Ar Condicionado Split Europapdf

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BestProductsofEurope

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Roomairconditioners:RecommendationsforpolicydesignMay2012

1. SummarySplitvariablespeed(inverter)airconditionersaretodaysbestavailabletechnology(BAT).Themost

efficientmodelsontheEuropeanmarketreachanEnergyEfficiencyRatio(EER;coolingfunction)of

5.63andaCoefficientofPerformance(COP;heatingfunction)of5.68.

ThestockofairconditionersinstalledinEuropeisexpectedtogrowfromtodays40millionunitsto

over110millionunitsby2020.TotalannualelectricityconsumptionbyairconditionersinEuropeis

estimatedatmorethan40TWhin2010,twothirdsareattributedtotheheatingfunction.By2020

electricityconsumptionwillincreasetoaround75TWhannuallywithoutanymeasures(businessas

usual).Theplannedmeasuresareexpectedtoleadtosavingsofaround12TWhannuallyonly25%

oftheexpectedincreaseinelectricityconsumption.Onlywithstrictminimumefficiency

requirementsguidedbytodaysBATtheexpectedelectricityconsumptionincreasecanbemadeup

for.TheBATshouldbetheguidelineforstrictfutureminimumefficiencyrequirements,announcedin

advance.Aneffectiveenergylabelsupportsthedevelopmentofmoreefficientappliancestowards

theBAT.Thefutureenergylabelshouldguideconsumerstothemostefficientmodelsby

distinguishingthemfromlessefficientproductsandmakingvisiblethelowrelativeefficiencyof

singleductsanddoubleducts.Butfirstofall,measurementmethodsandefficiencyindicatorstaking

intoaccounttheefficiencygainsofpartloadoperationareneeded:seasonalenergyefficiencyratio

(SEER,cooling)andseasonalcoefficientofperformance(SCOP,heating)doaccountforthehigh

efficiencyofvariablespeedairconditioners,unlikenon-seasonalefficiencyindicators.Atestproject

byToptenimpliesthatSEERandSCOPvalueswillbeconsiderablyhigherthancurrentEERandCOP

values.Thisshouldbeaccountedforinthedesignoftheenergylabellingscaleandfutureminimum

efficiencyrequirements.

Box1:Airconditionertypes

Outdoor-andindoorunit

Mobilesplit

Splitairconditionersconsistofanindoor-andanoutdoorunit,

fixedlyinstalled.Thecondenserincludingthecompressorislocated

intheoutdoorunit,notdeliveringanywasteheatindoors.Several

indoorunitscanbeconnectedtooneoutdoorunitresultingina

multi-splitairconditioner.Mobilesplitairconditionershavea

portableindoorunitcontainingthecompressor,whichleadstoless

efficiency.Airconditionersthatareneitheradoubleductnora

singleductarecalledroomair-conditioners(RAC) bytheECWorking

document.

Singleductsconsistofonesingleunitplacedfreelyintheroom.The

airisexpelledthroughaduct,whichrequiresawindowtobeopen.

Warmairisdrawnintotheroom,asthecondenseriscooledwithair

takenfromtheroomthecoolingeffectissmallandonlylocal.

Doubleductsalsoconsistofonesingleunit,buthaveseparateducts

forairintakeandexhaust.Eitherdoubleductsaremoveableand

placednexttoawindow,ortheductsaremountedintothewall.

Through-the-windowairconditioners (also:compactorthrough-

the-wallAC)arewidespreadintheUSA,butofnoimportancein

Europe.Theyaretoocompacttobeefficientandneedanopeningin

theinsulation.


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Box2:WhatisthedifferencebetweenSEERandEER/SCOPandCOP?

Thecurrentenergylabelforairconditionersreferstothe EnergyEfficiencyRatio (EER,coolingfunction)andCoefficientOfPerformance (COP,heatingfunction)toexpresstheenergyefficiencyof

airconditioners.Theseindicatorsaremeasuredatfullloadoperationanddonotaccountforthe

efficiencygainsbyvariablespeed(inverter)drivesabilitytoworkatpartload.

