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Lesson ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you …

• Must be able to describe (AO1) the observational method and its components.

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) the observational method.

• Should be able to identify different data types (nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).

Pg 6-8

Validity and Reliability

Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure.

Reliability is the extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials.

Validity Reliability

Check Conduct an survey

Inter-rater reliability

(more than one observer)

ImproveCovert

observations(no demand

characteristics)

Agreed coding scheme

(remove ambiguity of categories)

Scenario Based Questions

Select on of the scenarios and answer the questions.

20 mins

If you complete one move onto another or design yourown scenario and answer the questions.

Key Terms - Observation

• Ecological Validity• Non-participant Obs. • Participant Obs.• Undisclosed (covert)• Disclosed (overt)• Structured • Unstructured• Coding Scheme• Controlled Observation

• Event Sampling• Time Sampling• Reliability • Inter-rater Reliability• Validity• Categories• Ethics• Quantitative Data• Qualitative Data• Coding Scheme

Quantitative Data

Qualitative Data

Levels of Measurement

Descriptive vs. Inferential

Descriptive Statistics• Summary of data to illustrate patterns and

relationships – BUT can’t infer conclusions

Inferential Statistics• Statistical tests that allow us to make

conclusions in relation to our hypothesis.

eg. Mann-Whitney or Spearman’s Rho or Chi Square.

DESCRIPTIVE Data Analysis

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

Scattergram to show the Correlation between variable

1 and variable 2

Titles are VERY important. Title your axis, the integers and give the graph a title.

y ax

is la

bel

y ax

is la

bel

x axis label x axis label

Levels of DataNominal - measure of central tendency: modeData in categories (finished, fell, started)

Ordinal - measure of central tendency: median Data which are ranked or in order (1st 2nd 3rd)

Interval / Ratio - measure of central tendency: mean

Precise and measured using units of equal intervals (1m54s, 1m59s, 2m03s)

Ratio has a definite and meaningful zero point

Cat

ego

rica

l C

on

tin

uo

us

TYPE DESIGN

NOMINALDATA

ORDINALDATA

INTERVALDATA

REPEATEDMEASURES Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

MATCHEDPAIRS Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

INDEPENDENTMEASURES Chi-squared

Mann-Whitney'U'

Unrelated ttest*

CORRELATION Chi-squaredSpearman

RhoPearsonmoment*

* For Parametric tests Parametric criteria must also be met.

20 minutes

• Must be able to describe (AO1) the observational method and its components.

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) the observational method.

• Should be able to identify different data types (nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).

It’s all about you …

Lesson ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you …

• Must be able to design (AO3) an observation. • Should be able to carry out (AO3) an

observation to collect data.

Category 1 Category 2

SC1 SC2 SC3 SC1 SC2 SC3

Male

Female

Eating behaviour in the canteen Politeness in the canteen / around the college On task / off task behaviour …

• Must be able to design (AO3) an observation. • Should be able to carry out (AO3) an observation

to collect data.

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