Research ArticleFacility Maintenance Traceability Information Coding inBIM-Based Facility Repair Platform
Nai-Hsin Pan 1 and Kuei-Yen Chen2
1Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, China2Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Nai-Hsin Pan; [email protected]
Received 27 October 2019; Revised 23 February 2020; Accepted 9 May 2020; Published 8 August 2020
0e importance of facility management (FM) has gradually been recognized in the life cycle of a building. Both new and existingbuildings require a more efficient approach and advanced technology to improve the efficiency of the FM. 0e study is aimed toenhance the facility repair process. 0us, the study presents a building information modeling (BIM)-based facility repair platformframework, which enables expedited reporting for repairs and a comprehensive listing of the status, location, and maintenancerecord facilities. To effectively facilitate the FM information transfer among stakeholders, firstly, the study presents a facilitytraceability coding structure for building facilities, the proposed platform framework. 0e proposed facility traceability infor-mation coding in QR code format can help general users and FM personnel identify and locate the specific or abnormal facilityquickly. Secondly, the study demonstrates that how to apply the proposed code in QR code format in the BIM-based facility repairplatform with a case test. 0e research findings showed that the proposed method enables FM personnel to significantly improvethe efficiency of FM, which can help FM personnel make preliminary facility repair judgments and schedule maintenance plan totrack the status of the facility repair which can help improve the efficiency of facility management and simplify the repair process.
1. Introduction
Facility management (FM) has been increasingly importantduring the life cycle of buildings. Proper policies and ad-vanced technologies are needed to enhance the efficiency ofFM for new and existing buildings. At present, greatprogress has been achieved in the applications of BIM inconstruction engineering-related fields and models areestablished rapidly. BIM provides not only three-dimen-sional (3D) modeling but also detailed building information.BIM can show the appearance of buildings after completion,but the provided information is widely used in the fields,such as budgeting, procurement management, projectscheduling, abnormal status detection, maintenance, andmanagement. BIM generates the building’s informationwhich has made great contributions to the development ofconstruction engineering and FM. Proper maintenancemanagement is one of the key factors to extend the life cycle
of buildings. As time goes on, deterioration will reducebuildings’ functions and values, and severe problems mayarise if prompt repair and renovation is not conducted.Integrating BIM into FM can effectively restore the dete-riorated facilities, so that buildings’ functions and values canbe maintained for a long period. By supporting 3D visualmanagement and providing relatively correct information,BIM could help work more efficiently. In early time, in-formation management is conducted manually with pa-perwork, which is inefficient. At present, BIM brings greatefficiency to related operations and data storage. Usingcomputerized information management and databasetechnology, data are transmitted to the platforms and aremade accessible to general users. Users can also easily ex-amine and view the maintenance records of the registeredamenities in BIM systems. With minimal technical re-strictions, more users are able to implement BIM. As BIM isapplicable in all stages of the life cycle of buildings, its facility
HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2020, Article ID 3426563, 12 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3426563
maintenance management and multiple active effects havebeen widely researched. It is well known that facilitymanagement (FM) products using BIM technology are re-leased in many software applications, but these products areoften less useful than expected. As a result, relevant studieswere investigated in this study to explore the potentialapplications of FM and BIM from another perspective.
At present, BIM is applied within the scope of FM. In theFM industry, stakeholders have not fully used BIM and theFM programs which apply BIM now, most operations arestill completed manually, and facility management can re-duce the possibility of errors and improve efficiency byimplementing BIM during construction [1, 2]. Errors infacility management will increase continuous problems suchas unregistered property, property irrelevant to the gov-ernment, defects in maintenance, property not being uti-lized, and property misappropriation [3, 4]. In fact, BIMprovides great effects on FM of building projects [5], in-volving owners and FM staff. It is well known that theapplications of BIM in FM concern various practices, in-cluding people, locations, processes, and technologies, toensure higher performance in the actual building environ-ment. Basically, BIM is primarily for the use phase. Byallowing the generating and acquisition of facility infor-mation throughout buildings’ life cycle, the commerciallyaccessible technologies can transfer information amongbuilding life cycle phases. Computerized supports are re-quired to improve the way to manage facilities [6]. 0erequirements in FM must be obvious to get the attention onBIM applications. FM-related organizations have providedthe possibility of using BIM (such as knowledge acquisition)to record the constantly changing facility information and ofhelping facility managers to make decisions throughout theoperation period of facilities. BIM also can improve theliving quality in workplaces, but the ability to resist changesis the difference in thought, motivation, plan, or goal relatedto five fields: necessity of reform, risks, goals and objectives,leaders, and cure of conditions [7]. Liu clarified the main-tainability problems which frequently occur and studied thepotential areas where BIM can be used to solve problems inmaintenance in the early stage of design [8].
