army final.docx

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Introduction:

The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. They consist of

the Army, Navy and Air Force, supported by Paramilitary forces[4]

(Assam Rifles, Indian Coast

Guard and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service institutions such as the Strategic Forces

Command.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces

are under the management of theMinistry of Defence (MoD), which is led by the Union Cabinet Minister of

Defense.

As of 2010, the Indian Armed Forces have a combined strength of 1.32 million active personnel and 1.15

million reserve personnel. In addition there are 2.28 million paramilitary personnel making it one of

the world's largest military forces in terms of personnel.

The Indian defense budget was US$41 billion during FY2012, at about 1.9% of GDP, with additional

spending on infrastructure in border areas and for paramilitary organizations.

The Indian armed forces are undergoing rapid modernization, with investments in such areas as a missile

defense system and a nuclear triad. India's arsenal includes nuclear weapons with a triad of delivery

mechanisms. In 2010, India was the world's leading arms importeraccounting for 9% of global imports

and ranked among the top ten in arms export. Israel, Russia and the United States are the primary

suppliers to India's armed forces. The countrys capital expenditure for defense equipment may

reach US$112 billion between 2010 and 2016. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations

with Russia, including cooperative development on programs such as the Fifth Generation Fighter

Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA).

As of 2011, the major military operations of the Indian armed forces have included the Indo-Pakistani

wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Sino-Indian War, the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil War, and

the Siachen conflict among others.

Inception of Indian Army:

Upon independence and the subsequent Partition of India in 1947, four of the ten Gurkha regiments were

transferred to the British Army. The rest of the British Indian Army was divided between the newly created

nations of Republic of India and Republic of Pakistan. The Punjab Boundary Force, which had been

formed to help police the Punjab during the partition period, was disbanded, and Headquarters Delhi and

East Punjab Command was formed to administer the area.
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History:

History ofIndian Army is pregnant with real and true accounts of extraordinary heroism and valour and can

be traced back to the ancient periods in India. The earliest mention of Indian Army is found in the ancient

texts and scriptures, including the Vedas and the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. The History of Indian

Army emphasises that Indians have not taken to the science of warfare recently and their fighting traditions

are not merely 200 years old. There are several glorious instances of large scale operations undertaken inancient times backed by a definite military science based on brilliant strategy and tactics. During the ancient

period, when Dharma played such a dominating role in the daily routine of a person, Warfare had to be

undertaken frequently. The epitome ofDharma Yuddha, as it was originally known as, is to be found in the 2

Indian epics namely Ramayana and Mahabharata. No base means were used and the dignity of man as a

warrior, victor and vanquisher was maintained always.

History of Indian Army during British Rule

History ofIndian army during British rule depicts that it became more structured. Although India has been

ruled over by several foreign kingdoms but her interests and borders were always secured by the sons of

the soil. Even under the British rule, the revolt against the colonisers was initiated by men in uniform.

During the reign of the emperors, the loyalty of the soldiers laid with their kings and during later periods,

this entire concept underwent sea changes. This mainly occurred due to the rise of the concept of nation.

Under the British rule, the army was organised completely on a foreign pattern, designed to suit their endsin the country and to fight their battles in other countries that were as far as China and Europe.

Contemporary History of Indian Army

Modern India has witnessed several valorous soldiers who have laid down their lives for their motherland.

The names of such warriors have been immortalised in the history of Indian army. Whether in the Indo-

China Conflict or theKashmir attacks, Indian military history states, with pride, that their troops have

always successfully forced the invaders to retreat. In fact, whenever the outsiders have tried to disturb the

harmony and peace of India, the Indian army has marched to the battleground and vanquished the

trespassers.

History of Indian Army shows that since ancient times a conventional method of warfare was followed.

Hence the structure, strength and the policies differed in the various empires, but what remained unaltered,

was the undeterred bravery with which the courageous men faced their foes. Indian Army that is well

regarded as the epitome of chivalry, gallantry and intrepidity, is the subcontinent`s guardian against all

kinds of intrusions.

The Indian army assures and makes certain that every civilian can assuredly retreat to slumber whilst they

are guarding the border of the nation round the clock, with their lives.
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Personnel:

Component Active Reserve

Indian Army 1,129,900 960,000

Indian Navy 58,350 55,000

Indian Air Force 127,200 140,000

Indian Coast Guard 9,550

Paramilitary Forces 1,300,586 987,821

Military Operations:

The Indian Armed Forces is the overall unified military of the Republic of India encompassing the Indian

Army, the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy, the Indian Coast Guard and various other inter-service

institutions. The President of India serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. With an

estimated total active force of 1,325,000 personnel, India maintains the world's third largest armed forces.