Seasonalefficiencyindicators(SEERforcooling,SCOPorHeatingSeasonalPerformanceFactor

(HSPF)forheating)doconsiderthedifferentcoolingorheatingneedsduringtheyearandthus

includepartloadoperationofairconditioners.Manynon-EUcountrieshavebeenapplyingseasonal

efficiencyindicators,whiletheEUisabouttointroducethemnow.Yetnomeasurementstandard

hasbeenestablishedforSEERandSCOPinEurope.Therefore onlynon-seasonalefficiencyvalues

areknownforEUairconditioners ,whileglobalBATvaluesareindicatedasSEERorSCOP.European

variablespeedairconditionerswillreachhigherefficiencyvalueswhenmeasuredonaseasonalbasis

thantheyreachnowexpressedasEERorCOP.Theresultwilldependonthedefinedcoolingandheatingseasoncharacteristics(temperaturesandduration).AToptenmeasurementprojecthas

shownthatthedifferenceintheresultingefficiencyindicatorsmeasuredaccordingthecurrent

Europeanfullloadstandardorthedraftfuturepartloadstandardcanbevastatleastforefficient

variablespeedairconditioners(SEERwasEER+3.6,SCOPwasCOP+0.6).

2. BestavailableandaverageTechnology

2.1.Energyefficiency:splitvariablespeedairconditionersaretheBATThemostenergyefficientairconditionersontodaysEUmarketaresplitairconditionerswitha

variablespeedcompressorandapermanent-magnetmotor.Fixedlyinstalled,splitairconditioners

generallyreachmuchhigherefficiencyvaluesthanmoveable(singleduct,doubleductormobilesplit)products.Onlysplitairconditionershavebothcondenserandcompressorlocatedoutside,not

deliveringwasteheatindoors.Furthermoremoveablesaretoocompactastoallowefficientheat

transfer.Singleductsadditionallyrequireawindowtobeopenthroughwhichtheexhaustairis

blown,whichmakesaneffectivecoolingofaroomimpossible.Therealcoolingeffectcanbe40%

lowerthantheindicatedcoolingcapacity(Brunneretal.2008).

Theinvertertechnologyallowstheairconditionerscompressortorunatvariablespeed,andtothus

onlyprovidethecoolingintensitythatisrequired.Mostotherairconditionerscanonlyworkatfull

capacityandreachacertaintemperaturelevelbyswitchingOnandOff.Stagedairconditionerscan

atleastworkattwoorthreedifferentcapacities.Variablespeedairconditionershavemultiple

advantages:

- Theykeepthetemperaturemorestable,increasingthermalcomfort- Theycaninitiallycoolawarmroomfastertoaconvenienttemperature- Theyaremoreenergyefficient

Manysplitmodelswithvariablespeeddrivehavebeenonthemarket,soonthefirstvariablespeed

doubleductsareintroducedonthemarket(WDcovernote,April2010).

Fortheheatingmode,someproductsswitchto(electrical)resistanceheating,ahighlyinefficientway

ofheating.Potentiallyefficientareproductswithareversibleheatpumpinstead.

Furthermore,smallcapacityairconditionersaremoreefficientthanhighcapacitymodels.

EnergyefficiencyofairconditionershasbeenindicatedbytheEER(EnergyEfficiencyRatio)forthe

coolingmode,and,ifpresent,inCOP(CoefficientofPerformance)fortheheatingmode.These

indicatorsgivetheratioofthetotalcoolingorheatingoutputandtheenergyconsumption.InefficientproductsonthemarkethaveEERofaround2andCOParound2.4.Resistanceheating

resultsinaCOPof1.


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Table1givesanoverviewonBAT(BestavailableTechnology)EERandCOPvaluesfoundontheEU

market.Efficiencycoefficientsvarystronglybetweenthedifferentairconditionertypes.

Tab.1:EER(cooling)andCOP(heating)ofBestavailableProductsontheEuropeanmarket(source:

www.topten.eu,May2012)

Efficiencyindicatorsdependonmeasurementstandard

AirconditionersonAsianmarketsreachhigherefficiencylevelsthaninEurope:themostefficient

variablespeedairconditionerinChinain2010hasanSEER(SeasonalEnergyEfficiencyRatio)of7.30.

JapaneseproductsalsoreachSEERlevelsof7orEERof6.6andCOPvaluesof6.9(Riviereetal.,

2009).

