United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names

Twentieth Session New York, 17 - 28 Januarv 2000

NATIONAL ATLAS OF SLOVENIA AND DIGITAL ATLAS OF SLOVENIA

National Atlas of Slovenia (first edition, 1999)

Article summaries

AtIas of Slovenia (second edition, 1999)

A database of around 37,000 geographical names of Slovenia

Prepared by Milan Orozen Adamic, Slovenia

ARWCLE SUMMARIES

FOREWARD

Dear Reader

The GeographicalAflot of Slovenio with its eloquent subtitle The State in Space and lime is o highly scientific and cultural work containing the combined knowledge of collaborators from the Institute of Geography, the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Geography Department of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ljubljana, and other institutions. The individual ond collective work of more than fifty experts is now ovailable on the book market, and readers will hove the opportunity to judge its usefulness. I am certain thot this nationol otlos will be well received. We Slovenes need this book. Anyone wishing to live a full life in his homeland will definitely try to leorn OS much as possible about it, about its demographic, social, and ethnic structure, about ih settlements, society, economy, and ecology, about its notural and cultural characteristics, riches, and monuments, about the post and present of Slovenio and its citizens, and obout the dimensions of the Slovene identity at home, across its borders, ond throughout the world. I see a special value of the book in its historical coverage, and I believe the geographic01 illustrotions of Slovene territory from Roman times to the present will ottroct the interest of many readers. It is well known that no generation of Slovenes ever lived for its own time alone. They oil respected the work of their predecessors, and all their actions also bore in mind progress for

following generotions. Such considerations preserved the Slovene identity in the harshest of times ond shaped o country ond a stote which has its own uniquely recognizoble chorocteristics and is simultoneously included in European currents of civilization. This national atlas is a professionally and scientifically prepared work that bears witness to our place in history ond today in a popular, clear, concise, and readable monner, ond it should therefore find its way into every Slovene home. It will also be useful for foreigners interested in our country. I therefore hope the outhors and the publisher will find o way to publish the GeographicaiAfhs ofS/ovenia in several foreign ianguoges. My sincere congratulations to the outhors and the publisher, ond I wish this book mony reoders.

1-11 PREFACE MIUN cQOiENADMilt, EOflOR

8-9 ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS OF StOVENlA DR. ANDREI &WE KRNElA RID1 IXAW KlADMK CU. hillAN CRO&N ADA& OR DRAW PERK0 lx.MARlANRAmAR hlAuAf.uoslR DR. XRNEI i’UR&c Books ore lenses through which we perceive the world, and a notion01 otlos-the boric geographical ond carto- gmphical book of every state-is o porticulorfy graphic presentation of a nation or country. The

7 mphiiAlrar

c&Skwenia, subtitled The S&ta in Spacean Tie, is devo+ ed to our homeland, presenting it in mops, texts, and pic- tures that reveal the great geogmphical wealth of this smolf country ot the canter of Europe.

1 O-l 1 INDEPENDENT SLOVENlA hUL4N OROiEN ADAMIt Some of the most important facts about Slovenio ore pre- sented, from nation.1 holidays ond onthemr to diplomoc ic offiias abroad.

1245 SLOVENIA IN EUROPE MAN CnOs?EN AD&, EDITOR

14-I 8 MAPS OF EUROPE Mode by De Agostini [holy), Veliki odas rveto, DZS, tibliono, 1996.

19-20 SLOVENIA IN EUROPE MIL4N oROrtENADAM~ The graphs present o comparison between Slovenio ond

other Europeon countries (surface area, populotion, den- thy of settlement, ond GDP]. The table compares Slovenio with its neighbouring countries ond members of the Errapeon Union.

2 130 MAPS OF SLOVENIA Mop in scale 1 : 500.000, Geodetski zavod Sloveniie. Ljubliano, 1998. Mapr in stole 1 :300.000, Inftitut zo geoderijo in fotogrometrijo FGG. Ljubliono, 1998.

3 l-35 ADMINISTRATIVE DMSION WOFIRY hUlAiVC+tOfENADAMd Slovena territor experienced numerous politico1 and administrative x anges in the past OJ a result of its bca- tion at the juncture of the Alpine, Mediterranean, Pannonian, and,Dinoric worlds, which is olro the mee& ing point of the Slavic, Romonic, Germanic, and Hungorion cullures. For the greater art of the fort mic Iennium, Slovena territory fefl whol

pr or partly under

the rule of the Hopsburgs, thot is, o Austro+fungory. The primorrko ond Gorilko regions were ruled by the Venetion Republic and foter by holy for a long peri- od. During the period of Napoleon’s lflyrion Provinces, these two regions along with Carniolo were under French administration ond then ogain under the AUJI~O- Hungarion Monarchy until the end of World War I. Prekmurja wos under Hopsburg authority ollthis time but belonged to the Hungarian part of the Monarchy. For centuries, the border between &trio and Hungary ran along he Muro River, while the western border with the territories of lfie Counh of Goririo, the Aquileion Patriorchote. Le Venetian Republic, and bter the Kingdom of Italy changed frequentfy. Aker World War I, me greater port of Slovenio was ioined b Yugoslavia. Ail thir is reflea ed in numerous changes to the administrotiva division of Slovenio, changes which ore stifl ongoing in the newly independent Slovenio.

36-71 CARTOGRAPHIC WAGE MAN OR&EN ADAh& EOITOR

38-49 SLOVENIA ON OLD MAPS LUBUANA huHEvc Like today’s mops, old mopr represented the sum ond ~yn-

thesis of known facts about the Earth’s surface. Along with extracting numerous interesting old doto, a specific problem for cartography is the choice of the method or manner for presenting the doto. Formony centuries, this has been the most difficuh task of map makers. In the foreground is the effort to overcome distorted pro- jections ond to occumtefy reflect lo actual conditions in the terrain. This oppfies, of COUIJB, not onfy to the depic- tion of land oreos, rivers, ond oceans but also to the names ond locations of places, drowing borders, poli+ icol divisions, etc. Such emminotions of oki cortogrophic depictions of the present territory of Siovenio ore described in this part of the otlos.

50-5 1 AN OUJLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY XRNE/A FRWl Along with foreign map makers and geographical research the first Slovene cartographers appeared in the 17th century ond established the foondotions for the rapid development of Siovene cartography and gee. graphic sciences. Since hen, ever more aumerous ond ebb orate works hove oppeored that won recognition not only omong the Slovenet but worldwide. Todoy, the SWXJJ~

ful work of these individuofs in the fields of cortogrophy ond geogrophy is being continued by numerOuJ experts in the fromework of scientific, educational, and technical instituteJ.

52-55 SLOVENE CARTOGRAPHY TODAY eo.?Er44 LVEI Becoure of its thematic variety, quofity, ond diversity of stoles, the work of Slovene cortogrophy is the equal of ony in Europe. Various types of plons ond mops intend- ad for wider use ore briefly presented.

56-6 1 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS L?oiEua UPEI Cyclical and other oeriof photogrophs of Slovenio ore pm rented with a survey of characteristic block and white and colour shoh.

62-65 DIGITAL REUEF MODEL DAUBOR RADOVAN A digitol relief model is o way of presenting relief using a computer dotobase of the coordinoter of points on the physical surface of the krroin. The points are usually selected ot the corners-of a ~qyors grid cefi but can also be irregularfy distributed on mauntoin peaks, valleys, and other typical relief forms. Stovenio’s Geogrophicaf Information System boosts o computer dotabose on the altitude of more thon two million such points anonged in a grid composed of 100 x 100 meter cefis.

66-7 1 SATELLITE PICTURES BRANKO PAWN Mankind observes the universe from increosin distances and the Earth from increosingfy

ly closer !arther in

space. Under the combined influence of the development of computer science and of instruments and methods for remote obrervotion, the quantity of digital dato ond con- sequently the knowledge of the Earth’s surface has increased rapidly in the Iast quarter century. Earth-wotch- ing satellites circle the Eorth at distances of 700 lo 900 kilometers. Satellite data an the Earth’s srrfoce has certain characteristics that oiler dato xlurcet lack it is dig- ital ond therefore con be processed by computers; it is geocoded (furnished with coordinates) and i%erefore can be linked to other doto; it is global, providing a uniform source of informotion on extensive svrfoce areas; it is un& formlygothered and therefore hevarious sciences ahat inter- pret it hove o uniform source of informution; it is period- icol ond therefore enobtes observation of changes over time; ond it is reletivefy inexpensive. Thus, we have ot our disposal an ever Iarger number of different sotelfite ph* tographs of Slovenio, scveralaxompies of which are pra- rented in this chapter.

354

0 1998 DZS, d d. Zbbtnlitvo Iii . . ARTICLE SUMMARIES, GECGRAROCAL AllAS OF SLOVENIA

72-l 25 TERRITORY ’ DRAG0 PERKO, EDiTOR

74-77 ROCKS T0MA.f WRBIC The rocks comprising the Eortb’s crust ore composed of minerals. They hove diverse physical ond chemical prop erttcs ond also differ according to their origin and age. Lithology [Gr. figtos, rock] or petrology (lat. p&a, rock) deals with the characteristics of rocks while stratigraphy Bat. stratum, cushion, blanket, layer} deok with their age; off are branches of geology. Lithological mops sbow the types of rock lying an the surface or under the soil and vegetation, while stratigraphical maps show the oge of these rocks. Some 93% of Slovenio’s surface is composed of red& mentary rock, 3% of igneous rock, and 4% of matamor. phic rock. The most frequent sedimentary rocks ore lime. stone which comprises more than o quarter of the surface ond dolomite which comprises one saventb of the surface.

