HBEL1203

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LANGUAGESSEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2014HBEL1203

LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION

MATRICULATION NO: 810103135392001IDENTITY CARD NO.: 810103135392TELEPHONE NO.

: 0198050793E-MAIL

: trezz01nofear@yahoo.com

LEARNING CENTRE: Sarawak Learning CentreCONTENTS

1.0The School Canteen Day poster

1.1 Introduction

1.2Explanation of the function of word classes

2.0A fable

2.1.1Analysis of two simple sentences

2.1.2Analysis of two compound

2.1.3Analysis of two complex sentences

3.0Closure

References

1.0The School Canteen Day poster

1.1Introduction

Language is means of communication. It is a tool to interact or communicate. There are many different level of language. They are sounds, words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, English has four major word classes. They are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Nouns are the most common type of word, followed by verbs. Adjectives are less common and adverbs are even less common. Many words belong to more than one word classes.

Meanwhile, according to Oxford Dictionaries.com, word classes are the categories to which words belong according to the part they play in the sentence. Also called part of the speech. Many word classes share characteristics with others, and there is considerable overlap between some of the classes. We use a combination of three criteria for determining the word class of a word. The meaning of the word, the form or `shape' of the wordand he position or `environment' of the word in a sentence.

Some words classes are open. New words can be added to the class as the needs arises. The class of nouns for example, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific discoveries are made, new ideas are explore and new product are developed. Developments in computer technology have given rise to many new nouns in the late twentieth century such as internet,website, email,newsgroup,bitmap,modem and multimedia.

In addition, according to K Often (2001), words can be classified by various criteria, such as phonological properties (e.g., monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic words), social factors (e.g., general vs. technical vocabulary), and language history (e.g., loanwords vs. native words). All of these are classes of words, but as a technical term, word class refers to the ten traditional categories below (plus perhaps a few others), most of which go back to the Greek and Roman grammarians. In this coursework, the focus is to show or demonstrate on analyzing grammar and describing relevant grammar rules accurately and effectively in different contexts.

1.2Explanation of the function of word classes

Word classes

The function based on the poster.

NounsNouns are the major word classes of English grammar. There are two types of common nouns that is proper and common. We use noun to refer to someone or something by naming them. It can be used to refer to a place, person, quality, group, an activity and object or whatever we can think of. Below is the example of a proper noun. It is a specific name of a place.

Example : 1) SK Bau School Canteen Day will be held on 4th

November 2014 at the Mutiara Canteen.

PronounsPronouns are words which replace a noun. The personal pronouns below refer to the things you are talking about. The word in bold below is refer to the School Canteen Day.

Example : It will start at 8.30 a.m. to 1.00 p.m.

AdjectivesAdjectives give the qualities of nouns. Qualitative adjectives and classifying adjectives are two large groups of adjectives. Here is the example of qualitative adjectives.

Example : There will be many types of traditional food, local

fruits and drinks available.

DeterminersA group of words to identify nouns and give the range of reference of the nouns. It must always stand before a head noun for a determiner. There are two types of determiner based on the functions that they perform - specific determiners and general determiners. We put them at the beginning of a noun group. Here is the example of general determiners include quantifiers.

Example : All parents are welcome to the food charity sale.

VerbsThere are five basic forms of English verbs - base form, -s form, past form, -ing participle form (present participle form) and -ed participle form (past participle form). The verb forms may be regular or irregular.

Example : The District Officer will be coming to launch the sale

next month.

AdverbsWords that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They tell where, when, why and what conditions something happens. The example below shows that it modifiers another adverb. It exactly the same form as adjective.

Example : The pupils can make an early order to get a colourful

smiley sticker.

PrepositionsThey can be classified according to form as simple prepositions or complex prepositions. There are three main types of prepositions - polysyllabic, monosyllabic and prepositions derived from participles. Meanwhile, complex prepositions are made up of two, three or four separate words but they must considered as one. They meaning cannot be derived from the meaning of the parts. It consist of a simple preposition and preceded by a word from another category. Here is the example of prepositions of time which used to designate specific times.

Example : It will start at eight oclock.

ConjunctionsThey are grammatical connectors that link words, phrases or clauses. The two types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. They indicate the relationship between the elements that it connects in the sentences. The sentence below shows the coordinating conjunction. It used to join two similar ideas of equal importance. Coordinating conjunction come between the words that they join.

Example : All foods and drinks are healthy.

InterjectionsAn interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion. It can be used as filler. Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone. Interjections express a wide range of emotions including surprise, exasperation and disgust. Formulaic expressions, including interjections, are unvarying in their form, that is they do not take any inflections.Example : Wow! I love it..

Table 1.2.1 : Explanation of function of word classes

2.0A fable

Tittle : The rabbit and the turtle.

One day a rabbit was boasting about how fast he could run. He was laughing at the turtle for being so slow. Much to the rabbits surprise, the turtle challenged him to a race. The rabbit thought this was a good joke, and accepted the challenge. The fox was to be the umpire of the race.

