Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona...

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203 1

Think-Pair-Share

Discuss with another student:Discuss with another student:

• What water contamination issues do you thinkWhat water contamination issues do you think about most often?

• What are the relative merits of bottled vs. tap water?ate


What water contamination issues do you think about most often?you think about most often?

• GermsGerms• Industrial pollution• Gastrointestinal water-borne illness – GiardiaGastrointestinal water-borne illness Giardia• Raw sewage• Pharmaceuticals• Pharmaceuticals• Chlorination


What are the relative merits ofbottled vs tap water?bottled vs. tap water?

• CostlyCostly• Clean? Taste?• UnregulatedUnregulated• Convenience• No germs?• No germs?• Wasteful packaging


Water Quality Standards & Factors

• 3 major types of contaminationP th– Pathogens

– Organic– Natural, mostly inorganicNatural, mostly inorganic

• Different standards for different situations– Stream water quality– Drinking water quality

• How are standards set?• How are standards set?• How do we determine if

something is hazardous?

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203

something is hazardous?

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How does EPA set MCL Standards?

1. The contaminant causes adverse health effects• Requires assessment of toxicity

• Animal vs. Human studies• Single vs Complex mixtures• Single vs. Complex mixtures• Acute vs. Chronic effects

2. Risk assessment and cost-benefit considerations

3. It is known to occur in drinking water

Primary vs. Secondary standardsTh ll th MCL th t th i kArizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203

The smaller the MCL, the greater the risk.6

Waterborne Pathogens

Pathogens – disease causing microbes

• Bacteria – E. coli; fecal coliforms• Protozoa – Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia• Viruses - hepatitis A, rotaviruses, and Norwalkp , ,

Waterborne pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoans that are transmitted to people when they consume untreated or inadequatelythat are transmitted to people when they consume untreated or inadequately treated water. Two protozoans in the news today are Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Their consumption can lead to severe problems of the digestive system, which can be life-threatening to the very young, very old, or those with damaged immune systems ga water usgs gov/edu/urbanpath htm


damaged immune systems. ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/urbanpath.htm

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Headlines: Brain-Eating Amoeba Kills Arizona Boy 09-29-2007

[ARIZONA] Fourteen-year-old Aaron Evans of Lake Havasu City in Mohave County, Arizona became the year's sixth victim of an organism y, y gthat attacks the body through the nasal cavity, quickly eating its way to the brain. Naegleria fowleri, an organism that infected Evans while swimming in Lake Havasu, is always fatal but mercifully rare. Cases have also been reported in Texas and Florida. According to Michael Beach, a specialist in waterborne illnesses at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, the amoeba typically lives in the sediment on lakebeds

d f d l P l b i f t d h th d th hand feeds on algae. People become infected when they wade through shallow water and stir up the sediment; if water shoots up the nose (while diving, for example), Naegleria can travel to the brain.

The easiest ways to prevent infection are to avoid areasof warm, standing water with visible algae and to plug one's nose when swimming or diving.


one s nose when swimming or diving.- summary by Louise Shaler

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Headlines: Cryptosporidium outbreak hits the West 09-21-2007

Outbreaks of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea caused by the waterborne parasite cryptosporidium have afflicted 229 residents of Boise

d M idi i Id h d 1600 id t i t f Ut h thiand Meridian in Idaho and over 1600 residents in parts of Utah this summer, reported the two states' Departments of Health and Welfare. Officials believe that "splash parks" where children play in spouts of continually recycled water are spreading the parasite Cryptosporidium can survive for up to awater are spreading the parasite. Cryptosporidium can survive for up to a year because its hard outer shell resists chlorine, the normal purification treatment at public swimming facilities, said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta Georgia The best way to eradicate it is to addand Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. The best way to eradicate it is to add ultraviolet light to the purification process.

- summary by Louise Shaler


Is all pollution anthropogenic?

Class suggestions for natural pollution sources:

• Natural decay of organic matterNatural decay of organic matter• Volcanic emissions (e.g. sulfur compounds)• Radon gas produced through decay of naturalRadon gas produced through decay of natural

Uranium and Thorium in geologic units.• Natural methane productionNatural methane production


Basic Water Parameters:TemperatureTemperature

• High Temperature can be detrimental to aquatic lifeHi h T t• High Temperature reduces the dissolved oxygen concentration in ygwater

• Species respond to rapid temperature fluctuationstemperature fluctuations

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/fahrenheit_celsius.gif

- Cech, 200211

Basic Water Parameters:Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen

• Animals need oxygen to survive.yg

• Many aquatic animals such as fish and dragonfly larvae breath

di l d i th toxygen dissolved in the water.• Groundwater is naturally lower

in dissolved oxygen (DO) thanin dissolved oxygen (DO) than surface water; therefore, spring water may have low DO levels.T h i tt i• Too much organic matter in a water body will decrease the DO when it decomposes.


Basic Water Parameters:pHpH

• pH refers to the concentration of hydrogen ionshydrogen ions.

• Fish species each have a narrow range of pH g ppreference.