78-79 SURFACE IN THE QUATERNARY m w .SIFRFR During the Ice Ages in the cold periods of the Pleistocene, extensive glaciers developed in Ie Alps and the Dinaric Mountafns that shorpetted numerous basins, widened glacial valleys, and kft ehind enormous !

eaks. hoffowed

omoonts of moroinic gravel. Water flowed from under the glaciers, carryiin “way gravel ond depositing it in lower oreos os rub ?I le (fluvioglacial rubble). Due to the worhing down of gravel from the slopes into the voE lays, grovelling was also cboracteristfc in unglaciated, perigiacial oreos ~erifluviogbciolgravel). Periods of grav- el accumulation were faffawed by periods of erosion. Because Slovene rivers removed more material each time thon had been deposited in o previous period, the volleys were deepened rubstantiaffy b

F the repeoted alternation

of deposition ond erosion, and rve to seven terraces were created on the slopes. The fatest four levels of depositspro serve momittic deposits belonging to the Giinr, Mindel, Riss, ond Wfirm periods.

80-83 SURFACE hiAlElGABROi’EC hlAuR0 HRVAnN In the middle of the Pliocene, the surface of presentday Slavenio wos largely kveffed due to strong chemical weatb- ertng ond extensive denudation in the then moderately humid ond warm dimate. Numeross Bat oreas remain from this period. Due to the gradual cooling of the climate, mechanical weathering increased in the Upper Pliocene, primarily reducing surface areas of httpemteable rock that were then considetably more widespread than Ihey ore today. With deepening and the erosion of banks, the rivers corred deep valleys, above which the remains of former terraces were preserved. Even rester changes occurred with the frequent changes of c fi mate ia tbe Pleistocene. Frequent freezing caused extremely stron weathering, ond tbe rivers deepenedtheir M eys by 100 to If

mechanical

300 meters whiie simultaneoosfy depositing vast amounts of grovel in young tectonic depressions. In the Holocene, periodic deposition of material from the upper parts of the valleys followed the initially very rapid river erosion. Powerful tectonic and geomorphologtcalprocesses shoped the bndscape which was cam osed of various genefic ond morpholo ical types of relic According to the geomor.

E ‘I

P hoiogica development in Slovenia, we distinguish four asic genetic types of relief: Huviodenudated (destructtve

ond accumubttve). glacial, korstk Cestanc end dofomfte), ond littoral. In some regions, the genetic relief types are interwoven. Among the genetic refief types, korstic and Huviodenudated dominate. Flatlands, elevations, hills, mourttoins. and high ond bw ploteous belong among the morphological relief types.

84-85 SURFACE ALTITUDE DRAW PERK0 Altitude, the third dimension bat together with gee- graphical btttude and bngituds precisely defines the posh ttion of every point ht he fandrcape, is the vertical distance from on imoginaq plone ot the overage sea kvel axtend- ad under the bnd. On maps, altttude is:mdicated by,cott tour lines connecttng points on the surface at the same height above sea kvelar by a cobur scale indicating aC tude belts. The average altitude in Slovenia, calculated using the 100 x 100 meter digital relief model, is 557 meters.

The lowest point is the coastfine (0 m). ond the highest is the top of MountTriglav (2864 m). Altitude belts between 0 ond 200 meters which include the Ponnonian and Mcditerroneon plains ohogether encompass less thon one tenth of Sfavenio’s surface; belts between 200 and 400 meters thot include mainly the Panmrnion and Mediterranean hill areas ond la bottoms of subalpine vol. lays encompass almost one tftird; belts between 400 ond 800 meters that include the greater port of the hilly sub- alpine and Dinoric regions encompass almost two fifths; belts between 800 and 1200 meters tftot include noinfy high karst plateaus and the highest subalpine mountain raages encompass one eighth; and belts above 1200 meters encompass onfy 6%.

The snow line in Slovenio lies at approximately 2700 meters; the upper forest line indicotiig the altitude ot which thick forest con stiff grow in the alpine region fiis between 1600 meters in the west and 1800 meters in the cost. The overage altitude border of human settlement runs obout 500 meters below the forest line. The highest formrteods are in the eortem Korovonke Mountains where tbe altitude border exceeds 1300 meters. The high- estfarmstead io Slovenia is Ie Bukovnik form below Mount Raduha at 1330 meters. The altitude border for corn is 800 meters. For vfneyords, it is 500 meters although in the Brktni and Gorjanci regions it extends to 600 meters.

86-87 SURFACE INCLINATION LXA W PERK0 loclinolion (slope, gradient) is a characteristic of every u&r- el surface and denotes the angle between tfte direction of the rfse of the surface and the horizontal ffadand. It is expressed itt angular dimensions, usually in degrees (‘J or in percentages [Xl, which tell us how many meters the surface rises over a distance of 100 meters. An incli. notion of 0” or 0% indicates a flat surface, while on incli. nation of 90’ or 100% indtcates a vertical wolf The overage inclination in Slovanio, colculoted using the 100 x 100 mekr digital relief model, is 13’. The steep- est port of Slovenio’s surface is the alpine region which has att overage inclination of 18” (high mountain region 25’, subalpine region 151, followed by the Dinoric region with 1 1 ‘, the Mediterranean region with IO”, ond the Pattnonian region with 6”. The steepest Sfovene lond- scope with an inclination of 26” is in the Julian Alps, and the flattest with an inclinatton of less than 1’ is the Mura Pbin. The inclination class between 12’ and 20’ errcorn- posses almost one quarter of Slovenio, between 6” ond 12” a good fifth, and between 20’ and 30” olmost one sixth. The two lowest cbsses encompass kss surface Oreo: the inclination class between 0” ond 2’ covers less than one sixth of tfte surface are0 of Slovenio-mostly plains, polies, Ihe bottoms of borinr, ond the bottoms of larger valleys-and he inclination class between 2’ to 6” cov- ers one seventh of Slovenia, mainfy the more leveled ports of the Pannoniott and Mediterroneon hill oreas ond the region of the bwer karst ploteous.

88-89 SURFACE EXPOSITION iXAW ERKO Surface exposition (exposure] is a chorocteristic of ony unlevel relief. It is defined using the onglr between north and the line of sight from a higher to a lower altitude ond is expressed as on azimuth between 0’ to 360” in o clockwise direction. The exposition of the relief here- fore indicates which direction the surface faces occord- iag to compass directions. We con also speak of sunny and sunless (chody) exposition. If the surface were evenly or symmetricolfy formed, each of the eight basic expositions would theoretically occupy an equal proportion or 12.5% of the territory. In actual fact, southern expositions occur most hequentty in Slovenio, occupying 15.2% of its surface, while northwestern expo- sdions ore the kwest, occupying 9.5%. Northeostem, south. western, and eastern expositions hove obove.oreroge occurrences, white western, northern, ond soutbeastern expositions havebelow-overage occurrences. In the alpine region where be ridges predominantly run west to cost, olmost one third of tfte surface has northern or southern expositions and onfy one fifth hos eastern or western expo- sitions. In the Dlnaric region where the ridges mainly run from northwest to routbeast, almost one third of the sur- bee area bas norheostettt or southwestern expositions ond less than one fifth has northwestern or southeastern expo- sftions. lo the Pannonian region, tfte moiortty of the sur face orea has an eastern exposftion and the kast hos o northwestern exposition. In the Medtterranean region,

the largest part of the surface orea has a southern expo. sitton, and the least on sostern exposition.

90-91 KARST SURFACE ANOREl h.UHEVC The korst is a region witft unique relief, woter systems, ond underground phenomena thot developed on water-sob ble rock, in Slovsnio mosdy OR limestone and dolomite. Chorocteristic of the korst landscapes which cover almost holf of Slorenio ore rocky surfaces with sinkholes, depres- sions, uvalos, karst poljes, korst ploinr, and dry ond blind volleys. A surface water system is very rare because rain. water flows underground through the permeable rock ond forms korst coves. About 6500 korst coves hove been explored in Slovenia; the longest is the Portojno covq and the deepest shoft is Cehi 2 on Mount Rombon. The Skoc- ‘on Coves I. ‘. which ore included art the UNESCO list of world erttage sttes, are distinguished by their vast halls. The

largest is tba Mortei Hal, I23 meters wide ond 145 meters high with o volume of 2.100.000m’. Because the study of karst phenomena begon in the sec. ond half of the 19th century in the Slovene region of Kros, the Germon form of ib name [llantj entered the interno. tionol scientific vocabulary olong with numerous other Slovene terms such OS ‘doline’ and ‘polje.’

92-93 KARST WATER SYSTEMS ANORB KRANK Woter is the essential component of korst regions. Relottve to the How of water through the korst, there ore N/O hydra logical types of karst in Slovenia: shallow and deep korst. Deep korrt dominotes, where water from underground streams and precipitation accumulates in large korst aquifers due to the great permeability of the rock. There are oreor of relief or lithologicolly seporoted masses of korstified rock that occumulote economically significant quantities of water (Krot, Trnovski gord, Jovorniki, SneinikJ. forge volumes of flow ond the influx of woter from great de ing them suita 1

ths ore chorackrirtic of korst springs, mok- Is sources of drinking water; however, since

they ore htghfy vulnerable to pollution, many ore unusable. Protecting korst springs from pollution is difficult because they have extensive, up to I00 km’cotchment areas ond con be simuftoneousfy connected with several ten-kilometer distant underground streams.

