HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN THE CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE, MEREWORTH By C. R. COUNCER, F.S.A. IN 1723 John Fane, younger brother of the sixth Earl of Westmorland, commissioned Colin Campbell to transform Mereworth Castle into the vast palladian villa which is still so unusual a feature of this countryside. The ancient parish church, which stood near the house, was allowed to remain until 1746, when Fane, who had succeeded to the earldom ten years before, demolished it and built the present church more than half a mile from the former site. This church contains a remarkable collection of heraldic glass of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, nearly all of it relating to the Fanes, the Nevills, Barons Abergavenny, who preceded them at the Castle, and the Walsinghams of Yotes Court in this parish. As it is all, or nearly all, older than the present building, the question arises as to where it came from. That in the east window is said by Thorpe to have been collected by the Earl of Westmorland, but his further notes, which clearly refer to the old church and not to the present building, leave one in considerable confusion : indeed, the glass des- cribed by him in detail no longer exists. That the Earl was responsible for the present arrangement of the glass his arms and insignia in window E attest ; while the setting of some of the other shields appears to be of his time. A plausible conjecture seems to be that the demolished Castle and Yotes Court, and perhaps the old church, have all con- tributed to the existing collection. A word is desirable on the elaborate cartouches or frames, dated 1562, in which many of the shields, especially those associated with the Walsingham family, are set. An identical cartouche, showing the arms of Pigott quartering Castelline and Walcott, is in the Victoria and Albert Museum (C. 126-1929) and is illustrated in the Museum's Guide to the Collections of Stained Glass (1936), PL 57. It was acquired from a dealer who is said to have picked it up somewhere in Buckinghamshire, and it has, as far as is known, no connexion with the Walsinghams or with Kent. Nothing is known of the artist, who is thought by the Museum authorities to have been a foreigner, or the descendant of one, working probably in London. 1 The pictures, dated 1563, in the north 1 I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Lane, Keeper of Ceramics, for helpful information nbout this panel. 48 Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 77 1962
Transcript
HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN THE CHURCH OFST. LAWRENCE, MEREWORTH
By C. R. COUNCER, F.S.A.
IN 1723 John Fane, younger brother of the sixth Earl of Westmorland,commissioned Colin Campbell to transform Mereworth Castle into thevast palladian villa which is still so unusual a feature of this countryside.The ancient parish church, which stood near the house, was allowed toremain until 1746, when Fane, who had succeeded to the earldom tenyears before, demolished it and built the present church more thanhalf a mile from the former site.
This church contains a remarkable collection of heraldic glass of thesixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, nearly all of it relatingto the Fanes, the Nevills, Barons Abergavenny, who preceded them atthe Castle, and the Walsinghams of Yotes Court in this parish. As itis all, or nearly all, older than the present building, the question arisesas to where it came from. That in the east window is said by Thorpeto have been collected by the Earl of Westmorland, but his furthernotes, which clearly refer to the old church and not to the presentbuilding, leave one in considerable confusion : indeed, the glass des-cribed by him in detail no longer exists. That the Earl was responsiblefor the present arrangement of the glass his arms and insignia in windowE attest ; while the setting of some of the other shields appears to beof his time. A plausible conjecture seems to be that the demolishedCastle and Yotes Court, and perhaps the old church, have all con-tributed to the existing collection.
A word is desirable on the elaborate cartouches or frames, dated1562, in which many of the shields, especially those associated with theWalsingham family, are set. An identical cartouche, showing thearms of Pigott quartering Castelline and Walcott, is in the Victoria andAlbert Museum (C. 126-1929) and is illustrated in the Museum's Guideto the Collections of Stained Glass (1936), PL 57. It was acquired froma dealer who is said to have picked it up somewhere in Buckinghamshire,and it has, as far as is known, no connexion with the Walsinghams orwith Kent. Nothing is known of the artist, who is thought by theMuseum authorities to have been a foreigner, or the descendant of one,working probably in London.1 The pictures, dated 1563, in the north
1 I am indebted to Mr. Arthur Lane, Keeper of Ceramics, for helpful informationnbout this panel.
window of the north chancel at Lullingstone have frames of a simplerdesign but very similar style, and may well have come from the sameatelier.
The cartouches referred to occur in A3 and 4, Bll-15, and 02 and5. All are identical except that in A4 and C5 the design is finished offat the top with a marquess's coronet which appears to be ornamentalonly and to have no technical significance. Equally without genea-logical significance is the date 1562—probably the date of manufactureof the frames for stock. This is obvious from, e.g. A4, showing SirPhilip Sidney's marriage. In 1562 he was eight years old.
To save repetition it will be convenient to describe here the settingof the other shields in windows A-C. Al and 2 and Cl and 3 are slightlysmaller than the other shields, and are set in simple scrollwork whichmay well be coeval with the present church ; and a somewhat similarsetting is used for Bl-5, that of B3 being rather more ornate, andprobably older, than the others. A5 and 04 are in cartouches of scroll-work surmounted by mitres. B6-10 are enclosed in Garters sur-mounted, except for B8 which has a royal crown, by earls' coronets.B16-20 are full achievements very finely executed in coloured enamels,each shield being enclosed in a Garter and having supporters, helm,earl's coronet (royal crowns to 17 and 18) and crest.
The shields throughout are finely executed in coloured enamels andstain.
Upper east windows (A-C) (Fig. 1)A. (1) Ar. a chevron sa. between 3 pellets, probably for DENE (quar-
tered by Fane), but the chevron should be engrailed.(2) Chequy or and sa. a fesse az.(3) Quarterly, i and iv, Gu. bezanty and a canton erm., ZOUCH ;
ii and iii, Quarterly, 1 and 4, Ar. 2 chevrons gu. ; 2 and 3,Or a lion rampant between 4 crosslets az., ST. MAUR.
William, 5th Lord Zouch of Harringworth, married, early in the fifteenthcentury, Alice, daughter of Richard, 6th Baron St. Maur, and the familythen adopted this coat. The present achievement must be for Edward, llthBaron, who married, as his second wife, Sarah, dau. of Sir James Harringtonof Exton'by Lucy, dau. of Sir William Sidney of Penshurst. Another dau. ofSir James married Edward, Lord Dudley (see window F).
(4) Or a pheon az., in chief a crescent gu., Sir Philip SIDNEY,impalingQuarterly, i and iv, Ou. bezanty, a cross couped chequy at: and
az., WALSLNGHAM,ii. Sa. on a bend ar. a bendlet wavy of the 1st; in sinister chief
a crosslet fitchy of the 2nd, WRITTLE.iii. (Restored) Ermines on a chief indented ar. an annulet
between 2 trefoils slipped sa., BAMME.
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HEEALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
Sir Philip Sidney (d. 1586) married Frances, datt. of Sir Francis Walsingham,Queen Elizabeth I's Minister. The Walsingham quarterings are accountedfor in the pedigree in Vis. 1574, p. 77 ; a fuller pedigree is in Webb, Millerand Beckwith's Hist, of Chislehurst (1899), p. 112.
(5) THE SEE impaling Ar. on a chevron between 3 crosses patty gu.3 martlets or, Archbishop BANCROFT (1677-90).
The birds should be doves.
1
6
I I
16
2
7
12
17
3
8
13
18
4
9
14
19
5
IO
15
20
B
FIG. 1.
B. (1) Quarterly or and gu., over all a bend vair, SAOKVILLE.Constance, dau. of Thomas Culpeper and sister of Sir Thomas Fane's firstwife Elizabeth, married Christopher Sackville (see E7).
(2) Quarterly, i and iv, Ar. on a bend sa. 3 roses of the 1st, CAREY ;ii and Mi, Barry nebuly ar. and sa., SPENCER, impaling
Quarterly, i and iv, Qu. crusilly or a saltire ar., DENNY,ii. Or a daunce gu., in chief 3 martlets sa., MORE,
iii. Az. 3 trouts fretted in triangle and in chief a molet ar.,TROUTBECK.
Joyce, dau. of Sir Edmund Denny by his second wife Mary, dau. and coh.of Robert Troutbeck, married (1) William Walsingham, father of Sir Francis,and (2) Sir John Carey (d. 1669) (Harl. Soc. Vol. xxxii, p. 101). Her firstmarriage is commemorated in B14.
(3) Quarterly of 8 :i. Per pale ar. and gu., WALDEGRAVE.
ii. Barry of 10 ar. and az., MOUNTCHENSEY.iii. Gu. an eagle displayed erm., CRAKE,iv. Or afesse vairy ar. and gu., VANCYE.v. Ar. 2 bars and in chief 3 molets sa., MOIGNE.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
vi. (ht- a chevron engrailed between 3 Us ar., REYNSFORTH.vii. Gu. 6 eagles displayed or, LINDSEY.viii. Or on a Jesse az. 3 plates, WELNETHAM.1
impalingPer fesse nebuly ar. and sa. 3 greyhounds' heads coupedcounterchanged, collared gu. MILDMAY.
Sir William Waldegrave of Smalbridge, Kt., married Elizabeth, dau. ofSir. Thos. Mildmay, Kt. (Harl. Soc. Vol. xxxii, pp. 295-8). For an accountof the Waldegrave family, see Beyce's Breviary of Suffolk (ed. Lord FrancisHervey, 1902), pp. 204-13.