The First Kashmir War

Tensions between India and Pakistan began to boil over, almost immediately after independence. The first of

the three wars fought between India and Pak broke out over the then princely state of Kashmir. The

Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir was not showing any interest in signing a treaty either with India or

Pakistan and as a result, an impatient Pakistan sponsored a `tribal` invasion of parts of Kashmir. Soon after

that incident, Pakistan also sent in its troops to capture Kashmir. Afraid of the incidence, the Maharaja Hari

Singh appealed to India and also to the Governor General, Lord Mountbatten and sought help. However, it

was pointed out to him that India saw no reason to do so. Under pressure, he signed the Instrument of

Accession (agreement) and Kashmir was unilaterally merged with India. Though the decision got approval

from Britain, Pakistan never accepted it and immediately after this, Indian troops were airlifted into

Srinagar. The Indian soldiers initially faced tough opposition from the invaders and were also driven back.

An intense war engaged across the state and former comrades found themselves fighting each other. Both

India and Pakistan made some territorial gains and also suffered significant losses. One-third part ofKashmir was captured by the Pakistani troops and that part is known as Azad-Kashmir, at present. An

apprehensive UN sponsored peace was sent back by the end of 1948 and the Indian and Pakistani soldiers

were facing each other directly on the Line of Control. Since then, the Line of Control has been the division

line between India and the Pakistani held Kashmir.

Goa, Daman and Diu Operation (1961)

This operation was held in 1961 with a view to clear the Portuguese people from the three places of Goa,

Daman and Diu. Though India got its Independence in 1947, those three areas were being captured by the
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Portuguese till 1961. The Indian government did request the Portuguese people to empty the areas

repeatedly till 1961 and the Portuguese had refused the request every time. To this, the government of

India ordered a small group of trusted military troops to evacuate the Portuguese territories and secure

them. The operation was named as the Goa Operation, 1961. The Portuguese soldiers were soon stormed by

the Indian soldiers and unable to bear the assault, the Portugal government signed a treaty with India. It

also restrained its control over the small territories, which formally became part of the Indian Union.

The Indo-China Conflict- 1962

The Indian Police posts had been pushed forward into territory claimed by the Chinese Government, since

1959 and there had been some small scale clashes between India and China for that reason. The small

clashes soon became bigger and India and China engaged with each other in a fierce war. The Indian

government insisted that the border ran along the "traditional" watershed, in effect the McMahon Line and

China challenged this. After the attempts of making peace by discussions remained fruitless, the Indian

government ordered the Indian soldiers to move to the Thagla Plain near the border between Bhutan and

Arunachal Pradesh, in 1962. The border formed part of the watershed, though it was some three miles to

the north of the McMahon line. The tensions between the two countries increased when India came to know

that the Chinese government had constructed a road through Aksai Chin which India claimed. The Chinese

soldiers made a surprise attack on the Indian soldiers in September 1962 by using aero planes. Surprised

and angered with this incident, the then Prime Minister of India, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru issued an order on

October 12, and asked the soldiers to evacuate the Chinese from Aksai Chin.

However, the Chinese Army soon made a double-way attack on India through both the North-West and

North-East parts of the border on October 20 and also entered the disputed Aksai Chin region along with

Arunachal Pradesh in numbers. After invading into the area, the Chinese government called on the Indian

government for negotiation. However, none of the countries could get into any peaceful agreement or

settlement and China unilaterally withdrew their troops from the territory they had occupied. There are

some disputes about the reasons for the withdrawal, as India claims that logistical problems and diplomatic

support from the US forced China to do so. On the other hand, China states that it was returning to the

borders that it had diplomatically claimed. The dividing line between the Indian and Chinese forces was

positioned the Line of Actual Control. The Indian government also set up a review committee for

determining the causes for India`s defeat. The report apparently showed faults much of India`s armed

forces command and especially the executive government for failures on several fronts. The Ministry of

Defence at the time of the war was headed by the then defence minister Krishna Menon.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

This war took place primarily for Pakistan, as the

Pakistani dictator General Ayub Khan initiated it by

launching Operation Gibraltar in August 1965. He

though that the Indian leadership would still be

recovering from the 1962 war with China and would not

be able to deal effectively with such a military force.