AtestprojectbyToptenin2011howeverimpliedthattheEuropeanefficiencyindicatorsaremainly

lowbecauseoftheyetmissingpartloadconditionmeasurementandnotbecauseEuropeanACsare

lessefficientthanAsianmodels.Variablespeedairconditionersreachhigherefficiencyvalueswhen

measuredatpartloadconditions.Furthermore,thecalculationmethodoftheseasonalefficiency

indicatorhasaninfluenceontheresult.

ThetestingprojectbyToptenshowedthatEuropeanairconditionerscanbeexpectedtoreachas

highSEERandSCOPvaluesasAsianmodelsdowhenthenewEuropeanpartloadstandardisapplied.

TherealefficiencyleveloftheEuropeanBATmodelsseemstobecomparablewithefficientChinese

airconditioners.TheEuropeanmeasurementstandardhasrecentlybeenrevised(EN14511:2011)

andamendedwithapartloadmeasurementstandard(EN14825:2012).

2.2.Refrigerants:promisingnaturalsubstancesTherefrigeranthasaneffectonanairconditionersefficiency.However,alsotheGlobalWarming

Potential(GWP)hastobetakenintoaccount,asrefrigerantlossesaccountfor10-20%ofthetotal

greenhousegasemissions(Riviereetal.,2009).R22isbeingphasedoutbecauseofitsOzone

DepletionPotential(ODP).R410AhasbecomethemostcommonrefrigerantinEurope.

TodayHFOs(Hydrofluoro-Olefines)andnaturalrefrigerantswithmuchlowerGWPsthanR410Aor

R407Cstarttobeused.HFOshaveGWPsaround4-6,propanehasaGWPof3.HFOsareasefficient

asR410AorR407C,propaneiseven7%moreefficient.Yetpropanehowevercanonlybeusedin

smallcapacitysingleductappliancesduetosafetyrestrictionsintheEU(Riviereetal.,2009).CO 2isa

promisingfuturerefrigerantcandidate,butcompressoradaptationsareneededasitrequiresa

higherpressure.

Refrigerant GWP

R22(HCFC) 1700

R407C(HFC) 1653

R410A(HFC) 1725

HFOs around4

R290(Propane) 3

CO2 1

Airconditionertype EER:BATinEU COP:BATinEU

Split4kW,variablespeed 4.52 4.79

Mobilesplit 3.26 3.67

Doubleduct 3.22

Singleduct 3.06/3.59(water

evaporation)


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Tab.2:GWPsofcommonrefrigerantsinairconditioners.R22isbeingphasedout.

3. MarketsituationinEurope

GrowingsalesandstockTheairconditionersmarketintheEUisgrowing.In2005,4.9millionunitsweresoldacrosstheEU-

27.By2020,salesareexpectedtodoubletocloseto10millionunits.Thestockisestimatedtogrow

fromover40millionunitstodayto110millionunitsby2020.Annuallyanadditionalcoolingcapacity

ofaround12.6GWisinstalledinEUhouses.

MostairconditionersaresoldinItaly,SpainandGreece.SalesofItalyandSpaintogetheraccountfor

morethan50%oftheentireEUmarket(Riviereetal.,2009,Fig.1).

Fig.1:Airconditionerssalesshares(numberofunits)bycountry,EU-27.Source:Riviereetal.,2009.

ReversiblevariablespeedairconditionersaredominatingtheEUmarket

ProductsonthemarketacrosstheEUaresimilar,butnationalmarketsdifferstronglydueto

differentclimate,buildingdesign,legislationandincome.Theheatingfunctionofairconditionersfor

instanceisimportantinSoutherncountries,whilehousesinNortherncountriesusuallyhavecentral

heatinginstalled.AcrossEurope,about75%ofthesalesareairconditionersincludingaheating

functionwithareversibleheatpump.In200755-75%werevariablespeed(inverter)airconditioners.Salessharesofbothreversibleheatpumpsandvariablespeedairconditionersareexpectedtogrow

further.Splitcoolingonlyappliances(withoutheatingfunction)areexpectedtodisappearfromthe

market.Singleductsanddoubleducts,todayaccountingforabout15%ofthesales,areexpectedto

becomemorepopular.ThemostimportantrefrigerantintheEUisR410A:itisusedin60%oftheair

conditioners(Riviereetal.,2009).