(4) MILDMAY impalingQuarterly, i and iv, Ar. 3 bars wavy sa., each charged with 3
plates; on a chief gu. a culverin between 2 anchors or,GONSTON;ii and iii, Or a fret gu. charged with 4 bezants, within abordure az., TBUSSELL.
Thomas Mildmay of Moulsham, Chelmsford (d. 1529), married Avis, dau. ofWilliam Gonston of London (Harl. Soc. Vol. xiii, p. 251). His brother,Sir Walter, Chancellor of the Exchequer, married Mary, sister of Sir FrancisWalsingham (B5).
(5) MILDMAY impaling WALSINGHAM as A4 (sinister).Cf. B4.
(6) Quarterly of 9 :i. Sa. 3 swords pilewise ar., hilted or; in dexter chief a
iii. Barry of 6 or and vert, a bend purp., POYNINGS.iv. Ar. on a chief gu. 2 rowels or, ST. JOHN.v. Gu. 2 leopards ar., DELAMARE.vi. Barry erm and gu., HUSSEY.vii. Az. a fesse between 3 Us or, SKELTON.viii. Ar. a fret and a canton sa., ERESBY.ix. Ar. 6 martlets sa., DELAMORE.
William, Lord St. John of Basing, Earl of Wiltshire and (1551) Marquess ofWinchester ; K.G. 1643, d. 1571. The quarterings are accounted for in anelaborate pedigree in Harl. MS. 1073, fol. 26 et seq., where also is anachievement containing more coats than are shown here, and differentlymarshalled. A son of the Marquess, Sir Chideock Paulet, Kt., marriedFrances, dau. of Sir Edward Nevill, a younger brother of George Nevill,Lord Abergavenny (see E4).
(7) Quarterly of 7 :i. Per pale az. and gu., 3 lions rampant ar., a bordure gobony
or and gu., the gu. charged with bezants, HERBERT,ii. Or a chevron engrailed sa. between 3 escallops gu.
1 Q viii is carelessly done, and looks like Or on a fesse sa. 3 bezants.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
iii. Ar. 3 cocks gu., GAME.iv. Ar. a lion rampant sa. crowned or, MORLEY.v. Az. crusilly and 3 boars' heads couped ar., CRADOCK.vi. Ar. 3 bends engrailed gu., a canton or, HORTON.
vii. Ar. a cross sa. between 4 pellets, ?CLAYTON.Over all at fesse point a bezant.
A number of achievements of Herbert have been examined, but thequarterings ii (not identifiable from Papworth) and vii do not occur in anyof them ; nor does the name Clayton appear in any Herbert pedigree knownto me. This achievement is, however, no doubt for Henry Herbert, 2ndEarl of Pembroke (d. 1601), who married Mary, Sir Philip Sidney's sister.See Harl. MSS. 1195, fol. 139b, and 1196, fol. 62.
(8) FRANCE MODERN quartering ENGLAND, QueenELIZABETH I.
(9) Quarterly, i and iv, Ar. 6 crosslets fitchy sa., on a chief az.2 rowels or, CLINTON ;ii and iii, Quarterly or and gu., DE SAYE.
Edward, 9th Lord Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, K.G., d. 1585. He married(2) Ursula, dau. of William, Lord Stourton by his first wife, Elizabeth,sister of John, Duke of Northumberland and dau. of Edmund Dudley,alias Sutton (see A3 and window F). The Duke, in the reign of Edward VI,held in fee the whole Hundred of Littlefield, in which Mereworth is situated(Ha, v, 55). His eldest daughter, Mary, was Sir Philip Sidney's mother.
(10) Quarterly :i. Gu. a lion rampant or, ARUNDEL.
ii. Barry of 8 or and gu., FITZALAN.iii. Ar. a fesse and a canton gu., WOODVILLE (RIVERS),iv. Quarterly, 1 and 4, Sa. a fret or, MATRAVERS ;
2 and 3, Ar. a chief az., FITZALAN OF CLUN.William, llth Earl of Arundel '(K.G. 1525), who married (2) Anne, dau. ofHenry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland by Maud, dau. of WilliamHerbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (see B7). The llth Earl's sister, Joan,married George Nevill, 5th Lord Abergavenny (d. 1525) (of. E5).
(11) Quarterly of 10 :i. Lozengy ar. and gu., FITZWILLIAM.
ii. Ghequy or and az., WARENNE.iii, Ar. a chief gu., over all a bend az., CROMWELL.iv. Erm. a fesse gu., BERNAKE.v. Ar. 3 cinquefoils and a canton gu., DRYBY.
vi. Chequy or and gu. a fesse erm., TATESHULL.vii. Gu. a lion rampant or, ARUNDEL.
viii. Az. 3 garbs or, EARL OF CHESTER.ix. Az. a wolf's head erased ar., LUPUS.x. Chequy or and sa., HAMELIN.
Over all at fesse point a crescent or.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCK
Sir William Fitzwilliam, Kt. (d. 1618), whose mother was Anne Sidney,Sir Philip's aunt, married Winifred, dau. of Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellorof the Exchequer (of. B4). The quartering® are accounted for in a pedigreein Harl. MS. 1052, fol. 83, Edmondson's Baronagium, iii, 269, and Burke'sExtinct Peerages (1866), p. 147.
(12) Quarterly :i. Qu. on a bend ar. 3 escallops az., WENTWORTH.
ii. Quarterly ar. and gu. fretty or, over all a bend sa.,DESPENSER.
iii. Ar. a saltire engrailed gu., TIPTOFT.iv. Barry or and az. a canton erm., GOWSELL
impalingWALSINGHAM with a bezant at fesse point.
Elizabeth, sister of Sir Francis Walsingham, married (1) Geoffrey, secondson of Sir Godfrey Gates of Essex (B15), and (2) Peter Wentworth, Esq., ofLillingstone Lovell, co. Oxon. For an achievement and pedigree of Went-worth, see Harl. MS. 1073, ff. 168-72.
(13) (Restored) Ar. a dance between 3 cocks' heads erased sa., beakedand wattled or, TAMWORTH, impaling WALSINGHAM as inNo. 12.
Christian, another sister of Sir Francis Walsingham, married (1) JohnTamworth.
(14) WALSINGHAM as in No. 12 impaling DENNY as No. 2(sinister).
William Walsingham and his wife Joyce Denny (see B2).
(15) Quarterly, i and iv, Per pale gu. and az. 3 lions rampant guardantor, GATES ;ii and iii, Gu. a cinquefoil ar. goutty de poix, CAPDOWimpalingWALSINGHAM as in No. 12.
See B12 ; and for Gates, Harl. Soc. Vol. xiv, 574.
(16) Quarterly of 6 :i. Ar. on a cross gu. 5 escallops or, VILLIERS.
ii. Sa. a fesse between 3 cinquefoils pierced ar., SEASES.iii. Gu. a chevron between 3 crosslets fitchy ar., PAKEMAN.iv. Per pale gu. and sa. a lion rampant ar., BELER.v. Az. a bend between 6 molds of six points ar., SOWBY.
vi. Ar. a cross between 2 annulets bendwise vert, KIRKBY.Over all at fesse point a martlet or.
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, K.G. (d. 1628) married Katherine,dau. of Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Eutland (of. B20) by his first wifeFrances, dau. and coh. of Sir Henry Knyvett (see note to B19).This is an example of carelessness on the part of the glass-painter or hi»client regarding the type of coronet to be represented. Though it is true
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
that Villiers was a simple earl for one year, from January, 1617, to January,1618, his marriage, which seems the only reason for the presence of hisachievement here, did not take place until 1620, when he was Marquess ofBuckingham. The achievement of Parr in window D is in exactly similarcase. The Villiers quarterings are accounted for in Harl. MS. 7178, anelaborate pedigree drawn up in 1600 by Lilly, Rouge Dragon, and authen-ticated by St. George, Norroy.
(17) Quarterly, i and iv, FRANCE MODERN quarteringENGLAND ;
ii. SCOTLAND ;iii. IRELAND ;
over all a label of 3 ar.Henry, Prince of Wales (d. 1612), or Charles, afterwards King Charles I,before 1625.
(18) As No. 17, without label, JAMES I.(19) Quarterly of 8 :
i. Gu. a bend between 6 crosslets fitchy ar., HOWARD,ii. Gu. 3 leopards or, a label of 3, BROTHERTON.
iii. Chequy or and az., WARENNE.iv. Gu. a lion rampant ar., MOWBRAY.v. ARUNDEL.
vi. Quarterly, i and iv, FITZALAN ; ii and iii, FITZALANOF CLUN.
vii. MATRAVERS.viii. WOODVILLE (RIVERS).
This achievement is difficult to identify because the Howard coat is notdifferenced, as it should be, to indicate any particular member of the family.The Arundel quarterings show that it cannot date before the marriage ofThomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, with Mary, dau, and coh. of HenryFitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, the granddaughter of the llth Earl (BIO) ; butit seems unlikely that the achievement of so well-known a personage as theDuke would be given an earl's coronet, even by the most careless glass-painter. The choice therefore seems to lie between (a) Charles, LordHoward of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham, who married (1) Katherine,dau. of Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, first cousin to Sir John Carey (B2) ;Jor (6) Thomas, Lord Howard de Walden, Earl of Suffolk, who marriedCatherine, one of three daus. and cohs. of Sir Henry Knyvett. Her sisters,Elizabeth and Frances, married respectively Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl ofLincoln (cf. B9) and Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland (cf. B20 andnote to B16).
