ARC226 History of Architecture 10.pdf

8/22/2019 ARC226 History of Architecture 10.pdf

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History of ArchitectureUNIT 10

Architecture in colonial India(Early colonial period)

And(Architectural character of Indo- Saracenic and Classical revival)


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Introduction1. Under colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse

the patron.

2. Numerous outsiders invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of

their ancestral and adopted homes.3. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of

conquest, dedicated to the state or religion.

4. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main powers that

colonized India.

5. British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947 The British arrival in 1615 overthrew the

Mughal empire. Britain reigned India for over three hundred years and their

legacy still remains through building and infrastructure that populate their

former colonies.

6. The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay,Delhi, Agra, Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal and Hyderabad.


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Madras1. St Andrews Kirk, Madras is renowned for its colonial beauty.

2. The building is circular in form and is sided by two rectangular sections one isthe entrance porch. The entrance is lined with twelve colonnades and two British

lions and motto of East India Company engraved on them. The interior holds

sixteen columns and the dome is painted blue with decorated with gold stars.

3. The staple of Madras was Fort St. George, a walled squared building adjacent to

the beach. Surrounding the fort was White Town settlement of British and

Indian area Black Town later to be called Georgetown.

4. Black Town described in 1855 as the minor streets, occupied by the natives are

numerous, irregular and of various dimensions. Many of them are extremely

narrow and ill-ventilateda hallow square, the rooms opening into acourtyard in the centre."

5. Garden houses were originally used as weekend houses for recreational use by

the upper class British. Nonetheless, the garden house became ideal a full-time

dwelling, deserting the fort in the 19th Century.


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Calcutta1. Madras and Calcutta were similar bordered by water and division of Indian in the

north and British in the south.2. An Englishwoman noted in 1750 the banks of the river are as one may say

absolutely studded with elegant mansions called here as at Madras, garden

houses.Esplanade-row is fronts the fort with lined palaces.

3. Indian villages in these areas consisted ofclay and straw houses, later transformed

into a metropolis ofbrick and stone.

4. The Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, is the most effective symbolism of British

Empire, built as a monument in tribute to Queen Victorias reign.

5. The plan of the building consists ofone large central part covered with a larger

dome. Colonnades separate the two chambers. Each corner holds a smaller domeand is floored with marble plinth. The memorial stands on 26 hectares of garden

surrounded by reflective pools.


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French: 1673 to 19541. The French colonized a fishing village (Pondicherry) in Tamil Nadu and

transformed it into a flourishing port-town.2. The town was built on the French grid pattern and features neat sectors and

perpendicular streets and divided into two sectors, French Quarter (Ville

Blanche) and the Indian quarter (Ville Noire).

3. French styled villas were styled with long compounds and stately walls, lined

houses with verandas, large French doors and grills.4. Infrastructure such as banks, police station and Pondicherry International Port

still hold the French presence.

5. To preserve Pondicherry an organization names INTACH was formed.

Authorization is needed from INTACH, to annihilate any original FrenchArchitecture.

6. French expanded their empire by colonizing coastal towns, Yanam in Andhra

Pradesh, Karaikal in Tamil Nadu and Mahe in Kerala with a French atmosphere of

quiet towns around beaches. French spelling on signage and traffic signs still

remains.


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Dutch: 1605 to 18251. The Dutch entered India with the only interests of Trade in the early 17th

Century.2. During their 200 years in India, they colonized Surat, Bharuch, Venrula,

Ahmedabad, Malabar Coast, Kochi and Sadras.

3. Surat a Dutch factory in 1630s

4. Bharuch: Trading Post of the Dutch East India Company had a Dutch cemetery.

5. Venrula: a warehouse was built for 3000 Guilders by Leendart Janszoons and a

castle for the protection of the Dutch.

6. Ahmedabad: The Dutch cemetery lies on the bank of Kankaria lake. It holds a mix

ofIndian and European styled graves, with domed tombs, pyramids, walled and

plain grave stones.7. Malabar Coast Kochi: The Dutch Palace (Mattancherry Palace) The palace

was originally built by the Portuguese, it fell into the hands of the Dutch when the

Portuguese lost control ofKochi.


