ARC226 History of Architecture 7

8/22/2019 ARC226 History of Architecture 7

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History of ArchitectureUNIT 7

Imperial styles(Slave Dynasty ,Khalji Dynasty)


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IMPERIAL STYLE

The Delhi or the Imperial Style of Indo-Islamic architectureflourished between 1191-1557 AD and covered Muslim

dynasties viz., Slave Dynasty(1191-1246),

Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320),

Tughlaq Dynasty(1320-1413)

Sayyid Dynasty(1414-1444) and

Lodi Dynasty(1451-1557)

The first Islamic sultanate structures were built of disparatedismantled pieces of Hindu temples, after which came an eraof carefully planned structures and precincts, later assimilatingand incorporating Hindu elements and workmanship.


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ARCHES

MINARS

TOMBS

MOSQUES


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It was the first dynasty of sultanate period.

It was founded by qutub ud-din-aibak.

Qutub-ud-din also started built qutub minarin 1193 ad.

He made qutab complex.


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Qutub Minar


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SLAVE DYNASTY

The construction work of this period was began by Qutubuddin Aibak, whostarted erecting monumental buildings of stone on qila rai pithora

Qutubuddin aibak got a series of arches constructed to screen the Hindu

pillars of the sanctuary.

Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 ad) was another great building monarch ofthe slave dynasty.

He extended the Quwwat-ul-islam Masjid (1229 ad) and built the tomb ofhis son Nasiruddin Mohammed in 1231 ad, which is locally known as the

sultan ghari.

He also started his own tomb (Iltutmish's tomb) located in the Qutub Minarcomplex in 1235 AD. This tomb employed the Squinch" system of

construction in which a square hall is converted into an octagon by projecting

a small arch across the angle of the square hall.


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MAMLUK OR THE SLAVE DYNASTY (1205-1290)

Quwwat-ul-Islam (Power of Islam)

Qutb-ud-din, the first Sultan of Indiabuilt the oldest mosque in India, the

Quwwat-ul-Islam (Power of Islam)

and its lofty minaret in 1193.The first Muslim construction in India

made use of the materials taken from

destroyed Hindu temples.The columns from the temples were

used for walls and a small cupola

was built where the walls met. The prayer hall was given faade

with five pointed arches and

decorated with bands of Koranicscript.

One of the earliestmosques in the Sub-continent, built byQutb-ud-din; the ironpillar in the foregroundis from the Gupta

Dynasty Period


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QUTUB COMPLEX

The Qutab complex, is an array of monuments andbuildings at Mehrauli in Delhi, India.

This complex was first constructed by Qutab-ud-din

Aibak, the first ruler of the Slave Dynasty, and hissuccessor Iltutmish (aka Altmash) in his new citycalled the Qila-Rai-Pithora near Prithivraj Chauhan'solder city.

The important monuments situated in this complexare:-1 Alai Gate.2 Qutub Minar.

3 Alai Minar.4 Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque.5 Iron pillar.

6 Tomb of Iltutmish.


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QUTUB COMPLEX


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THIS COMPLEX INCLUDES-

1 Alai Gate

2 Tomb of Iltutmish

3 Iron Pillar4 Qutb Minar5Alai Gate6 Tomb of Imanzam7 Gateway

QUTUB COMPLEX

8) Alai Minar9) Gateway

10) Major Smith Cupola

11) Chaumukha Gate


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QUTB

MOSQUEQU

WWATULISLAMPOWEROFIS

LAM


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PLAN OF THE QUTB COMPLEX,DELHI,INCLUDING EXTENSIONS CARRIEDOUT BY ALA-UD-DIN KHALJI


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VIEW OF THE COMPLEX

EXTENSIONS OF THE QUTB


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QUTUB MINAR(1192-1230)

The Qutub Minar, built to

commemorate the entry of Islam, was

essentially a victory tower, decorated

with several inscriptions.

The diameter of the Qutub Minar is

14.32m at the base and about 2.75m at

the top.

It measures a height of 72.5m and

contains a spiral staircase of 379

steps.

interestingly, the Minar is 5 ft shorter

than the Taj Mahal (243 ft).


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The Qutub Minar, a 234-ft towerthe tallest stonetower in India and the worlds tallest brick minaret.

