Aspetti idrologici ed idrogeologici della sorgente Sanità...

Aspetti idrologici ed idrogeologici della

sorgente Sanità di Caposele, alimentante

l’Acquedotto Pugliese

Hydrological and hydrogeological features of the

Sanità spring of Caposele, Southern Italy, which

feeds the Pugliese aqueduct

Francesco Fiorillo

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, University of Sannio, Italy

in collaborazione con Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A.

Giornata di approfondimento AIGA “Lo studio e la tutela delle acque sotterranee”, 25 ottobre 2016, Bari

Piano Laceno (Mt. Cervialto), Caposele spring catchment

Caposele spring and Pugliese aqueduct

Caposele spring:

elevation: 417 m a.s.l.

mean discharge 4 m3/sec

Caposele

Pugliese aqueduct:

total lenght: more than 400 km

main gravity-channel (244 km long) up to Villa Castelli

93 bridges and 105 tunnels

Pavoncelli tunnel, 15.3 km

Murge tunnel, 16 km


1868, Camillo Rosalba (engineer of thePublic Works Office)

1901, first studies and surveys in the area of Sanità springs (supported bya financing of the central state, one million lire).

1902, the consortium “Acquedotto Pugliese” (State and other localauthorities) was formed, with full powers on the construction and futuremanagement.

1906, begin the excavation of the tunnel crossing (Pavoncelli) andsubsequently those of the main channel up to Villa Castelli.

Main historical points before the tapping


1915, arrival of spring water in Bari

1918, Brindisi

1927, Lecce

Main historical points of the tapping


Main features of the tapping zone


Caposele spring viewMain channel in the tapping area


Beginning of the last century (1900)

Caposele spring view


Caposele spring viewcurrently


1) Continental mantle (Quaternary); 2) argillaceous complex and flysch sequences (Paleogene–

Miocene); 3) calcareous-dolomite series (Jurassic–Miocene); 4) main karst spring; 5) village;

6)mountain peak; 7) elevation (m a.s.l.); 8) Spring catchment ; 9) endorheic area; 10) river gauge.

Hydrogeological sketch of north-eastern sector of Mt. Picentini


3D view of the Cervialto massif

Caposele spring417 m

Piano Laceno1050 m

Mt. Cervilato1809 m


Hydrogeological cross-section

Celico & Civita, 1976

Aquino et al., 2005


Class elevation distributionhydrogeological spring catchment, 110 km2

elevation mean: 1173 m spring elevation : 417 mrock thickness (mean) above the spring: 756 m

Fiorillo F., Pagnozzi M., Ventafridda G. (2015) - A model to simulate recharge processes of karst massifs- Hydrological processes


Schematic soil-profile of Campania slopes

Fiorillo, F. (2011) - The Role of the Evapotranspiration in the Aquifer Recharge Processes … - Evapotranspiration


Main climatic features: long-term mean monthly valuesThornthwaite balance, Montevergine, 1270 m a.s.l.


Fiorillo, F. (2011) - The Role of the Evapotranspiration in the Aquifer Recharge Processes … - Evapotranspiration

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5S

ep-7

1

Oct-

71

Nov-7

1

Dec-7

1

Jan-7

2

Feb-7

2

Mar-

72

Apr-

72

May-7

2

Jun-7

2

Jul-

72

Aug-7

2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Torano spring

snow

Cumulative rainfall

Da

ily r

ain

fall

(mm

);

An

nu

al m

ean

ra

infa

ll (%

)

Sp

rin

g d

isch

arg

e (

m3/s

)

195 mm

Caposele spring

wet year

Fiorillo F. (2009) - Spring hydrographs as indicators of droughts in a karst environment – J.of Hydrology

Daily values during a wet year


1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5S

ep

-74

Oct-

74

No

v-7

4

De

c-7

4

Ja

n-7

5

Fe

b-7

5

Ma

r-7

5

Ap

r-7

5

Ma

y-7

5

Ju

n-7

5

Ju

l-7

5

Au

g-7

5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sp

rin

g d

isch

arg

e (

m3/s

)

Da

ily r

ain

fall

(mm

);