Kim et al. incorporated mobile systems and BIM intofacility management, allowing engineers to manage facilities[4]. BIM is integrated into systems, which provides detailedvisual information of building components. Lee et al. pre-sented a multiagent system which can trace the status offacilities’ data. In the area of facility management, somestudies attempted to use the three-dimensional visualizationtechnology to describe the facilities focusing on facilitymanagement, for instance, the space navigation systems thathave been used in cities, museums, and campuses [9].Mozaffari et al. provided three-dimensional CADmodels forthe affiliated building facilities by using VR [10]. Chen et al.proposed the expert system models for maintenance man-agement of buildings in the form of 3D facility models [11].0e research developed database schemas to enhance thedecisions during maintenance. In the as-built BIM models,all parts of the layout may involve geometric information(dimensionality and locations) or semantic information
(e.g., serial number, product data, maintenance manual, andassurance data). As-built models are important in thesuccessful use of BIM at O&M phases of buildings and civilinfrastructure. It is recognized that BIM contributes to theadvantages and demands of building maintenance [12].McArthur presented a BIMmodel which used case studies toprove that it is difficult to use BIM models for buildingoperation, maintenance, and durability. In addition, somestudies focus on using innovative technologies for mainte-nance management. For example, BIM and geographicinformation system (GIS) can enhance railway maintenanceand operation [13]. Kang and Hong proposed a softwarearchitecture which is used to effectively integrate buildinginformation modeling (BIM) into the FM systems based onthe geographic information system (GIS) [14]. Some studiesare related to decision supports of facility maintenance.Motamedi provided visualization for FM with the visuali-zation function of BIM, so that they can solve problems byusing their cognitive and perceptual reasoning. Motamediprovided a visualization analysis based on knowledge sup-port and BIM to detect the primary causes of failures in FM[7]. Based on the above, most studies have already recog-nized the importance that using BIM or BIM integrated withsome information technologies can enhance the efficiency ofFM. However, from the viewpoints of FM personnel, how toapply BIM in FM for the practical use purposes has not oftenbeen explored.
Also, to effectively manage quality, risk management,and cost, each component of a 3D model should be assignedan individual ID in the computer [15–17]. In the USA, astandard was developed by the US Army Corps of Engineerscalled Construction Operations Building Information Ex-change (COBie). Its concept is mainly to collect informationat the planning and design stage at the beginning of a project.During the construction of the project, building materialshave been created. For example, designers can provide space,floors, and layouts. Subcontractors can provide informationsuch as equipment models. With the relevant informationprovided by each unit in each stage, it is standardized into aformat, which can be delivered directly to this standardwhen the final project is completed, which saves the time forthe facility operating unit to integrate the data and greatlyimproves its efficiency [18]. Research findings reveal thatfurther development of COBie is required to mitigatesoftware inflexibility and augment automation of semanticdata transfer, storage, and analysis. Zhang and Dong pro-pose an EBS standard that embodies a coding system forhighways and at the same time meets the requirements ofBIM management, project management (PM), and opera-tion management (OM) in life cycle management process.0is paper presents an EBS standard based on three clas-sifications: (1) project-level construction, (2) project-leveloperation, and (3) network-level operation [19]. 0erefore,to fully take the benefits of BIM in FM, an efficient infor-mation exchange approach is needed among a buildingproject’s stakeholders. Based on the related literature review,some state-of-the-art technology has been explored thefeasibility of FM. Also, there is some commercial software ofFM utilized in the real world. However, there is lack of
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investigating the significance of coding of FM traceabilityinformation and how to integrate FM traceability codinginformation in BIM-based facility repair process. After thebuilding project is completed and delivered to the owner,coding each facility classification information of the buildinghas significant benefits for the operation management. 0efacilities in the building with unique standardized code canbe identified, and the information storage and sorted can bemanaged electronically instead of paper-based data pro-cessing that requires a large amount of manpower tradi-tionally. Furthermore, the implementation of standard codescan carry out the information of facility traceability duringthe phase of design and construction. Once the informationof the facility needs to be queried, the independent andunique coded facility history information is directlyextracted from the system’s database. 0is study aimed atproposing a BIM-based facility repair platform frameworkwhich can accelerate repair reports and fully list the status,locations, and maintenance records. 0e proposed frame-work integrates information such as facility defect identi-fication and notification function and facility historyinformation into standard operating procedures and es-tablishes a BIM-based facility repair platform by combiningBIM’s 3D interface operation and facility equipment datautilization. 0e proposed framework utilized facility ID andmaintenance information code in QR code format to fa-cilitate the repair process and make the user interface morefriendly. 0e purposes of this study are as follows:
(1) To propose the facility maintenance traceability in-formation coding structure
(2) To propose a BIM-based facility repair platformframework
2. Design of the Proposed BIM-Based FacilityRepair Platform Framework
0e research methodology of the proposed platform isdescribed as follows. Firstly, the information requirementsof facility repair process need to be analyzed and thestructure of the proposed platform are described in Section2.1. After the completion of works above, the suitable de-velopment tool of the proposed platform and the level ofdevelopment (LOD) for the standard of designing BIM needto be identified, which are described in Section 2.2. 0irdly,the structure and strategies of facility maintenance trace-ability information coding will be discussed in Section 2.3.Finally, the design strategy of designing the proposed facilitymaintenance traceability database will be discussed inSection 2.4.
2.1. #e Information Requirements and the Structure of theProposed Platform. When a building’s facility is damaged ormalfunctioned and needs to be repaired, traditionally, thesite FM personnel must first fill out a repair form manuallyin paper format. After completing the application form, itmust be handed over to the manager. After the managementreceives the repair request order, it needs to know the correct
repair needs of the report through actual visits or throughcontact with the repairer. After confirming the repair re-quest, the management evaluates the current status decidingto notify the maintenance service provider to repair theupdate or proceed the repair work himself or not. After thecompleting the repair, the management unit will record theprocess in the existing maintenance database for the ref-erence of the future work as shown in Figure 1.
In the proposed platform, the source of the database isthe information extracted from BIM. 0e database alsoserves as an online repair report platform for users such astenants and FM personnel. Common access is made by theweb or by scanning the specific facility’s QR code. Requestfor repair can thus be made from users’ requests. Uponreceiving requests, the management can check the locations,basic information, and maintenance records of the failedfacilities in his/her office, so as to effectively evaluate theconditions and ensure the control of repair. As shown inFigure 2, the proposed system can enhance the effectivenessof property management. 0e required information of theproposed system is described as follows.
Facility basic information: the information is extractedfrom BIM and contains mass data, such as the equipmentinformation provided in building, structural and MEPmodels, such as maintenance information and serial num-bers of equipment with parameter settings. 0e convenienceof facility information from BIM is processed by imple-menting the “plan” function and exported to the database ofthe proposed system. 0e display of facility locations can bedone by 2D and 3D planes in the system.
Maintenance management information: the informationis not got by defining the attributes of BIM’s elements, suchas the information related to repair service providers andrepair record data. 0e table shown in Figure 2 supplementsthe maintenance management information in the system.0e design of the programs takes into considerationpromptness, real-time response, and convenience for userssuch as tenants. To make requests, the general users can usemobile devices to scan the QR codes on the facility, and thefacility will immediately show the requests on the repair pagein the system.
0e proposed platform interface contains “repair re-quest” and “repair progress query”. Mostly, users intend tocheck the progress of the requests they submit; hence, theserequests are distributed in the column of the repair progressquery page of the system.0e updates are made according tothe management’s feedback and track records.
After being received, the repair requests are displayed onthe management’s feedback page. 0e management firstdetermines whether the requests shall be informed to theproper maintenance service providers. 0ese decisions areoften according to the service contract’s provisions. 0eservice providers are responsible for certain maintenancewithin the contract period, which will greatly reduce thesubsequent repair costs. 0e decisions not to inform theservice providers are usually made due to the following:expiration of warranty period or contract period, unable toafford the initial repair cost, or minor problems can besolved by the management. 0e next step is to determine
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whether relevant facilities can be fully repaired. If repair ispracticable, it can be closed after repair, or the replacementneeds to be proceeded. After the replacement is installed,this case is closed.
