ARCTAS preliminary report to HQ ESD visitors at Ames
Fri 12 Sep 2008
Phil Russell, NASA Ameswith contributions from many, many
leaders, experimenters,
modelers, forecasters,
aircraft crews, …
Third IPY (2007-2008)Why Study the Arctic Now?Why Study the Arctic Now?
ARCTIC IS UNDERGOING RAPID CHANGE- Rapid warming; receptor of mid-latitudes pollution; boreal forest fires increasing
POTENTIALLY LARGE RESPONSE & UNIQUE CHEMISTRY- Melting of polar ice sheets, decrease of snow albedo from soot, halogen chemistry
UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY- Large NASA satellite fleet; Interagency & international collaboration via POLARCAT & IPY
ARCTAS: Arctic Research of the ARCTAS: Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere Composition of the Troposphere
from Aircraft and Satellites from Aircraft and Satellites
Arctic Research of the Composition Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft of the Troposphere from Aircraft
and Satellites (ARCTAS)and Satellites (ARCTAS)
A NASA contribution to IPY and the A NASA contribution to IPY and the international POLARCAT initiativeinternational POLARCAT initiative
Conducted in spring and summer 2008 with the following foci:Conducted in spring and summer 2008 with the following foci:
http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/arctashttp://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/arctas
1. Long-range transport of pollution to the Arctic1. Long-range transport of pollution to the Arctic (including arctic haze, (including arctic haze, tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury)tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury)2. Boreal forest fires2. Boreal forest fires (implications for atmospheric composition and climate) (implications for atmospheric composition and climate)3. Aerosol radiative forcing3. Aerosol radiative forcing (from arctic haze, boreal fires, surface-deposited (from arctic haze, boreal fires, surface-deposited black carbon, and other perturbations)black carbon, and other perturbations)4. Chemical processes4. Chemical processes (with focus on ozone, aerosols, mercury, and halogens) (with focus on ozone, aerosols, mercury, and halogens)
Partners:Partners: NASA, NOAA, DOE, NASA, NOAA, DOE, NSF, Canada, France, GermanyNSF, Canada, France, Germany
April 2008:April 2008: Fairbanks and Barrow, Fairbanks and Barrow, Alaska; Thule, GreenlandAlaska; Thule, GreenlandJuly 2008:July 2008: Cold Lake, Alberta; Cold Lake, Alberta; Yellowknife, NW TerritoriesYellowknife, NW Territories
NASA DC-8
NASA P-3B NASA B-200
Slide courtesy Jim Crawford, HQ Mgr TCPSlide courtesy Jim Crawford, HQ Mgr TCP
LaRC ARC GSFC JPL MSFC GISS DFRC WFF Univ/OGOV
Measurements X X X X
Satellite Teams X X X X
Model Forecasting X X X
Science Leadership and Decision Support
X X X X
Aircraft operations X X X X
Logistics and Data Archival
X X
The ARCTAS science team includes over 150 scientists and support personnel representing 8 NASA installations, 12 Universities, and 3 Government Labs
Chemistry and Aerosols Radiation, Aerosols, Tracers Aerosol satellite validation 21 instruments HSRL – CALIPSO
RSP – GLORY9 Instruments
Satellite Teams: CALIPSO, MODIS, TES, OMI, AIRS, MISR, MOPITTModel Forecasting: GEOS-5, GOCART, STEM, MOZARTARC-IONS: Ozonesonde network in cooperation with Environment Canada
AOD, 0Z,7/8Multi-Center Participation on P-3 in ARCTAS
DFRC: REVEALMSFC: RTMM
AATSCOBALT
SSFR
SSFRAero3X
CARCCNBBR
BBRHiGEAR
ARC GSFCLaRC
PDS
LaRC: 4 Science Instruments
DFRC: REVEALMSFC: RTMM
Multi-Center Participation on DC-8 in ARCTAS
DC-8P-3BB200
DC-8 (185 flight hours) P-3B (158 flight hours) B-200 (150 flight hours)
Spring (1-20 April) 9 sorties 8 sorties 27 sorties
California (18-24 July) 4 sorties 1 sortie
Summer (26 Jun-13 July)
9 sorties 12 Sorties 21 Sorties
ARCTAS-California 2008ARCTAS-California 2008
OMI NO2 Oct. 22, ‘07
NASA CAPABILITIES:• Airborne observations • Satellite observations • Global/regional models• Integrated analysis
