ARC226 History of Architecture 6.pdf

8/22/2019 ARC226 History of Architecture 6.pdf

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History of Architecture

UNIT 6

Islamic architecture and its

implementations


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Islamic Architecture

The Mosque


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A mosque is a Muslim house ofworship.

Typically a flat, rectangular building with a circular dome on top.

Towers, called minarets, are part of the structure. The central organizing feature of a mosque is its orientation toward

the spiritual center of the Muslim world the Kaaba, in the house ofGod in Makkah.


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Badshahi Mosque

Lahore, Pakistan


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Where muezzin stands to call

faithful to prayer (adhan)

Over time minarets have become

more prominent in appearance

Muslims pray five times a day Adhan can be heard over great

distances-ten block with

loudspeakers

Minaret


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Sahn

A courtyard where

Muslims can meet withoutdisturbing those inside.

An arcade surround the

sahn and provides shelterfrom heat and rain.

Ablution fountains use to

wash hands, feet, and facebefore prayer.


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Prayer Hall

Muslims remove shoes before stepping onto the carpeted floor

Open designs allows for standing, bowing, prostrating, and kneelingduring salat


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Minbar

Raised pulpit where imam

stands while leadingkhutba (Friday service)

Top step, with canopy, is

left vacant out of respect forMuhammad

Located to the right of the

mihrab along the qiblahwall (which faces kaaba)


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Mihrab

Indicates which wall in the prayerhall faces the qiblah wall

Provides a place for imam to stand

when leading prayers

Shape symbolizes cave of the

world


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Domes

Circular ceiling formed by series of vaults Ensures visibility by lighting the prayer area

Creates a sense of warmth and openness


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4 MAIN STYLES:Geometric

Calligraphic

Organic/figuralMedallions


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Organic and figuralworks are easily

identified by their

curving lines.


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You will also seehuman and animalfigures, as well as

flowers and vines.


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The swirling leaves and flowers on

this peacock plate from Turkeyalmosthide the dainty blue bird in

the center of the plate.

HereI

Am!


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The

Medallion style

usually has a central imagethat is more important than

other elements of the design.


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It is easy to see the medallion in

the center of this carpet from Iran.


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ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE

According to the Encarta "Islamic art is developedfrom many sources: Roman, Early Christian, andByzantine styles were taken over in early Islamicarchitecture;the influence of Sassanian art the architecture

and decorative art of pre-Islamic Persia was ofparamount significance;Central Asian styles were brought in with variousnomadic incursions; and Chinese influences hadan important effect on Islamic painting, pottery,

and textiles."There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometricalfloral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque.The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent,indivisible and infinite nature of Allah.It is a common myth that human or animal depiction is forbidden altogether inIslamic art. In fact, human portrayals can be found in all eras of Islamic art.Rather, human representation for the purpose of worship is considered idolatryand is duly forbidden in Islamic law, known as Sharia law. There are also many

depictions of Muhammad, Islam's chief prophet, in historical Islamic art.


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ARCHITECTUREPerhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly

that of the mosque (four-iwan and hypostyle). Through the edifices, the effect ofvarying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. The North African andSpanish Islamic architecture, for example, has Roman-Byzantine elements, asseen in the Alhambra palace at Granada, or in the Great Mosque of Cordoba.

CALLIGRAPHYPart of a series on Islam.

BELIEFSAllah Oneness of God

Muhammad Prophets of Islam

PRACTICESProfession of Faith PrayerFasting Charity Pilgrimage

HISTORY & LEADERSTimeline of Muslim historyAhl al-Bayt SahabaRashidun Caliphs Shi'a Imams


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TEXTS & LAWSQur'an Sunnah Hadith

Fiqh ShariaKalam Tasawwuf (Sufism)

MAJOR BRANCHESSunni Shi'a Culture & Society

Academics Animals ArtCalendar Children DemographicsFestivals Mosques PhilosophyPolitics Science Women

ISLAM & OTHER RELIGIONSChristianity JainismJudaism Sikhism

PILE CARPETNo Islamic artistic concept has become better known outside its original homethan the pile carpet, more commonly referred to as the Oriental carpet (orientalrug). Carpet weaving is a rich and deeply embedded tradition is Islamic societies,and the practice is seen in cities as well as in rural communities and nomadicencampments.


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SQUINCH IN ARCHITECTURE

The lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. It iswhere the vertical support for the arch terminates and

the curve of the arch begins.

A piece of construction used for filling in the upperangles of a square room so as to form a proper base to

receive an octagonal or spherical dome.

Squinches may be formed by masonry built out fromthe angle in corbeled courses, by filling the corner witha vise placed diagonally, or by building an arch or anumber of corbeled arches diagonally across the

corner.

1. Corbeling, built at the upper corners of a structural bay tosupport its tangent, smaller dome or drum.

2. A small arch across the corner of a square room whichsupports a superimposed mass; also called a sconce.


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SQUINCH SYSTEM

The squinch system consist of projecting a smallarch across the upper part of the angle of the squarehall, thus converting its square shape into anoctagon, which again if necessary, may betransformed in the same manner into a sixteen sided

figure, a convinient base on which the lower circularrim of the dome may rest without leaving anyportions unsupported.

In this instance the squinch takes the form of asmall vault, or half dome, with an arch on its outer

and diagonal face.


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DOMES

Dome is a structural element of architecture that

resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

Dome structures made of various materials havea long architectural lineage extending intoprehistory. The earliest domes have been found

in the ancient Middle East and India in modestbuildings and tombs.