94-95 SURFACE WATERS MARK0 KCXREZEN Sbvenio is richly endowed with rater. All the forms of sur. face water occur here from torrenb, brooks, thorns, creeks, and rivers to lakes and the seo or well OS underground streams and rivers that crisscross the korstregion. The out- flow of water depends on the rock, relief, &mote, ond weather chomcteristtcs of indtviduol regions. The great dif. ferences between the Alpine, Ponnonion, Dinoric, ond Mediterranean regions ond the uneven distribution of onnu- 01 precipitation determine the characteristics of the river systems. River systems with the most odvontageous dis- tribution (Drava, Muro) hove high summer oufflows for expbitatfon, whik river systems with the least odwntageout distribution (Riiono, Reko, Siovnfco, Ledova] hove low outflows in summer when the demond for water is great. est. Slovens rivers hove simple nivol systems (Muro, Drove), transitional nivol systems (upper Soto), nivol-plu- vial systems (Meio, upper Savinfo, upper Sovo, KomniTko Bistrica), continental pluriofoivol systems (lower Sovo), Mediterroneon pluriaktvol systems (Vipovo, Kofpo, Krko, Liublfonico, Idrifco, Reko, Riiano], ond pluviol systems (Soda, Pest&o, Ledovo).

96-97 THE SEA huLANoRo2EN.4oAh4t IRENA REtEC BRANCEU Sbrenio lies along the northernmost port of the Adriatic Sea, colled the Bay of Triaste oftsr the largest Adriatic port. The bay extends lrom Trirste to on opproximotely 21.kilometer loag imaginary line drown between Sovudriio and Grodo. The surface oreo of the bov is aood 550 krni-(steod$ decreasing due b the Ruvial aid oithro. aoaenic build-uo of coostol olainsl. almost orte third 01 whych belongs’to Slovenid. The”greatest measured depth of the boy is 37 meters beside Cope Modona OR the Piran peninsulo, and ib average depth is 16.4 meters. The Slovene coast is 47 kilometers long. Old Mediterroneon towns lie along the coast: the port of Koper, tbe industrial town of Irolo, and the tourist town of Piron.

355

ARTICLE SUhUMUES, GECGRAFHCM AMS Cf SLGVENIA

98-99 PREClPiTATlON BORIS ZuPAJdS Greot differences in the distribution of annual precipito- tion ore characteristic of Slovenio. The quantity of pre- cipitation deereores from west to east. With more thon 2500mm of precipitation every yeor, the western ond south. western arts of Siovenio belong among Is wettest regions o P Europe. The deify quontitics of precipitation ore also exceptional, for example. 400 mm of precipftotion per day hos been recorded in Posotje and more thon 100 mm per hour. The least precipitation occurs along the border with Hungory, where less tbon 900mm falls each year. Summer storms with heavy rain and strong winds ore fra- quent in o belt from tbe Posotjs region across control Slovenio on to Prekmuja. Great damage is also caused by floods and drought.

100-l 03 AIR TEMPERATURES tANJAcEGN4R The tempemture of the air in Slovenio changes choroc- tcristicolly over tbe doy ond during Ihe year. The annual maximum temperature occurs in Jufy, ond the minimum most often in January. The exception is in the highmountiin region where the minimum occurs only in February. In the normal daily course of air temperature, maximum tem- peratures occur in the early afternoon, uruolly between 14:OO ond 15:00, and the minimum around sunrise. The natural voriobility of meteorological parameters is quite large, and dato for several decades must therefore be con- sidered in a survey of climatic chorocteristics. The survey of temperatures characteristic for Slovenio is limited to Iha period between 1961 ond 1990. The fist tempero- ture measurements in Slovenia were undertoken in Lijbliono in 1850, ond data has been preserved since 185 1.

104-l 05 SOLAR RADIATION MAlElGABROMC The mop ilfustmtes the annual energy of quasiglobol rade otion which is the sum of direct and diffused sotar radio. fin of inclined surfaces. 8ccause the relief of Slovenio is very diverse, the solar radiation here changes over short distances. The differences between slopes exposed to the WI end shady slopes ore greater than those between slopes thot fall into different climatic types. Due to these differences, the solor rodiotion for each hectors of Slovenio’s surface oreo has been calculated individuoC ly. Over the day and during the yeor, the height and azimuth of the sun thongs ond thus the angle between the sun rays and the slope OS well as the degree of shadi- ness. To determine annual energy of solor radiation, it wos therefore necessary to calculate the energy of quasiglob- 01 radiation for each tenday period (decade) of le yeor and for every hour of each day.

106-l 09 WEATHER TOMA.? VRHOVEC In temperate geo mphicol latitudes. the weather is moin- ly influenced by t3, e ahemotion of vast oreos of high and low air pressure (anticyclones ond cyclones) ond otmor- pherk fronts. Sfovenia also has very diverse relief mot resuhs in characteristic and sizable space and time variations in our weather. The mops show four typical weaiber situm tions over Eumpe and Slovenio: the spread of on Azores anticyclone above southern Europe, the spread of a Siberian onticyclone over Eosteraand Central Europe, the possoge of on itinerant Atlantic cyclone with a cold front across Central Europe and ths Alps, and a Mediterroneon cyclone.

110-111 CLIMATE DARK0 CGRIN The characteristic climates in Slovenio ore primorify the consequence of Slovenio’s location in a temperate gea gmphical latitude relatively &se to the Atlantic Ocean in the transition area between the Mediterranean Seo ond tbe Eurasian continent ond tbe very considerable ohirude variations of its surface. With the exception of tire high mountain region with a montone climate, all of Slovenio has a moderotefy worm and moist climate. According to the precipitation regime, the overage famperoturet of the wormcst and coldest months, and the ratio between October and April temperatures, the climate of Slovenio is divided into three dimotic.types ond nine subtypes: rb- mediterroneon climate (littoral subtype br &note of olive trees and the littoral hinterland subtype), temperate con. thentol climate (tempemte continentat climate of western

and southern Slovenio, temperate continental climate of control Slovenia, temperate continental or wbponnonion climate of eastern Slovenio, and temperate continental or subponnonion climate of southeastern Slovcnio), and montane climate [the climate of higher mountain regions, the climate of lower mountain regions and iorermediate wlleys b western Slovenio, ond Be climate of bwer moun- toin regions ond intermediatevalleys in northern Slovenia). There ore significant local variations between valley bob toms, basins, and karst depressions where there ore fre- quent kmperoture inversions and the worm and hifly belts.

112-l 13 PHENOLOGICAL MAPS ClRff ZRNEC Phenology (Gr. p/toinesfni, phenomenon, and logos, sci- ence) is a branch of biology thot deals with the regular cycles observed in the relationship between plants and la environment. Pfants respond to changes in the envi. ronment in specific ways: their growth ond development slow due ta lock of moisture; if it is cool, leaves and blos- soms develop more slowly or remain &sad; planted seeds only germinate when the atmosphere warms witobfy. Temperature is the decisive factor in the development of the plants. and the soil conditions in the habitat ore also important. Plants respond to al these various factors by changing their biorhythm, the established onnuolcycle of development, and these changes appear OS the eorfy or late start of individual development sbges or phenologf- COI phases. Phenologicol doto is used primarily in ogrC culture, os weli os in pharmacology and medicine since the pollen of numerous plants muses allergies. The mops show the blossoming of dandelion, the leaving of beech, and the general blossoming of the linden tree, the most suitable examples for presenting the basic phenologicol characteristics of Slorenia.

116115sou.S FRANC WVRENfAK In temperate geogrophicol latitudes, the most important pedogcnetic factor in the initial level of the formation of toil is the bedrock (influencing in particular the morpho- logical, physical, and chemicolpropertiesof the soil), while at later levels in the development of soil, other pedoge- netic factors become increasingly importonr: relief, water, climate. vegetation, ond human activity. Due to tbe variations in rock ond relief in Slovenio, its soils ore very diverse OS well. The pedogeogrophicol mop illu* tmtes the links between the soil and the relief and rock; pedogeographical units ore therefore determined and cir- cumrcribed on tbe basis of pedologicol, geological, and relief maps. Pelativc to chc maior relief forms, two groups of pedogeogmphicol units are defined in Slovenio: the first are units found in valleys. lowlands, and basins, mainly at altitudes below 400 meters; the second ore units found in hilly regions, low mountains, mountain ranges, and korrt ffatlonds, plateaus, and valfey systems, mainly at altitudes above 400 meters. Relotivc to the influence of water, soils are outomorphk and hydromorphic: the for. mer ore influenced by rainwater and Ce in drained val leys. lowlands, basins. and elevated regions, while tbe la+ ter ore influenced by groundwoter, rrfoce waters, or flood waters and cover flat or concove surface areas.

116-l 19 VEGETATION IumAmANe

czfiz!!SR Before the activity of man ond animals, Slovenio was cov- ered with forests, while gmssbnd and rock w etation or infertile surfaces were onfy found in ibe hi alpine region. Vegetation that could ! !

mountain success ully flourish

in today’s ecological conditions withoui tbe activity of mon ond animals (onthmpozoo enic influences) is shown on the mop of potential noturo 7 vegetation, while the current situation of vegetation occurring os a result of onthropo- roogenic influences horn the post to the present is shown on Ihe mop of actual vegetation. The wricty in the veg- tation cover increased due ta the activity of man and oni. mols. Secondary vegetation formsappeared wch es mono. cultures of tree species (for example, spruce, pine, black locust, and poplorj os well as the spread of beech and grorslond, forest mar tertiary vegetation arms: mostly arable ond garden B

in, and other vegetation along with

weeds and weeds of nitrophiious habitats. in continental Slovenio. beech forests ore sortwidespread followed by forests of hornbeam, ond in be littoral region by oak forests.

