Supplementary Information of

Characteristics of black carbon emissions from in-use light-duty

passenger vehicles

Xuan Zheng a, b, Shaojun Zhang c,*, Ye Wu a, b,*, K. Max Zhang c, Zhenhua Li a, Xian Wu a, Jiming Hao a, b

a School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.

b State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China

c Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA

*Corresponding author: Shaojun Zhang (sz262@cornell.edu), Ye Wu (ywu@tsinghua.edu.cn)

Summary of Supporting Information:

4 supplementary tables (pages S2 to S5) and 5 supplementary figures (pages S6 to S11).

12 pages including the cover sheet.

S1

Supplementary Tables

Table S1. Summary of vehicle specifications

Vehicle ID

Manufacturer

Model year a

Main application

Emission standard

Fuel typeGVW b

(kg)

Fuel injection system

After-treatment

device

Engine size (L)

Mileage traveled

(km)Test time Test place

#1 Toyota 2010 Taxi Euro 3 Diesel 1695 CR c DOC d 1.7 520850 2013 Macao#2 Volkswagen 2012 Taxi Euro 4 Diesel 1452 CR DOC 2.0 69113 2013 Macao#3 Renault 2013 Taxi Euro 5 Diesel 2140 CR DOC 2.0 90332 2013 Macao#4 TOYOTA 2010 Taxi Euro 3 Gasoline 1805 GDI e TWC f 1.6 18405 2013 Macao#5 Mazda 1993 Private Cars Euro 1 Gasoline 1240 PFI g 1.3 124870 2013 Macao#6 Volkswagen 2003 Private Cars China 2 Gasoline 1475 PFI TWC 1.8 195663 2015 Beijing#7 TOYOTA 2007 Private Cars China 3 Gasoline 1550 PFI TWC 2.4 103369 2015 Beijing#8 Buick 2014 Private Cars China 6 Gasoline 1930 PFI TWC 2.4 46199 2015 Beijing

Note: a The model year could be one year earlier than the actual year of production and registration; b Gross vehicle weight; c Common rail; d Diesel Oxidant Catalyst; e Gasoline Direct Injection; f Three way catalyst; g Port-Fuel Injection.

S2

Table S2. Diameter parameters of each ELPI+ size channel (Dekati, 2016)

Channel (ELPI+) CH1 a CH2 a CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 CH11 CH12 CH13 CH14 CH15

D50 b (nm) 6 17 30 60 108 170 260 400 650 1000 1600 2500 4400 6800 10000

Di c (nm) 10 22 42 80 140 210 320 510 800 1300 2000 3300 5500 8200Note: a Newly added size channels compared with previous ELPI version (e.g., classic ELPI); b 50 percent cutting diameter; c Geometric mean diameter

S3

Table S3. Summary of average BC emission factors for each tested vehicle by driving cycle

Vehicle IDBC emission factors

mg/km mg/kg mg/km mg/kgECE-15 Steady-speed (30 km/h)

1# 91.5±4.5 1234±110 71.9±1.0 1621±62# 26.2±2.0 441±54 13.4±0.7 417±113# 3.6±0.1 63.3±3.4 2.0±0.1 82.0±4.64# 7.6±0.9 Unknown a 6.5±1.4 Unknown5# 0.33±0.03 7.2±0.6 0.05±0.00 4.4±0.3

NEDC WLTC6# 0.31±0.13 4.4±1.9 0.48±0.26 8.2±4.77# 0.13±0.04 1.6±0.5 0.58±0.02 8.5±0.38# 0.33±0.01 3.6±0.1 0.55±0.03 6.5±0.4

Note: a Unknown due the malfunction of CO2 analyzer for a while in the test.

S4

Table S4. Particle mass emissions for three diesel vehicles by different cycle

Vehicle ID

Estimated PM emission factors (mg/km)ECE-15 Steady-speed

1# 305±42 149±6.02# 76±2.3 25±0.83# 7.9±0.6 3.3±0.3

S5

Supplementary Figures

Figure S1. Speed profiles of ECE-15 (a), NEDC (b) and WLTC (c).

S6

Figure S2. The schematic diagrams of the test in Macao (a) and Beijing (b).

S7

Figure S3. An example of minute-by-minute BC emissions based data from two time resolutions. We sum 60 second-by-second BC emissions of each minute as the y axis.

S8

Figure S4. DMA- Aethalometer system for BC size distribution measurement for #1 LDPV.

S9

(a) #6 LDPV

(b) #7 LDPV

S10

(c) #8 LDPV

Figure S5. Real-time BC concentrations and vehicle speed during the NEDC and WLTC.

S11

Reference

Dekati, 2016 (assessed). ELPI®+ features. Available at http://www.dekati.com/products/Fine%20Particle%20Measurement/ELPI%C2%AE%2B

S12