ClassAhasbecomestandard

Accordingtosalesdatafrom5Europeancountriesfrom2005-2008(tillOctober)classAair

conditionersbynowaccountforthemajorityofthesales(GfK/Attali/BushforDefra,2009).


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Fig.2-4:Airconditionersalesin5EU-countries,ItalyandFrance,2004October2008.Source:

GfK/Attali/BushforDefra,2009.

Thismarketevolutionseemstomainlyhavebeentriggeredbytheintroductionoftheenergylabel

forairconditionersin2002(Bertoldi,Atanasiu,2009).Bynowhighefficiencysplitairconditioners

haveEnergyEfficiencyRatio(EER)valuesofupto5.6-waybeyondtheclassAthresholdof3.2.The

introductionofthenewenergylabelwithclassesofuptoA+++willstartin2012.FromJanuary2013

thenewlabelwillbecompulsory.

4. Energyconsumptionandsavingpotentials

Largedifferencesinenergyconsumptionbetweenairconditioningtypesandmodels

Energyconsumptionduringtheusephaseisdominatingtheoverallenvironmentalimpactofair

conditioners.10-20%ofthetotalgreenhousegasemissionsareattributedtorefrigerantleakage.

Inairconditionersfeaturingaheatingmode,heatingaccountsformorethantwothirdsofthe

electricalconsumption.Thestandbymode,includingthecrankcaseheater,isusuallyresponsiblefor

around10%,butespeciallycrankcaseheatingwithoutcontrolcanaccountforupto25%ofthetotal

electricityconsumption.


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Thetotalenergyconsumptiondependsmainlyontheoutdoorclimate,buildingtypeandage,the

capacityandthetypeoftheapplianceandcanvarystrongly.

AnefficientsplitairconditionerwithanEERof5.63andaCOPof5.68consumesaround800kWh

peryear

1

.AccordingtoBertoldi,Atanasiu,2009,theaverageEERoftheairconditionermodelssoldintheEU-27in2008wasaround3.23,theaverageCOParound3.4.Suchanaverageairconditioner

consumesalmost90%moreelectricitythanaBATmodelaround1500kWhperyear.

Themostefficientmoveableairconditionerisasingleductwhichsupportsitscoolingeffectwith

waterevaporation.AslongasthetankcontainswaterthismodelreachesanEERof3.59

(www.eurotopten.it).Purelyair-cooledsingleductsanddoubleductsdontreachhigherefficiency

valuesthan3.22,whilemosthaveEERsaslowas2.05.Therealefficiencyofsingleductsand

moveabledoubleductsisevenlowerthanindicated,mainlybecauseoftheneededwindowopening.

Inefficientsingleordoubleductsconsumearound400kWhperyearforlocalcoolingonly(Fig5+6).

Fig.5+6:Annualenergyconsumptionbysplitairconditionersandbysingleducts

1.AC=reversible

roomairconditioner.Datasource:topten.info,Bertoldi,Atanasiu2009andRiviereetal.,2009.

Increasingtotalconsumption

TotalannualelectricityconsumptionbyairconditionersinEuropeisestimatedatmorethan40TWh

in2010(EC,2009).Twothirdsofthetotalconsumptionareattributedtotheheatingfunction

(Riviereetal.,2009).

By2020electricityconsumptionwillincreasetoaround75TWhannuallywithoutanymeasures(businessasusual)(EC,2009),mainlyduetohighermarketpenetration(Riviereetal.,2009).The

expectedincreaseof30TWhannuallycorrespondstotheproductionofalmostfive750MW-power

plants.

Theplannedmeasures(minimumrequirementsandenergylabel)areexpectedtoleadtosavingsof

around12TWhannuallyby2020(EC,2009)onlyonethirdoftheexpectedincreaseinelectricity

consumption.

1Assumedare350hoursofoperationincooling,1400inheatingmode,whichisinlinewiththe

ecodesignworkingdocuments.Standbyconsumptionincludesthermostatoffandcrankcaseheating.Foraverageproductsstandbyconsumptionisassumedtoaccountfor17%,forefficientproductsfor

7%ofthetotalconsumption.Allelectricityconsumptionindicationsareforairconditionerswitha

coolingcapacityof2kWandaheatingcapacityof2.5kW.


