Assassination of Benazir Bhutto

The assassination of Benazir Bhutto occurred on 27December 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Bhutto, twicePrime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990; 1993–1996)and then-leader of the opposition Pakistan Peoples Party,had been campaigning ahead of elections scheduled forJanuary 2008.[1][4][5] Shots were fired at her after a po-litical rally at Liaquat National Bagh, and a suicide bombwas detonated immediately following the shooting. Shewas declared dead at 18:16 local time (13:16 UTC), atRawalpindi General Hospital. Twenty-four other peoplewere killed by the bombing.[3] Bhutto had previously sur-vived a similar attempt on her life that killed at least 139people, after her return from exile two months earlier.Though early reports indicated that she had been hit byshrapnel or the gunshots,[6][7] the Pakistani Interior Min-istry initially stated that Bhutto died of a skull fracturesustained when the force of the explosion caused her headto strike the sunroof of the vehicle.[8] Bhutto’s aides re-jected this version, and argued instead that she sufferedtwo gunshots before the bomb detonation.[9] The Inte-rior Ministry subsequently backtracked from its previousclaim.[10]

InMay 2007, Bhutto asked for additional protection fromforeign contracting agencies Blackwater and the Britishfirm Armor Group. The United Nations’ investigation ofthe incident revealed that, “Ms. Bhutto’s assassinationcould have been prevented if adequate security measureshad been taken.”[11]

1 Background

Bhutto had opted for self-exile while her court cases forcorruption remained pending in foreign and Pakistanicourts.[12] After eight years in exile in Dubai and London,Bhutto returned to Karachi on 18 October 2007 to pre-pare for the 2008 national elections, allowed by a pos-sible power-sharing deal with President Pervez Mushar-raf.[5][13]

Bhutto survived an assassination attempt in Karachi dur-ing this homecoming.[5][14][15] En route to a rally inKarachi on 18 October 2007, two explosions occurredshortly after she had landed and left Jinnah InternationalAirport returning from her exile.[16] Bhutto was not in-jured, but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bombattack, killed 139 people and injured at least 450.[16][17]The dead included at least 50 of the security guards fromher Pakistan Peoples Party, who had formed a human

Benazir Bhutto, September 2004

chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away,as well as six police officers.[18] A number of senior offi-cials were injured. Bhutto was escorted unharmed fromthe scene.[18]

After the bombing Bhutto and her husband askedMusharraf for greater security, including tinted windows,jammers for bombs, private guards, and four police ve-hicles. These calls were echoed by three U.S. Sena-tors who wrote to Musharraf. Bhutto’s supporters andthe Pakistani government dispute whether or not she wasprovided adequate protection.[19] The Israeli newspaperMaariv reported that Bhutto further asked the UnitedStates’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Britain’s Scot-land Yard, and Israel’s Mossad several weeks before theassassination to help provide for her protection. Israel hadnot yet decided whether or not to provide aid because itdid not want to upset relations with Pakistan and India.[20]Bhutto also tried to obtain private security personnel, ap-proaching both the U.S.-based Blackwater and UK-basedArmorGroup. However, the Pakistani government re-fused to give visas to the foreign security contractors.Despite this, American diplomats provided Bhutto withconfidential U.S. intelligence on threats against her.[21]

1

2 2 ASSASSINATION

After the assassination, President Musharraf denied thatBhutto should have received more security, saying thather death was primarily her own fault because she took“unnecessary risks” and should have exited the rally morequickly.[22]

2 Assassination

Benazir Bhutto had just addressed a rally of PakistanPeoples Party supporters in the city of Rawalpindi whenthe rally was rocked by an explosion. Initial police re-ports stated that one or more assassins fired at Bhutto’sbulletproof white Toyota Land Cruiser just as she wasabout to drive off after the rally.[23] A suicide bomber det-onating a bomb next to her vehicle followed.[24] Accord-ing to Getty Images photographer John Moore, Bhuttowas standing through her vehicle’s sunroof to wave at sup-porters, and fell back inside after two gunshots.[7][25] TheTimes of India aired an amateur clip showing the assassinfiring three gun shots at Bhutto before the blast.[26]

Following the incident, an unconscious Bhutto wastaken to the Rawalpindi General Hospital at 17:35 lo-cal time,[27] where doctors led by Rawalpindi MedicalCollege Principal Mohammad Musaddiq Khan tried toresuscitate her, performing a “left anterolateral thoraco-tomy for open cardiac massage”.[28] Sadiq Khan, Mo-hammad Khan’s father, had tried to save Liaquat AliKhan when he was assassinated in the same park andrushed to the same hospital in 1951.[29] Although Pak-istan Peoples Party spokesman Farhatullah Babar initiallysaid that Bhutto was safe, she was declared dead at 18:16local time (13:16 UTC).[5][30][31]