2.2. BIM Tools. 0e commonly used BIM software tools areAutodesk Revit [1], Autodesk Navisworks [20], BentleyMicroStation [3], and Graphisoft ArchiCAD [21]. AutodeskNavisworks will be used in this research.
2.2.1. Level of Development (LOD). 0is section discusseschoosing the suitable LOD which provides the standards forestablishment of the proposed platform. An inevitablyproblem in developing BIM is that model developers aremultidisciplinary professionals who are unfamiliar with thestandards. LOD provides the standards for model users tospecify the detailed degree of models, and ownership ofmodels to meet the requirements of developing BIM. LODidentifies the management responsibilities of modelsthroughout the project phases. LOD is a BIM tool consistingof 5 progressively detailed integrity levels in E202™–2008 ofthe American Institute of Architects. Based on the legalrequirements of all LOD models, the 5 levels are, respec-tively, coded as LOD100, LOD200, LOD300, LOD400, andLOD500. After LOD is introduced, it is concluded that, inBIM, if LOD is used at the operation management stage ofbuildings, LOD300 is the most basic level required for thistask. In other words, at the early stage of construction, BIMis implemented in building maintenance and management,because the basic information for this stage is also required
for facility maintenance and management, such as actuallength, width, height, location, and direction. Using LOD100 and LOD 200 for the proposed platform is insufficient tomeet the requirements of generating the information aboveof the facility. Although, using LOD 400 and LOD 500 issufficient to meet the requirements above; however, therequirements of the amount of memory and disk space arealso high to let the computer run more slowly.0erefore, theBIM-based proposed platformmodeling used in this study isLOD300. To use the facility repair system proposed in thisstudy, some additional information related to amenitiesmust be added.
2.3. Facility Maintenance Traceability Information Coding.0is section defines the facility ID code which gives theindividual facility an individual identifier as a personal ID toprevent mistaken identification. Encoding is a combinationof numbers, words, or letters to represent a piece of data or anarrative and by effectively classifying the user to understandthe scope and meaning of the data. At present, the commoncoding systems can be mainly divided into tree systems,matrix systems, and layered systems, as shown in Table 1.0erefore, if it is necessary to hand over the informationprocessed by the computer, the concept of coding is oftenapplied, and the narrative text or single datum is convertedinto a code, such as logistics management, personnelnumber, facility equipment number, and the like.0e codingsystem is usually defined and generated for a certain systemor project. 0erefore, different systems or units cannot readother people’s codes. 0erefore, many public coding andcoding principles are also generated, such as UniFormat inthe United States. General coding scheme must follow thefollowing principles:
(1) 0e coding structure should be consistent with userneeds and data processing methods
(2) 0e code should be suitable for sorting, capturing,and excerpting of computers
(3) 0e code should have standard operating specifi-cations and formats
(4) 0e code should be unique and standardized(5) 0e coding should be simple and practical, and easy
to promote(6) 0e coding structure should be flexible and easy to
add and expand
Coding can classify products and services for decisionsupport. If the coding of work data can be extended, ex-panded, and integrated into knowledge to help measureknowledge levels and manage, appropriate coding systemscan enhance the efficiency of design and construction work.According to the above, one of the most important issues inthe coding system is how to maintain the coding systemitself. If the code is not recognized due to it is changed by asystem or unit, there is no meaning of the code. 0us, in thisstudy, a widely used coding structure, OmniClass, isimplemented in the coding standardization of the facilityidentification, and the specific abnormal pattern.
Administrator login
Repair confirmation
Repair/query
Reply form Query pageRepair order
Repair
Notify the manufacturer
Replacement
Closing case
Notice-YNotice-N
NY
Figure 1: 0e conventional repair process.