The General also had some intelligence reports that

claimed that the people of Kashmir would also support

the Pakistani war effort. However, his calculation was

proved to be totally a wrong one, as no such rebellion

took place in Kashmir and India responded almostimmediately with armoured regiments. The Indian Army

was well organised for both countering enemy entrance

and throwing them across the border. In the beginning,

the Indian Army met with considerable success in the

northern sector. India soon became able to capture three important mountain positions in Kashmir, after

launching extended artillery barrages against Pakistan.

However, by the end of the month Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and


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India had lost considerable number of troops and tanks having captured the Haji Pir Pass eight kilometers

inside Pakistani territory. Pakistan then launched Operation Grand Slam on 1st September, and invaded into

the Chamb-Jaurian sector. With an objective of taking revenge on Pakistan, the Indian Army`s 15th Infantry

Division crossed the International Border on the Western Front on 6th September. However, the war

eventually proved to be a deadlock (draw) and the ceasefire on 23rd September was followed by talks in

Tashkent (brokered by the Soviet Union), where Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan

agreed to withdraw to virtually all pre-war positions.

Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971

In the year of 1971, the Indian Army got engaged in a war with Pakistan in Bangladesh, with a view to make

Bangladesh free from Pakistani invasion. The Pakistani Lt. Gen, A. A. K. Niazi had signed the instrument of

surrender on 16th December and surrendered his forces to Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora, to end the war.

India actually helped the rebellious people of East Pakistan, after it was forced to interfere as an estimated

10 million Bangladeshi refugees fled to India. Unlike the 1965 war, this time decisive change was effected.

East Pakistan became successful to break away with Indian intervention and became the independent state

of Bangladesh. This gave a huge relief for India, as it no longer had to worry about a two-front war and also

could concentrate its armed firepower against West Pakistan and the PRC.

The Indian army achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971, under the command of Lt General J. S.

Aurora and also took over 90,000 prisoners of war in the Bangladesh liberation war. The Indian Armybecame successful to block Pakistan`s invasion attempts even on the western front and it captured more

than 2,000 sq. miles of Pakistan held territory, on a counter attack. The tensions between India and

Pakistan were a bit calmed after the Indo Pak War of 1971. Though there was some periodically threatening

to break out into full-scale war, nothing serious happened between the two countries for a long period.

However, there were two occasions in the recent years, when India and Pakistan exchanged fires with each

other in 1999 and 2002.

The Kargil Operation in 1999

This operation was one of the most recent ones among the military operations of Indian Army and it took

place in mid 1999. During that time, the Kashmiri rebellious groups and Pakistan military personnel took

control of some deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in Indian administered Kashmir. All those areas

were either been vacated by the Indian army during the onset of bad weather conditions, or not occupied on

the presumption that it would be madness, for Pakistan, to risk men in such a manner. However, with thehelp of Pakistani army, the `Mujahideen` became successful to take control of several key areas like the

heights overlooking the vital Srinagar Leh highway, Batalik, Dras and the strategic Tiger Hill.

In the mean time, the Indian Navy also got ready for an attempted blockade of Pakistani ports to cut off

supply routes. At this, the Pakistan government started to face a lot of pressure from the international

community and the President of the United States, Bill Clinton soon asked Pakistan for "a full and complete

withdrawal without pre-conditions" from Kargil. Clinton also warned Pakistan that "there could be no quid

pro quo, no hint that America was rewarding Pakistan for its aggression, nor for threatening its nuclear

power at India". Being isolated internationally, Pakistan`s then Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif requested US

President Bill Clinton to stop the Indian counter attack. However, America actually wanted Pakistan to admit

its violation of law and withdraw behind the LoC.

After continuing a full-fledged war for a period of two months, the Indian troops gradually regained virtuallyall lost territories, though it had to pay quite a heavy price. However, it is believed that much heavier

damages were inflicted on Pakistani`s army, particularly on its Northern light infantry. Most of the fighting

came to a gradual halt, following the Washington accord on July 4, where Sharif agreed to withdraw the

Pakistan backed troops. However, some of the militants still did not wish to retreat, and the United Jihad

Council head for fifteen Jihadi groups operating in Kashmir rejected Nawaz Sharif`s plan for stopping the

war, instead of deciding to fight on. To this, the Indian army soon launched its final attacks in the last week

of July. As soon as the last of these "Jihadists" in the Drass sub sector had been cleared, the fighting ceased

on 26th July. The Indian Army celebrates the day as the Kargil Vijay Diwas (Victory Day), since then. India


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had assumed control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control, as it was established in December

1972 as per the Shimla pact, by the end of the Kargil war.