2.1 Cause of death

Memorial at the site of the assassination

Bhutto’s cause of death has been much discussed and de-bated. Some commentators suggested that this debatewas motivated by attempts to define Bhutto’s legacy: per-haps Bhutto would be considered a martyr if she died by

Plaque marking the spot of the assassination

gunshot, but not if she died by hitting her head followinga bomb blast.[32][33] Others asserted that the argumentsagainst a death by gunshot were intended to blunt criti-cism that she was not adequately protected.[33]

Initial reports based on Pakistani Interior Ministry in-formation reported that Bhutto was killed by a gunshotwound to the neck. Rehman Malik, a security adviser forPakistan Peoples Party, suggested that the killer openedfire as Bhutto left the rally and that he hit her in theneck and chest before he detonated the explosives he waswearing. Javed Cheema, an interior ministry spokesman,stated that her injuries were caused either by her havingbeen shot or from pellets packed into the detonated bombthat acted as shrapnel.[34]

On 28 December, however, the cause of Bhutto’s deathbecame less clear. Pakistan’s Interior Ministry an-nounced that they now felt Bhutto’s death was as a re-sult of a neck fracture sustained when she ducked or fellinto her vehicle and hit the sunroof catch immediately af-ter the gunshots but later reported her cause of death as askull fracture.[35][36][37] According to an Associated Pressreport, the Ministry stated “Bhutto was killed when shetried to duck back into the vehicle, and the shock wavesfrom the blast knocked her head into a lever attached tothe sunroof, fracturing her skull.” The Ministry furtheradded, in contradiction of the official hospital account,that Bhutto suffered no gunshot or shrapnel injuries andthat all gunshots missed her.[37]

Pakistan Peoples Party spokesman Farhatullah Babar re-jected claims that Bhutto’s death was caused by an ac-cident. Bhutto’s lawyer and a senior official in the Pak-istan Peoples Party, Farooq Naik, said that the report was“baseless” and “a pack of lies”.[38] He went on to supportthe view that the cause of death was two bullets hittingBhutto in the abdomen and the head.[38] An anonymousToyota official also rejected the notion that she could haveeven hit the lever based on its location in the car (a ToyotaLand Cruiser).[39]

In statements made to Pakistan’s The News, Moham-mad Mussadiq Khan, one of the doctors who treated

2.2 Funeral 3

Bhutto at Rawalpindi General Hospital, described severeand depressed skull fractures, oval in overall shape, onthe right side of Bhutto’s head.[40] He apparently sawno other injuries and downplayed the possibility of bul-let wounds,[41] although he had previously spoken ofthem.[42] One anonymous doctor said that Pakistani au-thorities took Bhutto’s medical records immediately afterher death, and that they told doctors to stop talking.[42]

On 31December, AtharMinallah of the Rawalpindi Gen-eral Hospital released a statement (described as “clini-cal notes”) signed by seven persons involved in Bhutto’streatment at the hospital.[43][44][45] These persons werenot pathologists and did not conduct a formal autopsy.The statement first narrates the course of treatment, fromBhutto’s arrival at the hospital until she was declareddead. The second part of the statement details the headwound and notes that “Detailed external examination ofthe body did not reveal any other external injury”. X-rayshad been taken of the head wound and were interpretedin the statement. The cause of death was declared to be“Open head injury with depressed skull fracture, leadingto cardiopulmonary arrest”.According to The Washington Post, the crime scene wascleared before any forensic examination could be com-pleted and no formal autopsy was performed beforeburial.[46] Despite the ambiguity surrounding her death,Bhutto’s husband Asif Zardari did not allow a formal au-topsy to be conducted citing his fears regarding the pro-cedure being carried out in Pakistan.[47]

On 1 January 2008, Pakistan’s Interior Ministry back-tracked on its statement that Benazir Bhutto had diedfrom hitting her head on the sunroof latch. Ministryspokesman, Javed Iqbal Cheema said that the ministrywould wait for forensic investigations before making aconclusion on Bhutto’s cause of death.[48]

On 8 February 2008, investigators from Scotland Yardconcluded that Benazir Bhutto died after hitting her headas she was tossed by the force of a suicide blast, not froman assassin’s bullet. However, as quoted in a New YorkTimes article, “It is unclear how the Scotland Yard in-vestigators reached such conclusive findings absent au-topsy results or other potentially important evidence thatwas washed away by cleanup crews in the immediate af-termath of the blast.”[49] In the report, UK Home Of-fice pathologist Nathaniel Cary said that while a gunshotwound to her head or trunk could not be entirely excludedas a possibility, “the only tenable cause for the rapidly fa-tal head injury in this case is that it occurred as the resultof impact due to the effects of the bomb-blast.”[50] Thefindings were consistent with the Pakistani government’sexplanation of Bhutto’s assassination, an account that hadbeen greeted with disbelief by Bhutto’s supporters.