NASA MAIN OBJECTIVES:• Ozone/aerosol formation• Aerosol & radiative forcing • GHGs & precursors• Long-range pollution transport • Satellite validation
Ames Roles in ARCTAS Leadership
Satellites: CALIPSOCALIPSO, OMI, TES, MLS, MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, AIRS
• Aerosol optical depth, propertiesAerosol optical depth, properties• H2O, CO, ozone, NO2, HCHO, SO2, BrO
Aircraft: DC-8, P-3B, B200B200• Comprehensive in situ chemical and aerosol Comprehensive in situ chemical and aerosol measurementsmeasurements• Passive remote sensing of atmospheric Passive remote sensing of atmospheric state and compositionstate and composition• Active remote sensing of ozone, water vaporActive remote sensing of ozone, water vapor and aerosol optical propertiesand aerosol optical propertiesModels: CTMs, GCMs, ESMs
• Source-receptor relationships for pollutionSource-receptor relationships for pollution• Inverse modeling for estimating emissions• Aerosol radiative forcing• Detailed chemical processingDetailed chemical processing
Model error evaluationData assimilation
Diagnostic studies
Calibration and ValidationRetrieval developmentCorrelative information
Small scale structure and processes
ARCTAS Field Campaign Strategy: Maximize the value of satellite ARCTAS Field Campaign Strategy: Maximize the value of satellite data for improving models of atmospheric composition and climatedata for improving models of atmospheric composition and climate
NASA DC-8
NASA P-3B
NOAA WP-3D
NSF HIAPER
DLR FALCON
Measurement comparisons were conducted between the NASA DC-8 and partner aircraft as well as between the NASA P3-B and NOAA WP-3D
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pressu
re Altitu
de (km
)
22:15 22:30 22:45 23:00 23:15 23:30
GMT
396
394
392
390
CO
2
(pp
mv)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Aircraft D
istance (km
)
-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.52.0
del
ta C
O2
(p
pm
v)
Begin22:23:30
End23:22:00
04/12/2008
NASA DC-8 CO2 NOAA WP-3D CO2
delta CO2 =DC8 - WP-3D Distance
396
395
394
393
392
391
390
389
DC
-8 C
O2
(pp
mv)
396395394393392391390389WP-3D CO2 (ppmv)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
del
ta C
O2
(pp
mv)
04/12/2008ODR Fit, 1 s dataSlope = 1.000 ± 0.000Avg. Residual = 0.000 ± 0.0081 ppmvAvg. Delta = 0.00 ± 0.16 ppmv
Example comparison of CO2 measurements onboard the NASA DC-8 (S. Vay, NASA LaRC) and NOAA WP-3D (T. Ryerson, NOAA ESRL)
-Blind comparison reveals no detectable difference
-Establishing confidence in airborne CO2 measurements is critical to future OCO validation and ASCENDS technology demonstrations.
DC-8P-3BB200
California and Boreal (Cold Lake) CH4, N2O, CO2 & CO measurements: Highly correlated time series can characterize emissions from varied sources
(incl. rice paddies, feed lots, other agriculture, wooded lands, wildfires)
AOD, 0Z,7/8
GEOS5 Model prediction of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT)
ARCTAS P-3 & B-200 Tracks,
26 Jun-12 Jul 2008
Flight Plan A
Planned P3 Flight Track
AOD, 0Z,7/8
GEOS5 Model prediction of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT)
ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #17, 30 Jun 2008To measure composition & radiative effects of wildfire smokes in CALIPSO & B200 lidar tracks
Flight Plan A
Planned P3 Flight Track
AOD, 0Z,7/8
View from cockpit approaching Lake Athabasca fires
ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #15, 28 Jun 2008
- Canadian researchers (Mike Flannigan, Merritt Turetsky, Brian Stocks) now working on ground to assess impact of fires ARCTAS sampled
AOD, 0Z,7/8
A closer view from cockpit
ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #15, 28 Jun 2008
AOD, 0Z,7/8
A closer view from cockpit
Turnaround Point
NRL COAMPS PREDICTED SMOKE FROM ATHABASKA FIRES (courtesy Jeff Reid)
GEOS5 - Weak Siberia biomass burning plume between 1-6 km in central Canada, Courtesy Mian Chin - Similar features in some other models.