Services of Indian Armed Forces:

There are three major services offered by Indian Armed Forces:

1. Indian Army

2. Indian Navy

3. Indian Air Force

Indian Army:

The Indian Army is the land based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces.

According to the IISS, in 2010 the army had a strength of 1,129,900 active personnel and 960,000 reserve

personnel, making the Indian Army the world's largest standing volunteer army.

Its primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external

aggression and threats, and maintaining peace and security within its borders. It also conducts humanitarian

rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances.

The Indian Army came into being when India gained independence in 1947, and inherited most of the

infrastructure of the British Indian Armythat were located in post-partition India. The Indian Army is a voluntary

service and although a provision for military conscription exists in the Indian constitution, it has never been

imposed. Since independence, the army has been involved in four wars with neighboring Pakistan and one with

the People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the army include Operation

Vijay, Operation Meghdoot and Operation Cactus. Apart from conflicts, the army has also been an active

participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions.

Mission:

The Indian Army provides that "The Indian Army is the land component of the Indian Armed Forces which

exists to uphold the ideals of the Constitution of India. As a major component of national power, alongside the

Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the roles of the Indian Army are as follows:

Primary: Preserve national interests and safeguard sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity of India

against any external threats by deterrence or by waging war.
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Secondary: Assist Government agencies to cope with proxy war and other internal threats and provide

aid to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose.

Major Exercises:

Operation Brasstacks

Operation Brasstacks was launched by the Indian Army in November 1986 to simulate a full-scale war on the

western border. The exercise was the largest ever conducted in India and comprised nine infantry, three

mechanised, three armoured and one air assault division, and included three armoured brigades. Amphibious

assault exercises were also conducted with the Indian Navy. Brasstacks also allegedly incorporated nuclear

attack drills. It led to tensions with Pakistan and a subsequent rapprochement in mid-1987.

Operation Parakram

After the 13 December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament, Operation Parakram was launched in which tens

of thousands of Indian troops were deployed along the Indo-Pakistan border. India blamed Pakistan for backing

the attack. The operation was the largest military exercise carried out by any Asian country. Its prime objective

is still unclear but appears to have been to prepare the army for any future nuclear conflict with Pakistan, which

seemed increasingly possible after the December attack on the Indian parliament.

Operation Sanghe Shakti

It has since been stated that the main goal of this exercise was to validate the mobilisation strategies of

the Ambala-based II StrikeCorps. Air support was a part of this exercise, and an entire battalion of paratroops

parachuted in during the conduction of the war games, with allied equipment. Some 20,000 soldiers took part in

the exercise.

Exercise Ashwamedha

Indian Army tested its network centric warfare capabilities in the exercise Ashwamedha. The exercise was held

in the Thar desert, in which over 300,000 troops participated. Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by

the Indian Army during the exercise.

Operation Sudarshan Sakthi

It took place at Baundi village, 40 km. south east of Barmer in Rajasthan on December 6, 2011.The Exercise,

helmed by southern army command and the south western air command, seeks to build synergy between the

army and the air force in a network centric environment.
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Future Developments:

Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System (F-INSAS) is the Indian Army's principal modernization program

from 2012 to 2020. In the first phase, to be completed by 2012, the infantry soldiers will be equipped with

modular weapon systems that will have multi-functions. The Indian Army intends to modernize all of its 465infantry and paramilitary battalions by 2020 with this program.

India is currently re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume

firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory. India proposes to progressively induct as many as

248 Arjun MBT and develop and induct the Arjun MKII variant, 1,657 Russian-origin T-90S main-battle

tanks (MBTs), apart from the ongoing upgrade of its T-72 fleet. The Army recently placed an order for

4,100 French-origin Milan-2T anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). Defence ministry sources said the Rs

592-crore (approximately US$120 million) order was cleared after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, with the

government finally fast-tracking several military procurement plans.

The Army gained the Cabinet Committee on Security's approval to raise two new infantry mountain

divisions (with around 15,000 combat soldiers each), and an artillery brigade in 2008. These divisions were

likely to be armed with ultralight howitzers. In July 2009, it was reported that the Army was advocating a

new artillery division, said defence ministry sources. The proposed artillery division, under the Kolkata-

based Eastern Command, was to have three brigadestwo of 155mm howitzers and one of the Russian

"Smerch" and indigenous "Pinaka" multiple-launch rocket systems.