The first Muslim sultan Qutub-ud-din Aibak of Delhistarted construction of the tower in 1193, but he onlycompleted the base.

The next three stories were added by hisson-in-law and successor, Iltutmish, and the finalor 5th story was added by Firuz Shah Tughluq.

The fluted, red sandstone tower is covered withintricate carvings, some of which are verses fromthe Koran.

It is considered to be a fine example of

Indo-Islamic architecture and is on UNESCOs listof World Heritage Sites.


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The lowest storey of the Minarhas alternate angular andcircular flutings.

The second storey has round

flutings and the third storeyangular, keeping through-out thesame alignment, giving apleasing vertical look to thestructure

The variegated plan of theMinar's three lower storey's, theprojecting balconies withstalactite pendentive brackets,and ornate bands of inscriptions

on its facades add to itsarchitectural splendorDecorative inscriptional bandsdefine each storey with itsundulating curves.


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QUTBMINAR


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LANDSCAPING AND RELATION OF THE

MINAR WITH THE SURROUNDING


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PENDENTIVES SUPPORTING THE BALCINIESOF THE MINOR,QUTB COMPLEX

THE SHADOWS OF THEQUTB


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VIEW OFQUTUB MINAR

FROM NORTH.

The minaret which originally had

three floors was made withsandstone of different colors.

Two more floors were later added

by Iltutmish.

The lowest story has 24 flutings,

alternately round and angular,the second has round flutings only

and the third only angular.

Other floor has same circular plan


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PLAN OF QUTB MINAR


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QUWWAT UL-ISLAM MOSQUE

the Quwwat-ul-Islam (Might of Islam)Mosque is located to the north-east of Qutb

Minar in the Qutb Complex.

Built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak -founder of the Mamluk or Slavedynasty - it's the earliest survivingmosque built by the Delhi Sultans.

Construction of the Jami Masjid(Friday Mosque) started in A.D. 1193and was completed in A.D. 1197

According to a Persian inscription onthe inner eastern gateway, the mosquewas built using parts from twenty-seven Hindu and Jain temples, builtduring the reigns of Tomar and Prithvi

Raj Chauhan, demolished by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak.

Later, the mosque was enlarged byShams-ud- Din Iltutmish (A.D. 1210-

35) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji.


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PLAN OF QUWUAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE


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Sanctuary of the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, built using Jain columns


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ENLARGED PLAN OF QUWUAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE BY ILLUTMISH ,AD,1229

EXPANSION OF THE QUTUB COMPLEX


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The Iron Pillar of Delhi

bears an inscription in

Sanskrit in Brahmi script of

fourth century A.D.,

according to which the

pillar was set up as aVishnudhvaja (standard of

god Vishnu) on the hill

known as Vishnupada inmemory of a mighty king

named Chandra.

A deep socket on the top of


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Iltutmish also increased the size ofthe mosque with addition ofanother courtyard and themausoleum.

The mausoleum with eightpointed arches and geometricpatterns showed great Hinduinfluence

The iron pillars in the Qutubcomplex QuwwatUl-islam mosquewas built By Qutb-Ud-din Aykab.

The mosque is ruins today Butindigenous corbelled Arches, floral motifsand Geometrical pattern is seem there


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.

Iltutmish erected a massive stone screen of lofty five arches in front of themosque's prayer-hall which imparted an Islamic character to the building.

The screen is beautifully carved with borders of inscriptions and geometrical andarabesque design, but the hand of craftsmen used to Hindu motifs is nonetheless

clear in naturalistic curved lines


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IN QUTUB Complex Iltutmish also enclosed the Mosque in

rectangular courtyard - 43.2m x 32.8m - in pillared cloisters

between 1210 and 1220 AD.


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QUT

BSCREEN

Islamic Architecture Slave Dynasty Unit - 3


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QUT

BMOSQUE

HINDUINFLU

ENCES



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The iron pillar of Delhi stands in the middle ofthe courtyard.

It is a 23 ft 8 in (7.21 M) high and weighsmore than 6 tonnes.

The pillar's lower diameter is 16.4 in (420

mm), and its upper diameter 12.05 in (306mm).

It is buried 93 cm (36.6 inches) below thepresent floor level.

