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The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of VersaillesAPUSH Unit 6, Lecture 5(covers Ch. 23)Ms. Kray (some slides taken from Susan Pojer)APUSH STD 18Analyze the Treaty of Versailles in terms of its relative weakness and the reasons behind its failed ratification.
Are the lecture you should be able to:List problems with the Treaty of VersaillesExplain why the treaty was never ratified in the U.S.The Search for Social UnityCommittee on Public InformationHeaded by George Creel Americas Propaganda Minister?
Anti-Germanism
Films, posters, pamphlets
Examples of Propaganda
Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage Act, 1917 provided for imprisonment for up to 20 yrs. for either trying to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstructing the operation of the draftSedition Act, 1918 prohibited anyone from making disloyal or abusive remarks about the govtEugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years2,000 convicted and jailedSchenck v. United States, 1919Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of Espionage ActFree speech could be limited when it represented a clear and present danger to the public safetyAmerican Protective LeagueEnlisted people to serve as agentsCheck out activities of neighbors (open mail, tap phones, etc.)
Hate the Hun CampaignAttacked all things GermanGerman measles = Liberty measlesSauerkraut = Liberty cabbage
Many groups were targeted: socialists, labor activists, female pacifists, but immigrants were the ones most frequently attacked. 100% Americanism. 8The Search for a New World OrderAmerica on the BattlefieldJohn J. Pershing & AEFBattle of Chateau-Thierry, June 1918Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 1918Modern warfare led to high casualty ratesTrench warfare, mustard gas, u-boats, tanks, machine gunsDEATHS: British 1 mil, French 1.7 mil, Germany 2 mil, Russia 1.7 mil, Austria 1.5 mil, USA 112,000
Wilsons Fourteen PointsPeace without victoryDetailed list of war aims presented to Congress in January 1918Recognition of freedom of the seasNo secret treatiesAn impartial adjustment of all colonial claimsSelf-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian EmpireLeague of Nations to keep the peace*Answer to the new Bolshevik govt in USSR Lenin = a competitor in leadership
Very idealistic presented to Congress11The Big FourThe Paris Peace ConferenceIdealism competed w/spirit of national aggrandizementUSSR and Germany not invitedBritain wont even discuss free tradeTreaty of Versailles, 1919Germany punished: war guilt clause, reparations, territorial lossesUSSR punished: lost more territory than GermanySelf-determination largely ignoredItaly and Japan did not gain all territory desiredLeague of Nations established
Very idealistic presented to Congress13Take Your Medicine
The Ratification BattleProblems with the Treaty Many want a return to isolationismViolation of Monroe Doctrine?Increased partisanshipWilson & Midterm Election of 1818Republicans not consulted on peace negotiations
Very idealistic presented to Congress15Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R)
Chairman of the Foreign Relations CommitteePersonal dislike of Wilson
16The Lodge ReservationsPopular sentiment favored ratification
Lodge tried to slow the process
Amendments to the League Covenant
Wilsons IntractabilityBegan 8,000 mile speaking tour to rally support for the treatyfollowed and harassed by the Irreconcilables
Sept 25, 1919 Wilson collapsed
Wilson urged Democrats to vote against treaty w/Lodge Reservations
Nov 19, 1919 Treaty of Versailles defeated in the Senate
American IsolationismIsolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate.
July, 1921 Congress passed a resolution declaring WWI officially over!
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]A Society in TurmoilPostwar Problems in America
Industry and LaborPostwar Recession, 1919
Coal Miners Strike of 1919
Boston Police Strike of 1919
Steelworkers Strike of 1919Largest strike in American historyDemanded 8-hr day & union recognition
Cartoon is about coal miners strike21If Capital & Labor Dont Pull Together Chicago Tribune
Anti-Labor CartoonBoston Police Strike, 1919
Steelworkers Strike, 1919Coming Out of the Smoke New York World
The Red Scare
Put Them Out & Keep Them Out Philadelphia InquirerThe Palmer RaidsSeries of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country6,000 arrested
Anti-Immigrant HysteriaSacco and Vanzetti
Demands of African AmericansNew black attitudesIncreased determination to fight for rightsEconomic expectations raised
In the South, lynchings increased in 1919
In the North, race riotsEast St. Louis, 1917Chicago, 1919Chicago Race Riot, 191940 people killed, 500 injured
A Return to Normalcy