2.2 Funeral

Bhutto’s funeral occurred on the afternoon of 28 De-cember 2007. Her body was moved from Chaklala Air-base in Rawalpindi to Sukkur Airport on 28 December at01:20 Both her children and her husband travelled withher body. Earlier they reached Chaklala Air Base by aspecial flight to get her body.[5] Mourners from all overPakistan made their way to Larkana to take part in thefuneral ceremony for the former Prime Minister. Thefamily delivered the body to its site of burial via heli-copter. Bhutto was laid to rest beside her father in thefamily tomb.[51]

3 Aftermath

3.1 Riots

Burned buildings with broken windows in Karachi, following ri-oting

After Bhutto’s death, supporters wept and broke the hos-pital’s glass doors, threw stones at cars, and reportedlychanted “Dog, Musharraf, dog” outside the hospital, re-ferring to President Musharraf.[5][24][52] Others attackedpolice and burned election campaign posters and tyres.[53]Some opposition groups said that the assassination couldlead to civil war, and other commentators said that theupcoming elections would likely be postponed.[54]

Demonstrations were widespread in Pakistan with po-lice using tear gas and batons to break up angry demon-strations in Peshawar.[5] Some protesters torched thebillboards of Musharraf, firing in the air and scream-ing. Protests in Multan also had protesters burning tiresand blocking traffic. Similar scenes were witnessed inKarachi, Bhutto’s homecity.[55] Police in Sindh were puton red alert.[56] Two police officers were shot in Karachiduring the riots following the assassination.[57]

Musharraf ordered a crackdown on rioters and looters toensure safety and security.[58] The Pakistan Rangers an-nounced shoot-on-sight orders against anyone inciting vi-

4 4 RESPONSIBILITY

olence or arson, although attempts to avoid direct con-frontation were maintained. On 28 December the riotsdeteriorated, especially in the Sindh Province, the home-ground of Bhutto. Foreign outlets, trains, banks and ve-hicles were destroyed or burned and protesters took overthe streets, chanting slogans and setting tires on fire in sev-eral cities. At least 47 people died in the riots.[59] Riotersdestroyed 176 banks, 34 gasoline stations and hundredsof cars and shops.[59] 28 December was the first day of ageneral strike called by many groups, ranging from polit-ical parties to various professional groups.Then it was the banks mainly in Sind. They were attackedand the buildings were burned in many cities of Sind.Most of the automated teller machines were destroyed.In some places, people were lucky to bring some moneyhome.Hundreds of private buses were burned in all parts of thecountry. There were also incidents of burning of trains inSind. According to the Daily Jang:Over 100 people died in the incidents related to massprotest, either by police or in the crossfire of differentgroups.

3.2 Pakistan Peoples Party

Bhutto’s son, Bilawal Zardari, read her instructions on thefuture of the Pakistan Peoples Party on 30 December.[60]He was appointed Chairman of the Pakistan PeoplesParty on 30 December 2007 in accordance with hismother’s wish,[61] and his father will be co-chairman.[62]

3.3 Elections and electoral fraud report

Main article: Pakistani general election, 2008

Pakistan’s election commission met on 31 December todecide whether or not to delay the January elections;two days before they hinted that they would need tobecause pre-election preparation had been “adverselyaffected”.[63] A senior election commission official sub-sequently announced that the election would be delayeduntil “the later part of February”.[64]

Senator Latif Khosa, one of Bhutto’s top aides, reportedthat she was planning to divulge evidence of fraud in theupcoming election following the event where the assassi-nation took place. The pair co-wrote a 160-page dossieron the subject, with Bhutto outlining tactics she allegedwould be put into play, including intimidation, excludingvoters and fake ballots being planted in boxes. The reportwas titled Yet another stain on the face of democracy. Ina statement he made on 1 January 2008, Khosa said:

The state agencies are manipulating thewhole process, there is rigging by the ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence), the Election Commission

and the previous government, which is still con-tinuing to hold influence. They were on therampage.[65]

Khosa said that they had planned to give the dossier to twoAmerican law-makers on the evening of her assassinationand release it publicly soon after that. One of the claimsin the dossier was that US financial aid had been secretlymisappropriated for electoral fraud and another was thatthe ISI has a 'mega-computer' which could hack into anyother computer and was connected to the Election Com-mission’s system. A spokesman for President Musharrafcalled the claims “ridiculous”.[65]

