Atoms for Food and Agriculture: Meeting the Challenge Application of Nuclear Techniques in Food and...

Atoms for Food and Agriculture: Meeting the ChallengeAtoms for Food and Agriculture: Meeting the Challenge

Application of Nuclear Application of Nuclear TechniquesTechniques

in Food and Agriculturein Food and Agriculture

Joint FAO/IAEA Programme ofJoint FAO/IAEA Programme of

Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureNuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture

Corporate MissionCorporate Mission

Atomic energy forAtomic energy for peace, health and peace, health and

prosperityprosperity

Sustainable agricultural dSustainable agricultural development, improved nutevelopment, improved nutrition and food securityrition and food security

to contribute to sustainable to contribute to sustainable food security and safety by food security and safety by use of nuclear techniques use of nuclear techniques and biotechnologyand biotechnology

Our GoalsOur Goals::

• Food SecurityFood Security

• Food SafetyFood Safety

• Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture

Application in Food and AgricultureApplication in Food and Agriculture

Nuclear Nuclear TechniquesTechniques

Insect Pest ControlInsect Pest Control

by Sterile Insect Techniques

Plant Breeding & GeneticsPlant Breeding & Genetics

by Mutation Techniques

Animal Production & HealthAnimal Production & Health

by RIA, ELISA, PCR, etc.

Soil & Water ManagementSoil & Water Management& Crop Nutrition& Crop Nutrition

by Isotopic and Nuclear Techniques

Food & Environmental Food & Environmental ProtectionProtection

by Food Irradiation and Radio- analytical Techniques

1. 1. Crop improvement by mutation techniquesCrop improvement by mutation techniques

• Variation is the source of evolutionVariation is the source of evolution

• Spontaneous mutation rate is 1Spontaneous mutation rate is 1××1010-8-8 ~ 1 ~ 1××1010-5-5

• Radiation can cause genetic changes in living organisms Radiation can cause genetic changes in living organisms and increase mutation rate up to 1and increase mutation rate up to 1××1010-5-5 ~ 1 ~ 1××1010-2-2

• Induced mutation is useful for crop improvementInduced mutation is useful for crop improvement

• Induced mutants are not GMOs, as there is no Induced mutants are not GMOs, as there is no introduction of foreign hereditary material into introduction of foreign hereditary material into induced induced mutants mutants

Technical basisTechnical basis

- Higher yieldingHigher yielding- Disease-resistanceDisease-resistance- Well-adaptedWell-adapted- Better nutritionBetter nutrition

Mutant cultivarsMutant cultivars

Crop improvement by mutation techniquesCrop improvement by mutation techniques

no mutation

negative mutation

- Improving crop cultivars - Improving crop cultivars

- Enhancing biodiversity - Enhancing biodiversity

- Increasing farmer’s income - Increasing farmer’s income

Mutation techniquesMutation techniques

MUTANT VARIETIESMUTANT VARIETIESMUTANT VARIETIESMUTANT VARIETIES

Cereals 1206Cereals 1206Flowers 454Flowers 454

Legumes 203Legumes 203

Oil crops 198Oil crops 198

Others 611Others 611

Total Number : 2672Total Number : 2672

Plant Species : 170Plant Species : 170

(2006)(2006)

Sources: FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties DatabaseSources: FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database

Crop improvement by mutation techniquesCrop improvement by mutation techniques

The impact of mutation induction in crop improvement is The impact of mutation induction in crop improvement is measured in millions of ha and billions of $measured in millions of ha and billions of $

Zhefu 802 (rice)10.6 million haChina

Baden-Wurttemberg & Bavaria

VND95-20 (rice)280,000 haVietnam

Saarland

Diamant (barley)2.86 million haEurope

Brandenburg

TAG24 (groundnut)3 million haIndia

Thuringia

Schleswig-Holstein

VND99-3High quality for export

Short duration (100 days)

3 rice harvests per year in the Mekong Delta

8 new high quality rice mutant varieties have been developed and adopted by farmers in Vietnam, where rice export is one of their

main revenues.