(20) Quarterly, i and iv, Barry or and az., on a chief quarterly az. andgu. 2 Us or in 1st and 4th quarters and a leopard or in2nd and 3rd, MANNERS ;ii and iii, Gu. 3 water-skins ar., ROOS.
Frances, dau. of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, K.G. (d. 1643)married Henry Nevill, 6th Lord Abergavenny, and by Mary, dau. and heir
1 See the pedigree in Orel's Hist, of Cleveland (1846), p. 475.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
of this match, Mereworth passed to the Fanes (Vis. 1592, p. 114 ; see E6).Roger Manners, 5th Earl, married Elizabeth, dau. and heir of Sir PhilipSidney.
C. (1) Erm. on a cross sa. a bezant.
This, like Al and 2 and C3, is of later date than the majority of the shields—perhaps even coeval with the present church. In common with A2, itcannot be identified satisfactorily.
(2) Quarterly, i and iv, Gu. 3 crosses patty palewise or between2flanches chequy ar. and gu., SHERINGTON.
ii. Az. a bend, ar., SWATHINGE.iii. Per pale indented or and az. 6 martlets counter changed,
2, 2, and 2, PRANSHAMimpaling
WALSINGHAM as in No. 12.
Eleanor, sister of Sir Francis Walsingham, married Sir Wm. Sheringtonof Lacock, co. Wilts. For the Sherington pedigree see Harl. MS. 1052,fol. 99.
(3) Quarterly gu. and ar., over all a bend charged at dexter chief witha pellet, WALLIS.
For the connection with Fane, see Vis. 1592, p. 113.
(4) Gu. 2 keys in saltire ar., in chief a crown or, SEE OP YORK,impaling Or a chevron between 3 crosses flory sa., STERNE.
Richard Sterne, Archbishop of York 1664-83.
(5) Quarterly of 8 :i. Ar. a lion rampant gu., on a chief sa. 3 escallops ar.,
RUSSELL.ii. Az. a tower domed ar., DE LA TOUR,
iii. Barry or and gu., in chief a crescent of the 2nd, MUS-CHAMP.
iv. Gu. 3 herrings hauriant ar., HERINGHAM.v. Sa. a griffin segreant between 3 crosslets fitchy ar.,
PRAUXMERE.vi. Sa. 3 chevrons erm., in dexter chief a crescent or, WYSE.
vii. Sa. 3 sheepcotes ar., in chief a molet or, SAPCOTTS.viii. Ar. a cross sa.
Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, K.G., d. 1585. For the pedigree andquarterings see Harl. MS. 1073, fol. 81 et seq. The eighth quartering shouldbe Ar. on a cross gu. 5 molets or, ST. MARKE. The Earl's daughter Annemarried Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick (window F), and he was con-nected in a number of ways with other persons represented here : seeComp. Peerage, ii, 76-8.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OK ST. LAWRENCE
Third window from east, south side (D)In an oval cartouche of scrollwork, rather roughly painted, in Garter
with earl's coronet, quarterly of 11 :i. Ar. 2 bars az., a bordure engrailed sa., PARR.
ii. Or 3 water-skins sa., ROOS OP KENDAL.iii. Az. 3 chevrons interlaced and a chief or, FITZHUGH.iv. Ar. 2 bars gu. a Us sa., STAVELEY.v. Ar. a bend sa.
vi. Barry ar. and az., on a bend gu. 3 martlets or, GREY,vii. Vair afesse gu., MARMION.
viii. Ar. a bend gu. between 2 pellets.ix. Or 3 chevrons gu., a chief vair, ST. QUENTHST.x. Az. 3 bucks trippant or, GREENE.
xi. Gu. a chevron between 3 crosslets and in chief a lion passantor, MABLETHORPE.
William Parr, created Earl of Essex and K.G. 1543 and Marquess of North-ampton 1547 ; d. 1671. He was stripped of all his honours for supportingLady Jane Grey, but recovered the marquisate, though not the title ofEarl of Essex, in 1558. He married, in 1548 (2) Elizabeth (d. 1566), dau.of George Brooke, Lord Cobham (see Arch. Cant., XII, 141-2, and cf. E5).His sister Anne married William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (cf. B7and 10).In this achievement tho quarterings v and viii appear to be intruders : theyshould be PURNEAUX and JERNEGAN (Arch. Cant., LXII, 54).
Westernmost window, south side (E) (Fig. 2)(1) Enamel-painted on large rectangular panel, eighteenth century:
Az. 3 dexter gauntlets or, FANE ; an escutcheon of pretence,Sa. 3 stag's heads cabossed ar., attired or, CAVENDISH. Earl'scoronet, supporters, and motto : NEC TEMERE NECTIMIDE.
(2) Crest, Out of a ducal coronet, a bull's head sa., armed or, with arose gu. on his breast, FANE, Earl of Westmorland, derivedfrom Nevill of Abergavenny.
(3) Crest, on a torse sa. and ar. : A serpent nowed vert, CAVEN-DISH.
Nos. 1-3 are for John Fane, Earl of Westmorland, the builder of the presentchurch, and his wife Mary, only dau. and heir of Lord Henry Cavendish.
(4) In small cartouche of simple scrollwork dated 1562, quarterlyof 5 :
i. Gu. on a saltire ar. a rose of the 1st, NEVILL of Aber-gavenny.
ii. Or fretty gu., on a sinister canton per pale erm. and or agalley sa., NEVILL (Anc.).
iii. Ch&quy or and az., WARENNE.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHUBCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
iv. Quarterly, 1 and 4, Or 3 chevrons gu., CLARE ; 2 and3, Quarterly ar. and gu. fretty or, over all a bend sa.,DESPENSER.
v. Gu. on a fesse between 6 crosslets or a crescent sa.,BEAUCHAMP.
Over all at fesse point a, crescent az.The crescent shows that this is for Edward, son of Sir Edward Nevill,second surviving son of George, Lord Abergavenny (d. 1492). The titlepassed to this branch after the death of Henry, Lord Abergavenny, in1587. Of. B6.
FIG. 2.
(5) In similar cartouche, quarterly of 15 :i. Gu. on a chevron ar. 3 lions rampant sa., BROOKE
(COBHAM).ii. Gu. on a chevron or 3 lions rampant sa., COBHAM.
iii. Az. on a fesse between 3 leopards' faces or an annulet sa.,DE LA POLE.
iv. Gu. a fesse ar. between 6 crosslets or, BEAUCHAMP.v. Ar. 7 mascles gu., BRAYBROKE.vi. Or fretty sa., on a chief of the 2nd 3 bezants, ST. AMAND.
vii. Ar. a chevron between 3 eagles' claws sa., BRAY,viii. Gu. 3 bends vair, BRAY (Anc.).
ix. Or on a bend gu. 3 goats passant ar., HALLIWELL.
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HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
x. Sa. a chevron between 3 butts' heads cabossed ar.,NORBURY.
xi. Gu. a fesse counter-company ar. and sa. between 6 crossesformyfitchy ar., BOTELER.
xii. Or 2 bends gu., SUDELEY.xiii. Bendy or and az., MONTPORT.xiv. Sa. a cross between 4 butterflies or, CROSIER,xv. Az. a chevron or, D'ABERNON
impalingQuarterly of 12 :
i. Ar. (sic for or) a fesse fusily az., over all a bend gu.,ANGELL.
ii. Erm. a fesse fusily sa., SHERBOURNE.iii. Ar. on a chevron az. 3 garbs or, NEWTON (ORADOCK).iv. Qu. 3 pears or, PERROTT.v. Sa. billety and a lion rampant or, HARVEY.
vi. Sa. a chevron erm. between 3 escallops ar., CHEDDAR,vii. Az. a bend or between 6 Us ar., HAMPTON",viii. Erm. a fesse gu., BITTON.
ix. Gu. a bend or between 6 crosslets ar., FURNEAUX.x. Sa. on a chevron between 3 trees eradicated or an eagle
displayed of the field, CALDECOT.xi. Paly or and az., GURNEY.
xii. Ar. a saltire with the ends flory gu., HARPETRE.Sir William Brooke, who succeeded his father as Lord Cobham in 1668, wasgranted the Hundred of Littlefield by Queen Elizabeth I in her 32nd year(Ha, v, 55). He married (1) Dorothy (d. 1559), dau. of George Nevill,Lord Abergavenny, and (2) Frances, dau, of Sir John Newton, of EastHarptree, co. Somerset. The impaled coat is for Newton, the first threequarterings having got out of order. The quarterings are discussed inArch. Cant., LXII, 64-6.
Nos. 6-9, which, follow, are shields drawn and painted in colouredenamels on small lozenge-shaped pieces of glass.
(6) Quarterly of 8:i. Az. 3 dexter gauntlets or (A), FANE.
ii. Ar. a chevron engrailed sa. between 3 pellets (B), DENE,iii. Az. a chief ar., over all a lion rampant or crowned gu. (C),
DE LA LEKE.iv. Gu. a cross ar., charged at middle chief point with a
crescent sa.; in dexter chief an escutcheon, Or 3 chevronsgu. (D), ST. OWEN.
v. Ar. a bend between 6 Us gu. (E), PITZ ELLIS.vi. Quarterly, 1 and 4, Paly ar. and az.; 2 and 3, Erm., all
within a bordure az. (F), PERSALL.