In the run up to the election, the 'sympathy vote' was con-sidered crucial for the Pakistan Peoples Party, which wasexpected to win the National Assembly.[66][67] The elec-tion results yielded a majority for the Pakistan PeoplesParty in the National Assembly, and in the Provincial As-sembly of Sindh.[68]

3.4 Economy

Following a three-day shut-down, the benchmark in-dex, the KSE100 index, of the Karachi Stock Ex-change fell 4.7%. The Pakistani rupee fell to its lowestlevel against the U.S. dollar since October 2001.[69] Thestock exchange has a history of recovering after politi-cal unrest.[70] The Pakistan Railways suffered losses ofPKR 12.3 billion as a direct result of riots following theassassination.[71] 63 railway stations, 149 bogies, and 29locomotives were damaged within two days of Bhutto’sdeath.[72] In the first four days after the assassination,Karachi suffered losses of US$1 billion.[71] By the fifthday, the cost of country wide violence amounted to 8%of the GDP.[73]

4 Responsibility

On 27 December, al-Qaeda commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid is said to have claimed responsibility for the assas-sination, telling several news outlets that “We terminatedthe most precious American asset which vowed to defeat[the] mujahideen.”[74] In his statement to the media, al-Yazid stated that al-Qaeda second-in-command Aymanal-Zawahiri ordered the killing in October 2007.[75] AsiaTimes Online also reported that it had received a claimof responsibility from al-Yazid by telephone.[76] U.S. in-telligence officials have said that they cannot confirmthis claim of responsibility.[77] Nonetheless, U.S. an-alysts have said that al-Qaeda was a likely, or evenprime suspect.[77][78] For its part, the Pakistani Inte-rior Ministry (of the previous Musharraf administra-tion) stated that it had proof that al-Qaeda was behindthe assassination, stating “that the suicide bomber be-longed to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi – an al Qaeda-linked Sunni

4.1 United Nations inquiry 5

Muslim militant group that the government has blamedfor hundreds of killings”.[37][79] The Interior Ministryalso claimed to have intercepted a statement by militantleader Baitullah Mehsud, said to be linked to al-Qaeda,in which he congratulated his followers for carryingout the assassination.[80][81] On 29 December a Mehsudspokesman told the Associated Press thatMehsud was notinvolved in the assassination:[82] “I strongly deny it. Tribalpeople have their own customs. We don't strike women.It is a conspiracy by government, military and intelligenceagencies.”[83] The Pakistan Peoples Party also called thegovernment’s blame of Mehsud a diversion: “The storythat al-Qaida or Baitullah Mehsud did it appears to usto be a planted story, an incorrect story, because theywant to divert the attention,” said Farhatullah Babar, aspokesman for Bhutto’s party.[82][84] On 18 January 2008,CIA Director Michael Hayden claimed that Mehsud andhis network was responsible.[85]

Bhutto, in a letter to Musharraf written on 16 October2007, named four persons involved in an alleged plotto kill her: current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief IjazShah, former chief minister of Punjab Chaudhry Per-vaiz Elahi, former chief minister of Sindh Arbab Ghu-lam Rahim, and the former ISI chief, Hamid Gul, asthose who posed a threat to her life.[86] British newspaperThe Times suggested that elements within the PakistaniInter-Services Intelligence with close ties to Islamistsmight have been behind the killing, though it assertsthat Musharraf would have been unlikely to have orderedthe assassination.[87] October 2007 emails from Bhuttosaying she would blame Musharraf for her death if shewere killed, because the Musharraf government was notproviding adequate security, were also published afterBhutto’s death.[19][88][89] Soon after the killing, many ofBhutto’s supporters believed that the Musharraf govern-ment was involved in the assassination.[90] On 30 Decem-ber Scotland on Sunday quoted MI5 sources saying thatfactions of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence may beresponsible for the assassination.[91] Bhutto anticipatedthat three senior allies of President Musharraf were outto kill her in a secret email to Foreign Secretary DavidMiliband written weeks before her death.[92]

4.1 United Nations inquiry

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon announced on 5February 2009 to send a commission to investigate Be-nazir Bhutto’s assassination on Government of Pakistan’srequest. Armed with a modest mandate and a limitedtimeframe, a three-member team arrived at Islamabad on16 July 2009. The unit, headed by the Chilean diplomatHeraldo Muñoz, found themselves plunged into a murkyworld of conspiracy theories, power politics and conflict-ing agendas. Muñoz was supported by the Indonesian of-ficial Marzuki Darusman and Peter Fitzgerald, a retiredIrish police officer who headed the initial inquiry into theassassination of Lebanese Premier Rafik Hariri in 2005.