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BATholdsahighsavingpotential

Thesavingpotentialishigherthanthat:assumingthattodaysentirestockwasreplacedbyBAT

applianceswouldalreadyleadtoannualelectricitysavingsofmorethan12TWh.Theexpected

futurestockof110millionunitsin2020holdsasavingpotentialof31TWhperyear.

ThesecalculationsunderestimatetherealsavingpotentialbecausetheeffectiveefficiencyofairconditionerswithvariablespeeddriveishigherthancanbeaccountedforbytheEER.Thecapability

tosaveenergybyrunningatpartialloadcannotbeexpressedwithanEERonlywithaSeasonal

EnergyEfficiencyRatio(SEER).

StillthecalculationsshowthatonlywithrequiringtodaysBATtheexpectedelectricityconsumption

increaseof30TWhannuallycanbemadeupfor.

5. Politicalinstrumentsandinitiatives

5.1.Newmeasurementmethod:seasonalefficiencyindicatorsUntilnow,theelectricityconsumptionofairconditionerswasmeasuredatfullloadoperation,andtheresultingefficiencyindicatorexpressedasEER(cooling)orCOP(heatingfunction).Fixspeedair

conditionersreachacertaintemperaturebyswitchingfromfullloadoperationtooff,whichisnot

efficient.Variablespeed(also:inverter)airconditionersaremoreefficientthanfixspeedair

conditioners,astheyareabletoworkatpartloadandadapttheirworkloadtothetemperature

changeneeded.

Theoldefficiencydeterminationmethodhoweverdoesnotincludepartloadoperation.

Consequently,theefficiencyofvariablespeedairconditionersisnotaccountedforintheEERand

COPvalues.Measurementmethodsandefficiencyindicatorstakingintoaccountpartloadoperation

areneeded:seasonalenergyefficiencyratio(SEER,cooling)andseasonalcoefficientofperformance

(SCOP,heating)doconsidervaryingcoolingandheatingneedsduringayearforacertainclimate.

Theneedforseasonalefficiencyindicatorshasbeenrecognisedbytheecodesignpreparatorystudy(lot10),andthecurrentmeasurementstandardEN14511hasbeenrevisedin2011andamendedto

includeamethodtomeasureandcalculateseasonalperformanceindicators(EN14825/2012).These

seasonalperformanceindicatorsarethebasisfortheecodesignrequirementsaswellasforthe

revisedenergylabel.

AtestingprojectbyToptenfrom2011impliesthatSEERvaluesofvariablespeedairconditionerscan

be3.6pointshigherthanthecurrentEERvalues.Fortheheatingfunction,thedifferenceseemsto

besmaller(+0.6forthetestedmodel).Declarationsaccordingtothenewmeasurementmethodwill

starttoappearinthecourseof2012,from2013allvariablespeedairconditionerswillberated

accordingtotheirseasonalperformance.

5.2.Newenergylabelfrom2013Thecurrent(old)energylabelforairconditionerswasintroducedin2002,anditisaccordingly

outdated.Itdefinesthreedifferentclassificationschemes:forsplit,compact(through-the-wall)air

conditionersandforsingleanddoubleducts(Tab.3).ClassAsingle-ordoubleducts(EER>2.6)

havethesameenergyefficiencyratioasaclassDsplitappliance.Atthesametime,efficientsplit

appliancesreachmuchbettervaluesthantheclassAlimit:theclassAlimitisat3.2,whileBATsplit

airconditionersreachEERvaluesof5.63!Thecurrentenergylabelallowsnoidentificationofthe

bestappliancesnordoesitmakevisibletheverylowefficiencyofsingleductsanddoubleducts.

Furthermore,themeasurementtolerancesof15%arebroaderthantheclasses,whichenabled

creativemanufacturerstodeclaretheefficiencyoftheirproductsuptotwoclassesabovethereal

efficiency.Theheatingperformanceofairconditionershasnotbeendisplayedwiththecoloured

arrowsonthecurrentenergylabel,onlywithaletterontheficheindicatingtheefficiencyclass.


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Fig.7+8:DesignofthenewEnergylabel:forcoolingonlyandforreversibleappliances

5.3.Ecodesignregulation:gaptoBATInMarch2012alsotheecodesignregulationhasbeenpublishedintheOfficialJournal.Its

requirementswillapplyfromJanuary2013.