18 Z 9 Jul 2008
P-3BB200
CALIPSO Track
9 July 2008: B200 and P-3B underfly the CALIPSO track sampling smoke plume from boreal fires in northern Saskatchewan.
Turnaround Point
P-3BB200
CALIPSO Track
P-3 in ARCTAS: PayloadAmes Airborne Tracking
Sunphotometer (AATS-14)
Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR)
Broad-Band Radiometers (BBR)
LW SW
HiGEAR Aerosols & O3
OPC & DMA dry size dist, volatility Tandem Volatility DMA Neph scat + PSAP abs Humidified Neph f(RH) Ultrafine & CN Time of Flight Mass Spec size resolved chemistry SP2 black carbon mass
AERO3X Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR)
P-3 Data System (PDS): Nav, Flight, Met (P, T, RH, …) REVEAL & RTMM
AOD Ext H2O vapor
Cavity Ringdown ext (2) Reciprocal Neph sca (2, RH ) Radiance, BRDF
Flux↑,↓(), albedo()
Flux↑,↓, albedo
Nenes CCN PVM cloud drop reff, vol
TECO O3
COBALT: CO
Extinction
Smoke layer
Optical Thickness
HSRL/AATS-14 Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) Comparison
• Comparison of AOT derived from HSRL (B200) and derived from AATS-14 Airborne Sun Photometer (P-3B) while P-3B spiraled up below B200 (AATS14 data courtesy of Jens Redemann)
• Large variability in AOT associated with smoke plume
Preliminary
HSRL/In situ Aerosol Extinction Comparison
Extinction
Smoke layer
• Comparison of aerosol extinction derived from HSRL (B200) and in situ dry scattering (neph) + absorption (PSAP) measurements while P-3 spiraled up below B200 (in situ data courtesy of Tony Clarke)
Preliminary
Good agreement in and above the smoke! CALIPSO slightly lower
Low level feature due to temporal offset
Vertical Feature Mask misidentification
Preliminary
MODIS
OMI
light cloud
P-3
DC-8
Typical maneuvers flown by P-3 in ARCTAS To measure aerosols, CO , O3, & radiative effects
Comparison of AATS, OMI, and MODIS AOD spectra
Preliminary
J. Redemann, J. Livingston
Comparison of AATS and MODIS AOD spectra
Preliminary
J. Redemann, J. Livingston
AOD, 0Z,7/8ARCTAS Summary & Future1. NASA’s contribution to IPY & International POLARCAT2. Strong intercenter, university, interagency, &
international collaboration. 3. Strong coordination among aircraft, satellites, &
models (showed just 1 case of many, many [3 satellites, 2 A/C, several models]).
4. Ames lead roles in project science, project management, & platform science. Also A/C instruments.
5. Most analyses just getting started (preliminary data archival due 1 Oct 2008). Potential strong link to ecosystems.- Highly correlated A/C time series of CH4, N2O, CO2 & CO can characterize emissions from varied sources (e.g., rice paddies, feed lots, other ag, woods, wildfires)- Canadian researchers (Mike Flannigan, Merritt Turetsky, Brian Stocks) assessing impact of fires ARCTAS sampled
6. ARCTAS Special Sessions: AGU Fall 2009
AOD, 0Z,7/8
END OF PRESENTATION
REMAINING SLIDES ARE BACKUP
1) California agriculture and wetlands: N2O in the PBL over some valley areas of California reached levels rarely seen by the N2O/CH4/CO team. CH4 also reached high levels, sometimes in concert with N2O , sometimes not. Agriculture/land surface, not pollution: no CO correlation.
2) Boreal observations showed variations of N2O and CH4 within expectations. However extremely high concentrations were noted at and near the airport on takeoff from Cold Lake in one instance. Cold Lake is near the dividing line between cattle pasturage and forest. Unfortunately, no ethane (C2H6) or other hydrocarbon measurements were made which might have distinguished the source.
"Glenn S. Diskin" <[email protected]> Glen Sachse <[email protected]>
Chatfield will communicate Christopher Potter’s characterization of sources to the Langley team. Possibility: day-by-day estimation of emissions by Potter (responding to irrigation, fertilization, and cropping) may focus on particular source regions and processes.
Notable N2O and CH4 observations Suggesting Strong Sources
Glenn Diskin and Glen Sachse(communications with Bob Chatfield)