58
HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
vii. Ar. on a chief sa. 2 wolves' heads erased of the 1st (G),STIDOLPH.
viii. Gu. 2 lions passant or (H), BADSELLimpaling
Quarterly of 6 : i, NEVILL of Abergavenny; ii. NEVILL(Anc.) ; iii, WAEENNE ; iv, GLARE ; v, DESPENSEE ;vi, BEAUCHAMP.
Sir Thomas Fane (d. 1589) and his second wife Mary, dau, and heir ofHenry Nevill, Lord Abergavenny (see B20). The quarterings of Fane areaccounted for in Vis. 1674, pp. 42-4.
(7) FANE quarterly of 8 as No. 6 (dexter) impaling CULPEPEEquarterly of 6:
i and vi. Ar. a bend engrailed gu., CULPEPEE.ii. Ar. a chevron sa. between 9 martlets gu., 6 and 3,
HAEDEESHULL.iii. Sa. a fesse between 2 chevrons or, ?BAYNAED.iv. Or a cross engrailed gu., HAUT.v. Per pale az. and gu. a lion rampant erm., double queued,
CAWNE.Sir Thomas Fane and his first wife Elizabeth, dau. of Thomas Culpeper ofBedgbury.
(8) Quarterly, i and iv, Az. on a chevron air. 3 molets sa.,EOBEETS ; ii and iii, Gu. a bend raguly ar. between2 garbs or, WALWOETHimpaling
FANE quarterly of 8 as No. 6 (dexter).Walter Roberts of Glassenbury in Cranbrook (d. 1680) and his first wifeCatherine, sister of Sir Thomas Fane.
(9) FANE quarterly of 6 : i, A ; ii, B ; iii, 0 ; iv, D ; v, E ;vi, F
impalingQuarterly, i and iv, Or a cross engrailed gu., HAUT ;ii and iii. CAWNE as above.
John Fane of Tonbridge, great-uncle of Sir Thomas, married Joan, dau. ofEdward Haut (Vis. 1619, p. 213). This would be early sixteenth century.
(10) In cartouche dated 1567 with ornament, partly in colouredenamels, rather like that in cartouches at Lullingstone :FANE quarterly of 10 : i and x, A ; ii, B ; iii, C ; iv, D ;v, E ; vi, F ; vii, H ; viii, Sa. 3 wolves' Jieads erased or ; ix, G
impalingQuarterly, i and iv, Paly bendy or and az. an orle of martlets or,
HENDLEY;
59
HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHUBCH OF ST. LAWRENCE
ii and iii. Ar. a saltire engrailed ermines between 4 pellets, on achief az. a hind lodged or, HENDLEY.
Crests, dexter, A mailed fist grasping a dagger, and motto as inNo. 1 ; sinister, A martlet or.
John Fane, brother of Sir Thomas, married Ellen, dau, and coh. of SirWalter Hendley. Q. viii in the Fane coat has not been identified, but (withthe heads argent) is attributed by Papworth to Yscitheor, Prince of Powis.The Fane pedigree (ut supra) makes " Kynwin, Lord Powis " an ancestorof Fane at the time of the (?Norman) conquest.
(11) In cartouche similar to the last, but without crests, FANEquarterly of 10 as in No. 10.
Third window from east, north side (F)In oval cartouche resembling that in window D ; quarterly of 20 :
i. Or a lion rampant, double queued, vert, DUDLEY,ii. Gu. a cinquefoil erm., FITZ PERNEL, Earl of Leicester,iii. Barry ar. and az., in chief 3 hurts, GREY of Groby.iv. Or a maunch gu., HASTINGS,v. Or a chevron az.vi. Ar. a cross flory az., MALPAS.
vii. Ar. a bend sa.viii. Or a fesse doubly cotised az., DELAMARE.
ix. Or a lion rampant sa.x. Cheguy or and az. a chevron erm., NEUBOURG.
xi. Gu. a fesse between 6 crosslets or, BEATJCHAMP.xii. Gu. a chevron between 10 crosses patty ar., BERKELEY,
xiii. Or a fesse between 2 chevrons sa., LISLE,xiv. Gu. a leopard ar. [crowned or], GEROLD.xv. Or a saltire between 4 birds sa., GUILDEFORD.xvi. Or a bend az., TEYE (for TEYES : Ar. a chevron gu.).xvii. Ar. a dance sa., WEST,xviii. Quarterly, 1 and 4, Gu. 5 crosslets fitchy or ; 2 and 3,
Az 3 leopards' faces jessant de Us or, CANTELOW.xix. Az. 2 bars or, an inescutcheon erm.; on a chief of the 1st
2 palets between 2 gyrons of the 2nd, MORTIMER,xx. Gu. 3 bends enhanced or, GREYLEY.
This achievement, which is, no doubt, for Robert Dudley, Earl ofLeicester, Sir Philip Sidney's uncle, or his brother Ambrose, Earl ofWarwick1, has been mutilated at some time, and quarterings v, vii,and ix appear to be intruders, while others are out of the proper order,iii and iv are shown with labels, only one point being indicated in each
i of. C6.
60
HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OP ST. LAWRENCK
quartering. The explanation of this is apparent from an achievementof 60 quarterings in Harl. MS. 4199, fol. 187, where it is seen thatc. 1590 it was customary to bracket together, as it were, GREY,HASTINGS, VALENCE (not here) and MARSHALL (not here),placing a label of three over the four coats. I do not remember anyexact parallel to this arrangement, which gives a rather odd appearanceto the achievement. Q.viii, which is not the usual coat of Delamarequartered by Dudley, and Q.xvi, seem to indicate that (as was notuncommon) the glass-painter was given names only for the quarterings,and did not always get his families right. For the quarterings seeE. A. Greening Lamborn, Arm. Glass of the Oxford Dioc. (1949), pp. 84-5.
TR, pp. 805-6 :The East window of this church is composed of beautiful painted glass, col-lected by the late Earl of Westmorland, and containing the following arms,viz. :
I. Gules 3 lions passant guardant Or [ENGLAND].II. Argent a chevron Gules between 10 cross crosslets [sa., MERE WORTH].
III. ... on a chief, . . . 2 mullets of six points pierced . . . 1IV. Or, three chevrons Gules [CLARE].V. Lozenges, gules and . . . a canton Or.
In the east window [of the south chancel] are the effigies of two kings sittingon their thrones, and the three following coats, viz. :
I. Cheeky, Or and azure, on a crescent (sic) 3 cinquefoils argent.II. [MEREWORTH as above.]
III. Argent a cross engrailed gules [?DALYNGRIGGE].[Thorpe refers to the monument of Sir Thomas Nevill, 1642, in the northchancel of the old church : it has since been moved to the west end of thesouth aisle of the present building. " In the North window " over themonument was an achievement quarterly of five, of NEVILL (Abergavenny),NEVILL (Anc.), WARRENNE, " the fourth and fifth as the first andsecond ".]In the East window [of the north chancel] are the two following coats, viz. :I. Gules a chief cheeky Or and azure, over all a bendlet ermine [HAUS-
TED].II. [MEREWORTH.]In one of the North windows is this coat, viz. [MEREWORTH] and under,the effigies of two saints now almost defaced with these inscriptions underthem, S. Bartholomeus, S. Johannes ap . . . .And in the next window is this coat, viz. [HAUSTED without the bendlet].In the South window of the South aisle is this coat, viz. Gules, on a chevronOr three Stars [?sable, for COBHAM of Sterborough].
The shields described by Thorpe cannot now be traced, but most ofthem must have been of the fourteenth century. The Mereworths'
1 This waa, no doubt, Ar. on o chief az. 2 molets pierced or, for William deCLINTON, Earl of Huntingdon, who, at the time of the Black Prince Aid, 20 Edw.III, held Yotes Court in right of his wife Juliana de Leybourne.
61
HERALDIC PAINTED GLASS IN CHURCH OP ST. LAWRENCE
estate here, which, was held of the honour of Clare, passed in 44 Edw. Illto the Maintains (Ha, v, 74). The latter's lands in Pluckley (where inthe church the arms of Malmains and Mereworth appeared together)had come to them from Humphrey de Hausted in 8 Edw. II (Arch.Cant., XIII, 301).
ABBREVIATIONS USEDHa Hasted, History of Kent (8vo ed.), 1797-1801.TR Thorpe, Begistrum Eoffense, 1769.Vis Visitations of Kent, 1574, 1592, and 1619, published
by the Harleian Society, Vols. LXXIV, LXXV,XLII.
62
RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES IN KENT
Mrs. Joan Martin of the Department of Coins and Medals, BritishMuseum, has kindly supplied me with a reference to Ohautard, plate ii,no. 1. The coin is retained by the finder.
L. R. A. GROVE.
WROTHAM
About 1900 a drainage trench was made by a certain Mr. Gageacross the site of the old Wrotham potworks (to the north of theBritish Railways station of Wrotham and Borough Green), which atthat time belonged to Messrs. Joseph Walls and Company, brick-makers, of Borough Green.1 Two complete pottery wasters, a three-legged pipkin and a one-handled cup,2 were excavated from the trench.These are so unlike the popular conception of seventeenth andeighteenth-century Wrotham pottery with its ornate slip decoration thatthey are well worthy of description and comment.