It is one of the worlds foremost metallurgicalcurosties.

It was erected by chandragupta ii vikramditya.

It is the only piece of Jain temple remains.

A fence was erected around the

Pillar due to the popularity of tradition


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THE NO. OFSCREEN ARCHES

ARE ALWAYS ODDIN NO.

ARCH IS THE TYPICAL FEATUREOF THE TOMB ARCHITECTURE


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ARHAIDINKAJHOMPRA


Tomb Of Iltutmish


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Tomb Of IltutmishBuilt by Shamsu'd-Din Iltutmish

himself in 1235, the tomb of Iltutmishlies to the northwest of the Quwwatu'l

Islam Mosque of New Delhi

Iltutmish abstained from using thematerial obtained from the demolition

of temples. However, the arches and

semi-domes of this tomb were built in

the indigenous architectural style.

Its tomb-chamber has a cenotaph in itscentre, internally nearly 9m-sq and

faced with red sandstone.

The tomb chamber has a red sandstone cenotaph in its centre.


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TOM

BOFILTUTM

ISH


METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING A HEMISPHERICALDOME OVER A CUBICAL BASE USED IN TOMB OF


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DOME OVER A CUBICAL BASE USED IN TOMB OFILLUTUMISH


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A CUBIC BASE PIERCEDBY ARCHED OPENINGSCROWNED WITH AHEMISPHERICAL DOME


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SECTION OF THE TOMB OFILLUTMISH

DETAIL ACROSS THR RIGHTANGULAR JUNCTION OF WALL

CORNERS,TOMB OF ILTUMISH

The interior on the west is occupied by


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The interior on the west is occupied bythree `Mihrabs` or prayer niches, the

central one higher and ornamented withmarble, to serve as a place for prayers,

while the other sides are pierced by arched

entrances.

The Tomb of Iltutmish in Delhi is plainon the outside, but is profusely carved on

the entrances and in the interior with

inscriptions in `Kufi` and `Naskh`

characters with geometrical and arabesque

patterns in saracenic tradition, although

several motifs among its carvings are

reminiscent of Hindu decoration.

Ferguson described it as " one of therichest examples of Hindu art applied to

Muhammadan purposes".


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The square base of the tomb structure is transformed into an octagonoverhead with ogee squinch arches.

These arches are constructed with corbels rather than with true arches.The structure has no dome or other roof. It has been conjectured that theoriginal dome collapsed; it has also been noted that the exterior walls of thetomb are comparatively thin (2.2 meters), and might not have been able tosupport the outward thrust generated by a dome.

HINDU TECHNIQUE OF CONSTRUCTING SHALLOW DOME


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HINDU TECHNIQUE OF CONSTRUCTING MUSLIM OGEE ARCH

The entrance and parts of the exterior are laid with quartzite, and the gates aredecorated with carvings; however, the real decorative richness of the tomb is found

within. Elaborate epigraphy on walls, arabesques, and geometrical designs adornthe western niches and Mihrab.

The inscription panels include Kufic, Tughra and Nakshi scripts illustrating chaptersof the Quran. Hindu motifs such as lotus flowers and bells on chains are also found

in the sandstone carving

Th d i


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The sandstone structure is square,measuring 9.1 meters along each

side, with a height of 8.41 m to thebase of the (conjectured) dome.

It was constructed of new material,not making use of the spolia used inother buildings in the Qutbcomplex.

It has three entrances, on the north,east, and south elevations. The

western wall, facing Mecca, housesthe mihrab as the central niche ofthree. The upper chamber, now open to

the sky, contains the richly decoratedmarble cenotaph. Steps on thenorthern side leading down to theburial chamber below.


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It was built for nasiruddin mahmud.

It was built by illtumish in 1231.

The material used was same as qutub minar.

The propably derives from the cave-like burialchamber.

SULTAN GHARI STOMB DELHI AD


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TOMB,DELHI,AD.1231

IT STANDS ONOCTAGONAL PLATFORM.

THE ENTIRE CONST. ISBASED ON INDIGENOUS

TRABEATE METHOD.