• World Health Organization drinkingOrganization drinking water standards: pH = 6.5 to 8.5.

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203- Cech, 2002

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Basic Water Parameters:AlkalinityAlkalinity

• Alkalinity is related to the total carbonate concentration

• The higher the alkalinity• The higher the alkalinity, the less susceptible the water is to acidification


www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/virtualtextbook.html

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Basic Water Parameters:TurbidityTurbidity

• Turbidity is the relative measure of clarity.It i th lt f• It is the result of suspended matter in water that reduces the transmission of light.

• Toxic chemicals can attach to suspendedattach to suspended particles.


http://dipin.kent.edu/images/Secchi%20Disk.jpg

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www.cap-az.com/includes/media/docs/2009-Annual-Water-Quality-Report.pdf

Most of the water used is from groundwater

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/publications/sustainability/report_html/

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Tucson Water Quality –Drinking water standardsDrinking water standards

Regularly reported factors:

• Temperature• Acidity (pH)y (p )• Mineral content (TDS)• Hardness (Alkalinity)• Additives (Cl, F)• Bacteria


www.ci.tucson.az.us/water19

Annual Water Quality ReportsTucson 2004 (www.tucsonaz.gov/water/docs/ccr2004.pdf) link• Where does my water come from?

W i d d i d i ki ?• Were any contaminants detected in my drinking water?• Why are there contaminants in my drinking water?• Where there any monitoring failures or violations?• More information about CAP and TARP.


Basic Water Parameters:HardnessHardness

• Hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium present in water.H d t ft t b ild f l h t t• Hard water often creates a buildup of scale on hot water heaters, showers, and pipes.

• It is more difficult to create soap suds in Hard water.It is more difficult to create soap suds in Hard water.

Hardness rating

Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L)

Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon)

Soft 0 to <75 0 to <5 2Soft 0 to <75 0 to <5.2

Medium hard 75 to <150 5.2 to <10.5

Hard 150 to <300 10.5 to <21

Very hard 300 and greater 21 and greater


http://www.gov.calgary.ab.ca/cww/water_quality/water_hardness/

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Inorganic Contaminants

• Disinfection by-products – Trihalomethanes (THM)Disinfection by products Trihalomethanes (THM), HaloAcetic Acids (HAA5), Bromate, Chlorite

• Radioactive Elements – Radon

• Toxic Metals – lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As)

• Insulation – Asbestos


Organic Contaminants

• Pesticides– DDT,

• Petrochemical– Oil gas MTBEOil, gas, MTBE

• Pharmaceuticals & Hormones– Steroids, antibiotics, drugs

• Electrical– Dioxin, PCB

• Fertilizers• Fertilizers– Lead to Hypoxia



National Geographic, Water special issue, 3/2010

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1225/images/hydro_new2.gif

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Point Source Pollution Examples

• FactoriesFactories• Wastewater Treatment Plants• LandfillsLandfills• Abandoned Mines• Underground and Above Ground Tanks• Underground and Above-Ground Tanks• Can you think of others?


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Point source Point source pollution

Contamination discharged from a discrete, identifiable location.

- Cech, 2002

Arizona Water Issues © 2010 - The University of Arizona - HWR203http://www.sos-planete-eau.org/agir/gfx/dessin-pollution-2.jpg

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Nonpoint Source Pollution Examples

• Agricultural PracticesAgricultural Practices• Construction Activities• Lawns Gardens and Golf CoursesLawns, Gardens, and Golf Courses• Street Refuse• Dredging Activities• Dredging Activities• Can you think of others?


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N i t Nonpoint source pollution

ContaminationContamination discharged from broad, diffuse sources that can b diffi lt t id tifbe difficult to identify and quantify.

Precipitation falling on soil willPrecipitation falling on soil will dissolve pesticides and fertilizers, which then runoff and lead to stream degradation


http://www.sos-planete-eau.org/agir/gfx/dessin-pollution-2.jpg29

Environmental History

• 1899 - Rivers & Harbors Act• 1948 – Fed. Water Pollution Control Act1948 Fed. Water Pollution Control Act• 1965 – Water Quality Act• 1969 – Nat. Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -> EIS• 1970 – Clean Air Act1970 Clean Air Act• 1972 – Clean Water Act• 1973 – Endangered Species Act• 1974 - Safe drinking Water Act• 1974 - Safe drinking Water Act• 1976 - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

– Cradle to Grave control of active hazardous waste streams & stores• 1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,

and Liability Act (CERCLA; Superfund)– Historical and inactive sites


http://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm

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Other Sources of Information

• EPA – Envirofacts - http://www.epa.gov/enviro– http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/– Integrated Risk Info. Sys - http://www.epa.gov/iris/g y p p g

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registary (ATSDR; CDC) http://www atsdr cdc gov/(ATSDR; CDC) - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/– ToxFAQ’s - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

• USGS - http://water.usgs.gov/owq/

• Health & Treatment - http://health nih gov/


Health & Treatment http://health.nih.gov/

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