An

nu

al m

ean

ra

infa

ll

Torano spring

Cumulative rainfall

Caposele spring

dry year

Daily values during a dry year



Physical and chemical characteristics of springwater1 Jan 2009 – 27 Feb 2011


ZONA CINIELLO

CONTRADA DEL PASTORE

Factors controlling the shape of the hydrographRock mass conditions, Cervialto rock outcropping


Factors controlling the shape of the hydrographfault scarp induced by 1980 Irpinia earthquake

http://legacy.ingv.it/roma/attivita/sismologia/sorgentesismica/esempi/irpinia/irpinia.html


The effect of 23 November1980 earthquake (Ms=6.9)

Fiorillo F. (2015) - Hydraulic Behavior of Karst Aquifers– In: Karst Aquifers, Characterization and Engineering


The effect of 23 November1980 earthquake (Ms=6.9)



Annual rainfall and annual mean discharge

standardised valuesDaily spring discharge

The effect of drought on the following years



The effect of drought on the following years


Cumulative rainfall and spring hydrograph shape

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

1942-43

1948-49

1967-68

2001-02

Cu

mu

lative

eff

ective

ra

infa

ll, m

m

Sp

ring

dis

cha

rge

time (1 year)

Insu

ffic

en

t e

ffe

ctive

rain

fall

Sp

ring

dis

cha

rge

time (1 year)Eff

ective

ra

infa

ll a

ble

to

rech

arg

e a

qu

ife

r

(Discharge>Recharge)

1° Caposele threshold, 610 mm

2° Caposele threshold, 740 mm

mean, 870 mm

1962-63

1940-41

1994-95



-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1885

1888

1891

1894

1897

1900

1903

1906

1909

1912

1915

1918

1921

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

Serino Caposele

Cassano I. Torano

Maretto S.Maria a Rivoli

sta

nd

ard

ise

d a

nn

ua

l m

ea

n s

pri

ng

dis

ch

., Q

S

23 Nov 1980 earthquakes

Low flow period

Low flow period

High flow period

High flow period High flow period

Low flow

period

a)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1885

1888

1891

1894

1897

1900

1903

1906

1909

1912

1915

1918

1921

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

Serino Caposele

Lago Matese Montevergine

RoccamandolfiSta

rna

da

rdis

ed

an

nu

al ra

infa

ll, P

s

Dry periodDry period

Wet periodWet period

Wet period

Low flow

period

b)

Trend and fluctuation of spring discharges and rainfall

Fiorillo F., Guadagno F.M. (2012) - Long karst spring discharge time series …… – Env. Earth Sciences


-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1885

1888

1891

1894

1897

1900

1903

1906

1909

1912

1915

1918

1921

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

MarettoSerinoCaposeleCassanoToranoS.Maria Rivoli

1951-1956

1885-1893

1959-1974

1987-2008

1934-1942

1943-1950

1977-1981

1900-1912

RA

PS

, a

nn

ua

l m

ea

n s

pri

ng

dis

ch

arg

e

Low discharge

High discharge

a)

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1885

1888

1891

1894

1897

1900

1903

1906

1909

1912

1915

1918

1921

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

CaposeleSerinoLago MateseMontevergineRoccamandolfi

1987-2008

1900-1912

1959-1974

1934-1942

1943-1949

RA

PS

, a

nn

ua

l ra

infa

ll

1885-1890

Low rainfall

High rainfall

b)

RAPS of time series (discharge and rainfall)

Fiorillo F., Guadagno F.M. (2012) - Long karst spring discharge time series …… – Env. Earth Sciences


-3

-1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

18

84

18

88

18

92

18

96

19

00

19

04

19

08

19

12

19

16

19

20

19

24

19

28

19

32

19

36

19

40

19

44

19

48

19

52

19

56

19

60

19

64

19

68

19

72

19

76

19

80

19

84

19

88

19

92

19

96

20

00

20

04

20

08

Annual Winter

Summer 11-ys mov. av.