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SUL

TANGHARI

SULTANOFTHECAVE


VIEW OF CORNERTURRETS OF SULTANGHARI TOMB GIVING

IT A F ORT LIKEAPPEARANCE

PORTICO OF THESANCTUARY ALONGTHE WESTRN SIDE,SULTAN GHARI TOMB

CH


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TOMB

OFBALBANMANIFESTATIONOFTRUEARC

Islamic Architecture End of Slave Dynasty Unit - 3


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1293 to 1296 CE: Ala ad-Din Khilji

conquers Deccan 1296 CE: Ala ad-Din Khilji is the First muslim

ruler to control the whole of India. 1296 to 1308 CE: Several Mongol invasions

pushed back by the Khiljis

1310 CE: Poet Amir Khusrow writes TarikhIlahi

1320 CE: End of Khilji dynasty


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The Khiljis came to power 50 years after Iltutmish. The third ruler of the

dynasty, Ala-ud-Din (1296-1316 AD) was one of the ambitious builders of

the time

The arch. of Khilji dynasty was great composition of creative knowledgealong with intelligent supervison.

He built Alai Darwaza and want to built Alai Minar ,but it cannot be

completed.

The most important building of Khilji Dynasty is ALAI DARWAZA. There was a marked development in the buildings during this period with

building techniques, ornamentation and the usage of the true arch.

Allauddin Khilji established the second city of Delhi at Siri.

Some of the other structures built by Khiji was the city wall of Siri,the tomb of Ala-ud-din-Khilji and the "madrasa" which are now in adilapitated condition"

Khilji S lt f D lhi (1290 1320)


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Khilji Sultans of Delhi (1290-1320)

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)

Ala ud din Khilji (1296-1316)

Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316-1320)

I O f h f d


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The Alai Darwaza (Alai Gate), built in1311, was the southern gateway leadinginto Sultan Ala-ud-Din's extension ofthe Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.

The historical monument is part of theQutb Complex in Mehrauli, South NewDelhi, India.

It was One of the four grand

gateways; the other three could notbe completed because of the death

of ala-ud-din in AD 1316

.


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Islamic Architecture Khalji Dynasty Unit - 3

ALAI

DARWAZAG

ATEWAYALAUDINKHALJI

The Alai Darwaaza is moderate in size and consistsof a square hall covered by a single dome.


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The exterior walls made with red stone and whitemarble gives a pleasing color effect.

The main structure consists of a single hall thirty-four and a half feet inside, fifty-six and a half outside.

The domed ceiling rises to the height of 47 feet.

The three doorways on the east, west and south are

lofty pointed arches of the horse-shoe type which riseabove the flanking side bays.

The perforated, lattice work window screens are set

in the recessed windows on both sides of theentrances.

Bold geometric patterings adorn the interior wallsand window screens

It is made of red sandstone relieved byhi bl d d d i h b d f


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white marble and adorned with bands of

quranic texts of the formal arabesques.

The structure is marked by a perfectsymmetry and structural propriety of all its

parts.A high plinth adds to its majesty.

The exterior walls have lace likedecorations.


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The Alai Darwaza (Alai Gate), built in 1311.

Latticed stone screen and showCases the remarkable craftsmanship

of the Turkish artisans.

It is believed to be the first building in

India to employ Islamic architectureprinciples in its construction and

ornamentation.


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Entrance arch

Treated very beautifullyCarving in stoneFloral and geometrical patterns

Stone jalli carved in red sand stoneProviding light and ventilationGiving a very dynamic look

Creating emphasis in the corner


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It was conceived to 2times higher than Qutub Minar.

The construction was abandonded after the competitionsof the 24.5m high.

The first storey of Ali Minar also stands today..


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ALAI

DARWAZAG

ATEWAYAL

AUDINKHALJI

Islamic Architecture Khalji Dynasty Unit-3

ALAI MINAR


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JAM

AATKHANAALAUDDINKHALJI

HALJI


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HAUSKHASCITYPLANNING

ALAUDDIN

KH


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it was started in 1321 in delhi.

the tughlaqs were a family of turkic family.

after feroz died in1388, then tughlaq dynastystarted to fade out.

this dynasty was almost over within 10 years. tughlaq architecture is not restricted to delhi.