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0e facility ID code comprises the following parts: thepart 1 is designed according to the facility product ID fromthe OmniClass, the second part is the location identificationof the facility (to ensure quick positioning), and the thirdpart is the facilities’ specific abnormal patterns.0e commonabnormal patterns are classified to facilitate general users torapidly identify and select the appropriate categories in thesystem interface. 0e combinations of 3 patterns form a setof codes for identifying individual facilities, as shown inTable 2.
0e modeling tool the study implemented is AutodeskRevit. A construction classification system, Autodesk Revit,used is called OmniClass. OmniClass categorized the con-struction classification system into 14 categories which areconstruction units, space, components, work, results,products, phases, services, projects, organizational roles,tools, information, materials, and attributes. 0e OmniClasscode is 12 digits after the coding process is completed,however, it cannot contain all the maintenance informationin practice. OmniClass-compiled project numbers are usedin this study, because of its comprehensiveness, and thelength of codes is concise.
2.3.1. Standardized Coding of the Facility ID. OmniClasswas launched by the Construction Specification Institute(CSI) in 2006. Its coding scope covers the entire life cycle of
the building, including the initial planning, design, con-struction, and operation management stages. It connectsbuilding-related industries through coding, allows infor-mation to circulate and maintains flexibility of expansionbased on project demand. OmniClass is an integratedclassification system adopted in the construction industry. Ithas been widely applied in areas such as physical materialfiling or project information organization. To enrich theinformation used in electronic databases and software, it canalso provide classification structures. Moreover, it can in-tegrate other existing systems which are currently used as thebasis of MasterFormat and UniFormat.
OmniClass provides a method for classifying the full-built environment through the full-project life cycle.OmniClass intentionally includes content from all types ofconstruction. 0is breadth and depth of coverage alloworganizing, filtering, sorting, and retrieving information,and standardizing digital data exchanges. In addition to itsuse to prepare and tag project information, OmniClassconsists of 15 tables, each of which represents a differentfacet of construction information. Each table can be usedindependently to classify one type of information, or entrieson it can be combined with entries on other tables to furtherrefine the classification, add more access points to the in-formation, or classify more complex subjects. 0e first pairof digits designates the table number (i.e. 11, 12, 13,. . .,36, 41,
Table 1: Common coding method.
Coding Description
Sequence codesSequence codes, also known as serial codes, are a continuous data system. 0ey are given a serial codeaccording to the sequence of the number. It is simple and convenient to coding, but it cannot be
classified. 0us, it is difficult to produce management benefits.
Block codes
Objects are classified in blocks, and the same block of data uses the same code, which can distinguish ablock of materials with the similar characteristics. Block coding requires classification of data
characteristics in a tree hierarchy (for example, three layers which are large, medium, and small), andeach layer uses continuous coding.
Group classification codes According to the characteristics of the object, it is coded in an individual or segment, and differentcodes are given to distinguish different types.
Numeric coding with the specificmeaning
0e digits of the code represent the physical characteristics such as the size or strength of the codedobject.
Ideogram coding 0e coded object is represented by specific and meaningful words or numbers.Mixed coding A mixture of the above coding methods.
49). 0e table number digits are offset from the rest of theOmniClass number by a dash (“-”). Additional pairs of digitsdesignate each level of classification. OmniClass describesthe characteristics of objects by means of multiple sets ofnumbers and multiple levels. 0e OmniClass standardizesthe construction product by 15 tables. 0e OmniClass alsoincorporates the MasterFormat into Table 2, so the twosystems can refer to each other. In facility repair operations,the materials and characteristics of the facilities often resultin the abnormal status and maintenance method. 0us,OmniClass is used as the facility classification coding systemused in this study.
2.3.2. Coding the Facility’s Abnormal Patterns. Since thestudy implements OmniClass for the building facilitiesclassification coding, the coding principle for the abnormalpatterns of the building facilities is the same as that of theOmniClass which uses two digits as a group. Each group ofdigits represents a different abnormal pattern of the buildingfacility. 0e study implements windows system and doorssystems as examples to investigate abnormal patternscommonly happens. 0e followings are the proposed codeand description of common abnormal patterns of the doorand window system as shown in Tables 3 and 4 [22].