Mr. A. J. B. Kiddell of Ivy Hatch, our foremost living authority onWrotham ware, has written3 that " The Potworks attached to theBrickyard supplied the wants for everyday use and Mr. Rackham hasdescribed it as a ' hard fired dark red body with purplish dark brownglaze, recalling that of Cistercian ware and unlike the glaze on the in-scribed specimens of Wrotham ware '." He goes on to say that" fragments and wasters that have been found do not contain manyexamples with applied slip decoration or pads with decorative motifs.There are obvious reasons for this as these ornately decorated piecesare not the ordinary output of a potworks, but special pieces made forspecial occasions by potters who signed their efforts, if only withinitials . . . It is unlikely that there would be many wasters among suchelaborately decorated pieces on which such care had been lavished."Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher4 also comments on the difference between thecommissioned slipware and the everyday pottery :
" Excavations which were made for me produced a consider-able number of fragments and wasters, mostly pieces over-fired orotherwise damaged in the kiln, I found fragments of severalposset-pots with their applied ornaments . . . There were many one-handled cups covered with a very dark almost black glaze."
These latter cups presumably went with the rest of Dr. Glaisher'scollection of Wrotham ware to the Fitzwilliam Museum.
Description of the Maidstone Museum wasters :(1) Three-legged pipkin with short, solid, S-shaped handle. Hard
1 Kelly's Directory of Kent for 1895 and 1899.2 Maidstone Museum accession No. 11.1962. A gift from Mrs. M. A. Mayo-
Turner, daughter of the finder.3 English Ceramic Circle Transactions, III, pt. 2 (1954), pp. 105-6.4 Appendix to Rackham and Read, English Pottery (1924), p. 135.
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RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES IN KENT
dark-red body. Purplish dark-brown glaze inside and in patches onthe exterior shoulder.
Rim (distorted) greatest diameter .. .. 4-f- in.Rim (distorted) shortest diameter .. .. 2f in.Height 3f in.Diameter of base .. .. .. .. 2| in.
(2) One-handled cup.1 A dark, purplish-brown glaze which coversall the interior and all of the exterior save for the base.
Rim (distorted) greatest diameter .. .. 3 in.Rim (distorted) shortest diameter .. .. 2 in.Base (circular and not distorted) diameter .. 2-fa in.Height 2f in.
L. R. A. GBOVE.
EXCAVATIONS AT ECCLESA first season of excavation was completed in early October 1962,
at the site of a large Romano-British building at Rowe Place Farm,Eccles (TQ 722605).2 The work was undertaken by kind permissionof the landowners. Messrs. A. P. C. M. Ltd. and the Reed Paper Group,and with the fullest possible co-operation of Messrs. A. and A. C.Southwell, who farm the land ; it was financed by generous grantsfrom the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, the Kent ArchaeologicalSociety, the Society of Antiquaries of London, and by public contribu-tions. The work was undertaken by the Lower Medway ResearchGroup who provided the main body of volunteer helpers, supplementedby a large number of other helpers from Kent and the London area.
This season's work was concentrated on excavating the bath-houseunit of the building. A preliminary examination of the evidencesuggests at least four main structural periods on this part of the site,each one of them containing sub-divisions during which the bath-housewas being constantly altered and added to. The first period apparentlydates from the years immediately following the Roman conquest ofBritain when a building, under the present bath-house, was first con-structed and of which only vestigial traces remain where not completelycovered by the concrete floors of the bath-house. The second period,beginning during the last quarter of the first century A.D., is that of thebuilding of the first bath-house on the site. It had walls 2 feet 6 inchesin thickness, of ragstone set in yellow mortar with an occasional courseof bonding-tiles, and contained a small plunge-bath approached througha long corridor, a suite of three heated rooms, with concrete floors
1 An example similar to this but not a waster was found on the site by Mr.A, J. B. Kiddell and is now in Maidstone Museum.
suspended over a hypocaust supplied by a large furnace, a hot plunge-bath served by a separate stoke-hole and various other rooms. Inthe third period, beginning during the first decades of the secondcentury A.D., this first bath-house was much enlarged by the additionof a new range of rooms, which consisted of an unusually large (44 ft.by 11 ft.) cold plunge-bath, with a 12-inch thick opus signinum floor,superseding the earlier plunge-bath, as well as at least four more heatedrooms supplied by the original furnace. The walls of this plunge-bath,as well as those of a 7-foot-wide corridor surrounding it on three sides,were very solid structures, 3 feet in width, built of ragstone set in yellowmortar. The corridor was internally faced with painted wall-plaster.The partition walls of the heated rooms were some 2 feet wide, ofbonding-tiles faced with a thick coating of yellow mortar and piercedat regular intervals by arched flues, built mostly of tufa voussoirs formaximum heat convection. An alteration of the original bath-house,very likely to be contemporary with the building of the extensions,was the insertion of an apsidal bath with walls constructed of chalkblocks, probably faced with mortar. During the fourth period, whichtook place in the second half of the second century A.D., the bath-housewas practically completely abandoned as such, suggesting the likelihoodof yet another bath-house still to be found, was in places systematicallydemolished and robbed, and used for the deposition of surplus buildingmaterials, domestic refuse or even for interments. It is quite clear,however, that this was a gradual process in the course of which partsof this large bath-house became redundant, whilst others continuedin some use until a concerted effort seems to have been made to leveland seal the whole area, although some of the external walls of thebath-house were incorporated into later structizres.
A. P. DETSIOAS,
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
IGHTHAM : AN ACCOUNT BOOK 1750-54
A small, coverless book, the size of an exercise book, has come tolight. It contained at one end, in faded brown ink, detailed accountsof the expenditure of William Halford, the Hector of Ightham, in Kent;and at the other " the profits of the parsonage " for the years 1750-54.
The total profits in 1750 were £271 19s. 2|d., and they consisted ofoccasional fees, tithes, and moneys received from the sale of farmproduce. The Rector sold peas (a gallon for 6d.), pea haulm, oats,wheat (4s. 3d. a bushel), barley (2s. a bushel), malt, oats, rye, chaff,dung, straw (in 1750 this brought in £10 17s.), a stack of hay, apples,walnuts, cyder, mead, onions, and clover seed. Among many othertransactions, 18 ducks were sold for 8d. each, an old cow for £4, a pig13s. 6d., a calf 8s., and 30 stone of pork for £2 15s. He received 13s. 6d.from Widow Linton for a copper pot, and 5s. from Dame Basset for" hogg meat ". His housekeeper, Mrs. Dryland, was in charge of thecows, and at intervals " milk and butter money " from her is included.At the end of the financial year he offset house expenses—garden pro-duce, feed for horse and cows, dogmeat, straw for the thatch, and" wheat used in house and at Christmas ". After September, 1752, thesale of produce, except for apples, ceases, but Thomas Dodd thenstarted to pay £53 yearly rent, and possibly took over the farm. InApril, 1753, there is a curious entry : " Holly, for rent of parsonage,£5 ", which is repeated in 1754, but from the outgoings, life seems tohave gone on there as before.
A Mr. Dawson was employed as curate at £40 yearly, and there is anentry: " Of Dawson, fees, 17s." The fee for burial was 2s., a wedding5s., a christening Is., banns Is., a certificate Is. The two largest tithepayers paid £18 6s. 6d. and £17 15s. 6d. ; others ranged from Is. up-wards. Seventeen acres of tithe wood brought in £10 4s. The Hectoralso received interest from sums of money, up to £100, which he lent.
From payments to the staff, it is clear that Mrs. Dryland received £5a year, and she remained throughout the period. A maid and a man-servant, who received £2 10s. a year each, were not content. Susan,Mary Hind, Betty Wells, Mary Haslam, and Mary Cook succeeded eachother. Pol was paid Is. for wheeling goods and Is. wages, and thendisappears. Cornelius was replaced by Tom, and Giles followed.Giles had clothes provided and 4s. " for his pocket ". Four monthslater his wages accumulated to 17s. 6d. Durling was employed onfarm work on a piece work basis. He thrashed peas, wheat, barley,
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
oats and clover, did gapping, grinding and other work. There is oneentry " for two days' work 2s. 4d. ". Nolton gathered apples for Is.John Honey did mowing and haying (4s.) and Russell worked on thestack (4s.). Mowers mowed 3j acres for 10s. A " moleketcher " waspaid 2s. 6d. Savage ground a scythe for l£d. Will How thrashedwalnuts for 6d. and one of his men was paid 6d. " for lost cows ". InJanuary, 1751 and 1752, Mr. Hubble was paid £14 16s. 6d. and£14 Is. for " carrying, tithe and work ".
There are many payments for household gear. Pins and needleswere expensive (needles 2s. 4d.). A large Witney blanket and quiltcost £2 6s. A frying-pan Is. 8d., a looking-glass 4s., a china bowl6s. 6d., " Delf ware and a teapot Is. Id. ". There is also an interestinginventory on the cover of the book :
3 dozen oyled plates. 26 prs of sheets9 oyled dishes. 6 fine table cloths11 scoured dishes. 2 doz. napkins30 scoured plates. 2 doz. coarse towels.Doz. white knives and forks. 1 doz. fine towels.6 ditto desert k. and forks. 9 kitchen table cloths.
8 prs. of pillow ' coats '2 squabbs, 1 bolster1 blue pillow5 cushions blue.
In the winter of 1753, there must have been trouble with the watersupply. There are five entries for water at 6d. a barrel, one for welldigging of 10s. 2d., and four entries for washing shirts—one of six shirtsfor Is. 6d. Only one dozen candles is mentioned, but the Rector paidhis " house bill " regularly, when it exceeded £1, and many items musthave been included in this. Coal and firewood were bought; coal cost£3 12s. for three chauldrons.