The Tughlaqs (A.D. 1320-1412)Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq founded the third dynasty of the Sultanate

period He was an experienced warrior statesman and an able


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period. He was an experienced warrior, statesman and an able

administrator. He liberalized various harsh measures imposed by AlauddinKhalji and restored peace and order in the kingdom.

He built the fortified city of Tughalaqbad in Delhi.

Muhammad Tughlaq was a great scholar and was well versed invarious branches of learning.

Mohammed Tughlaq the son and successor of Ghiyas-ud-Din alsoplayed an important role in the development of architectures during

Tughlaq dynasty.

His major contributions were the fourth city of Delhi, fortifiedwalls named Jahan-Pannah or the World Refuge, a double storied

bridge of seven spans named Sath Pul, Bijai Mandal, the

presumably part of a "Palace of a Thousand Columns," and

several other buildings.the city was deserted and desolate during the year 1340 due to theunpredictable policy of Muhammad Tughlaq to change the capital

from Delhi to the city of Daulatabad. A Hadith in Tughra, acalligraphic style verypopular with the

Ottoman Turks

The Tughlaqs (A.D. 1320-1412)

After Muhammad Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq came to thethrone. He adopted appeasement policies to gain support of


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the nobles, the army and the ulema. To please orthodox Muslims he imposed jizyah on

Brahmans also and made it a separate tax. He also granted

lands to the ulema and made iqtas hereditary.

The one remarkable feature of his reign was his interest inpublic works.

He founded new cities like Hissar, Ferozpur, Jaunpur andFiruzabad.

He also constructed dams, canals, sarais, mosques and

madarsas and laid about 1200 state managed fruit gardens. He covered his creations with plastic ornamentation in a rich

and varied order. The appearance of the building art

represented the suppression of the indigenous impulse.

His major creations were, Ferozshah Kotla, the fifth city ofDelhi, three other fortress cities named as Jaunpur,Fathabad, and Hissar, Khirki Masjid and the Begum-puri

mosque at Jahanpanah, Kali Masjid, another mosque in the

Dargah ofShah Alam at Timurpuri and the Kalan Masjid

at Shahjahanabad.

A Hadith in Tughra, a

calligraphic style very

popular with the Ottoman

Turks


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Walls were steeply inclined.

Towers and bastions were tapered .

Cornices were surrounded by crenellated parapets.

Exuberant ornamentation could be seen in their monuments.Mainly it was done with polychrome techniques through

alternating slabs in different colours of stone; later paint and

colour-wash.

Important buildings were decorated with carved and moulded

stucco.

The walls were made up ofsun-dried bricks.

The huge outer walls had sloping, extended to the large area of

the southern Delhi ridge.

Semi-circular bastions with eyelets were present at regular

intervals to look down at the enemies


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his formidable-looking fort was the third iteration of the city of Delhi,Tughlaqabad.

It was built in 1321 by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (or Ghiyath ul-Din) and was

complete with palaces, mosques and other structures.

it was abandoned soon after the death of its builder a few years later,probably due to the lack of water in the area, despite a local legend thatclaims the Saint Nizamuddin Auliya had cursed it in a quarrel with

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Although the walls are very well preserved, the interior structures lie inruins and are overgrown with vegetation.

The architecture of the Tughlaqabad city was based on Roman fashion andwas divided into two parts, one part consisted of the fortresscorresponding to the castle of the Occident and the other part was the city,which extended out for the residential and military requirements of thetimes.


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Construction of Tughlaqabad was a mere effort of Ghiyas al-Din. This city was located about 8 km to the east of Lalkot.

Bastions were built to impede the use of ladders during attacks being convex inform.

Wall used to carry lancet windows for the archers. Ramps for the passage elephants were provided one southern side.

A moat surrounds the citadel that dominates the whole tughlaqabad.

The great Maghrebian voyager Ibn Battuta left a description of the site, Here were

the treasures ,and the great palace that he, Ghiyas al-Din, built in golden bricks sothat when the sun rose it shone brilliantly that no one succeeded in keeping his eyeupon it.

It consists of its spear-head "fringe" however; the horse-shoe shape tomb has beencustomized into one of a more "Tudor" outline with a slight decorative double curve

at the crown. The typical style of combining of the arch and the beam in the tomb was used for the

first time in the architecture during the Tughlaq dynasty.


