaining to structures.
North
North approach span (3219)
2302 × 11.8 + 19 × 10
+151.00
+7.5Navigation clearance: 474 × 53.5m
Highest water level: 4.61mNavigation clearance: 474 × 53.5m
Highest water level: 4.61m +3.5
275
–130.0
03
S01
–62.5
+5.5
+151.00 +151.00
2178
215
N01 01
80080 × 10
80
800 34825 × 10 + 2 × 11.8 = 273.680 × 10
80
South approach span (2603)Main span (2178)
Figure 5: Ou River Estuary Bridge arrangement of main span and approach span (units: m).
Figure 6: Typical EBS coding results of the Ou River Estuary main span bridge.
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4. Conclusions
.is study achieved its primary task of providing an EBSstandard to use as a way to provide coding for life cyclemanagement. .ere are three classifications in the proposedEBS coding system that are needed to establish a BIM:management, PM, and OM..e establishment of this modelled to the following conclusions.
.e first EBS coding classification is suitable for BIMmanagement and PM in the design and construction stages..is EBS coding classification includes primary informationsuch as structural location, left or right side, engineeringclassification, structural classification, structural componentand structural part, structural member, and supplementalinformation, which are found in the second to ninth districts..is is the basic EBS coding for highway structural members.
.e second EBS coding classification is suitable for BIMmanagement and OMwith the project level..is EBS codingclassification not only includes all the information of the firstclassification of EBS coding but adds maintenance works tothe tenth district.
.e third classification of EBS coding is used for BIMmanagement and OM with network level in operation stage.On the basis of second classification of EBS coding, thenaming and numbering of highway is added on the firstdistrict.
.e rationality and concise uniform EBS codingstandard is established to the benefit for the use of BIMtechnology on PM and OM in highway projects sincesignificant information was transferred through EBScoding. A case study illustrates that the proposed EBScoding system plays a very significant role in the appli-cation of BIM technology. .e application of manyprojects demonstrates that this EBS coding standardsystem is suitable for BIM management, PM, and OM forboth project-level work and network-level work in boththe construction and operation stages.
.e proposed results of this study provide a usefulmethod and an applicable approach for the use of EBScoding to manage BIM modelling as well as project-leveland network-level management in life cycle management.
.e development and implementation of this EBS codingstandard will greatly promote the application and de-velopment of BIM technology in China.
Data Availability
.e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
.e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
.iswork was supported by theNational Key R&DProgram ofChina (2018YFB1600302, 2018YFB1600300, 2018YFC0809606,and 2018YFC0809600), Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8192046), Project of Basic Scientific Research Operating Ex-penses of Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport(2019-0102, 2018-9025, and 2018-9027), and Ministry ofTransport of People’s Republic of China (2015318J38230)..ese supports are gratefully acknowledged.
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