The UN was asked to send a team to dispel away a con-spiracy theory claiming that Zardari himself orchestratedhis wife’s death; a notion most analysts dismissed becauseof absence of any concrete evidence. Basically the UNteam’s mandate was to “establish the facts and circum-stances of the assassination” and not to undertake a crim-inal investigation, which remained responsibility of thePakistani authorities.[93]

A formal investigation by the United Nationscommenced.[94] The report concluded that the securitymeasures provided to Bhutto by the government were“fatally insufficient and ineffective”.[95] Furthermore, thereport states that the treatment of the crime scene afterher death “goes beyond mere incompetence”.[95] Thereport states that “police actions and omissions, includingthe hosing down of the crime scene and failure to collectand preserve evidence, inflicted irreparable damage tothe investigation.”[95]

The UNCommission in its report mentioned that:A rangeof government officials failed profoundly in their effortsfirst to protect Ms Bhutto and second to investigate withvigour all those responsible for her murder, not only in theexecution of the attack, but also in its conception, planningand financing.

Responsibility for Ms Bhutto’s security on the day of herassassination rested with the Federal Government, thegovernment of Punjab and the Rawalpindi District Po-lice. None of these entities took necessary measures torespond to the extraordinary and urgent security risks thatthey knew she faced.In short; among other failings: the police co-ordinatedpoorly with the PPP’s own security; police escort unitsdid not protect Ms Bhutto’s vehicle as tasked; parked po-lice vehicles blocked the emergency route; and, the policetook grossly inadequate steps to clear the crowd so thatMs Bhutto’s vehicle would have safe passage on leavingLiaquat Bagh. The performance of individual police of-ficers and police leadership was poor in areas of forwardplanning, accountability and command and control.The heroism of individual PPP supporters, many of whomsacrificed themselves to protect Ms Bhutto should havebeen properly canalised by the Chief of PPP’s security [MrRehman Malik]. More serious, Ms Bhutto was left vulner-able in a severely damaged vehicle by the irresponsible andhasty departure of the bullet-proof Mercedes-Benz which,as the back-up vehicle, was an essential part of her con-voy [perhaps purposefully taken away by Rehman Malik,Babar Awan & Farhatullah Babar].

....The collection of 23 pieces of evidence was manifestlyinadequate in a case that should have resulted in thou-sands.... Hosing down the crime scene so soon after theblast goes beyond mere incompetence and needed fixingcriminal responsibility on many.The deliberate prevention by CPO Saud Aziz of a postmortem examination of Ms Bhutto hindered a defini-

6 5 REACTIONS

tive determination of the cause of her death. It waspatently unrealistic for the CPO to expect that Mr Zardariwould allow an autopsy on his arrival in Pakistan whilein the meantime her remains had been placed in a cof-fin and brought to the airport. The autopsy should havebeen carried out at RGH long before Mr Zardari arrived.The Commission was persuaded that the Rawalpindi po-lice chief, CPO Saud Aziz, did not act independentlyof higher authorities, either in the decision to hosedown the crime scene or to impede the post-mortemexamination.[96]

4.2 Official indictment

On 5 November 2011 a Pakistani court indicted two po-lice officers in connection with Bhutto’s 2007 assassina-tion in Rawalpindi, among them the former police chiefof the city. The two men were in charge of the formerprime minister’s security and have been previously ar-rested charged with “conspiracy as well as abetment inthe murder” and “changing the security plan”. A further5 men have also been indicted all of whom are believedto have been affiliated with Beitullah Mehsud, the Pak-istani Taliban leader blamed by the government for theattack. On 20 August 2013 ex-President Pervez Mushar-raf, was indicted on three chargers for murder, conspir-acy to murder, and facilitation of murder in connec-tion with his alleged failure to provide adequate securityfor Bhutto – charges for which he is reportedly denyingresponsibility.[97][98][99]

5 Reactions

5.1 Pakistani government

According to state television, Musharraf held an emer-gency cabinet meeting after he received word of the blast.He then addressed the nation, saying that “We shall notrest till we tackle this problem and eliminate all the ter-rorists. This is the only way the nation will be able tomove forward, otherwise this will be the biggest obstacleto our advancement.”[100] In a televised address, Presi-dentMusharraf publicly condemned the killing of Bhutto,proclaiming a three-daymourning periodwith all nationalflags at half mast.[101]MahmudAli Durrani, the Pakistaniambassador to the United States, called Bhutto’s death “anational tragedy” and stated that "... we have lost one ofour important, very important and, I would stress, liberalleaders.”[31]

5.1.1 Opposition

Nawaz Sharif was the first mainstream political leader toreach the hospital and express his solidarity with Bhutto’sfamily and political workers.[102] He vowed to “fight your

Nawaz Sharif (pictured in 1998) expressed his solidarity withBhutto’s family and political workers.