The Indian Army plans to develop and induct a 155mm indigenous artillery gun within the next three and a half

years.

Indian Navy:

The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. The President of Indiaserves as the

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), usually a four-star officer in the rank of

Admiral, commands the Navy.

Though the primary objective of the navy is to secure national maritime borders, India also uses its navy to

enhance its international relationsthrough joint exercises, port visits and humanitarian missions, including

disaster relief. In recent years, the Indian Navy has undergone considerable modernisation to replace ageing

equipment currently in service, this is often seen as part of "India's drive" to become a fully fledged blue-water

navy. The 17th century Maratha warrior king Maharaja Shivaji Raje Bhosale is regarded as the Father of Indian

Navy.
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Equipments:

Ships

Aircraft carriers

The Indian Navy presently has one aircraft carrier in active service, the INS Viraat. The carrier is planned for

decommissioning after the induction of the first domestically builtVikrantclass aircraft carrier. The Indian Navy

will also induct the Russian-built INS Vikramaditya, expected some time during 2012.

Amphibious vessels

The Indian Navy has an Amphibious transport dock of the Austin class, re-christened as INS Jalashwa in Indian

service. Besides, it also maintains a fleet of landing ship tanks and other landing craft. It is expected that four

LPD amphibious assault ships are to be constructed along with eight landing craft vessels.

Destroyers and frigates

The Indian Navy currently operates theDelhiandRajputclass guided-missile destroyers.

The Delhiand Rajputclass destroyers will be replaced by the next-generation Kolkata class (Project 15A

destroyers). Seven vessels are expected to be commissioned starting in 2012. In 2011, the Indian government

gave the go-ahead for an additional 4 Project 15B destroyers (upgraded Kolkata class Project 15A destroyers).

The core frigate classes currently in service are the Shivalik class frigates, of which 2 are in service and

3 Talwar class frigates. The last vessel of the Shivalikclass (project 17) is undergoing sea trials and is expected

to be commissioned some time in 2012. Furthermore seven Project 17A class frigates (improved Shivalikclass

project 17 frigates) are on order and India recently closed a deal with Russia to construct three more Talwar

class frigates. The first of which is expected to enter service in early 2013. The older Brahmaputra

class and Godavari class frigates will systematically be replaced one by one as new ships are brought into

service over the next decade. The last remaining Nilgiri class frigate (a variant of the British Leander class) is

soon to be decommissioned as it is replaced by the last Shivalikclass (project 17) frigate this year.

Submarines

The Indian Navy operates a sizable fleet of Sindhughosh and Shishumar class submarines. India has started

construction of six Scorpne class submarineswith MESMA, the submarines will have air-independent

propulsion. These submarines will join the Indian Navy starting from the second half of 2015. India issued a

request for information for another six submarines in 2011.

In 1988, India acquired an ex-Soviet Charlie class nuclear powered guided missile submarine with eight

Ametist (SS-N-7 Starbright) anti-shipping missile launchers on a 3-year lease. In the Indian Navy, the vessel

was commissioned as the INS Chakra, and the submarine was manned by an Indian crew. Upon expiration of

the lease term in 1991, the submarine was returned to Russia and joined the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.
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India paid US$2 billion for the completion of two Akula-II class submarines which were 4060%

completed. Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines.

India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of these submarines, it has an option to

buy them. The first submarine is named INS Chakra and was handed over to India on 23 January 2012. India's

indigenously designed and builtnuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines of the Arihant class are expected

to be commissioned starting some time during 2012. The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, was launched

for sea-trials on 26 July 2009 in Visakhapatnam. The Navy plans to have six SSBN's in service some time

during the next few decades.

Corvettes

The Indian Navy currently operates theKora,Khukri,VeerandAbhayclass corvettes.The next-

generation Project 28 and Project 28A class of corvettes are expected to be commissioned, starting sometime

during 2012. The Navy also plans to introduce stealthy trimaran vessels that can be modified according to

mission requirements.

Fleet tankers

The Indian Navy currently operates five replenishment tankers and one has been launched. They are the Jyoti

Class Tankers, INS Aditya (A59) and the newDeepak class fleet tankers. The Deepak class tankers will be the

mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the 1st half of the 21st century.

Future of Indian Navy:

The design of a 65,000 ton aircraft carrier called Indigenous Aircraft Carrier II (IAC-II)is currently underway and

if ordered is expected to be delivered to the Navy by 2017.