Food must have been plentiful and varied. Fish included cod,shrimps, mackerel (2s. 6d.), lobster (2s. 6d.), and salmon (2s. 6d.).Six pigeons cost Is., and 22 Ib. of beef, 5s. 6d. Tongue and veal, 2s. 6d.,13£ stone of pork, £1 10s. 4|d. Lump sugar and candy were boughtregularly, also cheese, pepper, salt, soap and " British oyl". Fiftyoranges and lemons, with carriage, cost 2s. 4d. Cherries were bought inAugust, to dry, and " figgs " at Christmas. Tea was bought fre-quently, costing from 5s. to 7s. a Ib., but 2 Ib. of Bohea tea cost only2s. 6d. There is one entry for coffee.
Beer was important. There is a note : " Brewed 4 bushels, greatcopper full and 2 pails boild off and the little one of small beer. 2 pailshopps 1£ Ib." There are many entries for malt and " hopps ". Threebushels of malt cost 10s. 6d. One entry for malt and hops is for
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
£8 19s. Brandy was bought frequently. " 4 galls brandy and tubb19s. 6d.", 4 galls, rum and gin £1 4s., 18 bottled wine, £1 Is. " Mrs.Joynes for wine, 16s. 6d. ". There is also an entry of " sugar for wine,5s. 8d.".
Seeds, beans and plants were bought for the garden, 50 cabbageplants costing 4|d., and a wheelbarrow 6s. 6d.
The Rector had a horse. There are entries for shoeing, curry comband brush, saddle cloth, bridle and saddle (£1 13s.) and payments forkeeping horse. He travelled extensively. He went frequently toGravesend, Cheslehurst, Dulwich (or Dullige) and to London severaltimes a year. He went to Rochester and Ashford : " Expenses toAshford 6s. Id., paid bills there £29 8s. 6£d." He went to the fairs atIghtham, Sevenoaks, Gravesend, and Mylton, and in London paidyearly " tenths at the Temple, £1 12s. 2d.". One wonders why he paid10s. 6d. to the bell ringers at Chislehurst in 1753, and 7s. for poor ratethere in 1755.
At Ightham he paid regularly land tax and window money, poorrate, insurance and for highways. In May, 1754, he paid King's Taxof £1 10s. His election expenses in 1754 were 8s. 4|d.
There is a short inventory of his linen on the cover : "20 shirts,9 pairs of sleeves, 8 silk hands., 5 linnen hands., 14 necks, 14 stocks,7 bands ", and many entries for clothes, including garters, gloves, lawnfor stocks, " capps", and yarn for stockings. He bought, fromHarrison of Ightham, among many other articles, velvet breeches for£1 10s., a surtout coat for £2 8s. He bought 4 wigs during the period,each costing about two guineas, two " waste-cotes ", a silk purse andbuckles, three hats, lawn for stocks, and leather breeches (14s.). Acoat and breeches from Bartlet cost £1 10s., and the coat was widenedfor 8d.
He paid his barber 2s. quarterly, and the barber kept to " oldChristmas Day " and " old Lady Day ". He sent letters as far afieldas Lancashire. His sight was not good. There are several entries for" spectakeles " and the writing deteriorates. At Christmas he boughtalmanacks. He frequently bought magazines and " news ". He sub-scribed £1 18s. to a Hebrew Concordance, and bought two vols.,History of the Bible for £3 3s. He also paid Is. for a HeUfire Pamphlet.
Each year at Christmas he gave " boxes ", of money (especially tothe Court Lodge servants), also tobacco, pipes and wheat. In Decem-ber, 1750, there was Musick at Tonbridge ; morris dancers were paid2s. 6d.
The Rector lived until 1760. On the cover of the little book hemade a note :
" If I should die suddenly, look under the sill in the closet bythe kitchen door at ye Parsonage for a stone quart pot."
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
Over one hundred years later, in 1888, the Rector of the day added, ina neat, flowing hand :
" Had the step raised. Result nil. Evidently research hadpreviously been made, judging by looseness of step, and soil."
JOAN CONSTANT.
PLXJMSTBAD : ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH
A postscript to Arch. Cant., LX, p. 23, by F. C. ELLISTON-ERWOOD,F.S.A.
My notes on the church of St. Nicholas, Plumstead, ended with therecord of its partial destruction, in 1945, by a German rocket. Thedamage was almost entirely confined to the most ancient portions ofthe fabric : the thirteenth century transept was shattered, the old nave(twelfth century) was badly shaken and its roof lifted, and the finemodern chapel with its excellent vaulted ceiling was totally destroyed.Other parts of the fabric both old and new were also damaged, but notbeyond repair, and by boarding up the fifteenth century nave arcade,the rest of the church was made available for worship. Insufficientprotection, however, appears to have been given to the parts of thethe structure not usable, which resulted in further damage by weatherand vandals, especially to the wall monuments and the floor, and thestate of the building after ten years of such neglect was an indescribablemess of rotting wood, bird droppings and broken monuments andmasonry.
In 1956 more hopeful news indicated that restoration work wasabout to commence, and now, thanks to the energy and skill of Messrs.Thos. F. Ford & Partners, F.R.I.B.A., the architects for the project, anotable salvage operation was achieved, and though some parts, as wasfeared, were beyond repair, the greater part was saved. In this worksome new details of the earlier building came to light and suspectedmatters were confirmed. The main architectural story as put forwardin my paper remains valid, some aspects of it being further proven.There is no object in repeating what is already in print and available,but to commemorate the millenary of the church's foundation, and tocomplete the architectural story, these few notes are set down. Theymay be of particular value to those who only know the church as it istoday.
The plans prepared to illustrate the article in Arch. Cant, in 1947require no amendment. Most of the new information was imbedded inthe standing walls or was observed when other walls had to be cleared.To assist in the understanding of these matters, an elevation of theinterior face of the south wall (the oldest part of the fabric) has been
215
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
prepared, with its numerous features lettered and numbered, to whichreference should be made (Fig. 1).
The greatest loss has been in the total removal of the thirteenthcentury transept. It must be admitted that the fabric of this part wasin a deplorable condition and had it survived the explosion it wouldhave been a source of trouble and expense in future years. Not onlyhad there been considerable repairs and patchings throughout thecenturies but the original work was not beyond criticism. The size andposition of this transept has been marked out by a paved area and ashallow recess has been constructed below the transept arch which nowcontains the table tomb " A4 " removed from near the existing chancel.The arch " Al " is entirely new but the western respond " A2 " isoriginal but badly scarred. At " A3 " is one of the unsolved matters ofthis part briefly referred to on page 21. When discovered in 1907 itwas clearly a passageway from the transept to the chancel, behind therespond of the chancel arch, but two restorations have reduced it to anoddly constructed recess with parallel splayed sides, and quite meaning-less. Photographs showing this feature as it was first discovered and itsfirst restoration are printed in the Woolwich Antiquarian Society's Pro-ceedings, XVIII, pp. 108 and 114. No trace of the southern respond ofthe chancel arch remains at ' G ' nor of the earlier one at " H " thoughhere the slight bend in the wall indicates the line of the twelfth centurychancel.
" B " and " Bl " are two windows in the bad gothic style of theearly nineteenth century and call for no comment, save that " Bl "was moved 1 ft. to the west to allow room for the reconstruction of"0".
" 01 " is the original twelfth century window that has been knownfor many years, while " C " is the one that was thought to be there,ought to be in that position and which many observers thought theycould distinguish under the plaster. The force of the explosion shookthe plaster from the wall and there revealed was the sought-for window.It has been damaged on its western side and it was to enable the win-dow to be opened out and repaired that the removal of " Bl " wasundertaken.
" D " is the internal rere-arch and the line of the inner arch openingof the fourteenth century blocked doorway that was found behind abuttress in 1907. It was discovered when the plaster was shaken fromthe wall. So indeed was " F " which is one more puzzling feature. Alarge drawing is given which shows a distorted arch of twelve voussoirsof which the centre four are smaller than the flanking ones. Its span isabout 4 ft. and the crown of the arch is just over 11 ft. from the floorlevel, which incidentally is about 2 ft. lower than the outside groundlevel. It would seem to be the arch of a doorway which was destroyed
216
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
217
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
to make room for " D " but its narrow width and its great height raisedoubts. Its proportions have suggested to some a pre-conquest date,but there does not appear the least indication of Saxon technique. Thesurface of the arch stones had been " pecked " to form a key for plaster-ing and any information that might be obtained from the dressing ofthe stones does not exist. The shape of the arch, too, is peculiar ; is itintentional or due to pressure or some movement in the wall? Pre-sumably its date is pre-fourteenth century but beyond that it is difficultto go. " E " is the existing porch entrance and calls for no comment.The porch has been rebuilt on its original lines.
One other fact referring to this part of the church remains to berecorded. On Plate III of my paper in Arch. Cant, is a photograph ofthe west respond of a thirteenth century doorway into the contemporarychancel. It was discovered in 1907 and was preserved in situ under aniron grating. For some time in 1957 it could not be found, but later onwas discovered in its correct position but buried beneath a compost ofpaper, cigarette ends, caramel wrappings, orange peel, earth, leaves andbuilding rubbish. It has been once again cleared and those interestedwill find it under a heavy concrete slab which may tax their efforts tolift, though rings for this purpose are provided. It has suffered a littledamage but is still intelligible.