[Bhutto’s] war from now on” and calling the day of herassassination the “darkest, gloomiest day in the historyof this country”.[100][103] Despite extreme political enmitybetween the two leaders during the 1990s, both vowed tointroduce politics of tolerance before returning from exileand had earlier signed the Charter of Democracy. Aftersigning the charter, they said that they would work for anend to the rule of President Musharraf.[104] Earlier in theday, Nawaz Sharif’s political meeting had also been shotat, resulting in the death of four people.[105] Later that daySharif demanded that Musharraf “quit immediately” andsaid that the Pakistan Muslim League (N), his politicalparty, would boycott the January elections.[106]

Chairman Imran Khan of the Tehreek-e-Insaf partystrongly condemned the assassination of Benazir Bhutto.“It is a dastardly act designed to destabilise Pakistan withthe government responsible for not providing her securitythough she was demanding it. We must fight this menaceof terrorism. It is a black day in the history of Pakistanand an irreparable loss to this country,” Khan said.[107]

Pakistan Peoples Party Washington, DC chapter presi-dent Javaid Manzoor said, “We [Bhutto’s supporters] areshocked. We are stunned. Every single one of us ismourning the loss of our leader,” also stating that hebelieved that the next election, scheduled for 8 Januarywould be cancelled.[24] Pakistan Peoples Party senior vicechairman Ameen Faheem later called for a 40-day periodof mourning across Pakistan.[108] Pakistan Peoples Partyspokesman Farhatullah Babar said the Pakistan PeoplesParty was unhappy with the government’s declaration ofthe death coming as a result of an accident and said thatthe Pakistan Peoples Party wanted to see a change in thedirection of the investigation. He called for an indepen-dent inquiry into the assassination by international ex-perts. He also said that “had the government accepted our

7

demand of conducting an inquiry into Karachi’s 18 Octo-ber blast by international experts, this incident would nothave happened.”[109]

5.2 International reaction

U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination ina 27 December press conference.

Main article: International reaction to the assassinationof Benazir Bhutto

Bhutto’s assassination was met with widespreadcondemnation by members of the internationalcommunity,[100] including Pakistan’s regional neighboursAfghanistan,[100] China,[110] India,[100][111] Bangladeshand Iran.[31][100] Indian Prime Minister ManmohanSingh praised Bhutto’s efforts for the improvement ofIndo-Pakistani relations.[100][111] The United NationsSecurity Council held an emergency meeting and unan-imously condemned the assassination,[112] a call echoedby UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.[113]

6 See also• Terrorism in Pakistan

• Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan

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8 7 REFERENCES

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9

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10 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[87] Page, Jeremy (27 December 2007). “Main suspects arewarlords and security forces”. The Times. London. Re-trieved 27 December 2007.

[88] “Bhutto Blamed Musharraf for Lack of Security”. NPR.27 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.

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[90] David, Ruth Bhutto Supporters BlameMusharraf. Forbes.Retrieved 1 March 2008

[91] Elias, Richard; Watson, Jeremy (30 December 2007).“Bhutto murder blamed on Pakistan agents”. Scotland onSunday. Retrieved 30 December 2007.

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[94] “UN begins Bhutto killing inquiry”. BBC News. 1 July2009. Retrieved 2010-03-31.

[95] UN report on Bhutto murder finds Pakistani officials‘failed profoundly’ UN News Centre. 15 April 2010. Re-trieved 2011-05-12.

[96] “Judges & Generals in Pakistan Vol-II by Inam R Sehri[2012] pp623-25” . GHP Surrey UK.

[97] https://web.archive.org/web/20130820045140/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/20/20097437-pakistans-pervez-musharraf-indicted-in-benazir-bhutto-murder-case?lite. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013.Retrieved 20 August 2013. Missing or empty |title=(help)

[98] Ex-Police Chief Indicted in Bhutto Assassination

[99] Pakistan court indicts seven in Bhutto murder case inReuters on 5 November 2011

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[101] Qayum, Khalid (27 December 2007). "'Musharraf Con-demns Bhutto’s Killing, Announces 3-Day Mourning”.Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 December 2007.

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Coordinates: 33°36′26″N 73°03′48″E / 33.6073°N73.0633°E

8 External links• TIME: The Aftermath of an Assassination

• In pictures: Bhutto laid to rest, BBC News

• Assassination of Benazir Bhutto in the Newseumarchive of front page images from 2007-12-28.