Thedraftregulationcontainsdifferentminimumefficiencyrequirementsforroomairconditioners,

single-anddouble-ducts,maximumpowerinputforstandbyandoffmodeandmaximumsound

powerlevels.AppliancesusingrefrigerantswithaGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)below150

receivea10%reductionoftherequiredefficiencylevels.Intier2forlargeACs(6-12kW)different,a

bitlessambitiousvaluesareapplied.

Theminimumefficiencyrequirementsforroomairconditionersarebasedonaseasonalenergy

efficiencyratio,requirementsfordoubleductsandsingleductsarebasedonanon-seasonal(full

load)energyefficiencyratio.


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Tab.5:EcodesignrequirementsandBAT

*ResultsofatestingprojectbyToptenin2011implythatvariablespeedairconditionerSEERvalues

accordingtothenewmeasurementstandardwillbemorethan3.0pointshigherthancurrentEER

andSCOPvalues0.6higherthanCOPvalues.

Theintroductionofaseasonalenergyefficiencyratiofordoubleductsisforeseenforthenext

revisionprocess(after5years),asaccordinglythefirstmodelswithvariablespeeddriveareonly

abouttoenterthemarket.Proposedstandbyandoffmoderequirementsforsingleanddoubleductsareinlinewiththe

horizontalstandbyregulation1275/2008,butareimplementedsometwoyearslater.Forsingleand

doubleductsthemaximumpowerinputvaluesof1W/0.5W(Offmodeandstandbymode,tier

1/tier2)and2W/1W(Standbymode,withdisplay)ofthestandbyregulationarevalidfrom2013and

2014respectively.StandbyandOffmodeconsumptionby(split)roomairconditionersiscontainedin

theSEERcalculation,noadditionallowpowerconsumptionrequirementsareproposed.

5.4.Newenergylabel:A+++classesalreadypopulated,novisualisingofthelowefficiencyofsingleductsanddoubleducts

ThebestsplitmodelontheEUmarketreachesanEERvalueof5.63andaCOPof5.68intermsof

SEERandSCOPthismodelwillreachhighervalues,asitoperateswithavariablespeeddrive.BasedontheresultsoftheToptentestingproject(seechapter5.1)thismodelcanbeexpectedtohavea

SEERofaround9andaSCOPofaround6.NotonlythisBATmodel,butalsootherairconditioning

modelsbelowtheBATwouldendupintheA+++classesforbothcoolingandheatingfunction.All6

modelsbelow4kWontopten.eucanpossiblyreachclassA+++requirementswhenmeasuredona

partloadbasis.

ThecoolingefficiencyofproposedclassAsingleanddoubleductscorrespondstotheefficiencyof

classFroomairconditioners.Asfortheheatingfunction,classAsingleductshavetheefficiencyof

classCdoubleductsandofclassEairconditioners.Thisefficiencyscalesystemisratherconfusing

thanhelpful,anditdoesnotmakethelowefficiencyofdoubleductsandsingleductsvisibleto

consumers.

Theminimumefficiencyrequirementsfrom2013willbansplitroomairconditionersbelowcoolingfunctionclassD(SEER)andheatingfunctionclassA(SCOP).ClassesGtoE(cooling)orevenGtoB

(heating)willbeemptyafter2013.Theproposedtier2MEPSwillleadtoonlyclassAandbetter

(cooling)andthebetterhalfofclassAandbetter(heating)toremainonthemarketafter2014.On

theotherhandthelabelclassificationlacksanincentivetodevelopmoreefficientairconditioners,as

thetopclassesA+++arealreadypopulated.

5.5.Policiesfromoverseas:manyEUmodelsdonotcomplyInseveralcountriesseasonalefficiencyindiceshavebeenintroduced:morethan20yearsagointhe

USA,inJapanandKoreain2004,andChinarunstwomeasurementmethodsinparallel;aSEER-

basedstandardforvariablespeed-andanon-seasonalEERforfix-speedairconditioners.

ComparisonofEuropeanEERandCOPwithJapaneselegislationshowedthat90%ofthemodelssoldinEuropein2006didnotcomplywithJapaneselegislation-despitethefactthatmanybrandsonthe


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JapaneseandtheEUmarketsareidentical(Riviereetal.,2009)!Manymodelswouldneitherhave

beenallowedontheAustralian,Chinese,SouthKorean,TaiwaneseandUSmarkets(Fig.9+10).

