ARC226 History of Architecture 4.pdf

History of ArchitectureUNIT 4

Indo-Aryan style of temples(Salient features of Orissa temples)

The Technical treatises in Sanskrit on the basic rules in the field of architecture and sculpture are

called as the Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Shastras.

For Orissan Temple, some Technical treaties for temple construction are Bhusan Pradip,

Silpapothi, Silparatnakar, Silpasarini, Silpaprakash, Padmakesara, Deula Mapagunakara, Bhusan

Prabesh, Soudikagama.

The Mayamata and Mansara are the two well known treatises of South India on architecture

and iconography respectively.

Classification of

Hindu Groups

• Brahman

• Kshatria

• Vaisia

• Sudra

Source: Michell, G. (1977). The Hindu

Temple. London: B.I. Publication.

Classification of

Age Groups

• Bramhacharya

• Grihasta

• Vanaprasta

• Sanyasa

Classification of

Vedas

• Rig

• Yajur

• Sama

• Atharva

Classification of

Directions

• North

• South

• East

• West

Source: Stella Karmisch, The Hindu

Temple, 1976, New Delhi

CONCEPT OF

HINDU TEMPLE

GRABHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANABHOGAMANDAP NATAMANDAP

TYPICAL ORISSAN TEMPLE ELEVATION

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of

Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

THE ORISSAN HINDU TEMPLE PLAN

GRABHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANABHOGAMANDAP NATAMANDAP



The Orissan Hindu Temple

PIDA DEULA

REKHA DEULA

GARBHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANA

RAHAPAGA

KANAKAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

RAHAPAGA

KANAKAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

RAHAPAGA

ANARDHAPAGA

KANAKAPAGA



PITHA

BADA

GANDI

MASTAKA

Elements of Orissan Hindu temple

PRABHAGA

LOWER JUNGHA

BARANDI

UPPER JUNGHA

AMLA

BHUMI

AMLAKA SHILA

AMLA

RAHAPAGA

KALASA

REKHA DEULA ELEVATIONSource: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of


JANGHA

BARANDA

PRABHAGA

BANDHANA

TRIPATI

KHAPURI

REKHA DEULA PLAN

GARBHAGRIHA

ANTARALA

ANARDHAPAGAKANAKAPAGA

RAHAPAGA

PITHA

BADA

GANDI

MAST

AKA

PIDHA

GHANTA

KALASHA

PARAGHAR

KALASA

Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early

Stone Temples of Orissa. New

Delhi: Vikash Publishing House

Pvt. Ltd.

PRABHAGA

JANGHA

BARANDA

LOWER JUNGHA

BARANDI

UPPER JUNGHA

PRABHAGA

BANDHANA

AYUDHA

ANTARALA

ANARDHAPAGA

KANAKAPAGA

RAHAPAGA

JAGAMOHAN ELEVATION JAGAMOHAN PLAN

Typical Orissan Temple Element

Rekha Deula Pidha Deula Natya Mandap Bhoga Mandap

Pitha

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

• Pabhaga (foot),

• Jangha

• Baranda

• Pabhaga (foot),

• lower Jangha

• Bandhana (bond),

• Upper Jangha

• Baranda

• Bhumi

• Amalaka

Ratha (on plan)

Paga (on elevation)

• Beki

• Tripati

• Amalaka shila

• Khapuri

• kalasha

Pitha

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

• Triratha/

• pancharatha

• Para Ghara

• Ghanta kalasha

• Dopicha simhas

• Beki

• Ayadha

• Amalaka shila

• kalasha

Pitha

Bada

Mastaka

• Beki

• Ayadha

• Amalaka shila

• kalasha

• Pillered Hall

• Miniature Pidha

Deula with out

Brushava and having

a decorated Entry

Gate

Other Elements

in Temple

Complex• Anand Bazar

• Koili Vaikuntha

• Ponds

• Niladri Vihar

• Snana Bedhi

Source: Deheja, V. (1979).