VND95-20High quality

Tolerance to salinity Key rice variety for export

“National Prize of Science and Technology of Viet

Nam 2005” for its “significant socio-

economic contribution”

2. Soil-Water-Crop Nutrition Management2. Soil-Water-Crop Nutrition Management

WaterSoil

Crop Nutrition

Isotopic and nuclearIsotopic and nucleartechniquestechniques

• Both stable and radioactive isotopes can be used as Both stable and radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers in soil and water management & crop nutrition.tracers in soil and water management & crop nutrition.

• Isotopes are atoms with: Isotopes are atoms with: – tthe same chemical properties, but different atomic he same chemical properties, but different atomic

weight (mass number).weight (mass number).– tthe same number of protons but different neutrons.he same number of protons but different neutrons.– ddifferent mass number (atomic weight).ifferent mass number (atomic weight).

• Isotopes can be either stable or radioactiveIsotopes can be either stable or radioactive– sstable isotopes: different masses (table isotopes: different masses (1818O and O and 1616O).O).– rradioactive isotopes: radioactive decay (adioactive isotopes: radioactive decay (3232P).P).



31P

14N

32P

15N31P

14N

13CO2

12CO2

13C

12C

18O 16O

31P

32P

13CO2

12CO2

16O

18O


• Enhance the efficient and sustainable use of soil-water-Enhance the efficient and sustainable use of soil-water-nutrient resources.nutrient resources.

• Quantify Biological Nitrogen Fixation.Quantify Biological Nitrogen Fixation.

• Minimize effects of soil erosion and degradation.Minimize effects of soil erosion and degradation.

• Enhance water use efficiency by crops. Enhance water use efficiency by crops.

• Select drought and salt-tolerant crops.Select drought and salt-tolerant crops.

• Evaluate effects of crop residue incorporation on soil Evaluate effects of crop residue incorporation on soil stabilization and fertility enhancement.stabilization and fertility enhancement.

• Track and quantify off-site water (nutrients) losses beyond Track and quantify off-site water (nutrients) losses beyond the plant rooting zone.the plant rooting zone.


12CO2 (99%)

13CO2 (1%)

Plants can be grouped according to 13C

discrimination

C3 plants: 13C = -26

(rice, wheat, forest, vegetation) (maize, sorghum, sugarcane,

some tropical herbs)

C4 plants: 13C = -12


FRN with precipitation (P)

Original soil level

Resulting soil level

Deposition site

137Cs > P

Erosion site137Cs < P



Soil conservation measures improved land productivity Soil conservation measures improved land productivity and reduced soil erosion rates by 55-90% in Chile, China, and reduced soil erosion rates by 55-90% in Chile, China, Morocco, Romania and Vietnam.Morocco, Romania and Vietnam.

Improved yield and revenue by 25-50% while reduced Improved yield and revenue by 25-50% while reduced water use by the same extent in Chile, Jordan, Syria and water use by the same extent in Chile, Jordan, Syria and Uzbekistan.Uzbekistan.

10-15 % increase in P utilization efficiency in Mexico and 10-15 % increase in P utilization efficiency in Mexico and Burkina Faso.Burkina Faso.

30% increase in BNF through improved soil and crop 30% increase in BNF through improved soil and crop management practices and genotype selection in Asia management practices and genotype selection in Asia and Africa.and Africa.

Using isotopic and nuclear techniques, Agency supported Using isotopic and nuclear techniques, Agency supported studies show that:studies show that:

• Radiation Radiation is used to induce lethal mutations in is used to induce lethal mutations in chromosomes of chromosomes of insect pests toinsect pests to caus causee sterilitysterility..

• Sterile mSterile males are released into the wild where they ales are released into the wild where they compete with wild males for matings with wild femalescompete with wild males for matings with wild females..