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

1969

1938

1926

1893

Shift/replacement termometer

a)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

18

84

18

88

18

92

18

96

19

00

19

04

19

08

19

12

19

16

19

20

19

24

19

28

19

32

19

36

19

40

19

44

19

48

19

52

19

56

19

60

19

64

19

68

19

72

19

76

19

80

19

84

19

88

19

92

19

96

20

00

20

04

20

08

Annual

Winter

Summer

1949-1951

1952-1956

1936-19461987-2008

RA

PS

Temperature above the mean

Temperature below the mean

b)

Temperature trend, Montevergine station, 1270 m a.s.l. Period 1884 - 2008

Bucci et al. (2015) - Winter survival of microbial contaminants in soil… – J. Env. Sciences


Aquifer behavior during dry periods (recession)


Fiorillo F., Revellino P., Ventafridda G. (2012) - Karst aquifer drainage during dry periods. J. of Cave and Karst Studies

Aquifer behavior during dry periods (recession)dependence of the recession coefficient on Q0

Caposele

y = 1,06x - 2,81

R = 0.98

Pollentina

y = 3.13x - 1.07

R = 0.93

Bagno della Regina

y = -0.68x2 + 0.24x + 6.8

R = 0.88

Cassano Irpino springs

y = -0,2421x2 + 1,8177x

R = 0,90

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0Q0 (m

3/s)

rece

ssio

n c

oe

ffic

ien

t , a

1

0-

3 (

d-1

)


Fiorillo F., Revellino P., Ventafridda G. (2012) - Karst aquifer drainage during dry periods. J. of Cave and Karst Studies

Drainage of a composite cylindrical tank-reservoir

Independent of the model used, the

following relationship can be deduced:

I

II

II

I

A

A

1

1a

aII

III

III

II

A

A

1

1a

a

Fiorillo F. (2011) - Tank-reservoir drainage as a simulation of recession limb of karst spring hydrographs. Hydrogeology Journal


II

eff

III

eff

II

effc

III

effc

III

II

n

n

nA

nA

a

a

II

III

III

II

A

A

1

1a

a

II

eff

III

eff

III

II

n

n

a

a

From the composite tank-reservoir to karst aquifers

composite tank-reservoir karst aquifer

Torricelli law

Darcy/Poiseuille law




Example of a karst aquifer, tectonically bounded by impervious terrains Conduits, shafts, vadose zone and saturated zone with different effective porosity are shown


Caposele spring discharge and water level monitored in well P1


P1 well

417

418

419

420

421

422

May-0

8

Jul-08

Sep-0

8

Nov-0

8

Jan-0

9

Mar-

09

May-0

9

Jul-09

Sep-0

9

Nov-0

9

Jan-1

0

Mar-

10

May-1

0

Jul-10

Sep-1

0

Nov-1

0

Jan-1

1

Mar-

11

May-1

1

Jul-11

Sep-1

1

Nov-1

1

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

P1-well water level

Caposele spring discharge

Wa

ter

ta

ble

le

ve

l. m

a.s

.l.

Dis

ch

arg

e. m

3/s

P1

Oct 2

00

8

Oct 2

00

9

Se

p 2

01

0

No

v2

01

1



Fiorillo F., (2013) - la recessione degli idrogrammi sorgivi ed analisi della sorgente caposele (italia meridionale) durante i

periodi secchi .. IT. J. ENG. GEOL. ENV.

Recession

period

Discharged

water volume

at spring

Dw (m3 106)

Water level

decrease in P1

L (cm)

Discharged volume for unit

of water level decrease

Vw=Dw/L (m3/cm 106)

October 2008 8,2 6 1,37

October 2009 11,3 31 0,36

September 2010 10,8 24 0,45

November 2011 9,8 23 0,43







05.11043.0

1045.06

6

)2011(

)2010(

)2011(

)2010(

w

w

eff

eff

V

V

n

n 06.100160.0

00170.0

)2010(

)2011(

)2011(

)2010(

a

a

eff

eff

n

n

83.300060.0

00230.0

)2008(

)2009(

)2009(

)2008(

a

a

eff

eff

n

n91.3

1035.0

1037.16

6

)2009(

)2008(

)2009(

)2008(

w

w

eff

eff

V

V

n

n

2008 and 2009 years

2010 and 2011 years

II

eff

III

eff

III

II

n

n

a

aCheck the formula



Recharge processes in the spring catchment (Cervialto massif)

