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And its Applications

Statistics Project Report

Hl Institute of commerce

TY Bcom 1 G8

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71) Amit72) Yash73) Dhruvi

74) Hardik75) Prashant76) Rushi77) Urmila

78) Dhruvin79) Rushabh80) BhoomiNote- All members of the groups have takensubstantial participation for the preparation of project

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Meaning of Terminologies to be usedMeaning of Association of Attributes

What is Consistency of DataTypes of Association of AttributesMethods of Calculation Association of Attributes.

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Association- Any relationship between two measuredquantities that renders them statistically dependentAttributes- A characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.)-

Referred as A and B. Consistency of Data- The validity, accuracy, usability andintegrity of related data between applications.Positive- Case of direct proportionNegative- Case of inverse proportionIndependent- Case of no relation

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In simple language interpreting the meanings as discussed it means Two attributes A and Bare said to be associated if they are not independent but are related in some way or theother.Thus, it is a mode of finding relation between data that can not be quantified and thus isqualitative data. It is presented in a tabular form wherein usually 2 attributes are referred asA and B and not having a particular attribute is denoted by and respectively.

It used for ideas like preference of people towards things- like restaurateurs can use todesign combo packs in menus say for burger and french fries or pizza and cold drink

Attribute A Total

B (AB) (B) (B)

( A ) ( ) ()

Total (A) () N

Here A is people buying pizza and B is people purchasing cold drink ,whereas and are users not buying pizza and cold drinkrespectively. Now if there is significant positive relation betweenboth, then the combi meal offer can be made.

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Any class frequencies which have been or might have beenobserved within one and the same population are said tobe consistent if they conform with one another and do notin any way conflict. For example, the figures (A) = 20, (AB)= 25 are inconsistent as (AB) cannot be great than (A), if they are observed from the sample population.Consistency of a set of class frequencies may be definedas the property that none of them is negative, otherwise,the data for class frequencies are said to be inconsistent. Since any class frequency can be expressed as the sum of some of the ultimate class frequencies, it is necessarilynon-negative if all the ultimate class frequencies are non-negative. This provides a criterion for testing theconsistency of the data.

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Attributes are associated in namely three ways-Positive Association

Where two attributes occur or do notoccur simultaneously.- Perfect Positive AssociationWhen degree of association is 1- Partial Positive AssociationWhen degree of association is b/w 0 and 1

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Negative Association- Perfect Negative Association

When degree of association is -1- Partial Negative AssociationWhen degree of association is b/w 0 and -1

Independent Association- When twoattributes are independent of each othersoccurrence.

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Comparing Expected and observed frequencyObserved value of (AB) = (AB)Expected value (AB) = (A) (B)

N

Now if Observed Value > Expected, Positive Association else if Observed Value < Expected then Negative Association. Andif Observed = Expected, then independent.Proportion Method

(AB)/(B) > (A )/() Positive(AB)/(B) < (A )/() Negative

(AB)/(B) > (A )/() Independent

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Yules coefficient Method Q= (AB)()-(A)(B)/(AB)( )+(A)(B)

If Q lies 0 to 1 Positive AssociationIf Q lies 0 to -1 Negative AssociationIf Q = 1 Perfect Positive AssociationIf Q=-1 Perfect Negative Association

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At Computer based designer houses to design clothes,draperies or furniture laminates on the basis of likingof two colors to design combinations or pattern todesigns the flow of design.

Here various combinations of colors say black andcream is taken, and then it can be decided seeing topeoples liking of various combinations. Similarlydesigns and pattern of color combination can bedetermined say striped or checked.

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At restaurants to setup combi meals and designrestaurant menus.

To design whether a pizza and dosa combo will workor pizza and coke combo shall be better.To develop medical studies like between occurrenceof diseases- as used by Edwin Wilson, Office of NavalResearch, Boston

It was used by him to know the commonnessoccurrence of Diabetes and Cancer.

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To help propound researches on attribute relations like relationbetween richness and attraction or height of a person and hislifespan.

Both of the aforesaid studies have been carried out in University of Chicago to determine the relation between the attributes.To select Operating Systems of mobiles for mobile companieswhile developing mobile phones.

A manufacturer can decide looking to the features of all theavailable OS and rating to the preference of people for particularfeatures. Like today Blackberry has a BBM feature but lacks videocalling capacity but Android lacks the capacity to use MS Officeediting and creating functions. So according to needs of personliking will change and will affect preference.`