HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

GROUP V MARK KEVIN AGPAOA JULIUS RAFAEL YANOS

Greek Architecture(samples)

THE THREE ORDERS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Doric Order Doric columns are the simplest. They have a CAPITAL (the top or the crown) made of a circle

topped by a square. The SHAFT is plain and has 20 sides (the tall part of the column) BASE is not present in Doric order Works well horizontally on a building, that’s why it was so good

with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze (pronounced “FREEZE”), had simple patterns. Above the columns are the METOPE AND TRIGLYPHS)

METOPE pronounced “met-o-pee” is a plain, smooth stone section between TRIGYLPHS. Sometimes the METOPEE is a statue of heroes and gods on them.

TRIGLYPHS are pattern of 3 vertical lines between METOPEE

Doric OrderSOME DORIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:

AGRIGENTUMAPOLLO, DELPHIAPOLLO, CORINTHPARTHENON, ATHENS

Ionic shaft is taller than Doric They also had flutes, which are lines carved into them

from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: ENTESIS, which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that – so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn’t

The FRIEZE is plain. The BASES were large and looked like a set of stacked

rings. CAPITALS consist of a scrolls above the shaft, It is more decorative than the doric.

IONIC ORDER

Entesis – a swelling or curving outwards along the outline of a column shaft, designed to counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded by lines the appearance of curving inwards.

ENTESIS

IONIC ORDEREXAMPLES of IONIC TEMPLES in GREECE:

ILLISSUSNIKE, APTEROSERECHTHEION

Is the most decorative and usually the one most modern people like best.

It uses also ENTASIS Its CAPITAL have flowers and leaves below

the scroll The SHAFT has flutes and the base like the

lonian

CORINTHIAN ORDER

CORINTHIAN ORDER

The cornice is the uppermost section of moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof.

EXAMPLES of CORINTHIAN TEMPLES

APOPLLO EPICURIUSTHE CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES, ATHENS

Very plain With a plain SHAFT A simple CAPITAL and BASE Plain frieze

TUSCAN ORDER

TUSC

AN

ORD

ER

ECHINUSAlso called cymatium. the circular molding, usually carved with an egg-and-dart pattern, forming part of an Ionic capital between the volutes and under the balteus.

BALTEUS the horizontal band connecting the

volutes on either side.

ECHINUS & BALTEUS (definition)

COMPOSITE ORDERCOMOPISTE - Is the combination of IONIC and CORINTHIAN order

CAULICULOUS-In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to support the volutes.

PEDIMENT

Pediment – a triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by raking cornices.

•Roofs were constructed of timber members, boarded and covered with tierra-cotta or marble tiles overlapping one. Another finished off the caves with antifixae

TERMS TO REMEMBER•MUTULES – PREJECTING INCLINED BLOCKS IN DORIC CORNICES, DERIVES FROM THE ENDS OF WOODEN BEAMS.•ACRETERION – BLOCKS RESTING ON THE VERTEX AND LOWER EXTREMITIES OF THE PEDIMENT TO SUPPORT STATURAY OR ORNAMENTS.•TYMPANUM – THE TRIANGULAR SURFACE BOUNDED BY THE SLOPING AND HORIZONTAL CORNICES OF THE PEDIMENT.•FRIEZE – THE MIDDLE DIVISION OF THE CLASSIC ENTABLATURE.•CORNICE – IS THE CROWNING OR UPPER PORTION OF THE ENTABLATURE, ALSO USED FOR ANY CROWNING PROJECTION.•ARCITRAVE – THE BEAM OR LOWERST DIVISION OF THE ENTABLATURE, WHICH EXTENDS FROM COLUMN TO COLUMN. ALSO A MOULDED FRAME AROUND A DOOR OR A WINDOW.

•CAPITAL - THE CROWNING FEATURES OF A COLUMN OR PILASTER•SHAFT – THE PORTION OF A COLUMN BETWEEM BASE AND CAPITAL.•STYLOBATE – THE UPPER STEP FORMING THE BASE OF A COLUMNED GREEK TEMPLE (3 STEPS)•TRIGLYHP – BLOCKS WITH VERTICAL CHANNELS WHICH FORM A DISTINGUISHING FEATURE IN THE FRIEZE OF THE DORIC ENTABLATURE.•METOPE – THE SPACE BETWEEN DORIC TIGLLYPHS, SOMETIMES LEFT OPEN IN ANCIENT EXAMPLES, AFTERWARDS APPLIED TO THE CARVED SLAB.•TENIA –A FLAT PROJECTING BAND CAPPING THE ARCHITRAVE OF A DORIC ENTABLATURE.•GUTTA – SMALL CONES UNDER THE TRIGLYPHS AND MUTULES OF THE DORIC ENTABLATURE.