120-l 25 REGtONS DRAW PERK0 As o resuh of the confluence of four muior natural units [the Alps, the Dinaric mountains, ke Pannonion plain, ond the Mediterranean basin) and burculturol spheres (Slovk, Germanic, Romonic, and Hungorion] in this smofl corner of Control Europe, Slovenio is exceptional for the diver- sity of its landscapes. The division of territory into regions is called ‘regionolizotion.’ Londscopes ere studied by regional geography, the most importont branch of geog- raphy. Slovenio is divided into four large regions or ‘mocmregions’ (the Alpine, Dinoric, Pannonion, and Mediterranean regions whkh respectively cover 42X, 28%, 21%. and 9% of Slovenia) which ore composed of medi- urn-size regions or ‘merrorcgions’ ond small regions or ‘microregions.‘The regionofizotion of Slovenio into four mocroregions and forty-nine merzoregionr is bored on the typification of Slovenio with four boric region types ond nine subtypes.

126-l 77 POPULATION aRAW KMLNK, EDITOR

128-l 3 1 POPULATION AND POPULATION GROWTH MAW PERK0 Population is all the people who live in o porficulor region. Populotioa depends greotfy o’rr the eatural and social con- ditions in a region, and therefore its characteristics change quickly. The most important popdation elements ore the number ofpopufatian [including doto on the num- bers of birth, deoths, immigrants. and amigronts) and the structure of the population (primarily sex, oge, notion. olity, language, religion, education. employment, and poC itics). In the middle of the 19th century, a good miffion peo- ple lived in the territory of present-day Slovenio, ond one hundred years later, a miffion ond a half. Between 1961 and 199 I, the population incraased from 1.59 1,532 to 1,965,986, that is, by 23.5% or on the overogs by 7.1%0 per ycor.

132-l 33 BIRTHRATE hUUVOJA &RCEU DRAW KtADNtK The birthrate is an imporktnt demogrophk phenomena expressing the frequency of births of the population or o whole or of its individual ports and is therefore o PO* itive component of the noturol renewal of the population. It is measured by wriour indexes. The most frequently used ond most aorily accessible index is nqmlity, thot is, the number of living newborn children compored with the number of oil Is population in o calendar yeor. In o broader sense, Ihe term ‘notality’ is o synonym for birthrate. As everywhere in the developed ports of the world, Ihe birthrate in Stovcnio has decreased sub- stontialfy inthe bst decodes. hzhe 1990’s. itnoched such o low level (9.5L) that Stovenio found itself almost at the bottom of the European and world ladder.

134-l 35 DEATH RATE hwva~ &RCEU DRAWKIADNIK Death is on incvitoble and unrcpcoted event and is therc- fore easier to study than other demogmphir phenomena. When we use la expression ‘de& rate.’ we neon the fre.

uency of death in the population,or the kngth of life. To % ustrate the frequency of death, the mos?widesprcod index is general level of the deuth rate (mortaliF/), while life expectancy ot birth is used to Bushate length of life. Due to improved health core, mortuiity in Slovenio decreased substantiafty between the NIO Worfd Won. The bwert vobe (8.BL)wos raached in 1961, end sincsthenithosbeen between 9.3X and 10.7%. Simoltaneousfy, lifaaxpecton- cy has increased (in 1996; 703 years for men and 77.8 yeors for women), ahhough it is stIllsomewhat shor+ ar than the life expectancy of the populations in ths most developed countries.

136-l 37 NATURAL INCREASE MlwoJA SIRCFU DRAWUAIJNIK Natural increase is Qe difference between the number of newborn children and he numb&r of deaths in o calen. dor ear. lt indicates how much the population of o region wou d increase if there were no migrations, that is, if r ke value of migration increaserera zero. The expression

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0 1996 DZS, d. d., ZnbEniWu libroture ,/ i

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‘natural increase’ anticipates a consbnt ru~lus in lhs number of newborn children aver the number of deceased; however, natural increase is frequently nego. tive and even becomes tha ‘natuml decrease” of the pop &on. Not such a bng time ago, the number of deaths exceeded the number of lhase born only during extreme events such as warx, plagues, famines, ond natural dis- osiers, but since he 1970’s, o negativs natural increars of population has been recorded regularly or periodicctfy in several European countries 1c.g. Hungary, Germany). Slovenia ranked among them in 1993.

138-l 43 MIGRATION AV&l7NA~DEDOh4fZfO The migration of populations is a demographic process that from the aodiest times has reflected economic, pafit. ical, national, rehgiaus, and culfural conditions. Usually, migration is defined as the spatial moves of individual pea. pls from on em’ ration on0 to on immigration area. Because of the mu etude of factars influencing and dncour- “h- aging them, the direction and extent of migration move. merits art much bss predictable and permanent lhan tfte frafural movemenl of popuiations. For many ycarr, Slovenio was a cuunny from which population emigrol. ed, mostly 01 first& North America and later ta Western Europs as well. Aher World Wor II, o new form af em& gmtion oppearcd, rhe rnavement of he papuktion in search of employment in tha devaloped countries of Wastcm, Cenwal, and NarihemEurape. A?tha sarnt ka. mass immi. @ration from other rcpsblics of thr former Yugoslavia occurred oloog with extensive internal migmtion within Slovenia

144-l 45 DAILY MlGRATlON Sc9NKO RX The conccp, of daify migration has been fixed in Ihe pro- fessianol literature, even though tha expression is eatpar. timlady well chosen. Extensive daily migration began in Slavenia in the 1960’s and 1970’s and replaced he moss mi ration from h f Il’ St

Lo county ta tha cities. Every day, almost a o mr ran avenes commute to work or lo school from

whrre they live to another pface. The directions of thrrs daily migrations arc very complex, but alf thr major Aows of doily migration in Be morning ore oriented toward the larger centen and clearly indicate the extenl of the attraction of here canters. Daily migration has impor- tant spatial conrcqrrrncer ond is linked with the process. es of matorization and suburbonizatian.

146-l 47 POPULATION DENSITY DUAW PEk!KO Population dens&y is Le ratio between ha number of inhab- ibnts and kt serfaca area on which they lie and telfs us the overage number of people per surfacr unit. It is usu- ally expressed os le numbar of psople per square kilo. meter. According ta she 1991 census, he population den- s’v in Slavania was 97 peopk/km*. Due to the diversi. ty of Slovenia’s regions. the population density according to the regions is irregular. The Pannanian rtgians are Ihe most densely populated, ond the Dinaric rt ions the least. According to relief, oreos of plains not su ‘b. feet to boding and sunny hiily ragians or altitude belts up to 400 melcrs with inclinatianr up ta 12” have aboveaver- age popuiation density.

148-l 5 1 AGE STRUCTURE wKsAM)ER JAK& DR.4wKuwNlK LXAW PERK0 The age suctum of rha population shows the number of inhabitants occarding to oge, the overage oga of Ihe pop- &ion, population groups according lo age periods, and Bair relativr prapafians. it Iawrhaw,tihe population has devaloped in the postand indicoterits futurs development. It is dorely connected with non~rol ond migration move. mcnn of he population. Graphkoily, it is usuoiiy presented using an oge pyramid. The devebpment of medicine and

, on incraosed cancer” far health kave extended life in Slavenia substantially; @gether w+ he rimubneously dmp ping birthrate. this has rapidly increased the numbrt of older ber a P

eopte. Statistical predictions indicate that the num- the population will not increase bui $a age strut-

ture wiff worszn.

152-l 53 GENDER SlRUrXURE DRAW PERK0 The gender structure of&e population is Is numerical ratio

bctwcen Iht male and fcmalc populations. It is present. ed by tha number of men and women, by the proportion of men ond warren in the total population, and by vori- aus coefficients. The bestknown are the coefficient of rnas. culiniry (he number of men per thousand wonren obtained by multiplying Ihe quaticnf between the number of men ond woman by one thousand] and the coefficient of fem- ininity (iite numberofwomen per thousand mm obbincd by muhipfying the quotient between the number of women and men by ona thousand). According ta the 1991 can. sus, Slavenia had 48.5% mole and 51.5% femote pop- ulation, !he coefficknt of masculinity was 940, and of fem- ininity 1064. Larger settlaments hod larger female popu. lotions, while smaller sefllsments and the countryside had larger mate populations.

154-l 55 EDUCATION STRUCTURE PETER REFUUJSK Usually, Ihe concept of educofan structure’denates two chor- octeristks of It population. Dota an the highest school year finished indicates how many years individuals M pap ulation groups spent at school and their level of educa- tion, whila data on professional and vocational education indicates cht qualifications of he economically a&e pop ulation for entering professions. Papufation censuses and ofher records of the population show the education level according b years necessary b complete school, occard- iag ta the ievet of requirements, and according ta the ari- entatian and content of the education. The main chomc- teristics of the aducatian stuctun of the population of Stavenia include o ralatively large proportion of paapte wifh few years of farm.1 schooling and considerable dif. ferences between rural and urban populations as well os between hasa emplaysd in different occupations.