• SITSIT relies on: relies on:– mass production of the target pestmass production of the target pest– sterilization and shipmentsterilization and shipment– inundative releases mostly by airinundative releases mostly by air– matings result in no offspringmatings result in no offspring

• SITSIT integrated with other pest control methods is applied integrated with other pest control methods is applied for suppression, containment, or even eradication.for suppression, containment, or even eradication.

3. 3. Insect Pest Control by SITInsect Pest Control by SIT


Gamma Radiation

NoOffspring

(BIRTH CONTROL)

3. 3. Insect Pest Control by SITInsect Pest Control by SIT

SterileSterile

SterileSterileWildWild

Inse

ct P

est P

opul

atio

n D

ensi

tyIn

sect

Pes

t Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

aerial release of sterile flies

ERADICATION

months

deployment of insecticide-treated targets or traps

treatment of cattle with trypanocidestreatment of cattle with insecticides

Integrated Pest Management With SIT ComponentIntegrated Pest Management With SIT Component

Major AchievementsMajor Achievements

• In Chile, fruit and vegetable exports have climbed to US In Chile, fruit and vegetable exports have climbed to US $1.6 billion in 2005 as a result of fruit fly-free status.$1.6 billion in 2005 as a result of fruit fly-free status.

• Medfly-free status in Mexico translates to annual savings Medfly-free status in Mexico translates to annual savings of US $2 billion in reduced crop losses and pesticide costs, of US $2 billion in reduced crop losses and pesticide costs, and access to export markets. and access to export markets.

• In Zanzibar, eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis In Zanzibar, eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis resulted in very significant increases of meat and milk resulted in very significant increases of meat and milk production, as well as crop productivityproduction, as well as crop productivity

SIT developed and transferred to over 30 Member States with SIT developed and transferred to over 30 Member States with substantial socio-economic impact: substantial socio-economic impact:

Exports of bell peppers and tomatoes Exports of bell peppers and tomatoes from Central America to the USA (2004-2006)from Central America to the USA (2004-2006)

Fruit fly free areas Fruit fly free areas (FFFA) (FFFA)

FFFA in progressFFFA in progress

Overcoming phytosanitary trade barriers to facilitate access of Overcoming phytosanitary trade barriers to facilitate access of high-value crops to lucrative export marketshigh-value crops to lucrative export markets

TSETSE ERADICATION PROJECT ETHIOPIA TSETSE ERADICATION PROJECT ETHIOPIA (2000 – 2006)(2000 – 2006)

0

10

20

30

%

Soddo Dilla Arbaminch

Disease prevalence

Preintervention Intervention

60% reduction in 60% reduction in disease prevalencedisease prevalence

Block-1

4. 4. Animal Production & HealthAnimal Production & Health

• RIA is used to measure the presence of the reproductive RIA is used to measure the presence of the reproductive hormone hormone progesteroneprogesterone through immunological definition through immunological definition

• Isotope Isotope I-I-125125 is used as a label to enable the immunological is used as a label to enable the immunological reaction to be assayedreaction to be assayed

• Disease diagnosis using molecular tools (PCR-ELISA)Disease diagnosis using molecular tools (PCR-ELISA)

• DNA assisted selection for productivity and disease resistanceDNA assisted selection for productivity and disease resistance

• Production of safe standard reagents by irradiationProduction of safe standard reagents by irradiation

• Evaluation of locally available feeds to overcome nutritional Evaluation of locally available feeds to overcome nutritional deficienciesdeficiencies


DNA-Assisted SelectionDNA-Assisted Selection

80 cm

Measure productivityMeasure productivitySample DNASample DNA

(blood, hair, milk)(blood, hair, milk)Identify superiorIdentify superior

genesgenes

Develop nuclear-related Develop nuclear-related test for selection and breedingtest for selection and breeding

4. Animal Production & Health4. Animal Production & Health

4.4. Animal Production & Health Animal Production & Health

Label with isotopeLabel with isotopee.g. e.g. 1515NN,, 1313C18C18

Feed to Feed to livestocklivestock

Nutrients dispersedNutrients dispersedthroughout bodythroughout body

Tissue sampling to Tissue sampling to assay isotopeassay isotope

distributiondistribution

LocalLocalplant materialsplant materials

Efficient Utilization of Locally Grown FeedsEfficient Utilization of Locally Grown Feeds

Take bloodTake blood

Analyze the result

Run ELISARun ELISA

ProtectedProtected

VaccinateVaccinate

Is this cow Is this cow vaccinated?vaccinated?

