History of ArchitectureUNIT 8

Development of the provincial styles in

different regions

Sayyid dynasty

1. TheSayyid dynastywas thefourth dynasty of theDelhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451.2. They succeeded theTughlaq dynasty and ruled that sultanate until they were displaced by

theLodi dynasty.3. The dynasty was established byKhizr Khan , deputised byTimur to be the governor of

Multan (Punjab).Khizr Khan took Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi on May 28, 1414 andfounded the Sayyid dynasty.

Lodi dynasty

1. it was made up of an Afghan tribe, who rulednorthern India from 1451 to 1526.2. It was founded byBahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced theSayyid dynastyand ended after

Ibrahim Lodi was defeated byBabur from Kabulistan in the 1526Battle of Panipat.3. It was during the period of the Lodi's that the firstPortuguese ArmadaunderVasco da

Gama landed inIndia .• Bahlul Lodi• Sikandar Lodi• Ibrahim Lodi

Architectures during theSayyid Dynasty and Lodhidynasty were class apart and defined the quality ofartand craft that prevailed during that period.The construction of Islamic architecture during theTughlaq dynasty wasrelaxed under the Sayyid and Lodhirule.Due to the inheritance ofgreatly weakened statetreasury, both the dynasties were not able to constructmonumental buildings.So their desire for architectural constructions wereprojected in small tombs and mausoleum builtthroughout Delhi.The pattern of architecture during Sayyid and Lodhidynasty was therefore restricted totombs and sculptoronly.

Development of the provincial styles in different regions

1. The provincial style of Islamic architecture includes the introduction of theIslamicarchitectures and their gradual developments in the Indian subcontinent region in themedieval period.

2. These Indo-Islamic architectures in India were introduced during the Islamic rules in differentprovinces which made tremendous growth especially in this field.

3. These styles wereneither Islamic nor Hindu but the fusion of both.4. The Muslim rulers tried to reshape the Hindu architecture byadding arch, dome and minar

to their constructions as well as they alsoborrowed several Hindu stylesand applied todecorate their buildings.

5. Due to this manynew featureswere introduced in their building art.6. The Muslims rulers during this period mostly createdmausoleums, mosques, minarets,

forts and palaces.7. There were numerous reasons which conditioned the character of the provincial styles, one of

which was theMuslim powers and their practice of arts at Delhi.8. When a province remained closely associated to the central power whichwas the Muslim

dynasty, their effect onarchitecture grew strong, while this influence is less noticeable forthe distant parts of the country.

9. Another major factor in developing the provincial style was the nature of theindigenous artswhich succeeded within the area of the province that flourished due to the association of localartisans.

Development of the provincial styles in different regions

10. Another reason behind the development of provincial style in India was themigration ofexperienced foreign craftsmento the court of different Muslim rulers.

11. They were wonderful artisans and created amazing Islamic architectures anddifferentprinciples of their native land mixing with Indian provincial culture.

12. Sometimesclimatic conditions also played amajor role in developing aspecific provincialstyle.

13. In certain parts this climatic conditions imposed severaltechnical differences, one kind ofbuilding material being common in some regions and rare in others, all of whichnaturallyaffected the character of the building art.

14. These provincial styles of Islamic architectures developed in Indian subcontinent fromPunjab province and gradually expanded to theentire India.

15. They constructed wonderful architectures with thefusion of typical Islamic style of WesternAsia and the Hindu culture.

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Punjab : 1. Punjab was thefirst province that experienced the Islamic architecture in Indian

subcontinent.2. These architectures established in the city ofMultan .3. Arab invaded the city from theSindh region earlier in theeighth century.4. But the province received a permanent Islamic influence in thetenth century.5. The Indo-Islamic architecture of Punjab province was mainly ofbrickworks and produced

highly decorated building arts.6. Their palaces were embedded withbrickwork and otherwooden elements, mainly their

doorways, windowsand otherhanging balconies.7. These buildings were constructed inIslamic styleswith the fusion ofHindu culture .

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Bengal:1. In the thirteenth century Arabs invaded theBengal province and introduced their

architecture for the first time in this region.2. These Muslim rulers constructed severalnew cities fortresses, palaces, free-standing

victory-towers, citadels, immense land bridgesand embankments, etc. in this provincethat includedpresent day Bangladesh and West Bengal in India.

3. These architectures were maintained for a period oftwo hundred and fifty years.4. They created the buildings with the locally availablebuilding materials combining the

regional styleswith the typical Muslim features such as domes, arches, the minaret and themihrab.

5. This amalgamation resulted into anew and improved techniquenamed asIndo-Islamicarchitecture, enriched with regional building tradition in Bengal.

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Gujarat :1. Early in thefourteenth century, Gujarat developed the Islamic style of architecture.2. WhenKhalji dynasty of Delhi established their Governors in this province, they started to

build theirarchitectures for thefirst time .3. They constructed and developed their Islamic architecture until theindependent rule of the

Ahmad Shahi dynasty declined, and absorbed into the empire of the Mughals in thesixteenth century.

4. They constructed their severalmosques, tombs and other buildingswith theamalgamationof Hindu culture .

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Malwa :1. Malwa province experienced the Indo-Islamic architecture in thelate medieval periodwith

the invasion ofMuslim invaders.2. This province which included the cities ofDhar andMandu also experienced a large number

of Islamic architectures during the Muslim dynasty.3. Initially they constructed new buildings on theruins of Hindu and Jain temple materials.4. Gradually they developed theirown style in building art ofIslamic culture.5. Their skilled artisans constructed the buildings to itsdistinctive appearance and decorated

wonderfully in which colour played an important role in their architectural scheme.6. They obtained thiscolour sequencepartially by the use of variouscoloured stones and

marble, and partially by means ofencaustic tiles and used sand stone, marbles and semiprecious stonesfor the construction of the buildings.

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Bijapur :1. This city came under Muslim rulers in themedieval period.2. Allaudin Khilji was the founder of the Islamic architecture in the Bijapur province in the

13th century.3. Later this city experienced several other styles of Islamic architecture with the gradual change

of dynasties like theBahamani Empire andAdil Shahi dynasty from13th to 17th centuryrespectively.

4. The golden period of Indo-Islamic architecture inBijapur was the period ofAdil Shahidynasty.

5. These rulers concentrated their energies on architecture and their related arts.6. Each member of this dynast developed hispredecessor`s architectural projects in number,

size or magnificence.7. They constructed their buildings in three different ways asmosques, tombs, and palaces.8. They also created severalCitadels, palaces, gardens, and pavilions and developed the city

to its political, cultural and territorial peak.

Indo- Islamic Architecture in Kashmir :1. The Islamic architecture of Kashmir is known for its famouswoodwork, beautiful gardens

and wonderful mausoleumsto theholy mosques and shrines.2. These all represent the previous glorious saga ofIslamic architectures in the valley.3. Major wooden constructions in Kashmir were done bydeodar treesin the earlier years of the

Muslim regime but later apart from the wooden architectures,4. Mughals also tried to establishstone buildingsin that province.

Thank YouPresented By

Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.Lovely Professional UniversityB Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee) email:- partha.16897@gmail.com