After ordering six Scorpne submarines as part of Project 75, the Indian Navy is now on the look out for six

next-generation submarines in a project worth over 50,000 crore (US$10 billion).

Indian Air Force:

The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. Its primary responsibility is to secure

Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932

as an auxiliary air force of the British Raj and the prefix Royalwas added in 1945 in recognition of its services

during World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air

Force served the Dominion of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950.

Since independence, the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with the

People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay- the
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invasion of Goa, Operation Meghdoot, Operation Cactusand Operation Poomalai. Apart from conflicts, the IAF

has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions.

In its publication the Military Balance 2010, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimates that the

Indian Air Force has a strength of 127,000 active personnel and operated around 1,380 aircraft. However,

various reliable sources provided notably divergent estimates of its strength over the years.

Mission:

The IAF's mission is defined by the Armed Forces Act of 1947, Constitution of India and the Air Force Act of

1950, in the aerial battlespace, as:

Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be

conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

Thus, the IAF has the primary objective of safeguarding Indian territory and national interests from all threats in

conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces by defending Indian airspace. The IAF provides close

air support to the Indian Army troops in the battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.

The IAF also operates the Integrated Space Cell together with the other two branches of the Indian Armed

Forces, the civilian Department of Space and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to utilize more

effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.

The Indian Air Force along with the other branches of the Indian Armed Forces provide assistance in disaster

relief such as during natural calamities by undertaking evacuation or search-and-rescue (SAR) operations and

air dropping relief supplies in affected areas. The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during

natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998 and the Tsunami in 2004. The IAF also provides

assistance to other countries during relief activities such as Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka.

Aircraft inventory:

Fighter and multi-role combat aircraft

The primary role of the fighter aircraft in the Indian Air Force inventory is to achieve and maintain air supremacyover the battle field. Air superiority fighters are fast and maneuverable aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air

combat with limited capability to strike ground targets. Multi-role aircraft on the other hand are capable of

conducting air-to air combat and ground attack with equal ease; sometimes within the same mission. This

ability of combining different operational tasks offers considerable cost-of-ownership benefits to the operators.
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The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the capability to conduct strike missions.

The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 146 are in service as of 2011.

The Mikoyan MiG-29 known as Baaz(Hindi for Hawk) is the IAF's dedicated air superiority fighter and forms

the second line of defence for the IAF after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The IAF operates 68 MiG-29s, all of which

are currently being upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard.

The Dassault Mirage 2000, known as Vajra(Sanskrit for Thunderbolt) in Indian service, is the IAF's

primary multirole fighter. The IAF currently operates 51 Mirage 2000Hs which are currently being upgraded to

the Mirage 2000-5 standard.

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 serves as an Interceptor aircraft in the IAF. The IAF have phased out most of its

MiG-21s and plans to keep only 125 that have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison standard. These aircraft will be

phased out between 2014 and 2017. The MiG-21s are planned to be replaced by the indigenously built HAL

Tejas.

Strike, attack and close support aircraft

These are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground. They are often deployed as close air

support for, and in proximity to, their own ground forces, requiring precision strikes from these aircraft.

The SEPECAT Jaguar known as Shamsherand the Mikoyan MiG-27 known as Bahadur(Hindi for Valiant)

serve as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars and over 100 MiG-27s.

Airborne early warning aircraft

These aircraft are designed to detect and distinguish hostile aircraft. The system can be used to direct fighters

and strike aircraft to their targets and warn them of hostile enemy aircraft in the area.

The IAF currently operates the EL/M-2075 Phalcon AEW&C. A total of 3 such systems are currently in service,

with possible orders for 2 more.

Tanker aircraft

These aircraft are used for aerial refueling which allows IAF aircraft to remain airborne for longer periods,

hence enhancing their effective range. Aerial refueling also allows aircraft to take-off with greater payload (by

carrying less fuel during take-off). The IAF currently operates 6 Ilyushin Il-78MKIs for aerial refueling roles.

Transport aircraft

Transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons, supplies and other military equipment to the

IAF field of operations. The IAF currently operate different types of transport aircraft for different roles.
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The IAF operates Ilyushin Il-76s known as Gajraj(Hindi for King Elephant) for military transport roles such as

strategic or heavy lift at all operational levels. The IAF currently operates 17 Il-76s. The Il-76s are to be

replaced by C-17 Globemaster IIIs.

The C-130J of the IAF is used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. There are currently 6

C-130Js in service.

The Antonov An-32 known as Sutlejserves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in

bombing roles and para-dropping operations. The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being

upgraded.