156-l 57 ETHNIC STRUCTURE PEER REPOllJSK The ethnic structure of the pap&ion belongs among tha basic characteristics of certain rnvironments or coun- tries and is an importan~cultural and demographic index becausa the members of iadividuol ethnic groupsdiffer sta- tisticatfy, ahen in ralation to their living environmenfi, poC itks, traditional votuer, etc. Where statistical institutions determine the ethnic shucture of the population, they usu- ally base their data an mother tongue, Ihe language of communication, or the d&oration of Ihe individual. Stovenio is an ethnically hamogenous country with a prevalence of Slovenes (67.8X] and three autachtho- nous ethnic minorities: Italian, Hungarian, and Romony. Members of 011 he afhnic groups fmm the territory of he for- mer Yugoslavia also lie in Stovenia, the most numerous being Croats, Serbs, and Bosnians.

158-l 59 LANGUAGE STRUCTURE PETERUEFWLUSK The concept of bnguage struciure usually denotes the struc- ture of the population of an individual country or its parts accarding to mother tangus. A mother tongue is the tan-

uagt an individual Iearns in early childhood in the fam- i \

or 01 hams. In taking population censusm, the princi- p e applier lhat if there art two or even more such lon- guoger, the persons surveyed themselves decida which languogs is i&air mathar tongue. The concept of bnguoge sir-ucture can also be understood as the use ar the official 0s unofficial appearance of languages in a particular tnvi- ronment. According to the 1991 census, Slovene is tht mother tangus of the majority of the population of Slavenio (87.9X]. The proportion is probably even high. er because dolo on mother tongue is not known far about 3% of la population. Variations of SerbaCroatian are cited as maiher tongua by 7.9% of the population.

160-l 6 1 DIALECTS PEER REPOlUSK In Ilnguisticr and bistary, tha expression ‘dialect’ denotes a regional farm of the language which did not become literary language, a form which *lost Ihe bottle’ in +he course of history. In same places, he concept of dialect is opptied ta quita independent languages that are usu. ally not rciated ta La dominant language of on environ- mcnt and whasa use is limited, white in the majority of the languages. it refers to regionally-coloured ond other various forms of thr same language. This applies for Slovene. With approximately foriy dialects and numrmus pronunciations. Slovene is tha most dialectally disseckd Slavic bnguage and ane of le diotearichesr languages in Europe.

162-l 63 REUGIOUS STRUCTURE PETER REKXUSK When we speak of Ihe religious structure of a population, we most frequently cite statistical data from papulo~on ten. suses. Paralleling this is data from religious institutions (doto on baptisms, church weddings, etc.). Religious affiliation is one of Ihe demographic or cuhurol chorocterirtics of a population. It is important for the undersbnding of nunrer. aus social phenomena and events [troditionotism, politics, attitudes toward controce tion abortion, etc.), ond it is indlsputably one of the oundatrons of ethnic identity. P ‘, Falfowing World War II, Slovens statistics ofmost completefy neglected Ihe gathering of information on religious offif. iation for ideological reasons. The exceptions were the yeon 1953 ond 1991. The processed data show that Slovenia is a distinctly Catholic country since 98% of the population who declared their religious affiliation list- ed themselves or Catholics.

164-l 67 RURAL POPUlATfON M!!AN NATEK As in the post, a rural population stifl dominates the caun- tryside today and maintains the cuhural landscape. Only a good hundred years oga, three quarters of the pop”. lotion in the krritory of prasenday Slovenia bctonged to the rural population. Even though their numbers declined rapidly due to industrialization and urbanixotion and by 1991 the proportion of rural population in Ihe shucture of the entire population had dropped to only 7.6X, Ihe influ- arms of the basic actiities that hey perform-agricultural producYon of various types and orientations-ore rec- ognixable ond dispersed over vast oreas. At the same time, as much as 29.2% of Slovenio’s pap&ion lives on forms and a goad half lives in nonurban settlemanb. Slovene forms are too small for market-criented production, and Ihe people living and working an them must seek oddi- tional sources of income in nonagricultural seclars of Ihe economy.

168-169 POPULATfON TYPES OF SETTLE. MENTS AND REGIONS DRAW PERK0 Population oreas are ports of regions with similar sbuc- tclres and population densities ond similar changes in the number of inhabitants, Ihe most significant factor in their dtfinition. A shady increase in Ihe number of inhab- ibnb creaks areas of concentration of population. while a shady decrease in the number of inhabitants due lo negative natural increase and/or negative migration increase creates areas af depopulation or the thinning out of population. Balh regional processes bad to unfavourable changes fa tha cubuml landscape. Depopulation is pri- morify refleckd in deteriorating houses and settlements ond thr avergrowh of arable land, white the concentration of population is reflected in environmental problems becousa he concentration of population is also linked to the concentration of economic and other activities. In Slavenia, depopulation affects two thirds of Is ferritory, heavy depopulation one half, and week depopulation one fifth.

170-l 71 MlGRANT WORKERS JERNEI ZUPAN& Migrant workers are people who have perrnonent residence in Stovenio but Iiv. temporarily in olher countries ta work or shrdy and intend to return to home after a certain peri- od. Thr migrant worker category also includes ramify rnem. bars who live abroad kmpomrily with such migrant warkars. They are described as ‘workers an frmparary work abroad and their family members.’ As a rula, they are Slovens citizens and have immediate family or at teast relatives in Stovenio. Members of migrantworker families ore nof necessorii Stovsne citizens. Seasonal employment is a special form of migration. According to data from the 1991 census, 52,631 people or 2.7% of Ihe Slovens

R apulation lived ond worked obrqad temporarily. Almost aIf of these lived in Germany, followed by Austria,

Switzerland, and Italy.

172-l 73 EMlGRATfON JfRNElzuF~~ The issue of emigration is extremely important far Slovenio and the Slovenrs: aver a good one hundred years, con- sidembly mare than half a million paoplr emigrated par. monenrly from the ferritary of presentdoy Slaverrio. Emigrants and heir descendants comprise sore than one fifth of all Slavener. The immigrotian-emigratian balanca

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in Slovenio has been positive only in the last thirty years, and Sbvenio therefore counts omanq thr typical emigration countries, ond the Slovenes rank among Europeon nations that suffered the qreotest damage due to emigration. Emigration from Slovene ethnic territory was most exten- sive from the middle of the 19th century to the 1970’s; in specific ond for di f;

eriads. people emtqmted from various regions erent reasons.

174-l 77 SLOVENE MlNORfTY COMMUNC TIES IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES XKMEI IUP- In oddition to Ihc territory of the mother country, outochtho. nous Slovena populottons also live in the border arcos of oil four neighbouring countries. The largest such populo- tion is in Aurtrio, foffowed by those in Italy, Hungory, ond Croatia. Atproximatefy 710,000 people live on close to 4,300 km of ethnically mixed territory; of these, 79,500 ate Slovenes according to official dota or about 140,000 in the opinion of Slovens experts. More than kolf of the territory settled by Sfovenes is mountainous, hiffy, and poorly accessible for traffic. The canters of Siovene community life across the borders ore Trieste ond Gorizio in ltofy ond Klogenfurt in Austrto, all of which bo&t Slovene political, cultural, educational, sport, ond economic insti- tuttons. With lo movement of people ovroy from tfrere cen- terr in recent times, new settlement cores of the Slovens minorities have been created.

178-279 HUMAN ENDEAVOURS MAW KLADNK, EOITUK

180-191 LAND USE OuAwKlADNiK MR.5 GAt?KOMC Land use is one of the elements that marts the landscape most rrcognizobfy, reffecting the complex relationships between natural ond socioeconomic foctots. Among the former, the surface relief is particularly important- most obviously altitude. inclination, and sunniness of doper-while socioeconomic factors include chorocter- isttcs of settfement, past ond present economic conditions, and the closefy related situation of land ownership. Slovenio ranks omonq European countries with the small. est proportion of agricultural ond orable land ond with the largest proportion of forest. Some 72% of its ogri- cultural land lies in oreas with factors that limit agricul. ture (hills. highlands. mountains, karst), and onfy 28% lies in fertile lowlands.

192-l 97 lAND FRAGMENTATfON lxAwKbwNIK Land fro mentatton refers to the division of o ricultural bnd among I dferent owners and the division of arms Into spo- B tiaffy seporote lots. We distinguish between sire and spa- tial fragmentation. The former rslotes to the sirs of parcels or loh and the size of the property, and the latter relates to the spatial distribution of lots. Both types of land fragmentation ore conspicuous in Slovenio. Their char. octeristicr determine the oppeamnce of Ihs rum1 landscape, and their (largely obstructive] effech ore of extreme rig. nificonce to the economics of agricuture. The process of consolidotton hor been bo slow ond insufficientfy exten. sive to successfully mitigoto the consequences of the long-term fragmentation of land, a process that oppeors to have stopped onfy recentfy.

198-201 STRUCTURE OF FIEU) CROPS TQMAiCtMDEK Natural conditions in Slovcnio ore not favourable for mod- ern large-scale farming. Duo ta the irregularity of the sur- face, consolidated &voted land is limited moinfy ta flat sections of valleys ond basins. The exception is the north. eastern Ponnonion region of Slovenio, which is Ihe most important farming region in the country. Field crops con. tribute around 40% of the gross value of elf agricultural production and after cattle breeding is the second most important branch of agriculture. Of approximately 246.000 hectares of culttvated fields, the majority (87.3%) are privately owned, and onfy 12.7% are cultivated by ogricubrol companies or the farmer social sector. The avoik able doto allows the presentation of the spread of the moin cultures combined in chorocteristk groups (cere- als, fodder pfanh, vegetables, industrial plants) onfy on the level of the former municipalities, the current odmin- isbotive unih.