Except for the abnormal type and description of the doorand window system in the table above, each abnormalpattern is coded in two digits a group which is also a serialnumber. In OmniClass, 23.30.10.00 represents the door, andthe last two digits will have different codes depending on thetype or material of the door. For example, 23.30.10.00 is thegeneral code for the door, and 23.30.10.11 is the door ele-ment. 23.30.10.11.14 is a general access door classified bymaterial. Different digits in the layer of the code means thedifferent classification of the door as shown in Figures 3 and4.
In OmniClass, the basic information needs 12 digits for acomplete display of the facility code.0erefore, the encodingfor the abnormal pattern in this study is added after thefacility code, so when the facility code is less than 12 digits,the two digits 00 are added. And after the facility codefollowed by the encoding of the abnormal pattern, such asthe wooden door in OmniClass, is 23.30.10.14.14, a total of10 digits, the code generated when the wooden door happensrusted will be 23.30.10.14.14.00. 01, where 01 represents theabnormal pattern code designed for this study, as shown inFigure 5.
0rough the combination of the abovementioned ab-normal pattern coding and facility equipment coding, theabnormal pattern of the facility can be expressed in the formof code. 0e proposed coding structure can simplify themaintenance traceability of each repair datum by coding andsummarizing the abnormal pattern data in the repair processby the proposed coding classification system.0us, when the
FM personnel wants to generate the maintenance strategy ofthe facility, he could directly query the facilities with thehighest frequency of faults in the facility and identify theabnormal pattern of the fault, formulate relevant mainte-nance strategies based on the query results, and collectstatistics of the abnormal patterns that often occur inbuilding facilities, as shown in Figure 6.
2.3.3. Coding the Facility’s Location ID. Location codes arecomprised of 5 digits, which makes them short enough andeasy to be quickly identified and located. 0e meaning ofthese digits is as follows:
(1) Digit 1: to identify the facility/the specific buildingwhere the facility is located.
(2) Digit 2: to identify the facility/the specific floor wherethe facility is located. 0e code A-Z represents 1F-26F, and the code 1–9 represents B1F-B9F.
(3) Digit 3: to identify the specific room where theamenity is located or the followed room.
(4) Digit 4: to identify the specific location of theamenity in the room based on basic direction.
(5) Digit 5: to identify the sequence of the facilities indifferent types in the same room when viewed fromthe front (from left to right).
Combining facility item codes of the OmniClass and thelocation code obtains the full 15 digits serial codes.
2.4. Buildings’ Facility Maintenance Traceability Database.0e type of database used by the proposed system is rela-tional database. 0e 3D models created by BIM are com-posed of the data in each attribute table. 0e attributes of theattribute table are related to each other, so the data arerelated. 0ey are updated in real time, and they are alsoconvenient for users to retrieve the information theyrequested. Revit Architecture and ArchiCAD are the mediaof BIM’s information production. 0e selected cases of thisproject use Autodesk Revit to build BIM. 0e system ofcentral repository is included in the Autodesk Revit-basedbuilding information model. 0e major function of theproposed system is to synchronously update the differentrequirements that different users will have on the interface ofthe interface, and the system provides an additional para-metric design. 0e project will use the existing BIM com-bined with the external database described later to integratethe graphic and text facility traceability data as shown inFigure 3. 0is study uses a web-based platform to develop aninformation system building facility traceability. If thetraditional client system is not easy to update and connect, itis more difficult to achieve the transparency and ease of useof the information required by this study. Besides, the futurecoding extension of the system proposed by this study is
Table 2: Illustration of individual facility ID code.
082104654A 01 A1EW10e facility item ID code based on OmniClass Abnormal pattern ID code Location ID code
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easier to manage and update than the traditional clientsystem.
In the design of the early client server system, eachapplication must be installed on each user’s personalcomputer. When the system is upgraded, it must beconnected to the server. Usually, this process will increasethe cost and reduce the efficiency. 0e device traceabilityinformation module of the proposed system is written in
XML, and its biggest advantage is that it can communicatewith cross-platform data. When managers write devicetraceability information modules in XML, they can stilldisplay information and freely definable tags through abrowser. 0e tag in XML has no meaning, so the user candefine the tag by any name. 0e user can provide infor-mation and parameters to the browser’s computing moduleor plug in to process the file. 0e web-based platform
Table 3: Common abnormal patterns of the window system.
Rust 01 0e body or accessories of the window may contain metal products, which may cause unsightlyappearance when rust is generated or may be inconvenient to switch when used.