Early Stone Temples of

Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

• Pabhaga (foot),

• Jangha

• Baranda

• Pabhaga (foot),

• Jangha

• Baranda

Time Line of Periods VS Phases

Ashoka, The

Great (262

BC)

Mahameghavahana

Kharavela (50BC)

The Satavahanas and

the Murundas (3rd

centaury )

Formative Phase

Transitional Phase

Mature Phase

Phase of decadence

(6th century to the first

half of the 9th century)

(2nd half of the 9th century to

the first quarter of the 11th

century)

(From middle of the 11th

century till the 13th century)

(14th to 16th century)

The Durjayas

(6th centaury )

The Royal Gangas

(5th to 11th centaury AD)

Mukundadeva

(Chalukya family)

(1560 AD)

Afgan (1572)

Mughal (1607)

Marathas (1751)

British (1757)

Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The

Hindu Temple. New Delhi.



Formative phase

(6th century to the first half of the 9th century)



Development of Temple Architecture

In Orissa

pista

Entrance

porch

Bada

Mastaka

Gandi

pista

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

Rekha Deula Pidha DeulaSource: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of


Parshurameswar at Old Town, Bhubaneswar

PistaEntrance

Bada

Mastaka

Gandi

Pista

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

Rekha Deula

Pidha Deula

Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Transitional Phase

(2nd half of the 9th century to the first quarter of the 11th century)



Shidheswar Temple, Bhubaneswar

Pista

Entrance

porchBada

Mastaka

Gandi

Pista

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

Rekha Deula Pidha Deula


Mukteswar Temple at old town, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Bramheswara Temple, , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Bramheswara Temple, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Megheswar temple , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Mature Phase

(From middle of the 11th century till the 13th century)



Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar

pista

Entrance

Bada

Mastaka

Gandi

pista

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

Rekha DeulaPidha Deula


Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Mature Phase

Lingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar

pista

Bada

Mastaka

Gandi

pista

Bada

Gandi

Mastaka

Rekha Deula

Pidha Deula

Natya

Mandap

Bhoga

Mandap


Mature Phase

Lingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Mature Phase

Source: Photograph courtesy by AuthorLingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar

Source: Photograph courtesy by Stella Karmisch, The Hindu Temple, 1976,

New Delhi

Source: Photograph courtesy by AuthorLingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar

Jagannath Temple, Puri Source: Photograph courtesy by Author



Sun Temple at Konark Source: Photograph courtesy by Author

Phase of decadence

(14th to 16th century)




Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan

Temple Architecture. Orissa Review, 49-51.

Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan

Temple Architecture. Orissa Review, 49-51.

ParsurameswarTemple, Bhubaneswar

Sun Temple, Konark

36

MukteswarTemple, Bhubaneswar

Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar

37

HISTORY1. The temple is more than1100 years old, dating back in its present form to the last decade of

the eleventh century, though there is evidence that part of the temple was built during thesixth century CE as the temple has been emphasized in some of theseventh centurySanskrit texts.

2. Fergusson believes the temple might have been initiated byLelat Indra Kesari who reignedfrom 615 to 657 CE.

3. The Assembly hall (jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower wer built during theeleventhcentury, while the Hall of offering (bhoga-mandapa) was built during thetwelth century.Thenatamandira was built by the wife ofSalini between1099 and 1104 CE.

4. By the time the Lingaraj temple was completely constructed, theJagannath (form ofVishnu) cult had been growing in the region, which historians believe is evidencedby theco-existence ofVishnu andShiva worship at the temple. TheGanga dynastykings wereardent followers of Vaishnavism and built theJagannath Temple at Puri in the 12thcentury.

5. The temple is believed to be built by theSomavanshi king Jajati Keshari, in 11th centuryCE. An inscription from the Saka year 1094 (1172 CE) indicates gifts of gold coinsto thetemple byRajaraja II .Another inscription ofNarasimha I from the 11th century indicatesoffer of beetel leaves astambula to the presiding deity. Other stone inscriptions in thetemple indicateroyal grants from Chodagangato villager.

Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar

INTRODUCTION1. The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar.2. It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall oflaterite measuring520 ft (160 m) by

465 ft (142 m).3. The wall is7.5 ft (2.3 m)thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping.4. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall, there is a terrace to protect the compound

wall against outside aggression.5. The tower is55 m (180 ft) high and the complex has150 smaller shrinesin its spacious

courtyard.6. Each inch of the 55 m (180 ft) tall tower is sculpted.7. The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of sandalwood.8. The Lingaraj temple faceseastand is built ofsandstone and laterite.9. Themain entrance is located in theeast, while there aresmall entrancesin thenorth and

south.10. The temple is built in theDeula style that has four components namely,vimana (structure

containing the sanctum),Jagamohana(assembly hall),Natyamandapa (festival hall) andBhoga-mandapa(hall of offerings).

11. The dance hall was associated with the raising prominence of thedevadasi systemthatexisted during the time.

12. The various units from the Hall of offering to the tower of the sanctum increase inheight.


MAIN ELEMENTS1. TheBhogamandapa(Hall of offering) hasfour doors in each of the sides. Theexterior

walls of the hall hasdecorative sculpturesof men and beast. The hall has apyramidalroof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with interveningplatform.It bears aninverted bell and akalasa in the top.

2. TheNatyamandapa(festival hall) has one main entrance and two side entrances. The sidewalls of the hall has decorative sculptures displaying women and couples. Ithas a flat roofsloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall.

3. TheJagamohana(assembly hall) has entrances from south and north and has a30 metres(98 ft) tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arrangedin sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to theentrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hindlegs. The invertedbell above second unit is adorned by kalasha and lions.

4. TheRekha Deulahas a60 m (200 ft) tall pyramidal tower over the sanctum. It is coveredwith decorative design and seated lion projecting from the walls. The sanctumis square inshape from the inside. The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different poses.











1. Located on theshoreline, now a little over3 km from the sea, the temple takes the form ofthechariot of Surya (Arka), the Sun God, and is heavily decorated withstone carving.

2. The entire complex was designed in the form of the God's huge chariot drawn bysevenspirited horseson twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels at its base.

3. Thehuge wheelscarved at the base of the temple are one of the major attractions. The spokesof the wheels serve assundialsand the shadows cast by these can give the precise time of theday.

4. The pyramidal roof soars over30 m (98 ft) in height. The temple complex also containserotic sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho.

5. The entrance is guarded by two giant lions, which are each shown crushing a warelephant.Each elephant in turn lies on top of a human body. Herelion is represented aspride andelephant is represented asmoney.

6. The temple symbolizes the majestic stride of the Sun God.7. At the entrance of the temple is aNata mandir. This is where the temple dancers used to

perform dances in homage to the Sun God.8. All around the temple, there arevarious floral and geometric patterns. The temple is now

partly in ruins, and a collection of its sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, whichis run by the Archaeological Survey of India. The poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote of Konark:"Here the language of stone surpasses the language of man."

Konark Temple, Orissa

SUN TEMPLE AT KONARK, ORISSA 1250 AD

















1. SomeBargujar Rajputs moved eastward to central India; they ruled over theNorth-easternregion of Rajasthan, calledDhundhar, and were referred to asDhundhel or Dhundhela inancient times, for the region they governed.

2. Later on they called themselvesChandelas; those who were in the ruling class havinggotraKashyap were definitely allBargujars; they were vassals ofGurjara - Pratihara empire ofNorth India, which lasted from500 C.E. to 1300 C.E.and at its peak the major monumentswere built.

3. The city was the cultural capital ofChandel Rajputs, a Hindu dynasty that ruled this part ofIndia from the10-12th centuries. The political capital of theChandelaswasKalinjar .

4. TheKhajuraho temples were built over a span of200 years, from 950 to 1150.5. The Chandela capital was moved to Mahoba after this time, but Khajuraho continued to

flourish for some time.Khajuraho has no forts because theChandel Kings never lived intheircultural capital .