202-207 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTfON TOM& CUNDEK The most important agricultural branch in Slovenio is live. stock production, which occounh for more than 50% of Ihe gross value of oil agricuftuml production. In spite of tftis, the quantity of livestock has decreased by more tbon 15% in the last decode. The main branch of livestock pro. duction iscattle breeding, followed in overafi importance ond equal distribution by pig&ceding. These are presented on separate maps, but presentations according to settfe- mcnh ore only possible for privatelyawnod onimofs. According ta the value of increase, poultry breeding comes before pig breeding but is concentrated on large farms with diverse activities. Other branches of livestock pro- duction, for example, the breeding of sheep end horses, OR rslottvefy insignifiiont. They have been in distinct decline for a long time and ore only now beginning to show signs of increase. A chomcteristtc form of Slovens livestock pro- duction is mountain pasturing.

208-209 WINEGRO’MNG REGIONS M4RttX4 N4lEK Winegrowing and Le wine trade hove o thousandyeor history in Slovenio and have given o special stamp to Slovenio and the Slovens culture. In the region where Slovenio lies, winegrowing was already an occupotton in ancient times, and bter wine hod an importont pfoce in the Roman period and the period of earfy Chrfstionity, OS well OS throughout la Middle Ages and into modern times. Even todoy, Slovenio is o winegrowing country renowned for its varied ond htgh quality wines. Some ore charocterirtic only of Slovenio, for example, kron, Zelen, Kebulo, and CviCak. Slovenio is divided inta three wine- growing regions: Primonto, Poruvje, and Podrovje. In many places, the vineyardcovered landscopes tve ports of Slovenio o unique appeomnca recognboble ram ofar. 3

2 1 O-2 11 TYPES OF AGRICUUUf?AL lAND USE (RURAL SYSTEMS) KjoR VKl.tEK In discussing ogriculturo, the question arises how to sim- pfy present its main spatiolchomcteris~s. Forming is a com- plex pmcess composed of related and interdependent activ- ittes dependent on the noturol environment and its char. octeristics [lormation of the surface, climate, soil, water conditions) and the socioeconomic situotion, production orientation, methods of soil cultivation ket, property ownershi

[agrolo y), the mar-

ond new knowledge o P , as well as on the tm 1.. rhonot skills tire farmers. The use of ogrkuhurol

land is the external reflection of complex circumstances which in specific regional conditions combine in charoc- teristic systems [fodder, grain, root crap, ond special) that ore further divided into many subsystems.

2 12-2 15MlNlNG nnu IWNETIIL’ Mining depends on natural conditions, social needs, and the knowledge mot makes possible Ihe economic expbita- tion of mineral riches. The first period in tire development of Slovena mining wos La period of traditional extraction of iron ond monqonese ore. This form of mining ufttmatefy died out at the end of the 19th century. After 1850, coal became increasingly important, but interest began to decline after 1965 due to the low price of oil and natur- al qos. The extraction of nonferrous metal ores in ldrijo (with a six-hundredyear kadition) and MePica (with o threelundredyeor tradition) ended recenfly. The bore. ly be un excavation of uranium are was also terminated, ond it erefon only the exploitation of various nonmetai- tic minerals, noturol ornomentai stone, and Permaf and mineral springs have ony future.

2 16-2 19 ENERGY l,WANA PEKd &EFti Of primary forms of energy, Slovenio annuolfyconsumer around 4,200,OOO tons of lignite ond 1.300.000 tons of subbituminous cool. L’ nito is excavated at the Velenje Lignite Mine ond sub ttummous cool at ths Trbovlje- % -Hrastnik Mine, at Zagorje ob Sovi, at Sonovo, and at Kanifarico. Slovonio can not satisfy all irr aeed for liquid and gas fuels ihelf and therefore imports more than 60% of tire necessary liquid fuel and more than 98% of the qos. An ail and gas Held is bcotsd neat hndavo and is exploited by Nob Landova. Thermoefecfrk power lank contribute the most (43%) ta he total production o P slec, tical energy, bffowed by hydroelectric power plank (32%). the nuclear power plant ot KrPo (ZIX), and industrialand

small hydroelectric power plants (4%). The largest con- sumers of energy ore industry (34%) and traffic (30x1.

220-225 INDUSTRY KioR MP&K Industry is Slonnio’s mostimportantaconomic bmnch and therefore deserves a more detailed rcgionol presentation of ik distribution cccording to settlements ond on ovdine of ih structure according ta activities. Industry employs 38.2% of the o&e populotion and sfiil creates almost half of the gross domestic product. Slovenio experienced three waves of industrioliration: kc first .a~ the threshold of Be 20th century. the second to the 1920’s before the Great Depression, end a thtrd, particuforly pro. nounced wove foffowing World War U. Due to the diC ferences in the socioeconomic situation, aoch period fol- lowed a different course of tndustriofzotion and the branch structure of industry ond ik spatial distribution also changed.

226-229 TRAFFIC NETWORK mx51 &KNE sc4NKo Pm At the juncture of four Europeon macrorsgions, Slovenio is crossed by the shortest land routes between Central Europe, the Bofkons, soulea~tornEuropo, and theNear East on the one hand and northern Italy ond the Mediterranoon area of Western Europe on the other. The development of&e rofficnetwork does not correspond to tbis traffic reality, so port of the traffic flow uses the somewhat longer routes across neighbouring countries. The majority of passenger and goods traffic runs on the rood network. The Port of Kopcr is extremely impor- tant for Slovenia and for neighbouring Austria ond Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Air traffic is modest by European sbndordr Rotf traffic has lost impor- tance since the beginning of rapid motorisation. and its competitive position is waning, maintained only in the tmnsport of goods over longer distances.

230-23 1 DEVELOPMENT OF ME RAIL NET- WORK ANDREI &RIVE Some thirty years after the birth ef the railway [I 8251, the European rail network reached Sfovenio. In 1861, Slovenio hod 380 kilometer of railway lines, iust under one third of their current length. Today here ore 120 1 kilo- meters of roil lines in Slovenio with o density of 0.06 km/km’ or 0.5 kilometer per 1000 inhabitants, which is quite comparable with Europeon standards. The roil net. work conformed to natural, economic, political, ond strategic conditions, as weff as tindordizcd according to the choice of traffic routes. Thus, it not onfy porticipat- ed in the formation of the framework of the kaffic networ+ ond traffic currents in Slovenio butaiso hod an important long-term influence on Slovenia’t economic and spotiol development.

232-233 TRAFFIC BURDEN SDINKD PElC In Slovenio, roads currying heavy bcol, inter&y, and tran- sit traffic at the some time are mast burdened. Such, for example, ore various secttons ofthol@b$ono bypass and, of course, oil the roods in areasalong the most important internotional traffic routes. These are the roads of the soocofled ‘Slovens rood cross’ from which traffic routes of less imoortance ond with ksstafficbronch aff. In 1991. transit t&k towordihe souh and routheart dropped sub: stontiollv due to the war in the territorv of farmer Yuqosloiio, although traffic has &reos;d’stoodily on the majority of roods in the rest of rhe road network.

234-235 PUBUC BUS SERVlCE h4ATEJ GABROVEC Choroctertsttc of Sfovenio is a very extensive natwork of bus lines. Until 1960, bus traffic was only e wpptement to raifwoy traffic. but in the 1960’s surpassed rail traffic according to lo number of passengers carried. Today, busses convey ten times more passengers than the trains. In the lost decode, however, bussos,hove competed ever less successfully with personal tronrport, and the number of bus passengersmhos beenholvcd. Thersare fewer and fewer people commuting III work by bus, and most of the passengers are students. Thus, io the bst few years there hove been fewer busses rhan in the past on many routes, and public bus ronsport has even been obondoned in some places.

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236-237 BORDER TRAFFtC SIANKO PEiC The maiority of traffic across siote borders occurs at-major international border crossings, altbough there are also sev. eraI important local border crossings. The largest densi. ty of border crossings is on the SIovene&olian border. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, this border was considered by far the most open border between socialist and capital. ist Europe. Even now. these border crossing points are among the most heavily used accordin b the volume of traffic. On me Slovene-Atstian border, B ” e malorrty of traf. fii is concentrated athe Sentiliborder crossing, Slovenia’s Iorgest and most important ‘window to the world.’ Border crossings on tbe StovrneCroatian border have lass traf- fic due mainfy to the break in the How of traffic toword the sovtheast. Traffic on the Slovene-ttungarian border is increasing, but is stii not comporabte to that across he west. em and northern borders.

238-239 TELECOMMUNlCATtONS mwKLADNlK tvorzpY Telecommunications, that is. telecommunication and cam- puter technology, is one of the key infrastructures of a mod- ern country. Because of its use ie networks of connected computers, the electronic exchange of documents, and the improved control and possibility of improved use of resources, the benefils of developed telecommunications are r&e&d in the dinctbwering of casts. Even a decade ago, the role of tetecammunicattons was limited prima+ ly ta the rapid transfer of audio and visual signah. butmore recently new services have been introduced. In spite of their rapid spread, they are only just being recognized by the wider public but wiil undoubtedly significantfy mark economic, social, and spafial development. Simuftaneousfy, telephone service has experienced a new climb with the increasing use of mobile phones.