Water leakage 02Water leakage is usually caused by factors such as aging of waterproof materials, poor installation,and deformation of the outer frame. When the situation is slight, the indoors are wet, and when the
situation is serious, the building body may be damaged due to leakage.Water-repellent materialshedding 03 Water-repellent material shedding is usually caused by factors such as aging or improper use
Glass rupture 04Glass rupture is usually caused by external factors, which may cause personal injury. In this case, newproducts need to be replaced. If it is a special glass, it must be contacted by the manufacturer for
replacement.
Window frame deformation 05Possible reasons for the deformation of the window frame include poor material quality, impropergap filling, and external force effects, which may result in poor window adhesion and inconvenient
switch.
Screw rust 06 0e long-term exposure of the screw to air or humid environment is prone to chemical reactions andgradually loses its fixed function for a long time, which is likely to cause damage to the window.
0e damage of window-sliding lock 07 0e damage of window-sliding lock results from improper use or aging
0e damage of screenwindow 08 0e damage of the screen window or its frame results from improper use or aging
Table 4: Common abnormal patterns of the door system.
Rust 01 0e body or accessories of the door may contain metal products, which may cause unsightlyappearance when rust is generated or may be inconvenient to switch when used.
Water leakage 02Water leakage is usually caused by factors such as aging of waterproof materials, poor installation, anddeformation of the outer frame. When the situation is slight, the indoors are wet, and when the
situation is serious, the building body may be damaged due to leakage.Water-repellent materialshedding 03 Water-repellent material shedding is usually caused by factors such as aging or improper use
Glass rupture 04Glass rupture is usually caused by external factors, which may cause personal injury. In this case, newproducts need to be replaced. If it is a special glass, it must be contacted by the manufacturer for
replacement.0e damage of door handle 05 0e damage of door handle results from improper use0e damage of door lock 05 0e damage of door lock results from improper use
Screw rust 07 0e long-term exposure of the screw to air or humid environment is prone to chemical reactions andgradually loses its fixed function for a long time, which is likely to cause damage to the window.
Door frame deformation 08 Possible reasons for the deformation of the door frame include poor material quality, improper gapfilling, and external force effects, which may result in poor door adhesion and inconvenient switch.
0e damage of door leaf 09 0e damage of door leaf is mostly caused by external force, such as broken and corroded.
0e damage of roll-up door 10 0e damage of roll-up door is mostly due to external forces, causing the roll door not to functionproperly
0e damage of hinge 11 0e damage of hinge results from aging0e damage of dooroperator 12 0e door operator acts as a buffer of the door leaf, and its damage is usually accompanied by damage
to the door leaf or other accessories.
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proposed by the study is an application executed in abrowser. 0e user interface is written on a server in a webpage format. After the completion of the facility traceability
information code, the system administrators code the fa-cility traceability data according to the coding structureproposed by the Institute. One code represents a facilitytraceability data. 0e facility or equipment in a specificspace will be assigned a separate code in the facilitytraceability database because of its uniqueness. Consider-ing the convenience, immediacy, and practicality of usersbrowsing the facility traceability data, this study combinesthis system with the Smart Handheld Device application, asshown in Figure 7.
3. A Case Test
To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, this re-search presents a case test and the case is a two-story villawith a basement level. BIM has been achieved at the stageof design (Figure 8). 0e living room of the first floor inthe case has a window was selected as a case sample torequest for repair. 0e user could scan the QR code at-tached on the specific facility to access the proposedsystem. After entering the proposed system, the user couldmake a request for repair and select the facility for thistask. 0e tenant could enter a serial number or byspecifying its building, floor, and room through a drop-down list. 0e user could select the specific window whenlocating the room. After that, the request form page isshown in Figure 8. Users could also open the floor planfrom BIM and select the specific items when selecting thefloor.
In a repair for request form, the user could manuallyenter a brief description about the conditions and thensubmit the request. After that, users could check therepair status using query function. Upon receipt of therequest, FM staffs receive the feedback (Table 5) alarmand briefly introduce the situation. By clicking the lo-cation button on the repair for the request form, themanagement could identify the problem by accessingBIM (Figure 9).