Use of isotope related techniques Use of isotope related techniques in disease managementin disease management

Combat Bird FluCombat Bird Flu Reducing Health Reducing Health

RisksRisksReducing Health Reducing Health RisksRisks

through the early, through the early, rapid and sensitive rapid and sensitive serological and serological and molecular detection molecular detection (such as ELISA and (such as ELISA and PCR)PCR)

• Diagnostic technologies developed and transferred to Diagnostic technologies developed and transferred to more then 70 Member Statesmore then 70 Member States– Rinderpest, Brucellosis, FMD, CBPP, Newcastle Disease, Rinderpest, Brucellosis, FMD, CBPP, Newcastle Disease,

TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis

• Network for DNA analysis established in AsiaNetwork for DNA analysis established in Asia

• Diagnostic Standards available for FMD, with other Diagnostic Standards available for FMD, with other diseases in pipelinediseases in pipeline

• Specific feeding regimes developed in more than 30 Specific feeding regimes developed in more than 30 Member StatesMember States

MajorMajor AchievementsAchievements


Pan African Rinderpest CampaignPan African Rinderpest Campaign

• IAEA was involved in the development and validation of IAEA was involved in the development and validation of ELISA tests, the training of veterinarians and equipping ELISA tests, the training of veterinarians and equipping Member State laboratoriesMember State laboratories– Established diagnostic capacityEstablished diagnostic capacity

– Introduced epidemiologyIntroduced epidemiology

– Sero-monitoring to verify vaccination coverageSero-monitoring to verify vaccination coverage

– Surveillance to monitor outbreaksSurveillance to monitor outbreaks

– Epidemiological surveys to declare freedom of diseaseEpidemiological surveys to declare freedom of disease

• Rinderpest is today nearly eradicated worldwide!Rinderpest is today nearly eradicated worldwide!


5. 5. Food and Environmental ProtectionFood and Environmental Protection

• Food irradiation is the treatment of food by ionizing radiation

• Radiation at appropriate doses can kill harmful pests, bacteria, or parasites, and extend shelf-life of foods.

• Isotopic techniques are employed to monitor foods for contamination with agrochemicals

– optimizing sample preparation by radioisotopes by radioisotopes

– detecting contaminant by electron capture detector


Several Several eenergy nergy ssources ources ccan an bbe e uused to sed to iirradiate rradiate ffoodood

• Gamma RaysGamma Rays

• Electron BeamsElectron Beams

• X-raysX-rays

Food Irradiation

Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods

ENSURE FOOD HYGIENE

OVERCOME QUARANTINE

BARRIERS

FOOD SAFETY TRADE

MEAT SHRIMP

CHICKEN

GRAPES

MANGOS

ORANGES CUT FLOWERSSPICES

ApplicationApplication of Food Irradiation of Food Irradiation

• More thanMore than 660 countries permit the application of 0 countries permit the application of irradiation in over 50 different foodsirradiation in over 50 different foods

• AAn estimated 500,000 tons of food are irradiated n estimated 500,000 tons of food are irradiated annuallyannually

• About 180 Cobalt-60 irradiation facilities and a About 180 Cobalt-60 irradiation facilities and a dozen electron beam (EB) machines are used to dozen electron beam (EB) machines are used to treat foods worldwide treat foods worldwide

• More and more countries accept More and more countries accept the the uuse of se of iirradiation as a rradiation as a pphytosanitary hytosanitary mmeasureeasure

Atoms for Food and Agriculture:Atoms for Food and Agriculture:

Meeting the ChallengeMeeting the Challenge

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Atoms for Food and Agriculture: Meeting the Challenge Application of Nuclear Techniques in Food and...

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