240-24 1 RETAll TRADE MARKQKREVS The refoll trade inctudes the sale of goads in stares ond retailing directfy from the warehouses. The network of retail stares in Slovenia is shaped relative to the distribution and density of the population ond is therefore &rely connected with Ihe networ(r of cantral nttfements. SmaHer canters are dominated by shops selling mixed goods or foods that CM- sumers visit frequent&. In some larger centerr, stores with nonfood merchandise are of greater importance, white etsa- where rpeciafiied stares with food or nonfood goods are in balance. Mediumscrm and long-term supplies in par. ticutar are provided anfy in the far est centers because consumers rarely ask br this kind o merchandise. With B the tronrition ta o market economy, the network of retail stores has expanded and muttiplkd, ond the quality and diversity of the offer and the accessibility of stares are improving.

242-243 SMALL NDUSTRY MARK0 KRF!IS Smali industry has ofways been an important and livety ecanamic activity. It includes production and services. Its basic characteristic k&e ‘nonindustrlat,’ skilled tmde type of business. For this reason, smail industry not onfy sup plements other economic activities but atso enriches them, which in some ptaces noticeably marks settlements or even wider regions. In general, Ihe distrtbution of small industry matches the distribution of the population. Due to the variable foctors that inffuence the development of small industry and its work, its development and structure have afways differed according to regions and ptaces. Of the almost 4300 Slovens settlements with small iadur- tries, a goad quurter only have one smafl industry, and onfy in one third of the settlements ore there more than five small industries.

244-245 DOMESTtC CRAFTS bwm llcGATN The canceptaf domestic uafts was brmed.and stabilised only in the second hotf of the 19th century when great importonce was attached b &is economic branch. It was also cofled the ‘cottage industry.’ Today, domestic crabs in Siovenia encompass a varied range of iobr and the pmduction of items at home or in home workshopseither for personal use or the market. Until tbe current definition of the term, domestic crafts were considered ta be encil- lory or supplementary activittes of brmers, as Ie production of the mast diverse items in rmaf areas.. The definition sf

domestic crafts was therefore directly related to bus. bandry in rural areas. The most im orbnt domestic crafts. men are potters, manufacturers o P woodenwore, orttsan blacksmiths. lace makers, pipe makers, manufacturers of replicas of beehive panels, monubcturers of musical instruments, manufacturers of roofing tiles, makers of home- made baked goods, and manufacturers of tourist souvenirs.

248-25 1 TOURISM MATlA.tJERX According to tbe survey of Be Statistics Office, there were 365 tourist areas in Slovenio in 1990. All settfements with tourist accommodations wera ranked among them, ond the number of guests ond overnight stays in them was estab lished. The map shows only 113 most imporbnt tourist areas in rhtch mare than 450 overnight stays were record- ed in 1995. The smallest tourist areas with modest tourist traffic were therefore omitted. The areas considered were defined occarding to the number of overnight stays, the proportion of overnight stays by domestic ond foreign tourists, the prevailing tourist orientation or basic tourist functional definifion (sea coast, mountains, health resorts, etc.], and tbe relative importance of tourist activity or the intenslty of burirm. Also presented are same other ele. merits of he buristoffer and recreational capacities, includ. ing the spread of secondary vacation housing.

252-255 EDUCATtON KAEUENClJNDER There are around 780 kindergartens and 860 primary schools in Slovenia, half of which are branches. There are approximately 150 secondary schools. There are kinder-

artenr and primary schools in all the smaller centeo across % e country, while the secondary schools are usually loco& ed in centers with at kast 2000 residents. Until 199 I, sec- ondary school education was concentrated in large sec- ondary schoolcamptexes, which more recan:!y hove bra. ken up into individual secondary schools. Higher educa- tion is provided at the Liubliana and Maribor universities and at individual faculties in several other places includ- ing Krani. Portoroi, Koper. and Nova Gorica. Education br peopte with develo

E mental disorders is also available,

as welt os music and allet education.

256-257 HEALTH CARE AlEN!3 IUREl FALESKINI DRAWKtAIXdlK Health care activities should prevent untimely death and improve the he&h of the population. The basic guideline br this acttvlty is in harmony with the WHO declaration, H.eaf?hbrAflPeop/ebyhe YearZODD. The main aim of this document is b reorientthe thinking of users of health care services, experts, and politicians from healing dit- eases b increased concern for health. The largest part of Sbvene heafth care is organized on the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels and is carried out at health care cen- ters. clinics, hos itatr, pharmacies, social security institu- lions, and heat tl! resorts. Slovenia has twenty-bur hospi- Ms. which are also centers of medical research and tech- natogy. The Clinical Canter in Liubliano ploys a central rob.

258-261 CULTURE AWKA WRR FAESKlN/ Cultural and artistic activity includes all forms of creation and the propagation and protection of cultuml values: lit. erature, music, dance, theatre, visual arts, film and video activity, the propagation of cultural values in publishing, exhibltion and Itbrary activities, cinematagra hy, radio, television, and ether media, and the organize 8 protectron of the cultural heritage. Cuhure is an important factor of nationol existence; in the past, cuhure played a decisive rolt in the development of the notional identity of the Slovenes. The majority of activities take place in pro. fessional cuhural institutions; however, the role of omateur and independent groups with specialized, experimental, end avontgardt orientutions is also important. The con- centration of maior institutions in Liubliano is chamcter- istic of the organization of cultural acttvittes.

Religious belief is one of the most widespread phenome- na in tbe world. end the same is true of Slavenia. In spite of the ‘icy’ attitude of society [the state) toward religion between 1945 and 1990, religions among the Slovena population did not vanish; on the contrary, old ones were

ioined by numerous new ones, primarily the moior world religions. Many are based on religious books. For Christians, the Bible with tht Ofd and New Testaments is the essential book; brlews, only the OkJ Testament is con- sidered a holy book; and the holy book for adherents of Islam is the Koran. Religtans that dominate an environment also influence its appearance. In Slovenio, Catholic churches are visible everywhere, mosdy on prominent ele- vations, in the middle of settfements, or on their outskirts. A special map shows the territory of Catholic monastic orders.

266-277 EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE DRAWKlADNlK PETER REPCXUSK The employment structure of the population and its changes determine the level of development of a region or a country. This is particularly true of countries in tran- sition from ogricuhural to industrial or portindustrial soci eties, among which Stovenia belonged following World War II. This is clearly evident from ths data selected for corn orison from the census resuhs of 1961 and 1991, The irst eight maps show the proportions of the employed P according to established stotirtical divisions into four main groups of activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quo- ternary), white the last two presentthe dominant secbr of employment for both years. With the growth of unem. ploymsnt, rhe difference between the number of employed and the active population increases.

737%~~ ECONOMtC POWER OF THE POP-

Iv0 FtRY SlI4tVKO FELC In 1990, the compulsory decbration of all sources of income was introduced in Slovania with new tax Iegirlo- tin. This declaration is the basis for the calculation of income tax. Previously, the income of the population wes almost impossible to coLulote. Various records existed for individual income sources. Only those whose earnings exceeded a legally determined value in a parttculor year were obliged to register their income. The presentation of income achieved per resident is not a substitute for the cakulatton of the social product per resident, pravi. ousfy the most frequently used index of the level of the economic development of re income reflects in a better way t e economic stvength of 1

ions. The distribution of

individual parts of the country ond indicates the differences originating from different economic structures ond succerrful management.

28&313 SEllUNG DRAW MDNIK, EDITOR

;;;zZ28& SEllLlNG IN ARCHEOLOGKAL

SAVKO CbSLENFZKl JANE.zDuuR JANA HORVAT ANDREI FiElERSKJ WAN TURK In the Stone ond Copper Ages, present-day Slovene ter. ritary was sparsely settied. We can speak of o genuine cultuml region only at the end of the Bronze Age and into the Iron Age. When the Ramans colonired the territory of presen%day Slovenia, they brought with them a more developed civiftzation ond founded the Cst towns (tmono, Celeio, Poetovio, Neviodunum]. These were administro- tiie. commercial, and religious centen ond simultaneously the focal point of Romanization. Major changes in the set. tkment structure were caused by the Migration of Natiinr and were also the consequence of the exposed ond tron- sit location of Slovene territory. The indigenous popula- tion took refuge in outlying hilly regions and settfed in for- tified towns. In the 761 century, Slovene tenitory along with the wider surroundings was settled by the Slavs.

288-291 COLONtZATtON mRlA MIM Colonisation in the Middle A four phases and

es ond later progressed in fundamental y changed the appearance B

of the landscape. Older Slovene coloniratton is charac- terirtic for the period following the arrival of the ances- tors of the Slovenes in the area of the Eastern Alps and lasted from the second half of tbe 6th century until the 9th century. After a shti interruption in the period of

359

MlKlE SUMMARIES. GEOGRAPHtCAl ATLAS OF SlOVENtA 0 I V98 DZS, d d. Z.&fn~Wa hmhne

Hungarian raids, the second phoss called ‘inhmal cc& onizotion’ faltowed between tbe 10th ond 13th centvries. The third phose encompasses the period from the 13tb to the 15th centuries and after the primary oreos of migrw tion is called ‘highland colonization.’ From the 16th ten. tury on, the fourth or so called ‘additional colonizotion’ phorc began, the consequence of social changes expe- rienced by the rural population and simultaneously the flight from the Turks from the Balkan interior.