11

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text• Assassination of Benazir Bhutto Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto?oldid=738706866 Contribu-tors: Mav, The Anome, Danny, Rickyrab, Leandrod, Nealmcb, Kingturtle, Med, Etherialemperor, RodC, Timwi, WhisperToMe, Tp-bradbury, Nricardo, Stormie, Dimadick, Donarreiskoffer, Nurg, Bkell, Mattflaschen, Elconde, Nunh-huh, Everyking, Michael Devore,Henry Flower, Peter Ellis, Andycjp, Pamri, Sohailstyle, Daen, Antandrus, DragonflySixtyseven, Halo, Neutrality, RossPatterson, RichFarmbrough, TheJames, Dbachmann, Kenb215, Bender235, ESkog, Zaslav, Theodoranian, Geoking66, Violetriga, MBisanz, El C, Are-Jay, RoyBoy, Elpuellodiablo, PatrikR, Gnoitall, Chris huh, La goutte de pluie, OGoncho, Alansohn, Jeltz, Andrewpmk, Riana, Book-worm1, H2g2bob, LukeSurl, Tariqabjotu, Yousaf465, Zntrip, Firsfron, Jersyko, Daniel Case, Veratien, Magabund, Astrowob, Prezboy1,Stefanomione, WBardwin, Dwaipayanc, Search4Lancer, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Koavf, Ground Zero, Vsion, SouthernNights, PKM, Sceptre,Clinevol98, Peter GWerner, Brandmeister (old), Rakkar, Notyourbroom, GreatGreg, Zelmerszoetrop, RadioFan2 (usurped), Lusanaheran-draton, NawlinWiki, Shreshth91, Wiki alf, Msikma, Joshdboz, Megapixie, Howcheng, Barberio, Priyanath, Ms2ger, Sandstein, Vhgk3z5b,De Administrando Imperio, Tomj, Chrishmt0423, Scoutersig, SorryGuy, ViperSnake151, John Broughton, SailorAlphaCentauri, Elliskev,Akrabbim, Jagz, Obnoxious, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Hux, Mak l10n, CastAStone, Kilo-Lima, Clpo13, Nil Einne, Coolian, Ohnoit-sjamie, Chris the speller, Anthonzi, Green meklar, Fraz123, Quackslikeaduck, Tjrudebeck, Riphamilton, Philwino, JGXenite, Orphan-Bot, Abulfazl, JMAPGGGonzalo~enwiki, Theoryhead, Cybercobra, Mytwocents, Mtmelendez, Josh-Levin@ieee.org, Dcamp314, Mini-Geek, Electprogeny, Jagarin, Kendrick7, Risker, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ohconfucius, Esrever, Nishkid64, Gunnala, Robofish, Sir Nicholasde Mimsy-Porpington, Barbara Osgood, Edward Morgan Blake, Gnevin, Norminator, Aarandir, Rodrigue, Loadmaster, Slakr, TheHYPO,Booksworm, MTN~enwiki, Beetstra, Eve215454, SandyGeorgia, Midnightblueowl, KirrVlad, Dl2000, Harpreetgiani, Joseph Solis in Aus-tralia, Theflyer, W123, Namiba, LessHeard vanU, Muamshai, SkyWalker, ZeeshanQazi, JForget, Tanthalas39, Hermitage17, W guice,Picaroon, Green caterpillar, NinjaJew, Darthbob100, Tex, Phatom87, AndrewHowse, Veracon.net, Treybien, Mainframe2000, Mato,Lugnuts, Sadharan, DumbBOT, Afinebalance, AJMW, Hypnosadist, Epbr123, Leitmanp, Plmoknijb, Java13690, Grahamdubya, Char-lotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, Heroeswithmetaphors, X96lee15, Seaphoto, Movses, Papipaul, Spencer, Yellowdesk, Dougher, QwertyBinary, Hermant patel, Avani patel, Erxnmedia, DagosNavy, HanzoHattori, MER-C, Reduxx, Instinct, Blood Red Sandman, Zaindy,Lucy1981, Albany NY, Sophie means wisdom, Realismadder, Tomheppy, Propaniac, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Brandt Luke Zorn, The-saurusRex, Ekantik, Steven Walling, Isaiahcambron, Giggy, Edmundwoods, Aziz1005, Ryzvonusef, GregU, WLU, QFA380, Dirtyharry2,Stephenchou0722, A. S. Aulakh, Grandia01, Centpacrr, Longroof, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, Lemike, Nono64, J.delanoy, Gemicat16,DrKay, Trusilver, Alastair1338~enwiki, Pointlessforest, Karanacs, Mhmahar, Raghuvansh r, Coppertwig, Kal.Sawa, FibreOptic, Ayyahtubby, TottyBot, Cometstyles, D.M.N., Aatrek, DMCer, Cuckooman4, Pdcook, Dheppens, WWGB, Lwalt, Redtigerxyz, Kitchawan,1812ahill, Joseph.ike, VolkovBot, Itsfullofstars, Ashdog137, M-g-17, AlnoktaBOT, MenasimBot, Killer3000ad, Philip Trueman, PahariSahib, Drfarrukhmalik, Kww, Caster23, Reinoe, Broadbot, Lukedrummond, Bentley4, Qszet, Razzsic, Smokefan2007, Rastrojo, DickKimball, Anyquestions, Molar6, Enviroboy, PAULOM37, OlkhichaAppa, Quantpole, Calliopejen1, Portalian, Caulde, Scarian, Xenus,Sakkura, Vexorg, Sephiroth storm, Mangostar, Kansai2kansas, LessThanClippers, Fibo1123581321, Keilana, Radon210, The Evil Spartan,Kcuello, Deprogram, Sbowers3, Redmarkviolinist, Baseball Bugs, Lightmouse, Joshii, Hobartimus, Fratrep, Eugen Simion 14, Kumioko,Behtis, Rhysjj, Alokprasad84, Florentino floro, Archtransit, Hordaland, Escape Orbit, LarRan, Baldrick90, Kanonkas, Chump Manbear,Rcaterina, ClueBot, Sennen goroshi, Foxj, Mattgirling, Buxbaum666, Mr.grantevans2, Busillis, Chris Bainbridge, Xavexgoem, Jmccusker,Real eyes realize real lies, Av0id3r, Brewmaster52, Piledhigheranddeeper, Mspraveen, Brewcrewer, Masterpiece2000, Eldorado91, Umairua, CohesionBot, “ArrivalR8”, Athletechampion, Timdevine, Cenarium, Tahmasp, Coccyx Bloccyx, BOTarate, EgraS, Musician42536,Dunfermline Scholar, Canberra photographer, WxHalo, Littleteddy, Versus22, Blow of Light, Thompsontough, Mellisa Anthony Jones,BBhounder, Liberal Humanist, Sta4pore, Yun-Yuuzhan (lost password), Palestinianpride, R4CHRUL3S, Sons of the Profits, Abu Abdulla,J1.grammar natz, Bobby6669, Dderkits, Jackoff69, Anonk, Gators999, Papul, XLinkBot, Fastily, Alwad7, AdonayMAN, Jabberwoch,Dishanarwani, Anticipation of a New Lover’s Arrival, The, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Misaq Rabab, Lihaas, Vitalshock101, Yobot, Qaatil,AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Kalamkaar, Neurolysis, Date delinker, Darthzekiel, Primarycontrol, RavShimon, Surlywombat, Trappistthe monk, Rivkid007, Pollinosisss, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, GoingBatty, Sxops, Mz7, Mar4d, BeowulfBrower, H3llBot, AManWithNo-Plan, Brandmeister, Chickie4, ClueBot NG, ATX-NL, Isnamemy, Lowercase sigmabot, Arnavchaudhary, Tommyboy1215, Hydramix,ProudIrishAspie, 220 of Borg, Cyberbot II, 5Empress, Khazar2, Egeymi, Zhoban, AldezD, Obaid Raza, Memorex1987, Damacyboy,Evano1van, Rossbawse, Monkbot, UsmanKhan, Clint de Henri van Hoyt, Sizzling hnny, Gluons1, Inam-sehri, GreenC bot and Anony-mous: 197