Fig.9:ComparisonofinternationalMEPSwithEERofEuropeancoolingonlyairconditioners(2006)

(Source:Riviereetal.,2009)

Fig.10:ComparisonofinternationalMEPSwithEERofEuropeanreversibleairconditioners(2006)

(Source:Riviereetal.,2009)


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6. Recommendationsregardingpolicydesign

6.1.Scopeandefficiencyindicatorsoftheenergylabelandecodesignregulation:includelargemodels,applyseasonalefficiencyindicatorsalsofordoubleducts

Thescopeofthepresentecodesignandlabellingregulationworkingdocumentsislimitedtoair

conditioningapplianceswitharatedcapacity12kW.Largerairconditionerswillbecoveredinlot6

ontertiaryairconditioners.Thislothoweverhasalongwaytogobeforeitresultsinany

implementingmeasuresandifthescopelimitofthecurrentregulationonissetat12kWitiseasyto

produceapplianceswith13kW,whichthenareoutofthescopeoftheenergylabelandthe

ecodesignrequirements.Inordertoavoidthis,itisrecommendedtoincludeairconditionerswith

inputpowerofupto17kWintoboththelabellingandecodesignregulation.Assoonasstricter

tertiaryairconditionersimplementingmeasuresareadopted,thesewouldreplacethepresent

legislationforlargeairconditioners.

Water-to-airappliancesareexemptfrombothregulations.Ithastobeassuredthatthistypeis

includedinthefuturemeasuresontertiaryairconditioners.Itshouldbeclarifiedthatair-to-air,but

evaporativewater-cooledairconditionersareinthescopeofthecurrentlydiscussedregulations.

Theimplementationofseasonalefficiencyindicatorsiskeyforeffectivemeasures.Asthefirstdouble

ductswithvariablespeeddrive(inverters)areabouttoenterthemarket,thereisnoreasonnotto

applyaseasonalefficiencyindicatorfordoubleducts(SEERandSCOP).Seasonalcoefficientsdo

accountforthevariablespeeddrivesabilitytorunatpartload,whichisneglectedbynon-seasonal

EERandCOP.Thepositivedevelopmenttowardsmoreefficientdoubleductswithvariablespeed

driveshouldnotbehinderedbyrenouncingonamethodwhichaccountsfortheirrealefficiency.

Measurementtolerancesmustbesmallerthanclasswidth.Thesuggested8%measurement

toleranceforsplitACsarereasonableandallowacredibleefficiencyclassdeclaration.Forsingleand

doubleductsthesuggestedtoleranceisat10%.

6.2.Energylabelandecodesignregulation:revisionneededsoon

Assoonasthenewenergylabelappearsonthemarketinthecourseof2012itwillbecomeclearer

howtheEuropeanmarketisdistributed.Asystematicmarketmonitoringprogrammewouldallowto

drawtherightconclusionsforalabelrevision.Itisexpectedthatthetopclassesofthelabelare

populatedalreadyattheintroductionofthenewenergylabel.Inordertokeepupanincentivefor

developingevenmoreefficientproductsthetopclasseshowevershouldbeempty.Thereforeanear

revisionoftheenergylabelshouldbeplannedandmoreambitiousclasslimitsbeimplemented.

FurthermoretheEnergylabelismosteffectiveifitfollowstheinitialAtoGscaleandifAstandsfor

thebest.A+classesshouldthereforebereservedforfutureimprovements.Onlyiftheenergylabel

coversallairconditionertypes,consumerscanseethelowrelativeefficiencyofdoubleductsand

singleducts.

Theecodesignregulationwillbantheleastefficientairconditionersfromthemarket.Table5

howevergivesanideathatmuchmoreambitiousrequirementcouldbepossible.Assoonas

experienceswiththenewmeasurementstandardhavebeenmadearevisionoftheecodesign

regulationshouldbeenvisaged.

Singleductsshouldnotbegrantedextra-lowrequirements.Theydontofferanyadditionalvalue

comparedtodoubleducts,buttheyarelessefficientthanthese.Therequiredwindoworwall

opening(andthewasteheatwhichisdeliveredindoors)effectivelyleadstoacoolingeffectupto

40%belowthedeclaredcapacity(Brunneretal.2008)-singleductsinfactarelessefficientthan


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declared.Consequentlysingleductsshouldbetreatedandmeasuredthesamewayasdoubleducts

andnotbegrantedlowerrequirements.