Domes are seen as a common feature in ecclesiastical architecture of manyvarying creeds. Domes were first popularized in Europe and the Middle Eastby their frequent use in Roman - and especially Byzantine - religious and seculararchitecture. Domes became popular in Renaissance Christian architecture fromthe 15th century onwards, reaching a zenith in popularity during the early 18thcentury Baroque period.Domes do not have to be perfectly spherical in cross-section, however; a

section through a dome may be an ellipse. If the baseline is taken parallel to theshorter of an ellipse's two diameters, a tall dome results, giving a sense ofupward reach. A section across the longer axis results in a low dome, cappingthe volume instead. A very low dome is classified as a saucer dome. All thesurfaces of any dome are curved.


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A dome can be thought of as an arch which hasbeen rotated around its vertical axis. As such,

domes have a great deal of structural strength. Asmall dome can be constructed of ordinarymasonry, held together by friction and compressiveforces.

Domes In Islamic PeriodThe role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Domes havebeen used in Islamic architecture for centuries. The earliest surviving dome ispart of the Dome of the Rock mosque, built in 691 CE. Another prominent domewas added to the Taj Mahal, constructed in the 17th century with the Taj Mahal.

And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes were incorporated into Westernarchitecture.

DOME OF TAJ MAHALBuilding has a white double - dome with a broadpadma-kosa (lotus - petals) and beautiful Kalasa-finial is mounted on the tomb.

The huge bulbous dome of the Taj Mahalreaches a grand height of 144 feet [forty four

meters] and is one of the major focal points of thebuilding.


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Situated on the flat roof of the building it dominates the yawning arches, or iwansof the four faades. The dome is placed on a truncated drum to retain volume, and

is a regular feature of Mughal architecture and locates the exact centre of thebuilding.

PLANNINGGeometry plays an important role in the overall

designs of Mughal architecture, and the play ofshape in the Taj Mahal is optimal. The ground plans of the main chamber and thebase of the minarets use an octagonal template,

The right angles of the plinth and gardens engagethe use of the square and the water channels arerectangular.


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Subsequently, it is the dome, which brings cylindrical perfection to the site, and thecircle, symbolizes perfection and unity.

The Taj Mahal in fact boasts a double-dome, afalse ceiling inside a large outer-skin. This devicegives the imposing volume to the outside of thedome, whilst retaining comfortable proportions in

the inside - which would otherwise be cavernous.The huge bulbous dome of the Taj Mahal reachesa grand height of 144 feet [forty four meters] and isone of the major focal points of the building.

Flanking the exterior are four domed kiosks orchhatris which add symmetry and verticality.


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Ornamenting the summit of the dome is an open lotus,this acts as a visual anchor to the bulk of the domeunderneath.

The lotus nests under a gilded finial. Surrounding thedrum of the dome is a dazzling necklace of bejewelledinlay.

This is a startling example of how the decoration andarchitecture are used to compliment each other

DOME OF ROCK, JERUSALEMNames: Dome of the Rock

Type ofsite:

Muslim shrine

Dates: Built 688-91 AD

Location: Haram es-Sharif (Temple Mount), Old City,Jerusalem

The diameter of the dome of the shrine is20m 20cm and its height 20m 48cm.It is mounted on an elevated drumconsisting of a circle of 16 piers andcolumns. Surrounding this circle is an

octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.


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EXTERIORThe Dome is in the shape of a Byzantine

martyrium, a structure intended for the housing andveneration of saintly relics.Al-Maqdisi reports that surplus funds consisting of100,000 gold dinar coins were melted down andcast on the dome's exterior, which at the time had astrong glitter that no eye could look straight at it.

During the reign of Sulieman the Magnificient theexterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered withIsnik tiles. At dawn, when the light of the sun first strikes thedome and the drum catches the rays, then is this

edifice a marvellous sight to behold.

The dome is topped by a full moon decoration which evokes the familiar crescent moonsymbol of Islam. It is aligned so that if you could look through it, you would be looking straighttowards Mecca.

The Arabic inscription around the octagonal part of theDome of the Rock are verses from the Qur'an.The tiled area just below the golden dome is the drum.Its glazed tiles were made in Turkey, and its Arabicinscription tells of the Night Journey of Muhammad.


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The beautiful multicoloured Turkish tiles that adorn theshrine's exterior are faithful copies of the Persian tiles thatSuleiman the Magnificent added in 1545 to replace thedamaged originals.The lower half of the exterior is white marble.The exterior mosaics were repaired in the Mamluk period,and then wall with its intricate inscription by filling up thethirteen small arches that originally topped each facade.

INTERIORInside the shrine, an arched wall called the octagonalarcade or inner octagon follows the exterior shape.An open space between this and the central circle formsthe inner ambulatory around the Rock, carpeted in lush red.

It is mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of16 piers and columns. Surrounding this circle is anoctagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns

The cupola, the interior of the great golden

dome, features elaborate floral decorations inred and gold, as well as various inscriptions.The mosaics of the interior feature bothrealistic and stylized representations ofvegetation and related themes.

The interior of the dome is lavishly decoratedwith mosaic, faience and marble.

MUQARNAS


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MUQARNAS

Muqarnas is one of the most characteristic features of Islamic architectureand is used throughout most of the Muslim world.

Muqarnas is usually associated with domes, doorways and niches,although it is often applied to other architectural features and is sometimes

used as an ornamental band on a flat surface.

The most impressive examples of muqarnas on the exterior of buildings

are where it is used as corbelling for balconies on minaretsThe singular beauty of the Muqarnas,from which numerous concave hollowshang down in clusters.Their descriptions, however, are little

more than brief introductions, and manydetails remain unclear.

THE STYLE OF SQUARE MUQARNAS


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Thank YouPresented By

Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.

Lovely Professional University

B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee)

email:- [email protected]

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ARC226 History of Architecture 6.pdf

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