As the race began, the rabbit raced way ahead of the turtle, just like everyone thought. The rabbit got to the halfway point and could not see the turtle anywhere. He was hot and tired and decided to stop and take a short nap. Even if the turtle passed him, he would be able to race to the finish line ahead of him. All this time the turtle kept walking step by step by step. He never quit no matter how hot or tired he got. He just kept going. However, the rabbit slept longer than he had thought and woke up. He could not see the turtle anywhere! He went at full-speed to the finish line but found the turtle there waiting for him.

Adapted from : http://www.moralstories.org/fables/2.1Analysing the simple, compound and complex sentences from the fairy tale.

2.1.1Two simple sentences

A simple sentence presents a single idea and very useful for creating

emphasis. It has two main parts - subject and predicate. The subject

usually stands first. It answers the questions who or what and it is the

topic of a sentence. Meanwhile, the predicate usually comes after the

subject. The predicate answers the question : What does the sentence tell

us about the subject?. The subject has a noun phrase (NP) as it form. The

predicate has a verb phrase (VP) as its form. The subject and the predicate

are the two major constituents in the terms of function. The noun phrase

and the verb phrase are the two constituents in terms of form.

FunctionSubjectPredicate

He

2) The foxjust kept going.

was to be the umpire of the race.

FormNoun PhraseVerb Phrase

The predicates in the form of verb phrase are made up of only a verb group (Vgp). All the verbs are intransitive. They can stand on their own. This sentence pattern is made up of a subject (S) and a verb (V) in terms of function. It can be written as S V. However, in terms of form, it is made up of a noun phrase (NP) and a verb group (Vgp). They can be written as NP Vgp. Below is the constituents analysis of the sentence patterns.

S

V

He

just kept going.

NP

Vgp

S

V

Od

Co

The fox

was to be

the umpire

of the race.

NP

Vgp

NP

NP

2.1.2Two compound sentences

A compound sentences is made up of two or more independent clauses. It

connected to one another by a coordinating conjunction. Each independent clause

is complete by itself. It can stand alone. It is most effective when we use it to

create a sense of balance or contrast between two or more equally important

pieces information. The relationship between the two ideas is shown by the

coordinating conjunction. The two parts of the compound sentence need to be

linked correctly. A comma and a coordinating conjunction at the place where one

sentence ends and the other begins.

Independent ClauseCoordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause

The rabbit thought this

was a good joke

The rabbit go to the

halfway pointand

andaccepted the challenge.

could not see the turtle anywhere.

Independent Clause may be joined by a coordinating conjunction. It indicates the

relationship between the sentences. The compound sentences are formed by

linking simple sentences. It contains two independent clauses connected to one

another with a coordinating conjunction. These independent clauses refer to two

separate actions which are equally important.

2.3Two complex sentences

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent

clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone. They do not express a complete

thought. The dependent clause gives more information about the independent

clause. It is introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun or

which or a relative adverb.

Dependent Clause introduced by a Subordinating conjunctioncommaIndependent Clause

Even if the turtle passed

him

Much to the rabbits

surprise,

,he would be able to race to finish line ahead.

the turtle challenged him to a race.

A complex sentence beginning with a dependent clause and ending with an

independent clause is in the term of periodic sentence. It can be effective

because the completed thought occurs at the end of the sentence. The first part of

the sentence can build up to the meaning that comes at the end.

A comma should be used to separate the two clauses when the independent clause

comes first. Meanwhile, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses if the

dependent clause comes first.

3.0Closure

In English language, we have to use the systematic way of the grammar system. We must use the rules of grammar accurately and effectively in appropriate contexts and analyse sentence patterns in terms of form and functions. Word classes help us to discuss and explain more precisely the effects of our own and others' writing. The vocabulary of English consists of several hundred thousand words. Communication in English just cannot occur in a meaningful way without an extensive vocabulary. A good understanding of English is essential for the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. In fact, the status of vocabulary in a curriculum has been considerably enhanced the development of the communicative approaches to language teaching and and through the stimulus of comprehension-based methods.REFERENCES

Often, K. (2001). Word Classes and Parts of Speech.[Online]. Available : http://pages.uoregon.edu/tpayne/engram/Engramsection03. [2014, October 10].

Short Moral Stories. (2002). [Online]. Available : http://www.moralstories.org/fables/. [2014, October 24].

Sinclair, J. (ed.) (2006). Advanced Learners English Dictionary. London: HarperCollins.

Word Classes. (2002). [Online]. Available : http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/grammar-a-z#word_class. [2014, October 12].

Word Classes and Phrase Classes. (2000). [Online]. Available : http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/word-classes-and-phrase-classes. [2014, October 13].

Word Classes and Phrases. (2003). [Online]. Available : https://www.academia.edu/5304310/English_Word_Classes_and_Phrases. [2014, October 20].

SK Bau School Canteen Day will be held on 4th November 2014 at the Mutiara Canteen. It will start at eight oclock.

All parents are welcome to the food charity sale.

The District Officer will be coming to launch the sale next month.

The sale is to raise fund for the school.

There will be many types of traditional food, local fruits and drinks available. All foods and drinks are healthy.

The pupils can make an early order to get a colourful smiley sticker.

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