•REGULA – THE SHORT BAND, UNDER THE TRIGLYPHS, BENEATH THE TENIA OF THE DORIC ENTABLATURE AND TO WHICH WHERE THE GUTTAE ARE ATTACHED.•ANNULETS - A SMALL FLAT FILLET ENCIRCLING A COLUMN. IT IS SEVERAL TIMES REPEATED UNDER THE OVOLO HYPOTRACHELION.•HYPOTHRACHELION - THE NECK OF A GREEK DORIC COLUMN, BETWEEN THE ANNULETS AND THE GROMES OR CAPITAL AND SHAFT OF A COLUMN.•COLUMN- A VERTICAL SUPOORT, GENERALLY CONSISTING OF BASE, CIRCULAR SHAFT, AND SPREADING CAPITAL.

HELLENISTIC PERIOD (323- 30 B.C)

Examples: ‘Temenos’ or the sacred enclosure, as at Delphi: often

topography allowed this to be a citadel too, Acropolis or upper city, where the principal sacred buildings

might stand, both for dignity and safety, The PROPYLAEA, ATHENS, erected under Pericles by the architect

Mnesicles, forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis, approached by a steep ascent from the plain below. The front and rear Hexastyle Doric porticoes areon different levels, and give access to a covered hall with a wide central passage flanked by ionic columns and with and eastern wall with five doorways of different heights. The projecting wings on either side if the western front has three columns.

TEMPLES : Temples were the chief of building in the hellenic period.

Examples

PROPYLAEA, ATHENS,

PLAN

SECTION THRU Y-Y

ACROPOLIS, ATHENS

PLAN

NAOS- the principal chamber in a Greek temple containing the statue of the DEITY.

Opisthodomos (epidnaos)

parthenon

naos

pronaos

8 columns

A. Henostyle- 1column• Distyle- 2 columns• Tristyle- 3 columns• Tetrastyle- 4 columns• Pentastlye- 5 columns• Hexastyle- 6 columns• Heptastyle-7 columns• Octastyle- 8 columns• Enneastyle- 9 columns• Decastyle- 10 columns• Dodecastyle- twelve columns

A. “In antis” temple have one to four column between antae at the front

• DISTYLE IN ANTIS

B.“AMPHI-ANTIS”Temples have from one to four columns between antae at front and rear. Two is the usual number

•AMPHI-ANTIS DISTYLE

C.“PROSTYLE” – temples have a portico of columns at the front.

“PROSTYLE”

D.“AMPHI-PROSTYLE” –temples have a portico of columns at the front and rear.

“AMPHI-PROSTYLE”

E.“PERIPTERAL” – temples have a single line of columns surrounding the naos

“PERIPTERAL”

F. “DIPTERAL” – temples have a double line of columns surrounding the naos.

“DIPTERAL”

G. “PSEUDO-DIPTERAL” – temples are like the last, but inner range of columns is omitted on the flanks of the naos.

PSEUDO-DIPTERAL

H.“MONOPTERAL”- temples having circular columniation

MONOPTEREAL/THOLOS

J.“PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL”- temples have flank columns attached to the naos wall.

PSEUDOPERIPTERAL

The Greek theatre, an open-air structure, was geneally hollowed out if the slope of a hillside, in or near a city, and received definitive architectural form only in the 4th century B.C.. The developed form consisted of three independent elements.

3 independent elements:

1. Auditorium or Cavea- in tiers of stone seats arranged in a horseshoe shape around the circular paved space (orchestra) used by the chorus

THEATRESStage(skene) for actors. The skene was a structure, tangental to orchestra, affording a backing for simple stage décor. The orchestra was the focal point, for on it the churos enacted the action of the drama and around it, greater than a semicircle, was organized the arrangement of the seating. The tiers of seats partially enclosing the orchestra to a point beyond its diameter in retaining wall, along the face of which was a passage(parados) leading to the skene

Ancient Greece:Civic Architecture Theatre at Epidaurus

◦ The most famous Greek theatre

◦ Recognized for its amazing acoustics A pin dropped at the

center of the theatre can be heard in the farthest seats

◦ Set against a beautiful Greek landscape

THEATRE @ EPIDAURUS

Ancient Greece:Civic Architecture

THEATER @ DELPHI

The theater of Dionysus, under the south side of the Acropolis. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGSAGORA

ANCIENT PLAN OF AGORA

OR TOWN SQUARE, WAS THE CENTRE OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS LIFE, AROUND OR NEAR WHICH WERE STOAS OR COLONNADED PORTICOES, TEMPLES, ADMINISTRATIVE AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MARKETS PLACES OF ENTERTAINMENT, MONUMENTS AND SHRINES.

PUBLIC BUILDINGSSTOA

A LONG COLONNADED BUILDING, SERVED MANY PURPOSES. STOAS WERE USED AROUND PUBLIC PLACES AND AS SHELTERS AT RELIGIOUS SHRINES.

