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Aquatic BiomesAquatic Biomes
Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science
Instructor: E. EnnisInstructor: E. Ennis
Water on the EarthWater on the Earth
75% - 78% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water75% - 78% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water
Land22%
Water78%
What factors influence the kind of What factors influence the kind of life an aquatic biome contains?life an aquatic biome contains?
SalinitySalinity DepthDepth Speed of water flowSpeed of water flow
How much freshwater?How much freshwater?
Of all the water Of all the water available on Earth…available on Earth…
Only 3% is freshwaterOnly 3% is freshwater Of the 3% freshwater, Of the 3% freshwater,
2% is tied up in 2% is tied up in glaciers and glaciers and icebergs…icebergs…
Only leaving less than Only leaving less than 1% available to 1% available to humans.humans.
97%
2%
1%
Major types of aquatic biomesMajor types of aquatic biomes
Salt WaterSalt Water Estuaries**Estuaries** CoastlinesCoastlines Coral ReefsCoral Reefs Coastal Marshes**Coastal Marshes** Mangrove Swamps**Mangrove Swamps** OceansOceans
** May be brackish** May be brackish
Fresh WaterFresh Water StreamsStreams RiversRivers LakesLakes PondsPonds Wetlands (inland)Wetlands (inland)
LimnologyLimnologyThe study of fresh water and its ecosystemsThe study of fresh water and its ecosystems
The study of freshwater ecosystems can be The study of freshwater ecosystems can be divided into 2 systemsdivided into 2 systems
1. Lentic – standing water 1. Lentic – standing water (little or no current)(little or no current)
2. Lotic – flowing water2. Lotic – flowing water
Examples of Lentic SystemsExamples of Lentic Systems
Standing waterStanding water LakesLakes PondsPonds Wetlands Wetlands
• MarshesMarshes• SwampsSwamps• bogsbogs
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
““Plant Plankton”Plant Plankton” Free FloatingFree Floating MicroscopicMicroscopic Cynobacteria or algaeCynobacteria or algae ProducersProducers Contain cholorphyll - Contain cholorphyll -
photosyntheticphotosynthetic Support most aquatic Support most aquatic
food chains and food food chains and food webswebs
•Plants in the ocean produce over half the world's oxygen.
• The most important plants in the ocean are too small to be seen without a microscope.
• They float near the surface and drift with the currents, so they have been named phytoplankton (phyto=plant, plankton=drifter).
• Phytoplankton are the 'grass' of the sea. Where they grow there is food for marine animals.
• Ocean color tells you how much phytoplankton there is in the water.
Did you know????Did you know????
How do plankton stay afloat?How do plankton stay afloat?
Spines – increase Surface area
Empty cavitiesIncrease buoyancy
Chains or linking increasesSurface area
Flagella allow weakSwimming or movement
ZooplanktonZooplankton
““Animal Plankton”Animal Plankton” Non-photosyntheticNon-photosynthetic Consumers (herbivores)Consumers (herbivores)
Feed on phytoplanktonFeed on phytoplankton
Single Celled Protozoa to Single Celled Protozoa to larger invertebrates such larger invertebrates such as jellyfishas jellyfish
Many zooplankton are Many zooplankton are larval stages of familiar larval stages of familiar animals animals
BenthosBenthos Bottom DwellersBottom Dwellers Anchor to one spot: Anchor to one spot:
barnacles, oystersbarnacles, oysters Burrow in mud or sand: Burrow in mud or sand:
wormsworms Walk on bottom: Lobsters, Walk on bottom: Lobsters,
crabscrabs
Habitats: Habitats: Intertidal zones, rocky Intertidal zones, rocky
shores, tide poolsshores, tide pools Muddy Sandy communitiesMuddy Sandy communities Deep ocean/ coral reefsDeep ocean/ coral reefs Hydrothermal vent areasHydrothermal vent areas
• archaebacteriaarchaebacteria
DecomposersDecomposers
Break down organic Break down organic compounds into compounds into simple nutrients that simple nutrients that can be used by can be used by producersproducers
Break down dead Break down dead bodies and wastebodies and waste
Have less pronounced and fixed physical Have less pronounced and fixed physical boundariesboundaries Makes it difficult to count and manage Makes it difficult to count and manage
populationspopulations due to the size of the ocean and many due to the size of the ocean and many
organisms are largely hidden from vieworganisms are largely hidden from view
Characteristics of an Aquatic BiomeCharacteristics of an Aquatic Biome
Have more complex and longer food Have more complex and longer food chains and food webschains and food webs
Physical support from water Physical support from water buoyancybuoyancy
Organisms take advantage of water's buoyancy to transport themselves to nearby or distant habitats with little energy expenditure
A fish will float on top of the water if it A fish will float on top of the water if it weighs less than the amount of water it weighs less than the amount of water it displaces (pushes away). displaces (pushes away).
Most fish weigh more than the water they Most fish weigh more than the water they displace and would sink to the ocean floor. displace and would sink to the ocean floor. But, most fish do not spend their lives on But, most fish do not spend their lives on the ocean floor. the ocean floor.
They can do this because of an organ They can do this because of an organ called a swim-bladder ( a built-in gas filled called a swim-bladder ( a built-in gas filled chamber) that helps the fish get off the chamber) that helps the fish get off the ground and up in the water. ground and up in the water.