The Hawker Siddeley HS 748 once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly

for transport training and communication duties. The Dornier Do 228 serves as light transport aircraft in the

IAF. The IAF also operates Boeing 737sand Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft as VIP Transports. The IAF

operates aircraft for the President of India as well as thePrime Minister of India under the call sign Air IndiaOne.

Training aircraft

Training aircraft are used to develop piloting and nagivational skills in pilots and air crew.

The HAL HPT-32 Deepak is IAF's basic flight training aircraft for cadets. The HPT-32 was grounded in July

2009 following a crash that killed two senior flight instructors, but was revived in May 2010 and is to be fitted

with a parachute recovery system (PRS) to enhance survivability during an emergency in the air and to bring

the trainer down safely. The HPT-32 is to be phased out soon.

The IAF uses the HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II

provides advanced flight and weapons training. The HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2 is also operated by the Surya

Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) of the IAF. The Kiran is to be replaced by theHAL HJT-36 Sitara.

The BAE Hawk Mk 132 serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran

Mk.II. The IAF has begun the process of converting the Surya Kiran display team to Hawks. A total of 106 BAE

Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service as of July 2010.

Helicopters

An important objective of the IAF is to support ground troops by providing air cover and by transporting men

and essential commodities across the battlefield. For this purpose the Air Force maintains a fleet of helicopters.

The HAL Dhruv serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles,

Dhruvs are also used as attack helicopters. 4 Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air

Force SarangHelicopter Display Team.
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The HAL Chetak is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in

the IAF. The HAL Chetak is scheduled to be replaced by HAL's Advanced Light Helicopter.

The HAL Cheetah is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and

search-and-rescue missions in the IAF.

The Mil Mi-8 and the Mil Mi-17 are operated by the IAF for medium utility roles. The Mi-8 is being progressively

replaced by the Mi-17. The IAF has ordered 80 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s and

Mi-17s, with an order for 59 additional helicopters to follow soon.

The Mil Mi-26 serves as a heavy lift helicopter in the IAF. It can also be used to transport troops or as a flying

ambulance. The IAF currently operates 4 Mi-26s.

The Mil Mi-35 serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-35 can also act as a low-capacity

troop transport. The IAF currently operates 2 squadrons of Mi-25/35s.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The primary role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is to provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance.

UAVs can also be used as unmanned combat aircraft or pilotless target aircraft.

The IAF currently uses the IAI Searcher II and IAI Heron for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. The IAI

Harpy serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems. The

IAF also operates the DRDO Lakshya which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training.

Future:

The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to retirement of older aircraft

and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernize its fleet. This

includes both upgrade of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and

equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to

have a fleet of 42 squadrons
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Nuclear Command Authority:

The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) of India is the nodal agency for all command, control

and operational decisions regarding India's nuclear weapon stockpile.

On January 4, 2003, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) constituted the Political

Council and theExecutive Council of the NCA. The Executive Council, chaired by National

Security Advisor (NSA) gives the inputs to the Political Council, which authorises a nuclear

attack when deemed necessary. The Political Council is chaired by the Prime Minister, and

advised by the Executive Council, chaired by the NSA.

Their directives are to be operationalised by a new Strategic Forces Command under the control

of a Commander-in-Chief of the rank ofAir Marshal (or its equivalent) in charge of the

management and administration of the tactical and strategic nuclear forces.

The NCA may be seen as the first stage in the development of an effective and robustCommand

and Control(C2) andIndications-and-Warning (I&W) systems and infrastructure for its strategic

nuclear forces.

India is the first nuclear weapons country to have a no first use policy.

The current status of delivery systems for Indian nuclear weapons is unclear and highly

classified. India has developed and tested nuclear weapons that could be delivered on

the Prithvi and Agnimissiles, although its extent and operational preparedness in this respect

remains unclear. Since India probably had nuclear weapons prior to the availability of these

missiles, it is probable that the current Indian nuclear weapons inventory includes weapons

designed for delivery using aircraft. One or more of the following aircraft types might be used

for this purpose. There are no open-source reports suggesting which if any of these aircraft have

been equipped to deliver air-dropped atomic weapons. The MiG-27 and the Jaguar were

originally designed to perform ground attack missions, and would require only modest

modification to deliver nuclear weapons. The Indian Air Force also operates several other older

and less capable types of ground-attack aircraft which would seem rather less likely candidates

for delivering nuclear weapons. The MiG-29, Su-30 and Mirage 2000 were originally designed

to perform air-to-air combat missions, though they could potentially be modified to deliver air-
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dropped nuclear weapons. Plans are also on for the delivery of nuclear weapons via the Arihant

class submarine using the SLBM/SLCM Sagarika.