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Portuguese: 1498 to 19611. The Portuguese arrived as merchants in the 1498 and were more driven by a

Catholic missionary zeal than gaining powers in India. The Portuguese gained a

foothold Goa and ruled for 400 years.

2. Portuguese dominance in Goa still remains. Their missionary spirit built many

magnificent cathedrals, churches, basilicas and seminaries. The Basilica ofBom

Jesus (Good Jesus), Old Goa, former capital during the Portugal rule.

3. The three storied Renaissance styled church was built of plaster and laterite in1605, it holds the body ofSt.Francis.

4. The interior is built in a Mosaic- Corinthian style and adorned with wood and gold

leaf. The walls embrace old painting of saints as the floor is laid with pure white

marble.5. The Portuguese - Catholic houses faced the street with unique large ornamental

windows opening onto verendahs.

6. Bold colours were painted on houses constructing distinct identity, allowing the

sailors to recognize their houses from sea. The covered porches and verandas were

designed for socializing contrary to the Hindu styled housing.

7. Front doors were lined with columns, and railings were popular in embellishment.


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Indo-Saracenic Architecture1. designs were introduced by British imperialist colonizers, promoting their own

sense of rightful self-glorification, which came to appeal to the aesthetic

sensibilities of continental Europeans and Americans, whose architects came to

astutely incorporate telling indigenous "Asian Exoticism" elements, whilst

implementing their own engineering innovations supporting such elaborateconstruction, both in India and abroad, evidence for which can be found to this day

in public, private and government owned buildings.

2. Public and Government buildings were often rendered on an intentionally grand

scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible BritishEmpire.

3. Again, structures of this design sort, particularly those built in India and England,

were built in conformance to advanced British structural engineering standards of

the 1800s, which came to include infrastructures composed of iron, steel and

poured concrete (the innovation of reinforced cement and pre-cast cement

elements, set with iron and/or steel rods, developed much later); the same can be

said for like structures built elsewhere, making use of the same design vocabulary,

by local architects, that would come to be constructed in continental Europe and the

Americas: Indo-Saracenics popularity flourished for a span of some 30-years.


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4. Notable, too, is that the British, in fact Europeans generally, had long nurtured ataste for the aesthetic exuberance of such Asian exoticism design, as displayed

in innovative Indo-Saracenic style and also in their taste for Chinoiserie and

Japanned.

5. Supported by the imagination of skilled artisans of various disciplines, exoticism

promulgated itself across a broad demographic of British, European and

Americas citizenry, Adaptation of such design innovations spilled over into and

determined the aesthetic direction of major architectural projects, expressing

themselves in the Baroque, Regency and design periods beyond.

6. Today, that spread of elaborate Asian exoticism design fulfillment remainsevidenced in many residential and governmental edifices wrought of the

masterpiece initiatives of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries; much had initially

been contributed by the stupendously rich and indulgent sea-merchant Venetian

Empire, whose existence spanned nearly a millennium, and whose Gothicarchitecture came to incorporate a plethora of Asian exoticism elements, such as

the Moorish Arch in its windows, related to the latter "harem window"


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Main Elements of Indo Sarasenic Architecture

1. onion (bulbous) domes2. overhanging eaves

3. pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches

4. vaulted roofs

5. domed kiosks

6. many miniature domes7. domed chhatris

8. pinnacles

9. towers or minarets

10. harem windows11. open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs

12. pierced open arcading


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Mumbai BMC headquarters


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Mumbai Gateway of India by night


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Taj Mahal Palace


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Mysore palace


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Musee madras


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Victoria Memorial Kolkata


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Ripon Building, Chennai


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General-Post-Office,-Bombay


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Khalsa College Amritsar 1988


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Daly College, Indore


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North Block Govt of India


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Thank YouPresented By

Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.

Lovely Professional University

B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee)

email:- [email protected]

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ARC226 History of Architecture 10.pdf

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