Some fast-moving fish and sharks do not Some fast-moving fish and sharks do not have a swim bladder and therefore must have a swim bladder and therefore must keep moving or they will sink. keep moving or they will sink.
Areas of pronounced upwellingAreas of pronounced upwelling
-Deep oceanic currents colliding with sharp coastal shelves -Temperature differences / changes-Surface Winds
Water AvailabilityWater Availability
Oceans cover 139,400,000 square miles Oceans cover 139,400,000 square miles of the Earth’s surfaceof the Earth’s surface
The average depth of the oceans is The average depth of the oceans is 12,238 feet 12,238 feet
OceanArea (square
miles)Average Depth (ft) Deepest depth (ft)
Pacific Ocean 64,186,000 15,215Mariana Trench, 36,200 ft deep
Atlantic Ocean 33,420,000 12,881Puerto Rico
Trench, 28,231 ft deep
Indian Ocean 28,350,000 13,002Java Trench, 25,344 ft deep
Southern Ocean7,848,300 sq. miles (20.327 million sq
km )
13,100 - 16,400 ft deep (4,000 to 5,000 meters)
the southern end of the South
Sandwich Trench, 23,736 ft (7,235 m)
deep
Arctic Ocean 5,106,000 3,953Eurasia Basin, 17,881 ft deep
Easy dispersement of organisms, Easy dispersement of organisms, larvae and eggslarvae and eggs
Water propulsion
Water propulsion
A big difference between fish and dolphins A big difference between fish and dolphins is that a fish's tail moves from side to side is that a fish's tail moves from side to side and a dolphin's moves up and down. and a dolphin's moves up and down.
The more slender the body shape, The more slender the body shape, the faster the movementthe faster the movement
AdvantagesAdvantages
Less exposure to harmful radiationLess exposure to harmful radiation Dilution and dispersion of pollutants Dilution and dispersion of pollutants
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Can tolerate a narrow range of Can tolerate a narrow range of temperaturestemperatures
Exposure to dissolved pollutantsExposure to dissolved pollutants Fluctuating populations size for many Fluctuating populations size for many
speciesspecies Dispersion separates many aquatic Dispersion separates many aquatic
offspring from parentsoffspring from parents
How Oceans were FormedHow Oceans were Formed
Un-level LithosphereUn-level Lithosphere Rain (static electricity)Rain (static electricity) Erosion , Mass Erosion , Mass
wastingwasting Salts from Rock Salts from Rock
formationsformations
Why are oceans important?Why are oceans important?
Covers 71-75% of earth’s surfaceCovers 71-75% of earth’s surface Make up 99.5% of earth’s habitable Make up 99.5% of earth’s habitable
volumevolume Contain 250,000 known species of plant Contain 250,000 known species of plant
and animalsand animals Provide important and ecological and Provide important and ecological and
economic serviceseconomic services
Major ecological and Major ecological and economic services provided economic services provided
by marine systemsby marine systems
Ecological ServicesEcological Services
Climate moderationClimate moderation Carbon dioxide absorptionCarbon dioxide absorption Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling Reduced storm impact (mangrove Reduced storm impact (mangrove
swamps, estuaries, barrier islands)swamps, estuaries, barrier islands) Habitats and nurseries for species Habitats and nurseries for species
(shrimp, crab, oysters, clams, fish)(shrimp, crab, oysters, clams, fish) Genetic resources and biodiversityGenetic resources and biodiversity
Mangrove Swamps (Forest)Mangrove Swamps (Forest)
Mangrove swamps Mangrove swamps are found along are found along tropical seacoasts tropical seacoasts on both sides of the on both sides of the equatorequator
PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
Algae: Astaxanthin is a powerful natural antioxidant / dietary supplement
TransportationTransportation
Ocean transport is the Ocean transport is the backbone of internal backbone of internal tradetrade
What is a coastal zone?What is a coastal zone?
The coastal zone is the warm, nutrient The coastal zone is the warm, nutrient rich, shallow water from high tide area on rich, shallow water from high tide area on land to the edge of the continental shelf.land to the edge of the continental shelf. Contains 90% of all marine speciesContains 90% of all marine species Site of most commercial fisheriesSite of most commercial fisheries
Ample supply of sunlight and nutrientsAmple supply of sunlight and nutrients
Estuaries / Coastal WetlandsEstuaries / Coastal Wetlands Part of coastal zonePart of coastal zone Brackish (mixture of salt and freshwater) Brackish (mixture of salt and freshwater)
Usually due to the movement of the tidesUsually due to the movement of the tides Salinity and temperature vary due toSalinity and temperature vary due to
• Daily tidesDaily tides• Seasonal variations and its affect of water flowSeasonal variations and its affect of water flow• Unpredictable flows of water from flooding or Unpredictable flows of water from flooding or
stormsstorms
Constant movement of nutrients due to Constant movement of nutrients due to flow of waterflow of water
Estuaries / Coastal WetlandsEstuaries / Coastal Wetlands
Covered with water all or part of the yearCovered with water all or part of the year River mouths (delta’s)River mouths (delta’s) InletsInlets BaysBays SoundsSounds Mangrove forest swampsMangrove forest swamps Salt marshesSalt marshes