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The southern side of the city was

protected by an artificial lake with

water held by fortified dam.


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City consists of high inner fort and alow outer fort.


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GH

IYASUDD

IN

TUGHLAQ

TOMB OF Ghiyas ud din Tughlaq

TUGHLAQABAD

Islamic Architecture Tughlaq Dynasty Unit - 3


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Ruins inside the citadelTughlaqabad Fort

Former palace or Mosque Tughlaqabad seen from the outside


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SOME WORKS OF TUGLAQS


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The buildings are now in ruins and all that remains well-preserved today is hisown tomb, a magnificent structure, standing within a separate fortifiedcompound. The tomb itself looks like a fortress with its thick, sloping wallssurmounted by crenellations. The compound it is placed within has arcadedwalls with fortress-like parapets.


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Built between 1323 and 1325, this building stands

inside a very small fortress, on the artificial lake,


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now dry.

Situated diagonally in the widest part of court.

It is a severe building in red sandstone, with the

dome and some decorative parts in white.

Outer walls are inclined at 75 Degrees and sides of

the base Are about 20m long and 28m high.

A the centre of each side apart from west, closed tohold the mihrab is a high, arched door, slightlypointed at the top with a spear head fringe frieze. Thetomb is based roughly on a pentagon in plan.

A border of white marble runs at the level of the arched niches framed by rectangles.

Dome is supported by four pendentives, surmounted by the hindu motif ofkalasha and

amalaka.Was built to commemorate guardian of the frontier which is the resolute spirit.

The tomb is based roughly on apentagon in plan and its entrance is


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guarded by massive portalst .

The mausoleum itself is very simple,very much the warrior's tomb. Simplewith the same sloping red sandstone

walls which are Tughlaq hallmarks.

Each wall has arched gatewaysdecorated with the inevitable, butbeautiful, latticework and white marble.

The dome is entirely of white marbleand is quite striking indeed. This rathersevere tomb does allow itself a fewinscribed panels, arch borders,

latticework screens and 'lotus-bud'edges which decorate it.

The top of the enclosed walls offers

excellent views of both Tughlaqabad

and Adilabad Forts.

This heavy canopy was built by muhammad

bi hl i h h f hi f h


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bin tughlaq,in the honour of his father.

Before the disastrous transfer of capital fromdelhi toDaulatabad he built the city ofjahan-panah.At its centre he built a royalpalace known as bijay mandal.

A two-storey building with a Beautifullycarved wooden ceiling and painted columns.

The bijay mandal rises on a platform Reachedby means of an elaborate domed gate on itsn.Side.

Surviving ruins show a long hall with a ribbedvault and a low octagonal pavilion on the west.

Excavations revealed the base of woodenpillars.

Bijay Mandal


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This canopy was

built by muhammadbin tughlaq in thehonour of his father.

A two-storeybuilding with aBeautifully carvedwooden ceiling andpainted columns.

Built by Firuz Shah , this fortress

R t d hi h hill


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Rested on high hills,

It was solidly fortified landwardswith high walls from which thebastions protruded.

From the side of yamuna river ,itwas protected with banks.

Opposite the gate was a huge garden

surrounded by pillared verandahforming Diwan-I amm and behindthis diwan- I khas.

Along the bank used to be theprivate palaces, the mosques and theharems of the royal court.

Various divisions of the courts couldbe seen with tree lined gardens withwater, baths, fountains, barracks and

armouries.


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FE

ROZSHAHTU

GHLAQ


FEROZ SHAH KOTLA


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FE

ROZSHAHTUGHLAQ

FEROZ SHAH KOTLA


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FE

ROZSHAHTUGHLAQ

FEROZ SHAH KOTLA


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BEGAMPURI MOSQUE-FIRUZ SHAH

SURAJ KUND FIRUZ SHAH


FE

ROZSHAHTUGHLAQ

Firuz Shah Tughlaq Tomb


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Looking west from front

court of tomb at the

madrasa wing

South faade. Entrance

and front court

emphasized by low stone

railing

Northwest view. West

side contiguous with a

wing of the madrasa

His tomb is in the middle of a madrasa hecommissioned, overlooking a tank of water known as

Hauz Khas.