6. The whole area was enclosed by a wall witheight originates, each flanked bytwo goldenpalm trees.

7. There were originally over80 Hindu temples, of which only25 now stand in a reasonablestate of preservation, scattered over an area of about20 square kilometres (8 sq mi).

8. Theerotic sculptureswere crafted byChandella artisans.9. The temples, maintained by the locals, were pointed out to the English inthe late 19th century

when the jungles had taken a toll on the monuments. Today, the temples serve as fineexamples of Indian architectural styles that have gained popularity due to their explicitdepiction of sexual life during medieval times.

INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)

Left: plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple (11th century):

(1) Garbhagriha, (2) Pradakshinapth, (3) Mandapa, and (4) Arthamandapa.

Right: East–West section of Kandariya Mahadev temple.

front elevation north elevation back elevation.

(a) Top: 9-Squares mandala. Bottom: sides of a 9-squares mandala are bumped up 1 pada along

the cardinal directions.

(b) Left: plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple. Right up: outer corner of 1 pada and development

of a element having golden proportion with a quarter of the pada. Right bottom: outer

corner of figure filled by the newly born element from a pada in its three sides and

overlapped with the self similar but opposite pattern to get final fractal patterned plan of

the temple.

Geometric operation of mandalas and that of some symbolic geometry for the development of

the plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple.

(a) Repetitions of towers and their elements in the shikhara; and

(b) whole form of shikhara is repeated in a part within another part (marked by red colour).

Repetitions of tower above the mandapas (marked by green colour) create angle for upward

eye movement to the summit of main shikhara.

Peaks of all self similar towers follow the rule golden sequence.

Whole in a part in the shikhara:

(a) whole body of shikhara above the sanctuary;

(b) self similar part of the whole shikhara; and

(c) self similar smaller part of the whole shikhara.80




BALCONIED PORCHES

&HIGH PLINTH

DOMICAL CEILING

&INTERIOR

DOMICAL

CEILING

&

INTERIOR



Introduction1. The Sun Temple, Modhera, at Modhera in Gujarat, is a temple dedicated to theHindu Sun-

God, Surya.2. It was built in1026 ADby King Bhimdev of theSolanki dynasty.3. In the present times, prayers are not offered in this temple.4. According to theSkanda PuranaandBrahma Purana, the areas near Modhera were known

during ancient days asDharmaranya (literally meaning the forest of righteousness).5. This was the time whenSomnathand the adjoining area was plundered byMahmud Ghazni

and reeled under the effects of his invasion.6. The temple is partially in ruins after it was also finally destroyed bytheAllauddin Khilji .

Surya Temple at Modhera, Gujarat

Suryakunda1. ThisSuryakunda, also known asRamakunda, is a large rectangular stepped tank measuring53.6 x 36.6

meters under theeast faceof sabhamandap used to store pure water. Devotees were required toperform ceremonial ablutions here before worshiping the Sun God.

2. TheSuryakund is a finest example ofgeometry. The organization of stone into composition gives shapeto adazzling pattern of art.

3. It is proportioned with innumerable stone steps leading devotees down to its base.4. 108 miniature shrinesare carved in between the steps inside the tank. Also number 108 considered to be

auspicious by Hindusas Hindu rosary has same number of beads.

Reservoir deities1. There arefour terraces to descend to reach the bottom of the tank.Small pyramid-shaped

steps are for each terrace. God and Goddess depicted in immortalized stone unfold thesculpture wealth:Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh, Lord Natraj, Sitlamata's presence a marvelcreated duringSolanki era.

2. Two huge ornamental arches calledToran forms a gateway to theSabha Mandap(assemblyhall).

This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent pillared hall. It is open from all sides and has52intricately carved pillars representing 52 weeks in a year. The carvings depictepisodesfromthe Hindu epics ofRamayan, Mahabharat and Krishna Lila (i.e., story of Lord Krishna).

Sabha Mandap

Surya Temple at Modhera, Gujarat

PILLARS

Thank You

Presented By

Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.Lovely Professional UniversityB Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee) email:- [email protected]

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