292-295 SYSTEMS OF FIELD DIVISION oRAwKuo~ One of the most cbomct4ristic katures of the Slovens covn- tryside ore the various forms of land parcels that reflect the voriity of natuml conditions and the odoptotion of man to the londscope. Research ond the typification of codos- tral parcels ore an attempt to evaluate the interdependent effects of certain fundomentol factors 01 he ruml bndscope such OS colonization, the historic01 development of ogri- culture, types of rttfements ond rural homesteads, and cvC tivotion orientation. The main types of field division in Slovenio ore codostrol enclosures, regvlor and irregvfor- fy+haped plott, and serried strips; al OR divided into rub types and are interwoven in various combinations. Research hod an important role mostly in le part, and in this connection Svetozrrr llefit must be mentioned Iince the recognition of Slovenia geography around the world begun with his study of field division systems.

296-297 RURAL ARCHITECTURE VL4D&lfR OROZG The farmhouse is on important element of the countryside landscape, especially in Stovenio where the rural envi- ronment covers the majority of the country ond where the londrcope is so diverse due to the natural conditions. The forms of rvrol homes and formhouses ore corn. spondingly diverse. They were designed according to exirb ing building techniques, artistic and hirtoricol styles, con- strvction moteriots ovoitoble in the vicinity, and the mote- ripI status of the owner. The boric and original types of Sloveae rural architecture ore the Alpine, Littoral, Ponnonian, ond CentroCSlovenio house, all with several variations. Following World War II, the semiurban house, which is very different in form from the traditional types of rural hovse, completely dominated the period of the suburbonizotion of the covnhyside.

298-300 RURAL SElXMENTS VlADMR OROZG The term ‘mml settlement is used for places in the covn- tryside whose cborocterirticr ore the result of tbe prevo- lence of forming activities. The moiority of Slovene =t- bments devetaped in the time when ogricvltvn was the boric activity, which is reflected in their location and their pattern of buildup. However, they have changed H) much fvnctionolly and sociaffy that the term ‘rvml ~ttfe merit’ is no longer the most appropriate. Chorocteristic settlement forms in the countryside, dependent mainly on notural conditions and the period of colonizotion, are iso- lated brmsteods. hornlets, and dispersed and compact seb tlements; the lottcr ore divided into nucteote ond roadside types, ond both have several chomcterisric subtypes. Svburbonized settlements form a special group and include the greedy tronrformed viffages found throughout the country.

301-305 TOWNS MADMR QROZG Along with its eonstrvction history, the plan of a town indi- re&y reflects itseconomic strength, adaptation to the top* gmphicol situation, and concepts regarding tbe orronge- ment of hvmon kabitotion. Because conditions and pee sibitities changed in he course of the developmental bwnr, several types 01 town plans evolved. The Iegocy of the majorii of Slovens fawns originoted in the Middle Ages; this also applies to the urban system, the location of.townr and boroughs, and their consrvction plan. The pnvoknce of the cbsricistground plon is typical of la 18th ond 19th centuries, while he modernist ground plan gained ground in Ie second half of the 20th century. The topoe graphicolposition of bwnr is afso quit4 diverse. Their older

ports con be found below elevations with o castle, on 0 prominence at he confluence of rivers, along rivers, in river bends, in valleys, on elevations or saddles, on plains or ot their edges, ond on islands or peninsulas.

30&-30; TOWN FUNCTIONS

The cancept of *town function’ denotes nonogricuhvrol activities though which towns create economic and social links with the immediot4 or moredistant svrrovndingsQnd on which their survival mainly depends. Research under- taken LO far confirms the prevailing orientation of Slovens towns toword secondary (indvstriol) activities, white on ori entotion toword tertiary ond quoternory activities is much rmer ofthough employment in these s4ctorrhos gmwn con. sidembfy. Many towns are oriented toword different activities simultaneously, but (or the majority, tertiory and quo&y activities ore finked b the predominant secondary activities.

308309 CENTRAL SEllIEMENTS Kxx vR$ER Centol hemants are boric centers in the spotiol orga- nizotion of hvmon society. Service activities or4 concert. trot4d in&em, ond 4conomic and noneconomiccontacts between regions ond settlements take ptoce through them. They are ormnged in o hierarchy, u1 thot central settlements of a higher level also have voriovs more demanding functions along witfs basic ones. The formo- ti~n of cenfen depends on he number of consumers in their hinterland and the number of the consumers in the cen- ten themselves. The Stovene actwork of central settfements numbering more tfton 600 canters. divided into six levels and the UrpitQl city, has been influencad primorily by the unenn distribution and density of he popvktbn. he svr- face relief, historic01 development, ond the politico1 and odminirtrotlve divisions of the territory. This network has experienced conridembte honrformation in the lost cen- tury.

;$O-lo-&3 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN-

hWL4NRAWAR Urbonizotion is a process Ihot is actvotty composed of two processes: the ph sical growth of cities and the spread of the urban tidesty e. It is most simpfy expressed os the pro- T portion of the popvtotion living in cities, but it is prefer- able to employ several indexes linked by their contents. A Slovens chorocteristic is the large dispersi0n of settfe- merits, since oniy o good kotf of the population lives in cities. A little under two miffion people live in almost 6000 settlements; onfy the ~0 frtrgest hove more than 180,000 inhobitonts. Nontrol conditions and historical developmentare Ce main nosons thottowns ore relatively small and tbatL4re are so many vilfoger. Almost one boB of the population lives in rural areos, otthough onfy o good seven percent survive on forming atone; the rest commuto daily to employment centers, os o role, cities or settlements with urban chorocteristics.

814-327 ENVIRONMENT MIIAN OnOtENAOAhk, EDROR

3 16-3 17 fMPORTANT NATURAL RESOURCES CFNA REIEC BRANCEU Noturol rasourcer are very ‘un ortont kr tbedevelopment of o country since they actuo R y define L.primQry deveL opmentpossibilities. The most importontnotvrol resources include Qgricvltuml Iond, potabte water, and forest, ond these are therefore presented individvotly. Nature! resovrces in Slovenia are unevenly distributed according to its regions. They ar4 limited io quantity and quality and must tberefore be conserved and suitably monoged.

3 18-3 19 NATURAL DISASTERS MAN O+!OtENAOMUt Dongerrand unpredictable events have ofwoys been port of everyday bvmon life. In the axtremefydiverse londscope of Slovenio. n~turol disasters such Qsearthqvokes, floods, hoil, frost, drought, and landslides ore not rure. The pre

vention of notuml disasters and protection from hem are significantly connected with development and our fvtvra possibilities because these disasters, even in the absence of on exception01 event, 0nnvofly cl0im 2 to 3% of Slovenio’s GDP.

320-322 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTfON METKA SPES The geogrophi-col diversity ondmoroic prrarn of Slovenio’s regions, their notuml ond geogmphicol feotvres, and the chomct4ristics of previous development greatly influ- ence the extent and degree of the degradation or pollu- tion of the oir and water. We must not overtook he fact that regions where such anvironmentol degrodotion is stronger ore interwoven with or bordered by less pollu~ ed regions end litat we con stiff only discuss re ionof or wlfey and borin poilution of the ottnQrphere and tl e thong ing degrodotion of water systems because more ond less poffuted sections ahernote along their flow.

323 WASTE DUMPSAND WASTETREATMENT GOR &BENfK In Stovenio, almost 300 kg of waste per inhabitant is pro. dvced each year. Only 0bovt 100,UOO tons or obovt one sixth of this wost4 is iacfvded inorgonized woste removal. There are many unorgonized-dump sites (10,000 to 15,000). Almost ali commvnol wQ$te is dumped, ond only a smelt proportion is collected for recovering secondary row noteriab or other processing. There ore 51 organized but not okays suitably regulated dumps br communal waste. Hozordour works amounting b omvnd 1,000 tons each year present a speciot problem.

324-325 NATURAL HERITAGE PETER SKOBERNE The great diversity chorocterirtic of Slovenio is reflected in its biotic heterogeneousness and its re ionol and CUC tuml variety. This orea smtrffet than Lo e ‘I Onbrio in Conado is distinguished by different climate types, o het- erogeneous geological structure, and roried relief. Two further characteristics ore of interest extensiv4 forertotion and the prevalence of carbonate rock with highly deveC oped korst phenomena. The protection of natvre io the ter. ritory of presentdoy Stovenio hose ion kodition. Naturof sites were fiist pmtect4d here in le E I9t century. In 1920, members of the Deportment for the, Protection of Notvre 01 the Museum Association of Sloverig submitted the first nature preservation progmm lo h4 regional authorities, and Triglav National Pork was estobfished four years later. Nature preservation activities and or oniz0tions at the government and Qongovernmenttevets a eve developed steodify, and today some B% of Bbvene territory is pro- t4cted in various ways.

326-327 CULTURAL HERltAGE XRNEIA 8Ati The cuRural heritoge is the work of non from post peri- ods that has historical, scientific, or esthetic value. The prerervotion of this heritage is the right snd he oblige. tion of the entire society. The mop shows 1 ,171 selected items, obovt 12% of the crhvrol heritage sites registered in Slovenin. This indicates thesxceptionol density of such sites since we encounter evidenc4 of our rich history ot almost every s~cp. We must identify them in order to reg. ister, research, ondossersdsem ondpossiblyprocloim them 0s notion01 monuments.

328-343 MAP INDEX MIIAN CU0tENADA.M~

344-353 LITERATURL AND SOURCES oRAwKL4oMK MtlAN ORoaw AD& ORAW PERK0

Translation by WAVMNmEond

MARGIISlRAUSS PENI

360