Ballistic Missiles:

A ballistic missile can be launched from land, from a silo, from mobile platforms on trucks or trains, fromsubmarine or ship, or from an airplane. The U.S., Russia, the UK, France, and China each also have missiles(SLBMs), that are launched from submarines underwater, at sea, or in port. After launch, a ballistic missilesarches up from one point, and lands at another point. All rockets, from fireworks to massive space launchers,carry both fuel and some form of oxygen. Because they do not burn oxygen from the air, ballistic missiles can flybeyond earths atmosphere. Long range ballistic missiles spend a majority of their flight time in the vaccum ofspace. Short-range ballistic missiles may because they can fly where there is little or no air resistance, they canreach speeds up to 20 or more times the speed of soundsome 15,000 miles per hour (7km/sec)speeds whichallow ballistic missiles to go between continents. A missile is called ballistic because, just as one would throw aball or spear, the rockets engine gives the missile an initial push, after which its flight is affected only by gravity.Ballistic missiles do not fly. They go up, and they come down.

a long-range missile that is propelled to high speed and may be guided for a part of its

flight, but is a free-falling object as it approaches its target.

Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories

based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges

of ballistic missiles
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Sagarika (Oceanic)

Started in the early 1990s, DRDO was reported to have developed a 300-km submarine-launched ballistic missile,Sagarika, based on the Prithvi. The program is reported to have started in 1992 and was originally reported to involve

adapting a ramjet engine to the missile to reduce the need for heavy oxidizers. In 1994 the periodical Flight

International reported that India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) had for the past two years been

engaged in designing a ramjet-powered, submarine-launched missile dubbed the Sagarika. Other reports state that

Sagarika was initially designed as a solid-fuelled version of the Prithvi. But the idea was shelved after the navy

indicated its preference for a cruise missile. India did not have a submarine configured for launching ballistic missiles.

Project K-15 Launcher

The Project K-15 launcher was designed and developed for testing of missiles. The system was been delivered to the

user in 2004 and mounted inside a pontoon. Design by analysis approach has been adopted for final configuration of

the launcher. The material used for launcher structure is high-strength-lowalloy (HSLA) steel. Sets of guide rails arebolted to the container to hold the launcher. Advanced fabrication technology has been used to ensure the desired

perpendicularity, parallesim and concentricity. A 2.3 m static seal, which restricts water ingress to the bottom of the

container, was designed and experimentally validated for extreme hydrostatic pressure.

K-15 Missile

DRDO is working on the K-15 SLBM, having tested it from submersible pontoon launchers, with the aim to integrate iton the indigenous nuclear submarines being built under the secretive ATV (advanced technology vessel) project.

Though not in the range of the over 5,000-km SLBMs in the arsenal of US, Russia and China, the 750-km range K-15

will accord India with the desperately-needed third leg of the nuclear weapon triad.

The K-15 missile has two stages fitted into its half-meter diameter body. It can carry a payload up to one ton and has

a maximum range of 700 km. The K-15 missile has a length of around 11 meters [other reports say only 7 meters],

larger than the 8.5-meters-long Prithvi short-range ballistic missile but smaller than the 15-meter-long Agni-1 ballisticmissile - both of which have a diameter of 1 meter, twice that reported for the K-15.

Shourya (Valor)

On 12 November 2008 India conducted the fourth successful test of its K15 Sagarika SLBM (Sea Launched BallisticMissile). This test was from a land-based missile silo. In the last few tests, the metal silo was being tested as well.

The K-15 seven ton has a 1,000 kilometer range, and a half ton payload. India test fired the submarine-launched

ballistic missile (SLBM) K-15 from a land-based launcher from Orissa. The land based version is named as 'Shourya'.

Nirbhay

In mid-2007 it was reported that India was developing a new medium-range, multi-platform missile, called the Nirbhay[Dauntless or Fearless], that was slated to be tested by end-2009. The missile, with a range of 1,000 km, was being

developed at the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL), a unit of the Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO) under the defence ministry. The latest in the series of India's missile development programme,

the Nirbhay follows the Agni (I, II and III), the Prithvi (I and II), the Indo-Russian joint venture supersonic Brahmos,

Akash, Trishul and Nag.

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