The west wall of the original church is still standing and was butlittle damaged, though its plaster was shaken off the rere-arch of thefifteenth century doorway which was uncovered and preserved, as arethe vestiges of a pair(?) of lancet windows. What is, however, of moreinterest is that the outside rendering of rough-cast on this wall was alsoshaken, revealing the wall under it. Again it was of indifferent work-manship and had been frequently patched with all kinds of miscel-laneous material. But by far the most interesting thing was that thewalling between the tower and the west window was constructedentirely of cubes of Eeigate stone with one or two blocks of Caen stonescattered through the mass. This was very odd for nowhere else in thewalling are these stones used. The stones were coursed but the bondwas weak and the whole was plastered. It would seem that whenChurchwarden Gossage built his new tower in 1664 over the western bayof the nave he had to take down part of the west wall which was after-wards repaired in the manner described. But from whence did thestone come? It was not new and bore evidences of previous use. Theonly source that I can think of is the Abbey of Lesnes, a couple of milesto the east and which had lain in ruins for a century. From my experi-ence in excavating that abbey, it is evident that many tons of stonehad been taken from there, and some at least came to Plumstead. Thisre-use of plundered material is often quoted as a fact though evidence isgenerally lacking. That this was more than probable at Plumstead
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
may be confirmed by the fact that pavement tiles were found under thefloor of the parish church exactly similar in pattern to some found onthe abbey site.
COBHAM : ROMAN VILLAThe report in the last Arch. Cant, contains a misprint on page 102
where the date at the beginning of the bottom line should be A.D. 250,and not 350.
Our member, Mr. A. P. Detsicas, kindly informs me that the Samianpotter Carantinus is now thought to have been somewhat later thanindicated by Oswald and Pryce, and should be placed about A.D. 150-90. This accords with the character of the coarse ware found inassociation at Cobham.
As Pit III was recognized to contain Antonine pottery, the reviseddating of the Samian sherd does not affect any of the stated conclusionsregarding the pit or the significance of its contents.
P. J. TESTER.
COLOUR SLIDESAmong the many sets of coloured slides of archaeological subjects
published at the present time, a special word of welcome must be givento those made by Pictorial Coloured Slides sponsored by our member,Mr. B. J. Philp, of West Wickham. Those of antiquities in the DorsetCounty Museum, Devizes Museum and Rochester Museum include manywell known objects and many not so well known ; they are of goodquality and reasonably priced.
R.P.J.
219
REVIEWS
Battle in Bossenden Wood. By P. G. Rogers. 7fx5. Pp. x+241-f-8 plates and 2 maps. Oxford University Press, 1961. 25s.
This most excellent and readable book describes the life and charac-ter of Mad Tom Courtenay whose riots in Kent in the late 1830s hadrepercussions far beyond the county. Sir William Courtenay, as hecalled himself, has from time to time attracted the attention of severalmembers of our Society, and a year or so ago Mr. Desmond Pontindescribed his adventures at our week-end meeting at Kingsgate in away which was much admired.
Mr. Rogers' book is not just another study of a rather engaginglunatic. At first reading his style appears to be almost simple, but asecond reading shows how well and how skilfully he has set his charac-ters against a background of history and both national and local eventsto provide very much more than his publishers call, in their blurb, afascinating excursion. That a lunatic, half demagogue, half Messiah,could inflame and rally a not poorly paid and certainly not starving bandof rustics in the Forest of Blean is a little surprising until one realizesthat their education lacked even elementary guidance. It is a sadreflection that Mad Tom's actions led to a pitched battle with militaryforces in which he and ten other men lost their lives, and this little morethan a century ago. The Report made to the Central Society of Educa-tion on the state of the Peasantry at Boughton, Herne Hill and theVille of Dunkirk near Canterbury reveals a most unhappy state ofaffairs.
In the second edition which this book surely warrants, Mr. Rogersmight care to note that the free pardon given to Tom by Queen Victoriais now in the Society's Library as a gift from our member, Mr. JohnBridge. Tom's heart, removed at his post-mortem examination, wasonce in my temporary possession but its present whereabouts is un-known. In examining the records of Tom's admission and treatmentat Barming Asylum some years ago, I noticed that the essential pageshad been torn out of the bound books. The books had clearly not beenlooked at for many years, and the then Superintendent of the Asylumsuggested that the damage might have had some political significance inview of the Select Committee's Report on Tom's reception and dis-charge.
(We should like to apologize to the Author for the lateness of this
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review, due to circumstances of which he is aware, and to congratulatehim on the appearance of his book in a Readers' Union edition in 1962.)
RONALD JESSUP.
Medieval Bexley. By F. R. H. Du Boulay. 8£x5£. Pp. x+56.Published by Bexley Corporation Public Libraries, 1961. 5s.
The Professor of Medieval History in the University of London haswritten a remarkably interesting essay on Bexley in the Middle Ages,using as his main sources Custumals and Rentals, Ministers' Accounts,Court Rolls, deeds and wills covering the period from the thirteenthto the sixteenth centuries. The action of Bexley Corporation in makingthis available to the public over their library counters for such a modestsum—chiefly through the interest of two successive librarians, Mr. W.Threlfall and Mr. P. E. Morris—is commendable. There is a map toillustrate the boundaries of Bexley as set out in the charter of A.D. 814in comparison with those of the modern Borough created in 1937, andthe four other illustrations are plates depicting monumental brasses inthe churches of Bexley and East Wickham.
By way of introduction the author deals with the origin of thesettlement at Bexley and the ninth-century charter by which it wasconveyed by Cenwulf of Mercia to Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury,this being followed by a careful analysis of the Domesday entry. Butthe chief interest in the book is the light which Professor Du Boulay'sresearches have thrown on the economy of the manor—particularly theArchbishops' demesne—in the later Middle Ages. He shows that afifth or more of the land was held directly by the Archbishop, as Lordof the Manor, and cultivated by his servants, until it was leased to theShelley family in the late fourteenth century. There are interestingfacts and figures about the crops grown, the labour employed and themachinery of manorial administration. Apparently the lord's demesneconsisted of a number of scattered fields intermingled with those of thetenants, and not a large single tract of land as one might have imagined.
The final chapter on " Bexley Society in the Later Middle Ages "takes several representative inhabitants and through details of theirrespective wills brings out a useful picture of social conditions in theirperiod.
Yet with all its obvious scholarship, the little book is in some waysdisappointing. In his opening remarks the author himself expresses afear that the difficult task of writing both accurately and readably froma mass of manuscript sources may not have been adequately fulfilled.In the opinion of this reviewer the book is seriously lacking in localcolour, while the author treats his subject with a curious detachment,almost as though Bexley were a place he knew of merely by seeing it
221 18
REVIEWS
marked on a map. The section headed " The Village Church " may betaken to illustrate this point. The average inhabitant of Bexley whobuys this booklet in his local library might reasonably expect to readsomething about the medieval church itself, but he will find instead onlysome notes on a charter granting the priest the right to send four oxenand four cows into the lord's pasture without payment; the arrange-ments for dividing the income of the parish between the vicar and thepatrons of the living ; and reference to the struggle between AldgatePriory and the Archbishops over the right of presentation.
Professor Du Boulay's book is a notable contribution to the study oflocal history. Perhaps it also illustrates that the gulf between pro-fessional scholarship and the man in the street is not, in some circum-stances, easy to bridge.
P.J.T.
The Social Institution of Lancashire, 1480-1660. By Professor W. K.Jordan. Pp. xii-|-128. Chetham Society, volume XI—thirdseries, 1962.
Professor Jordan has established himself as the authority as regardsthe relationship of charitable bequests, 1480-1660, to the wider socialand economic development of the period. In this, the sixth volume ofhis study to be published, he deals with a county as different in back-ground and social aspirations from Kent as could well be imagined.Apart from the interest of Lancashire history in itself, this monograph,beautifully produced and well indexed, is of special value to readers ofArchceologia Cantiana in the striking contrast it offers to SocialInstitutions in Kent, 1480-1660, published last year by the KentArchaeological Society.
The pattern and statistical basis of each book is similar, but thestory presented differs greatly. Where Kent provided nearly 41 percent of its charitable bequests for the relief of poverty ; Lancashiredevoted almost the like percentage on educational foundations. Whilein Kent religion attracted few bequests after the Reformation ; inLancashire interest was maintained at a relatively high level. In everyway this study is a useful corrective to those more directly concernedwith a " rich and mature county " by the insight it throws on thedevelopment of a relatively backward area, on the collapse of ancientprivilege before mercantile interest and in the apparent desire to com-bat an indigenous problem of rural poverty by educational means.
Professor Jordan and the Chetham Society are to be congratulatedon this worthy addition to the study of English social history.
F.H.
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REVIEWS
The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 1, Part 1, No. 1,June, 1962. The British Society for the History of Science,Ravensmead, Keston, Kent. Price: 15s., free to members of theSociety.
We extend a warm welcome to this new and valuable contributionto the history of science generally, and congratulate the British Societyfor the History of Science on the courage of their venture. The volumecontains five papers covering such diverse matters as the work ofMendel, the work of a fourteenth-century Fellow of Merton, British andAmerican contributions to Electrical Communications, the origins of theRoyal Institution, and the debt of Greek astronomy to the Babylonians.Its value is further enhanced by notes on the Proceedings of the Society,book reviews, and a title-list of papers on the History of Science incurrent periodicals. The Journal will be published twice annually,and we shall look forward to its contribution to the history ofarchaeology.