RefrigerantswithaGWP>150shouldbeannouncedtobebannedfrom2016.Inthecaseofcars,the

useofsuchrefrigerantsisprohibitedfrom2011.Thesamehastobepossibleforairconditioners

withanearlyannouncement.AsHFOsandpropanearenotlessefficientthanR410A,modelsusingtheseasrefrigerantsdont

needareductioninefficiencyrequirement.Theannouncedbanshouldbeincentiveenoughtospeed

upthenecessaryconstructionadaptations.CO 2howeverisindeedlessefficient,butdeservestobe

promotedduetoitsverylowGWP(GWP=1).Toptensupportsareductionofefficiencyrequirements

formodelsusingCO2asrefrigerantby15%,asitwasincludedinthedraftEcodesignregulationfrom

April2010.

7.ReferencesandLinks

References

Michel,Bush,Nipkow,Brunner,2011:Energyefficientroomairconditionersbestavailable

technology(BAT).EEDALConference2011,Copenhagen.

Attali,Bush,Michel,2009:Factorsinfluencingthepenetrationofenergyefficientelectrical

appliancesintonationalmarketsinEurope.ReportforDefra/theMarketTransformation

ProgrammebySoWATTandBushEnergieGmbH.

C.U.Brunner,U.Steinemann,J.Nipkow,2008:Bauen,wenndasKlimawrmerwird.Faktor-Verlag,

Zrich.

ElectricityConsumptionandEfficiencyTrendsinEuropeanUnionStatusReport2009.Paolo

BertoldiandBogdanAtanasiu,2009.JRC

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/EnEff_Report_2009.pdf

Riviereetal.,2008/2009:Preparatorystudyontheenvironmentalperformanceofresidentialroom

conditioningappliances(aircoandventilation).Tasks1-8.

http://www.ecoaircon.eu/

AirconditionertestbyTopten(February2011).

CommissionDocuments

COMMISSIONDIRECTIVE2002/31/ECof22March2002implementingCouncilDirective92/75/EEC

withregardtoenergylabellingofhouseholdair-conditioners

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0031:en:NOT

COMMISSIONREGULATIONNo1275/2008of17December2008withregardtoecodesign

requirementsforstandbyandoffmodeelectricpowerconsumptionofelectricalandelectronic

householdandofficeequipment

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:339:0045:0052:en:PDF

COMMISSIONDELEGATEDREGULATION(EU)No626/2011of4May2011supplementingDirective

2010/30/EUoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilwithregardtoenergylabellingofair

conditioners


14/14


14

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:178:0001:0072:EN:PDF

COMMISSIONREGULATION(EU)No206/2012of6March2012implementingDirective2009/125/EC

oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilwithregardtoecodesignrequirementsforair

conditionersandcomfortfanshttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:072:0007:0027:EN:PDF

NoteonchangesbetweentheattacheddraftproposalandtheWorkingDocumentpresentedtothe

ConsultationForumon22June2009onair-conditioningappliances,April2010

EuropeanCommission,2011:Impactassessmentreportonairconditioners.Notyetpublished.

Links

Topten.info,bestproductsinEurope:www.topten.eu

ToptenChina:http://www.top10china.cn/english.html

Euroventcertification,databaseofconformitytestedairconditioners:

http://www.eurovent-certification.com

Chigo,brandofoneofthemostefficientairconditioners(SEER=7.30):

http://www.chigogroup.com/en/default.aspx

Coolproductsforacoolplanet,informationontheecodesignprocess: http://www.coolproducts.eu/

PositionoftheEnvironmentalNGOsonthedraftecodesignandlabellingmeasuresfordomesticair

conditioners(17.June2009):

http://env-ngo.eup-network.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ENGOs_Intern/Position_Papers/Air-

co_EuP_Environmental_NGOs-June09.pdf

SELINA,StandbyandOff-ModeEnergyLossesInNewAppliancesMeasuredinShops:

http://www.selina-project.eu/

May2012,AnetteMichel,EricBush,JrgNipkow,ConradU.Brunner,HuBo;TIG(ToptenInternationalGroup),

Paris.www.topten.eu

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