Estimation of the long-term recharge (ratio between discharge volume and rainfall on the catchment)

The model have to distinguish the endorheic areas (closed morphologicalzones, where runoff cannot escape from the spring catchment) from therest of the catchment (open areas)

Then, a daily recharge model, calibrated on the previous annual scale estimation, allows to simulate the recharge and the runoff at daily scale



y = 0,753x + 1207,1

R2 = 0,9388

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 500 1000 1500 2000

elevation (m a.s.l.)

annual ra

infa

ll (m

m)

Rain gaugeElevation

(m a.s.l.)

Rainfall

(mm)

Acerno 725 1797

Campagna 300 1551

Contursi 97 1270

Eboli 173 1177

Giffoni Valle Piana 187 1398

Piano di Verteglia 1200 2143

Piano Laceno 1170 2014

a)

y = -0,0066x + 16,287

R2 = 0,93

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 500 1000 1500 2000

elevation (m a.s.l.)

An

nu

al m

ea

n t

em

pe

ratu

re (

°C)

TermometerElevation

(m a.s.l.)

Temperature

(°C)

Avellino 383 14,5

Montella 497 11,9

Montemarano 650 12,0

Montevergine 1287 7,9

Serino 351 14,2

b)

Annual mean rainfall and annual mean temperature in relation to ground-elevation

period 1970 - 1999



Mean Max Min

Mt.

CERVIALTO

(spring

catchment)

Elevation

m (a.s.l.)1179 1809 417

Afflux

mm/year2109 2621 1529

Temperature

°C8,5 13,5 4,4

Actual

evapotr.

mm529 688 410

Main hydrological features of the Cervialto massiflong-term annual values


( ( EE AeffA FR

( ( EAeffsAo FQR -recharge in the open areas, (R)Ao,

effective afflux, Feff, in a specific area, A

recharge amount, R, in endorheic area, AE

( An

P

F

n

eff

Aeff

1

Main hydrological parameters estimation (long-term annual scale)

effective recharge

coefficient, CR

1)( EARC

(

O

O

O

Aeff

A

ARF

RC

)()(



F, afflux

Feff, effective afflux

RO, run off;

Main hydrological parameters of Cervialto catchment



QP, groundwater abstracted

R, recharge

CR, effective recharge coefficient

.

• excess rainfall, Pexc=daily recharge + daily runoff

• daily runoff occurs if Pexc exceeds a specific threshold values at daily scale

• the threshold is deducted from the long term annual scale : (CR)Ao = (R)Ao /Pexc

PexcAETPi

Daily scale model of the recharge

The model generally needs:

- the thickness of the soil which is undergoing evapotranspiration processes, H;

- the (volumetric) water content at field capacity, max;

- the minimum water content reached at the end of dry season (summer), min;

- the total and effective porosity of the soil.



Daily scale recharge model, Mt. Cervialto catchment



Recharge coefficient for open areas, (CR)Aofunction of threshold of daily recharge, for different hydrological years



Conclusions

• Caposele spring is a fundamental water resource in southern Italy

• two hydrogeological aspects enhance its usability: absence of peaks (as a typicalporous medium) and the regime almost opposite to that of precipitation

• drought reduces the discharge of following years as well, highlighting a memory effectof the aquifer

• the spring is drough-resistant, as the (exponential) recession coefficient decreaseswhen initial discharge(Q0) also decreases

• as the spring catchment is not interested by pumping (groundwater abstraction) and itsenvironment is almost unchanged during the last century, spring discharge is apowerful indicator of climate


Aspetti idrologici ed idrogeologici della sorgente Sanitàdi Caposele, alimentante l’Acquedotto Pugliese

Hydrological and hydrogeological features of the Sanitàspring of Caposele, Southern Italy, which feeds the

Pugliese aqueduct

Francesco Fiorillo

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, University of Sannio, Italy

in collaborazione con Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A.


Caposele spring, tapping zone

Grazie!

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