9.2 Images• File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Benazir_Bhutto.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors: en:Image:Benazir01.jpg Original artist: iFaqeer

• File:Benzir_Bhutto’{}s_death_place_mark.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Benzir_Bhutto%27s_death_place_mark.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Khalid Mahmood

• File:Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from flagspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370

• File:Kalebp_skull.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Kalebp_skull.svg License: CC0 Contributors:https://openclipart.org/detail/201856/skull Original artist: kalebp

• File:Karachi_rioting_aftermath.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Karachi_rioting_aftermath.jpgLicense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://flickr.com/photos/waheedmz/2151402590/ Original artist: Waheed M. Zuberi

• File:Memorail_of_Benazir_Bhutto.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Memorail_of_Benazir_Bhutto.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Khalid Mahmood

12 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Nawaz_Sharif_profile.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Nawaz_Sharif_profile.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: U.S. Department of Defense, 981203-D-9880W-123 Original artist: Robert D. Ward

• File:President_and_Mrs._Bush_Extend_Condolences_Regarding_Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto,_Condemn_Violence.jpgSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/President_and_Mrs._Bush_Extend_Condolences_Regarding_Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto%2C_Condemn_Violence.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/12/images/20071227_p122707cg-0068-515h.html Original artist: Chris Greenberg

• File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: DTR

9.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0