SERVED AS SENATE HOUSE FOR THE CHIEF DIGNITARIES OF THE CITY AND AS A PLACE WHERE DISTINGUISHED VISITORS AND CITIZENS MIGHT BE ENTERTAINED. IT CONTAINED THE OFFICIAL BANQUETING ROOM AND ALSO THE SYMBOLIC COMMUNAL HEARTH ON WHICH A FIRE ‘BURNT’ PERPETUALLY, ASSOCIATED WITH THE CULT OF HESTIA GODDES OF HEARTH

PUBLIC BUILDINGSPRYTANEION

OR COUNCIL HOUSE WAS A COVERED MEETING PLACE FOR THE DEMOCRATICALLY-ELECTED COUNCILS. SMALL AND WITH MANY COLUMNS

PUBLIC BUILDINGSBOULEUTERION

FOR CITIZENS IN GENERAL, WERE SEMILAR, BUT NEEDED TO BE LARGER

PUBLIC BUILDINGSASSEMBLY HALLSPUBLIC BUILDINGSODEION

A KINDERED TYPE TO THE THEATRE, WAS A BUILDING IN WHICH MUSICIAN PERFROMED THEIR WORKS FOR THE APPROVAL OF THE PUBLIC AND COMPETED FOR PRIZES.

PUBLIC BUILDINGSSTADIUMThe stadium was built in 329 BC from the orator and governor Lykourgos to host the sports contests of Panathinaea, the biggest celebration of Athens in honor of Goddess Athena. In mid 2nd century BC Herodes Atticus covers the stadium with marble. In 1894-96 the stadium is covered in marble once more with the grant of Georgios Averof and designs of Anastasios Metaxas. The stadium is inaugurated in 1896 with the first contemporary Olympic Games.

WAS THE FOOT RACECOURSE IN CITIES WHERE GAMES CELEBRATED, AND HAD A LENGTH OF ABOUT 183M (600 FT) BETWEEN BANKS OF SEATS FOUNDED ON CONVENIENT NATURAL GROUND OR ON THE SPOIL FROM EXCAVATION OF FLAT SITES. THE STARTING END IS CIRCULAR AND THE OTHER SEMI-CIRLCE.

HIPPODROME – WAS A SIMILAR THOUGH LONGER TYPE IF BUILDING FOR HORSE AND CHARIOT RACING & WAS THE PROTOTYPE OF THE ROMAN CIRCUS

PALAESTRA – WAS A WRESTLING-SCHOOL, BUT THE TERM IS USUALLY USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH GYMNASIUM , A PLACE FOR PHYSICAL EXERCISES OF ALL KINDS

NAVAL BUILDING – INCLUDED SHIP-SHEDS AND STORES (@ THIS TIME, PRINCIPLE OF ROOF TRUSS NOT YET UNDERSTOOD.

PUBLIC BUILDINS

NEREID MONUMENT – (XANTHOS) TYPIFIES IONIAN SCULPTURAL LUXURIANCE AND THE USE IN GREEK ASIA MINOR OF A TEMPLE FORM OF TOM, ELEVATED ONE HIGH PODIUM.

PUBLIC BUILDINGSTOMBS

NEIRD MONUMENT

PUBLIC BUILDINGSSARCOPHAGUS, CNIDOS TAKEN FROM A TOMB CHAMBER, OF THE

ORNAMENTAL TREATMENT GIVEN TO A STONE COFFIN HEWN OUT OF ONE BLOCK OF MARBLE AND WITH SCULPTURES OF A LATE PERIOD.HEWN- CUT OR SHAPED WITH HARD BLOWS OF A HEAVY CUTTING INSTRUMENT LIKE AN AX AND CHISEL.

HELICARNASOS THE MOST

FAMUOS OF ALL TOMBS AND ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD, WAS ERECTED TO KING MAUSOLOS BY HIS WIDOW, ARTEMISIA.

PUBLIC BUILDINGSMAUSOLEUM

THE GREEK LIVED MUCH OF THEIR WAKING LIFE IN THE PUBLIC AND SACRED PARTS OF THE CITY, AND THEIR HOUSES WERE AT FIRST MODEST IN SCOPE AND MATERIALS. THE ROOMS LOOKED TOWARDS A SMALL COURT, THE CHIEF APARTMENTS BEING ON THE NORTH SIDE FACING THE WINTER SUN, WITH OTHERS ON THE EAST AND WEST SIDES.

DOMESTIC BUILDINGSCARYATIDCARYATID – SCULTURED FEMALE FIGURES USED AS COLUMS OR SUPPORTS.

CANEPHORASCULPTURED FEMALE FIGURINES BEARING BASKETS ON THEIR HEADS.