0e information on the proposed repair order isgenerated from the following: the facility equipmenttraceability, maintenance traceability, abnormal statusdata, and note description. 0e facility equipmenttraceability data are the basic information of the facility,followed by the maintenance traceability data, which areautomatically generated from the database; the abnor-mal status data are the type of abnormal conditions thatmay occur in the equipment, and the operator can checkthe abnormal status of the proposed repair order or
Figure 4: 0e window system coding in OmniClass (source:Autodesk Revit 2016) [20].
Figure 3:0e door system coding in OmniClass (source: AutodeskRevit 2016) [20].
The facility code (sample)23.30.10.14.14.00.0123.30.10.14.14.00.01
Facility code
Abnormal pattern code
Because the length ofcode is less than 12
digits, 00is added as adummy code.
Figure 5: 0e sample of the proposed facility code.
8 Advances in Civil Engineering
leave a message to the management unit, as shown inFigure 10.
After the site FM personnel verified the request in-formation, firstly, he will evaluate whether to contactwith relevant service providers to seek for further
assistance or to repair the damages himself. In addition,the repair progress can be controlled via the feedbackpage of the system (synchronizing with the query page),so as to initiate the tenant access progress updates(Figure 11).
Figure 7: 0e sample menu of the facility’s traceability information.
Figure 8: Scanning QR code by a mobile device.
Table 5: Repair/maintenance traceability.
Facility basic informationAmenity/facility code 08510RK02A-AAGE2 Type C0823Building A Floor 1FMaintenance informationYears of use 20 Last maintenance date 2017/02/07Maintain the manufacturer AA Repair status Repair confirmation
Figure 6: Request for repair from the web page.
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Figure 9: 0e illustration of the facility’s location from BIM.
Figure 10: Illustration of the facility’s abnormal patterns for repair menu page.
Figure 11: Illustration of request for repair menu page.
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4. Conclusions and Suggestions
0is study proposes the facility maintenance traceabilityinformation coding structure and proposes a BIM-basedfacility repair platform framework. 0is study also verifiesthe feasibility of the proposed approach with a case study.0e findings and suggestions of this study are described asfollows:
(1) 0e required information types of the proposedsystem are identified which include facility basicinformation extracted from BIM and maintenancemanagement information from repair service pro-viders and repair record data. Above information isneeded for the platform application uses.
(2) 0e proposed method presents a facility traceabilitycoding structure which is a combination of theOmniClass, abnormal pattern ID code, and locationID code. OmniClass is used for the different facilityidentification. Abnormal pattern ID code is thedifferent type of defect identification which cansimplify the maintenance traceability of each repairdatum by coding and summarizing the abnormalpattern data in the repair process. Location codesmake FM easy to quickly identify and locate thefacility needed to be repaired. 0e proposed facilitytraceability coding structure can facilitate the FMinformation transfer among stakeholders. 0roughthe case test’s finding, the proposed facility code inQR code format can help users and FM personnelidentify and locate the specific or abnormal facilitywith QR code quickly.
(3) 0is proposed platform is aimed to be integrated intothe facility maintenance system after completion ofconstruction, so the as-built drawing is required, soas to be consistent with the drawings and infor-mation of the field equipment and BIM. 0e pro-posed platform is an online repair report system forusers such as tenants and FM. Common access canbe made by the web or by scanning the specificfacility’s QR code from the proposed facility main-tenance information coding. Upon receiving requestfor repair, the FM can check the locations, basicinformation, and maintenance records of the failedfacilities from users’ mobile device, so as to effec-tively evaluate the conditions and ensure the controlof repair of the facility. From the case study, theproposed platform enables FM personnel to generatethe request for repair from the proposed platformwhich can also link to the historical data of the fa-cility and help FM personnel make preliminary fa-cility repair judgments and schedule maintenanceplan to track the status of the facility repair from thetraceability database. 0e proposed BIM-basedplatform provides a visual display user interface thatlet FM personnel locate facilities for needed repairquickly. 0e proposed approach can help improvethe efficiency of facility management and simplifythe repair process.
(4) Although the proposed platform in the study is notto be equipped with the function of machine learningso far, however, through the proposed database, theobjective of machine learning can be achieved withenough experience learning, knowledgebase, and therelated artificial intelligent (AI) algorithm module inthe future study.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
0ere are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper.
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