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The simple 15 foot square structure is built of ashlarwalls finished with lime plaster with arched entrances

and merlons along the parapet.

Internally the tomb measures 29 feet (8.74 meters) andis paved with gray stone slabs. The intrados and ceiling

of the dome are embellished with colored bands that

intersect each other. The squinches are decorated with

plasterwork including incised calligraphy. The designshave been incised and gorgeously painted in dark red,

green and turquoise. The medallions, Quranic verses,

and floral designs combine to describe paradise.

The tomb contains four unmarked graves; three aremade of marble and the fourth, near the east door, is of

rubble and plaster. The central grave is that of Firuz

Khan. It measures nine by six feet and over two feet in

height (three by one and a half meters and over half a

meter in height).

Looking east from front court

of tomb at chattris (domed

structures) housing tombs of

saints and religious teacher

East faade

Khirki Masjid is immense and is a great example ofIslamic architecture while showcasing the immense

architectural development during Tughlaq dynasty.

B ilt l t d li th ith d t it t hi h

Khirki Masjid


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Built on an elevated plinth with detritus stone, whichwere thickly plastered, the Khirki mosque is double

storeyed and has a series of basement cells in the

lower storey.

All the four corners of the structure are occupied byimposing bastions making the mosque look like a fort

It is closed on top which makes it unique and

different from others.

It is a small quadrangle-shaped mosque and iscovered entirely by a roof, which is an unusual thing

for building of mosques.

The presence of several domes on the roof along withthe wonderful latticework or jali on the windows

represents the typical Islamic style of architecture

The covered court of the khirki masjid


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KHIRKI MASJID


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FE

ROZSHAHTUGHLAQ

Khirki Masjid, Delhi (India)

The immense Khirki Masjid with itsmonumental entrance was Firuz

Shah's greatest architectural

achievement. The small rectangular

mosque has a prayer courtyard that is

surrounded by a two-storied cloister

that has magnificent arches

surmounted by a roof with small,

hemispherical domes. Arched

windows on the second storey have

intricate jali patterns.

The main feature of the mosque is its distinctivewindow opening withjalis or tracery known as

khirki or latticed windows.

Placed on the upper level of the mosque's exteriorwall these jalis were preponderantly carved stone


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Khirki Mosque or the Window

Mosque with Kalan Masjid is

one among the only two

examples of closed mosques innorthern India

wall, thesejalis were preponderantly carved stone

shields.

The courtyard has pillars and is divided into 25

squares with five on each side. Each square isfurther divided into nine smaller squares.

A cluster of nine small low domes made in theTughlaq pattern covers the following larger squares

- the center square of the courtyard with two on thecorners, three on each side and one in the middle.

The four diagonal squares are left uncovered, through which sunlight found its way to theinner sanctum of the mosque. The remaining squares are covered with flat roofs, thus

making the mosque partly covered and partly uncovered. It is said that since Khan-I-Jahan

used the mosque for his private worship, it was designed like this to beat the intense heat

of the region

The Masjid has an entrance on all three sides, excepton the western side.

It has a pillared courtyard which is divided in to 25


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It has a pillared courtyard, which is divided in to 25neatly designed squares which can accommodate ninesquares within them.

The four squares on the diagonals are left open to letin the much needed air and light.

Glancing from the out side, the Masjid gives animpression of a moat or a fort with a moat located inits inside.

Khirki Masjid is highly enriched with architecturaldesigns of both Mughal and Lodi periods.

It is considered as one of the forerunner of later-daymagnificent Islamic structures of India. However, its

pillars and brackets show local Hindu influence. Khirki Masjid is built with rubble masonry enclosed

on the exterior with plaster has an imposing stepsleading up to it.


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KALAN MASJID


FEROZSHAHT

UGHLAQ


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The Indo-Islamic style of architecture was the

amalgamation of Islamic architecture as well as

Hindu style of architecture. Structures were colossal.

Lattice work was done with sheer finesse.

Marbles and stones were widely used. Grandeur of these ornamentation reflects the

development of architecture during Tughlaq dynastyand whispers the saga of the glorious Islamic

architecture in India


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Thank YouPresented By

Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.

Lovely Professional University

B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee)

email:- [email protected]

Date post:	08-Aug-2018
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ARC226 History of Architecture 7

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