The Secretary of the British Society for the History of Science,Mr. F. H. C. Butler of Keston, is well known to many members of ourown Society, and enquiries regarding membership of the ScienceSociety may be made directly to him.
R. F. JESSUP.
Prehistoric England. By Grahame Clark. 6f X 4-|. Pp. 200 with 50plates and many line illustrations. Batsford, Ltd., London, 1962.5s.
Dr. Grahame Clark, Disney Professor of Archaeology in the Univer-sity of Cambridge, has now published as a paperback this excellent bookwhich first appeared in 1940 and has long since been out of print.
The new introductory chapter, compressed though it be, is perhapsone of the best things that Professor Clark has ever written, and it is auseful and most necessary corrective to a good deal of loose writing whichhas appeared in several popular books during the last four years. Thisnew edition also takes note of important archaeological discoveriesmade since 1940, and the author has not hesitated to point out that thelast twenty years have seen many revisions of opinion in the significanceof cultures and particularly in the acceptance of relative and absolutedating.
When a further reprint is called for, it should not be impossible tohelp the rather lazy reader by numbering the figures in the text. Mean-while the present edition is assured of a warm welcome.
R. F. JESSXTP.
223 18B
OBITUARIES
THE REV. CANON A. 0. STANDEN, M.A.It is with deepest regret we record the death of the Rev. Canon
Aubrey Owen Standen, M.A., Canon Residentiary of CanterburyCathedral since 1946, who died on a train near Canterbury on 27thOctober, 1961, aged 63.
He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St.John's College, Oxford. When a lieutenant in the R.F.A. during thefirst world war, he was taken prisoner. At Oxford he was Exhibitionerand Prizeman, and Pusey and Ellerton Scholar in 1920. In 1924 hewas Senior Fish Exhibitioner, and took degrees in Theology andOriental languages. He was Houghton Syriac Prizeman in 1925, andafter he became M.A. he was lecturer in Hebrew at Cuddesdon. Hewas a curate at St. Margaret's, Rochester, in 1925, and in 1929 wasRector of Chatham. He was a Sub-warden of Lincoln TheologicalCollege until 1935, when he became the Vicar of Maidstone and RuralDean of Sutton. He was also the examining Chaplain to the Bishops ofLincoln and Rochester, and to Dr. Fisher when Archbishop of Canter-bury.
He was a brilliant scholar and preacher, and was untiring in his workfor the Kent Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, of which he was aVice-President for over 25 years, and later, Chairman.
Serving as a Council Member of the Kent Archaeological Societysince 1945, and as Vice-President of the Friends of Old Maidstone, hetook a lively interest in the work of both societies, and while a memberof the Rotary Club of Maidstone he was greatly respected and loved byall the members, who elected him as their President in 1939. Healways found time to advise anyone who asked his help, and his un-failing understanding and kindness will be greatly missed by all whoknew him.
J.W.B.
GORDON REGINALD WARD, M.D., F.S.A.Dr. Gordon Ward died suddenly at his home at Sevenoaks on
10th July, 1962, at the age of 77. Only a week earlier he had beenwalking in the town, so that his sudden illness and untimely death cameas a great shock to his many friends.
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OBITUARIES
He was born on 23rd February, 1885, and educated at Epsom Col-lege, where he spent some of his happiest days, and University College,London. He qualified as an M.B. at Westminster Hospital andproceeded to his M.D.
During the first world war, as a Reservist, he was called up andserved gallantly as an officer of the R.A.M.C. in many battle zones,including Mons, the Somme and Salonika.
Later he lived and practised at Sevenoaks and also did valuablework at Sevenoaks Hospital. When he built his new home, OastfieldHouse, he was able to arrange in a fitting setting in his library, hiscollection of Kentish books and manuscripts, and maps. He rejoicedwhen he was able to retire and to devote himself to his two greatinterests, Kentish history and philately.
He became a member of the K.A.S. in 1927 and his first contributionto ArcHosologia Cantiana, " The De Aldehams ", appeared the followingyear in Volume XL. Thereafter for over thirty years, he was a constantcontributor, and his articles not only reflected his untiring energy andhis painstaking work, but also the wide range of his interests, fromSaxon charters, manorial records, the Wealden dens, the Yokes,Hengest and Horsa, the Vikings, horseshoes, topography to place-names. He was elected a member of Council in 1931 and an HonoraryLife Member in 1954 in recognition of his services to the Society.
His varied studies reflected his remarkable ability to undertakesome entirely new interest of which he would become not only a masterbut would pursue the subject to an even greater degree than othersmight have done. This was revealed markedly in his philatelic work,for he was regarded as one of Britain's outstanding philatelists, and hada profound knowledge of the production of stamps by typography andphotogravure. As the philatelic correspondent to The Times wrote :" His research into the printing flaws of the King George V portraitstamps of Australia and the Egyptian and South African photogravureissues was outstanding. His extensive contributions to the philatelicperiodical press displayed an ability to simplify advanced technicalmatter for the benefit of less erudite philatelists."
His friendship with the late Captain Herbert Knocker led to anequally deep interest in local history at all levels. He was one of theoriginal members of the Kent County Local History Committee when itwas formed in 1935, and he later succeeded Sir Anton Bertram as itsChairman. In these pioneer years he was much in demand as alecturer and laid the foundations of many of the local history societies.On archaeological or historical excursions one could not wish a moreentertaining companion, with his store of information, his inquisitivemind, and his wry sense of humour.
In his published writings he was often unorthodox and even contro-
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OBITUARIES
versial, and in committee, he took an impish delight in contradiction,often aimed solely at stimulating discussion.
Over a long period of years, Dr. Ward accumulated a vast anddiverse collection of manuscripts, acquired from towns, parishes,business houses, private individuals, solicitors' offices and in this workundoubtedly preserved for posterity a considerable quantity of docu-mentary evidence of outstanding historical importance, which wouldotherwise have been destroyed in the normal process of clearing outunwanted papers, and the war-time salvage drives. His immenseservices to other historians in collecting, classifying and preserving thesedocuments relating to Kent will long be remembered.
Members of the Society owe him a special debt of gratitude notonly for having saved papers of such value and interest, but for hisgifts to the Society from 1935 onwards, and in particular, his last giftof over sixty boxes, containing collected material relating to thehistory of various Kent villages. Local historians too will be gratefulfor his benefactions to the Kent County Archives Office and to theSevenoaks Public Library, where the " Gordon Ward Papers " willbe for many generations a fitting memorial to his kindly and generouspersonality.
A.R.
226
GENERAL INDEXAbbreviation:
K.A.O., Kent Archives Office.
Abbotaridge Wateringe, Brenzett, map,1653, 180.
Abergavenny, Barons, 48-62.Abergavenny, George, Lord, d. 1492,
57; George Nevill, 5th lord, d. 1525,52; Henry Nevill, 6th lord, d. 1587,54, 57.
188; Prison, 206; Roman horsedeity at, 142-7; Royal Museum, 142;St. Edmund Ridingate, 136, 138;Excavation Committee, 142; Hos-pital of St. Laurence, 136-7; King'sSchool, 2; medieval pottery atTylers Hill, 40; Priory of St. Greg-ory, 137; St. Mary Bredin, 138;Samian Form 27 from, 202; Too Hrecords, K.A.O., 186; Worthgate, 2.
11.Edenbridge, maps, K.A.O., 187.Edmonds, Michael, 199.Education records, K.A.O., 186.Effingham, Charles Howard of, 54.Egerton Forstal, 40.Egerton, William, 2.d'Elboux, R. H., 27.Ellet, E., 111.Elmsted, 136; map, 1698, 181.Enclosure in Kent, 179.England, arms of, 52, 54, 61.Epona, Roman deity, 144-7.Eresby, arms of, 51.Erith, parish records, K.A.O., 185.Erwood, F. C. E., 206.Erwood, F. C. E.: Plumstead, St.
Nicholas Church, 216-19.Essex, William Parr, earl of, 56.Estate maps, early Kentish, 177-84.Estate records, K.A.O., 186-8.Etchinghill, 34.Evans, John H., 20, 21, 190.Evrenden, J., monumental brass,
den, 63-5, 69, 71, 72.Reading Sewer, 71, 72.Reaney, P. H., 133.Reculver, maps, 1630, 1685, 183.Red Hill, Appledore, 72.Redleaf, Penshurst, map, 1695, 183.Rendel, W. V.: Changes in the course
of the Rather, 63-76.Researches and Discoveries in Kent,
190-211.Reynsforth, arms of, 51.Rigold, S. E.: Excavation of a moated
site at Pivington, 27-47.Roberts, arms of, 59; Sir Walter, 69;
Walter of Glassenbury, d. 1580, 59.Robertsbridge, 73.Rochester, 160-76; bronze Jew's harp
52, 55, 60.Sittingbourne, map, 1590, 184.Skelton, arms of, 51.Slayhill marshes, Upchurch, 190.Slingsby, Sir Guildford, 1620, 99.Smallhythe, 63, 69, 72.Smeeth, maps, 1626-56, 184.Smith, J. T., 34.Snargate, 72.Snave, 15; map, c. 1653, 184.Soford, 138, 139.Somerden Green Farm, Chiddingstone,
map, o. 1600, 181.Southfleet, Old Rectory, 36.Southland, Thomas, 1676, 1.Southwell, A. and A. C., 210.Sowby, arms of, 63.Spelmonden, Horsmonden, map, 1675,
